Article

PRODUCTIVITY AND CHOCOLATE SPOT AND RUST DISEASES OF SOME FABA BEAN CULTIVARS UNDER DIFFERENT SOWING DATES AND SALICYLIC ACID CONCENTRATES

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... Data in table 8 show that there were significant differences among genotypes in maturity date, seed yield and its attributes in in accordance with those of Abbas., et al. [35]. Also, Mohamed., et al. [36] showed that Sakha 1 plants were taller than Masr 3. (Table 6 and 7). ...
... Also, Mohamed., et al. [36] showed that Sakha 1 plants were taller than Masr 3. (Table 6 and 7). [35]. Also, Mohamed., et al. [36] showed that faba bean cultivar Sakha 1 had higher seed yield per ha than Masr 3 cultivar. ...
... They added that there is a high negative correlation between disease severity and each of number of pods per plant and weight of pods of Giza 40 and Sakha 1. Moreover, Abbas., et al. [35] reported that a positive and significant correlation was obtained between seed yield/fad and each of number of pods/plant and seed weight/ plant. They added that seed weight/plant was significantly correlated with number of pods/plant. ...
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itric, benzoic, salicylic and oxalic acids and ribavirin revealed remarkable induced resistance effects against chocolate spot disease of faba bean, caused by Botrytis fabae and/or B. cinerea when compared with control. Botrytis cinerea was much more sensitive to the tested inducers. Resulted disease reduction was accompanied with a gradual increase in peroxidase activity during experiment period. Among the inducers tested, citric and benzoic acids were the most effective one, since they recorded the lowest percentages of disease severity and the highest levels of peroxidase activities. This increase reached up to two-folds of the control treatment. Moreover, pretreated faba bean plants showed some new isozymes and increment in the density of original isozymes, especially in infected plants. Keywords: Botrytis cinerea, Botrytis fabae, chocolate spot, faba bean, induced resistance, isozymes and peroxidase activity. Botrytis fabae Sard. is the main cause of chocolate spot disease of faba bean (Vicia fabae L.), while B. cinerea Pers.ex.Fr. was also reported to cause the same disease problem to lesser degree (Harrison, 1988 and Rahman et al.¸ 2002). Considering the importance of faba bean crop to the Egyptian economy, great attention should be given to control disease problems of such crop. In the field of plant disease control, with the environmental concern, several promising modern approaches have been developed recently away from pesticides use. Among them is the induced resistance approach, which could be induced in plants by applying chemical elicitors (Reglinski et al., 2001). Chemical elicitors (inducers) seem to predispose the original defence mechanisms in plants against diseases or produce some new compounds supporting it. Ziadi et al. (2001), Dmitrier et al. (2003) and Achuo et al. (2004) and many others used several chemical or natural compounds known to induce plant resistance including salicylic, benzoic, citric and oxalic acids. Other investigators such as Nawar and Kuti (2003) stated that there are positive relationships between peroxidase (enzymes and isozymes) and resistance development in plants. Furthermore, Caruso et al. (2001) experimentally supported the idea that peoxidases play a defence role against invading pathogens of wheat kernels. Current investigation was planned to determine changes in peroxidase activity and newly developed peroxidase isozymes in pre-sprayed plants with salicylic, benzoic, citric and oxalic acids, and ribavirin as inducers applied to artificially inoculated faba bean plants with any of the two pathogens tested. Moreover, to find out the possibilities of enhancing the defence C MAGGIE E.M. HASSAN et al. Egypt. J. Phytopathol., Vol. 35, No. 1 (2007) 36 mechanism of faba bean plants by defining the most suitable time of applying inducers to gain maximum reduction in disease severity.
Chapter
Faba bean is one of the most important crops in Egypt. However, several diseases cause serious damage to the plants and consequent decrease in the seed yield and quality.
Article
Faba bean cv. Fiord was sown at 3-week intervals between 24 April and 26 June at 6 densities varying from 20 to 56 plants/m(2). Days to emergence, flowering, pod set, and maturity were determined. At harvest: the biomass, yield, pod number, seeds per pod, and weight per seed were evaluated per unit area and the distribution of the yield components was evaluated for each node of the main stem. Later sowing had little effect on the number of days to the appearance of the first pod but it progressively reduced the duration of the pod development period from 98 to 60 days. The biomass at maturity of the plants sown on 24 April was constant across all densities, at about 13.5 t/ha. Yield, however, decreased linearly with density from 6.7 to 5.2 t/ha. Harvest index, therefore: also fell with density. With later sowing, biomass and yield increased with density. The increase in yield was not as great; so again harvest index fell with density. Later sowing resulted in much lower yields and even at the highest density only reached 5.2 t/ha. Variation in yield was largely determined by variation in the number of pods per unit area. Seeds per pod was constant across the treatments but weight per seed decreased if sowing was delayed beyond 10 June. With later sowing, the number of pod-bearing nodes on the main stems declined from 27 to 15. Early-sown plants at high density had fewer pods per node at the lower nodes and more pods per node at the higher nodes than plants at low density. This interaction was not evident at the second sowing and the number of pods at each node was unaffected by density. For the sowings in June, all nodes of the low density plants bore more pods. The number of seeds per pod was smaller at the lowest and highest nodes, but as there were so few pods at these nodes, this did not affect the mean number of seeds per pod when evaluated for all pods on a plant. Weight per seed was more uniform for the nodes of the early-sown plants than for those of the plants sown later, in which there was a marked decrease in weight per seed at the upper nodes.
Article
Ferric chloride, di-potassium hydrogen phosphate and salicylic acid were tested for their capacity to suppress rice blast under greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse experiments, the chemicals significantly reduced disease severity when applied as a soil drench, thus demonstrating a systemic effect. Foliar spray, but not seed treatment, also caused a reduction in blast severity. In field experiments conducted at two locations in Nepal, neck blast incidence was significantly reduced by all three chemicals when applied as a foliar spray at least two times from the seedling to the heading growth stage. The greatest reduction in blast incidence was obtained with ferric chloride. Grain yield was significantly increased by all chemicals in one of the experiments which included five sprays from seedling to heading growth stages. In another experiment, that included combinations of sprays at different growth stages, only ferric chloride significantly increased the grain yield. Previous studies suggest that blast control involves induced resistance from the applied chemicals.
Article
SUMMARY - Faba bean are attacked by a wide range of pathogens. The most important faba bean diseases in the Mediterranean region are chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), broomrape (Orobanche crenata), stem nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci), and rust (Uro- myces fabae). Although each of these diseases is quite destructive, when two or more interact on the same plant, their combined effect becomes greater. This situation is complicated further by the presence of several physiological races. The present commercial cultivars are susceptible to all of these diseases. This paper discusses the present status and control of faba bean diseases in the Mediterranean region with a special emphasis on disease resistance.
Thesis
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effect of foliar application of glycine betaine (10mM), grain presoaking in salicylic acid (0.05 M) and their interaction on drought tolerance of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (sensitive, Sakha 94 and resistant, Sakha 93). The present study was carried out in a greenhouse at the Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt, through the two successive seasons (2005/2006) and (2006/2007). Water deficit was imposed by withholding water at the reproductive stage for 30 days within two periods: on the day 65 from planting (heading stage) and the day 80 from planting (anthesis stage). Each droughted pot received 500 ml water at the end of 1st stress period. At the end of the 2nd stress periods, rewatering to the field capacity was carried out. The control plants were irrigated to the field capacity during the stress period, and all plants were left to grow until grain maturation under normal irrigation with tap water. Samples were taken for measurements of growth vigor and physiological criteria at the end of each stress period before re-watering (after 80 and 95 days from planting). For the anatomical studies and the plant-water relationships, samples were taken at the end of the 2nd stress period. The obtained results showed that water stress caused noticeable increases in root length, number of adventitious roots, soluble sugars and nitrogen. On the other hand, water stress caused a massive reduction in fresh and dry masses of root, growth vigor of shoot, leaf area, pigments content, polysaccharides, protein-N and total nitrogen in both wheat cultivars. Exogenous application of GB, SA or their interaction could counteract the adverse effects of drought by improvement of growth vigor of root and shoot, leaf area, retention of pigments content, increasing the concentration of organic solutes (soluble sugars and soluble nitrogen) as osmoprotectants, keeping out the polysaccharides concentration and/or stabilization of essential proteins in both wheat cultivars. The application of GB, SA or their interaction induced some modifications in the anatomical features of the flag leaf and peduncle of main shoot which appeared to be an adaptive response to drought stress. Drought induced marked decreases in diurnal and mean daily values of transpiration rate, stomatal pore areas (on upper and lower sides), relative water content, water use efficiency, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3) and cytokinins (CKs) but led to a significant increase in the abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in flag leaves of the two wheat cultivars. Grain presoaking in salicylic acid (SA) or foliar application with glycine betaine (GB) alleviated the stress induced by drought by keeping water within leaves and consequently recover the turgidity of stressed plants by restricting the transpiration rate, stomatal closure, decreasing the ABA level and enhancing the growth promoters (IAA, GA3 & CKs) particularly with the sensitive cultivar. Furthermore, the effect was more pronounced with GB+SA treatment. Water stress caused an increase in osmotic pressure, proline, total soluble nitrogen, total soluble sugars, organic acids, ions (Na+, K+,Ca+2, Mg+2 and Cl-) content as well as Na+/K+ ratio in cell sap of flag leaves in both wheat cultivars. The resistant variety had higher values of osmotic pressure, proline, organic acids and ions content than the sensitive one. On the other hand, the applied chemicals mitigated the effect of water stress, the effect was more pronounced with GB+SA treatment, on the used wheat cultivars. The used chemicals increased the osmotic pressure and the osmolytes concentrations. The osmotic pressure appeared to depend on proline, TSN, TSS, organic acids and the ions content. The applied chemicals appeared to alleviate the effect of water stress on wheat yield (particularly the sensitive one) and the biochemical aspects of yielded grains. The effect was more pronounced with GB+SA treatment. This improvement would result from the beneficial effect of the provided chemicals on growth and metabolism of wheat plants under water deficit condition. From growth criteria at the end of 2nd stress period the grain yield was strongly correlated with leaf dry mass, leaf fresh mass, leaf area, number of tillers, plant height, root dry mass, root fresh mass, shoot diameter, shoot fresh mass, shoot dry mass, shoot length and root/shoot ratio for the sensitive and the resistant wheat cultivars. In contrast, a negative correlation was realized between grain yield and degree of succulence, number of adventitious roots, root length and root plasticity. For anatomical features, the economic yield for susceptible and resistant cultivars appeared to be positively correlated with the vascular bundle area, xylem area, and phloem area for leaf and peduncle. Concerning the physiological criteria at the end of 2nd stress period, the grain yield was positively correlated with carotenoids, chlorophylls, total pigments, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates, and protein for the two wheat cultivars. On the other hand, a negative correlation appeared between the grain yield and soluble nitrogen and soluble sugars. The grain yield of the sensitive and resistant wheat cultivars was positively correlated with IAA, GA3, zeatin-riboside, kinetin, benzyl adinine, total cytokinins, RWC, WUEG, and WUEB but negatively correlated with ABA, SWD, transpiration rate, and stomatal area. The economic yield of the sensitive and resistant wheat cultivars appeared to be positively correlated with osmotic pressure, proline, and keto-acids and negatively correlated with citric acid, total soluble nitrogen and total soluble sugars. In response to the applied water stress and the used chemicals, the grain yield of the sensitive and resistant wheat cultivars was strongly correlated with all the estimated yield components (shoot length, spike length, plant height, main spike weight, number of spikelets per main spike, 100 kernel weight, grain number per spike, grain weight per plant, straw weight per plant, crop yield per plant, harvest, mobilization and crop indices).
Article
Four non-conventional chemicals, viz., zinc sulphate (ZS), oxalic acid (OA), sodium malonate (SM) and sodium selenite (SS), were applied as foliar sprays to chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and the plants were subsequently challenged against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of stem rot in chickpea. All the chemicals reduced mortality of chickpea from S. sclerotiorum infection. Among them, ZS at 10−3 mmol gave the best result as only 13.6% mortality was recorded after 28 d compared to 100% in the control. High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of treated chickpea leaves revealed activation of shikimic acid as well as phenyl propanoid pathways and synthesis of several phenolic compounds increased specially after application of OA, ZS and SM. Individual treatment of the chemicals showed better results than their combinations as plant mortality was reduced and accumulation of phenolics increased in their individual treatments. A positive correlation was observed between induction of phenolic compounds and survival of the plants. In vitro assay of the four chemicals showed only SS to be antifungal. The protection of plants by ZS, OA and SM is possibly because of induction of resistance in the host against S. sclerotiorum.
Article
Faba beans are adversely affected by numerous fungal diseases leading to a steady reduction in the cultivated area in many countries. Major diseases such as Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae), rust (Uromyces viciae-fabae), chocolate spot (Botrytis fabae), downy mildew (Peornospora viciae) and foot rots (Fusarium spp.) are considered to be the major constraints to the crop. Importantly, broomrape (Orobanche crenata), a very aggressive parasitic angiosperm, is the most damaging and widespread enemy along the Mediterranean basin and Northern Africa. Recent mapping studies have allowed the identification of genes and QTLs controlling resistance to some of these diseases. In case of broomrape, 3 QTLs explained more than 70% of the phenotypic variance of the trait. Concerning Ascochyta, two QTLs located in chromosomes 2 and 3 explained 45% of variation. A second population sharing the susceptible parental line also revealed two QTLs, one of them likely sharing chromosomal location and jointly contributing with a similar percentage of the total phenotypic variance. Finally, several RAPD markers linked to a gene determining hypersensitive resistance to race 1 of the rust fungus U. viciae-fabae have also been reported. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art of gene technology for genetic improvement of faba bean against several important biotic stresses. Special emphasis is given on the application of marker technology, and Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis for Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) in the species. Finally, the potential use of genomic tools to facilitate breeding in the species is discussed. The combined approach should expedite the future development of lines and cultivars with multiple disease resistance, one of the top priorities in faba bean research programs.
Article
In 1994 the effects of soil salinity and top removal were studied on faba bean for green consumption, grown during the irrigation-free season on a clay-loam soil which since 1988 had undergone the same irrigation treatments of increasing water salinity (0%; 0.125%; 0.25%; 0.5% and 1% of commercial NaCl). The response to salt tolerance was evaluated by using two models: The Maas and Hoffman model Yr = 100 − S(ECe) − T) and the van Genuchten model ]. Within the range of electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (ECe) between 2 dS m−1 and 6 dS m−1, soil salinity reduced plant height by 60%, leaf area by 70%, total above ground dry matter by 45%, mean pod weight by 15% and the number of pods per plant (48%). Leaf dry matter and specific leaf weight (SLW) were positively related to salinity. Higher salinity stress decreased the seed yield by 67% due to a reduction in weight and number of seeds, and also affected product quality. The results obtained by analysing the salt tolerance model of Maas-Hoffman and its descriptive parameters, place broadbean for green consumption in the moderately salt-sensitive category. In terms of relative yield per surface unit, from the Maas and Hoffman model the threshold value was 1.7 dS m−1 and yield was reduced at the rate of 15% (dS m−1)−1: the salinity level at 50% yield reduction (ECe50) was 5 dS m−1, compared to 4.7 dS m−1 of the van Genuchten model. With regard to pod yield per plant, the values of parameters were 1.8 dS m−1 (threshold) and 13% (dS m−1)−1 (slope) and the salinity level at 50% yield reduction (ECe50) was 5.6 dS m−1, compared to 5.4 dS m−1 of the van Genuchten model. Top removal at the beginning of pod set was ineffective. At low soil salinity the only effect of top removal was higher early production, indicating a more efficient partition of assimilates to growing pods and, therefore, rapid pod enlargement and higher yield at the first harvest.
Article
A major constraint in the production of pearl millet is its vulnerability to downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola. Induction of resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew disease was studied treating seeds of the highly susceptible cultivars of pearl millet using the plant activator benzothiadiazole (BTH) (CGA 245704), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). 0.75% BTH, 90 mM CaCl2 and 1.0 mM H2O2 were efficient in managing the disease by giving 78%, 66% and 59% protection, respectively, against downy mildew disease. In vivo quantification of Sclerospora graminicola by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed reduced fungal biomass in plants induced for resistance. Optimization of the time gap between the inducer treatment and inoculation with the downy mildew pathogen identified a gap of 4 days for building up of maximum resistance. Inducer treatment not only offered protection but also increased the vegetative and reproductive growth parameters and enhanced grain yield. Among the inducers used, BTH gave more protection than calcium chloride and hydrogen peroxide. Plants raised from H2O2 treatment enhanced the vegetative and reproductive growth parameters compared to the other two inducers. Seedlings raised from inducer-treated seeds recorded an early and increased hypersensitive response as a reaction to Sclerospora graminicola inoculation.
Article
In this study, morphological, ultrastructural and physiological modifications of faba bean (Vicia faba cv Giza 461) leaves in response to bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatments were examined. Under BYMV stress, leaves showed symptoms including severe mosaic, mottling, crinkling, size reduction and deformations. Three weeks after virus inoculation, photosynthetic rate, pigment contents and transpiration rate were significantly reduced in response to BYMV infection.
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