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© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIRDI06083
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org
427
STUDY OF EARLY MENSTRUAL CYCLE
AMONG THE FEMALES OF AMRAVATI
CITY
Pratiksha Puranik, *Jayashree Dhote
Research student Associate professor
Shri Shivaji Science College, Amravati.
Abstract: The menstrual cycle is a very important indicator of women’s reproductive health and of their
endocrine function. Menstruation, and the menstrual cycle are characterized by variability in volume,
pattern and regularity. The purpose of this study was to determine the age of menarche, age of
menopause ,source of information regarding menstrual cycle, patterns, and problems faced by the
adolescent urban school girls, of Amravati region, during menstruation. For collection of data Self-
structured questionnaire based on issues related to menstruation cycle was used. This survey was
conducted in Amravati region in some of the Muslim and Hindu areas (community). By using survey
method. Average age of menarche for overall sample taken, of adolescent girls of Amravati is 14 years. It
was observed that the girls whose age is present in between 12-20, 10 girls show irregularity in age
menstrual cycle 4 girls show Oligomenorrhea, 10 girls show Menorrhagia. The girls whose age is present
in between 21-30 8 girls show irregularity,12 girls show Oligomenorrhea, 5 girls show Menorrhagia. the
woman's whose age between 31-40, 4 women show irregularity, 3 women show Oligomenorrhea, 4
women show Menorrhagia. Higher percentage of females in Amravati city experience problem during
menstruation cycle. Most of the females are suffer from Oligomenorrhea and Menorrhagia due to
hormonal imbalance. Intervention program for awareness regarding Menstrual cycle and associated
issues for adolescent girls and their parents should be planned so that the problems of the girls can be
minimized. The aim of present study is to investigate among females, strategies of menstrual cycle.
Keywords: Menarch, Oligomenorrhea, Menorrhagia, Irregularity.
I. INTRODUCTION:
The menstrual cycle is naturally occurring function in women of reproductive age.
The average length of the cycle is 28 days and is comprised of four phases: menstruation, follicular
phase, ovulation ,luteal phase. The cycle is required for the production of oocytes and for preparation of
the uterus for pregnancy. During the menstrual cycle, body undergoes many physiological and hormonal
changes. The process begins with brain triggering certain hormones to stimulate egg growth.
Once the egg matures it will release from the ovary and travel through the fallopian
tube into the uterus .If the egg is not fertilized by the sperm it will disintegrate and be absorbed .When
the egg goes unfertilized hormone levels will drop causing the lining of the uterus to shed and bleed
resulting in a discharge through the vagina .Bleeding also known as “Menstruation”. The first period
usually begins between 12 and 15 years of age, a point in time known as menarch.
The typical length of time between the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young
women and 21 to 35 days in adult. Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days. Menstruation stops
occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age. Women have common
symptoms include acne, tender breasts, bloating, feeling tired, irritability and mood changes. These
symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore known as premenstrual syndrome. In follicular phase,
increasing amount of estrogen results in discharges of blood (menses) flow stop and the lining of the
uterus thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of
hormones, and after several days one or occasionally two become dominant (non –dominant follicles
shrink and die). Approximately mid cycle, 24 to 36 hours after the luteinizing hormone (LH)surges, the
dominant follicles releases an ovacyte, the ovacyte only lives for 24 hours or less without fertilization
while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum;this body has a primary
function of producing large amounts of progesterone. Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine
lining changes to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish a pregnancy, if
implantation of the embryo does not occur within 2 weeks, the corpus luteum will involutes, causing a
© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
JETIRDI06083
Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org
428
sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. The hormone drop causes the uterus to shed its
lining in a process termed “menstruation”.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS :
Aim of the study: This is a descriptive study to investigate among females, strategies of menstrual cycle.
Place of study: This survey was conducted in Amravati region in some of the muslim and hindu
areas(community).
A study was conducted from December 2018 to march 2019 in muslim and hindu community of
Amravati region among 250 females in the different age groups i.e from (12 to 20)(21 to 30)(31 to 40)(41
to 49). By using survey method.
Instrument for data collection:
The personal interview was taken by the females.
The questionnaire which are specially designed using simple and clear language to elicit precise data
required to answer the research questions and achieve the research objectives.
Data of 250 females was collected and analyzed .
The questionnaire on menstrual history enquired about the menstrual regularity, cycle length, blood loss
per cycle, history of passage of clots, missed periods, pre-menstrual and post menstrual symptoms,
painful periods, heavy periods and use of painkillers (to assess the severity of pain).
Data analysis: I had used tables and graphs for representation of data obtained.
Questions:
1) At what age did you have your first period?
2) Are your periods regular?
3) How many days of bleeding do you usually have each period?
4) How heavy is your menstrual flow?
5) How many days are there between the start of one period and the start of the next on average?
6) Do you have any symptoms when you have a period (pre menstrual symptoms)?
7) Do you have post menstrual symptoms?
8) Do you take painkillers for pain?
9) What is your current weight and age?
10) What do you normally use during your periods?
11) How is the flow of your periods (viscous or cloths)?
12) What is a diet daily taken by you (junk foods, vegetarian foods, spicy food, non veg)?
13) Do periods effect your personal life?
14) Do you have any gland disorders specially thyroid and pituitary gland?
15) Do you have any eating disorders: obesity or anorexia nervosa?
16) Have you suffered from precocious puberty?
17) Do any type of stress effect your periods?
18) Hormonal imbalance shows any effect on periods?
19) Do you have any disease of uterus?
20) How is your Hb levels?
21) Are you get pregnant without M C?
22) After delivery you missed or not missed the period?
23) Do you suffering from Amenorrhea?
III. OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
Table no 1: showing the female irregularity ,stress, oligomenorrhea, menorrhagia in the females of different age groups from
the survey of n(250) of females of Amravati region.
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JETIRDI06083
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429
Age group Irregularity Stress Oligomenorrhea Menorrhagia
12 to 20 10 4 4 10
21 to 30 8 2 12 5
31 to 40 4 6 3 4
41 to 49 9 3 10 9
Table no 2: Showing dysmenorrheal, Amenorrhea, Anorexia nervosa, PCOD in different age group of females from a survey
of n(250) females in Amravati region.
Age group Dsymenorrhea Amenorrhea Anorexia Nervosa PCOD
12 to 20 4 5 3 2
21 to 30 2 3 4 2
31 to 40 4 0 1 0
40 to 49 3 2 1 0
Fig-Graph showing menstrual Irregularity in females
© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
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Fig-Graph showing stress effecting menstrual cycle
Fig-Graph showing Oligomenorrhea in females
Fig- Graph showing menorrhagia in females
© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
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Fig – Graph showing Dysmenorrhoea in females
Fig – Graph showing Amenorrhea in females
Fig –Graph showing Anorexia nervosa in females
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Fig- Graph showing PCOD in females
In survey on the causes or reasons of hormonal disturbances in young females, I asked 250 females
facing irregular periods about their food intake practice. According to the survey of 250 females, total 10
took junk foods ,100 are taking vegetarian foods, 60 are taking spicy food and 80 are taking all type
foods.
Hormonal imbalance
Type of food intake
Junk vegetarian spicy all types
10 100 60 80
Impact of stress on menstrual cycle:
On comparing the females as literate and illiterate, workers and housewives, it was seen. That there were
no major differences in their level of stress. But the higher percent of workers or employs perceived more
than the average level of stress ,as compare to housewives.
Menorrhagia :
In the survey of Amravati region, I had found the duration of Menorrhagia complaints as
follows:
In the age groups from (12 to 20= 10) (21 to 30= 5) (31 to 40= 4) (41 to 49= 9)
Dsymenorrhoea:
Among the (n= 250) 13 females are suffering from painful menses. All the duration of pain,7 females
reported that they experience pain only on first day of menstruation. 4 females first 3 days while 2
reported that they experience pain throughout the period of menstrual.
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Amenorrhea in Anorexia Nervosa:
Among 250 females amenorrhea because of anorexia nervosa was found in 9 Females. Within 1
year females who remain amenorrhea are due to their body weight. Remaining 10 subjects who remained
amenorrhea at 1 year had lower levels of LH and FSH.
Oligomenorrhea:
In a survey it had been reported that 10 females are hypothyroidism of age group 20 to
30 .And suffering from oligomenorrhea because of hypothyroidism. Females presenting with weight
gain, cold, intolerance, fatigue, weakness, irritability, muscle cramps, decrease libido, hairfall. Then 2
females are suffering from hyperthyroidism of age 2o to 30 years. Suffering from oligomenorrhea
because of hyperthyroidism. From (n=250), (n=10) are hypothyroid females and (n=2)are hyperthyroid
females. Remaining (n=17) females are suffering from uterine bleeding occurring at intervals. Between
35 days or 3 to 6 months .Hence, total number of (n=29) are oligomenorrhea females are observed.
PCOD:
In the survey of (n=250), (n=4) females are affected by PCOD from childbearing age from the age
group 12 to 20 and 21 to 30.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION:
A community based cross – sectional study was governed in December 2018
to march 2019 in urban areas of Amravati regions. The survey was conducted among school girls,
college girls, married, unmarried, workers, housewives, literate, illiterate females of different age groups
by using the survey method. Data was collected by personal interviews and questionnaire.
Why it is necessary to survey on menstrual cycle in females?
Because women plays important role not only in maintaining the family but also in building society .the
major problem among adult girls and women is menstrual problem and its plays vital role in health. Most
of the menstrual health related issues are due to lack of awareness and unhealthy sanitation. Menstruation
is natural biological process that every women undergoes during a most important stage of their life.
Every womens spends around 20 to 25 years in menstruating during their life time.
The study mainly concentrated toward the young challenging womens in Amravati. This study is to
encourage consciousness among the adult girls, women and their families about the importance of
women health and menstrual hygiene.
This research focuses on females menstrual irregularities. Investigations showed the main causes of
irregular menstrual cycle in females.
Hormonal Imbalance
Extreme exercise or dieting
Stress may be physical, mental or financial
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Pregnancy or breast feeding
Over active thyroid (hyperthyroidism)
Under active thyroid (hypothyroidism)
Impact of stress on menstrual cycle:
In this study we tried to elucidate the differences between the
illiterate and literate, workers and housewives regarding their perception of stress and manifestations of
menstrual irregularities. All the females who had been survey are not the housewives, some of them are
the workers also with base line characteristics. A significant association of increased stress scores with
© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
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434
painful periods, passage of cloths was observed. Nepomnaschy et al., have suggested that stress scores
causes activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis which inhibits hypothalamic pituitary
gonadal (HPG) axis. Researchers have shown that psychological responses such as activation of CRH
which affects Menstrual functions. Stress have consistently been associated with variation in the length
and duration of the M.C, ovulation and amount of menstrual bleeding. Our study has also demonstrated
significantly positive association of stress. Among 250 females,15 females having irregular cycles
reported higher stress of the age group (12 to 20 =4) (21 to 30=2) (31 to 40=6) (41 to 49=3).
Dysmenorrhoea (pain during periods) was reported to be the commonest menstrual Problem and
premenstrual symptoms as the most distressing problem associated with menstrual cycle. Various
studies has reported a wide range variation in the incidence of dsymenorrhoea. In a Amravati region
between the ranges of age groups:(12 to 20=4) (21 to 30=2) (31 to 40=4) (40 to 49=3). In the study 13
enrolled subjects complained of dysmenorrhoea.
Menorrhagia: Is considered to be one of the most significant causes of ill health in females. One in 20
women aged between 12 to 20 or 30 to 49 years consults her general practitioner each year with heavy
menstrual loss. Studies shows that although menorrhagia rarely threatens life, it have negative effects on
woman's personal, family, social, and work life and decreases quality of life. In the present study we had
survey (n=250)females of Amravati region of different age groups :(12 to 20=10) (21 to 30=4) (31 to 40
=5) (41 to 49=9) had severe menstruation And reported to have negative effects on their quality of
life.(n=28) females in this study stated that their clothes, bed linens and furniture got dirty, and they
experienced more pain parallel to increase in bleeding. They also state that they used more than one
product at same time.
Survey was conducted (december-2018 to march -2019) of 250 number of the females. I had concluded
the following points:
Hormonal imbalances has relation with food intake ,because of which females are facing irregular
periods.
The problems suffered by females regarding their reproductive cycle are due to psychological stress,
anxiety and depression.
Menorrhagia has significant effect on personal , social ,family and work life of women.it is also
responsible for the iron deficiency anemia and have negative impact on women's quality of life.
Most of the females experience pain for first day or first 3 day of menstrual cycle. Few of them
experience pain throughout menstrual period. There was no significant relationship between age and
pain intensity.
Thyroid dysfunction is closely related to menstrual disorders. Oligomenorrhea is most common
symptom in thyroid disorders has been noted.
PCOD is most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Anxiety, depression, stress, and personal
dissatisfaction reported by the females found in survey who are living with PCOD and may be
aggravated by the image body change for consequence of weight gain.
Resumption of menses required restoration of hypothalamic pituitary ovarian function and the body
weight.
Recommendations of future research:
Researchers could conduct a survey on a large populations, aiming towards menstruation among the
females.
Perhaps this females attitudes toward menstruation will change, as they will have a stronger need or
desire to know about menstrual, to track their ovulation and menstrual cycles and they could begin to feel
more comfortable .
© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
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Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org
435
A future study with larger and random data collection should be done in every region with various back
grounds of ethicities, sexual orientations and social economic statues would be needed to make
generalizable conclusions.
The collected data should also include more respondents who are biological females, who are pregnant ,
who have irregular periods, heavy bleeding or absence of bleeding, who also have menstrual related
disorders.
Future research should include a survey similar to this study with additional questions that ask the
respondents their reliability and awareness of menstrual cycle.
The survey could include a sample of biological females with regular or irregular periods as well as
people of different ages, genders, sexes and education levels to explore their attitude toward menstrual
cycle and compare the finding with this study.
V.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is rightly said that complements require no occasion but occasion are simply made for complements.
I take opportunity to thank all the people who have extended their co-operation in many ways.
I would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr.V.G.Thakare (principal), Shri Shivaji Science College
Amravati and Dr. N.V. Bhatkar (Head P.G. Department of Zoology) for valuable constant
encouragement throughout the project work.
My sincere gratitude goes to my concern guide Dr.J.D.Dhote for solving
difficulties while going through out project work for her in exhaustible inspiration, sagacious suggestion
step to step guidance during the conduct of the investigation.
My special thanks goes to non-teaching staff of Department of Zoology.
We are also thankful to library staff member for providing book facility. I m also thankful to all my
colleagues. I can’t forget to pray my divine sources of inspiration to my parents whose blessings are
always with me.
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© 2020 JETIR February 2020 , Volume 7, Issue 2 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)
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