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Framing i analiza ramowa – stan badań we współczesnym medioznawstwie. Przegląd stanowisk badawczych
Abstract
Autor artykułu przybliża założenia framingu oraz ram medialnych. Koncepcja ta, zapoczątkowana przez Ervinga Goffmana, należy obecnie do jednych z najpopularniejszych teorii średniego zasięgu. Zakłada ona, że media nie tylko selekcjonują, które tematy zostaną przedstawione, a które zmarginalizowane. Zdaniem autorów teorii ramowej media dodatkowo podkreślają pewne aspekty poruszanych tematów, przemilczając pozostałe. W ten sposób tworzone są medialne ramy, w których dane zagadnienie lub wydarzenie jest przedstawione. Wśród czynników decydujących o ostatecznym kształcie ramy znajdują się wewnętrzne, na przykład linia polityczna danego medium czy też poglądy dziennikarzy, oraz zewnętrzne, jak oczekiwania odbiorców, klimat kulturowy itp. Można wyróżnić ramy główne (generic frames) oraz epizodyczne (episodic frames). Te pierwsze przyjmują postać ogólnych ram, uwzględniających różnoraki kontekst. Z kolei ramy epizodyczne odnoszą się do konkretnych tematów i zagadnień, będąc jednakże wpisane w ramy główne. Przywołane w artykule przykłady badań stosujących perspektywę ram medialnych wskazują, że framing jest interesującym, a co najważniejsze – skutecznym sposobem opisu funkcjonowania i zawartości mediów.
... "rama spraw ludzkich", "ekonomii", "moralności", "silnego i słabego", etc. (zob. Palczewski 2011;Wasilewski 2018;Leśniczak 2018). To uzasadnia użycie metody ramowania także do innych tematów, w tym politycznych. ...
The article is a comparative framing analysis of two photo-albums published by the Office of the President of the Republic of Poland during Bronislaw Komorowski s and Andrzej Duda s term in office. The research material encompasses Presidency through the photographer s lens (2015) and Andrzej Duda. Two years of presidency (2017). The research method is based on the visual framing theory that involves mapping the rhetorical potential of such aspects as the publication s genre and format, layout and composition, cropping and camera angle, and thematic content of the photos. The obtained results show different saturation with interpretational frames ( state power , human interest , common man , morality frames) that imposed on the recipient a different look at the persona of the president. The identified frames revealed various strategies for presenting the image of the head of state, whose systematic applications are indicative of a persuasive or ideological purpose.
The aim of this article is to discuss the main features of the new media paradigm known as solutions journalism. The author used the content analysis method in order to analyse journalistic texts, written in keeping with the guidelines of solution journalism, published in 2020 on the Outriders website. Research has shown that the digital media environment has room for the creation of original, audience-engaging projects of exceptional visual appeal and simultaneously in line with the paradigm of quality journalism.
The article analyzes the media broadcasts in the evening editions of the news broadcasts on TVP and TVN (with different ownership forms) concerning the events at the Poland-Belarus border. Examined were the content, its form, visual and auditory messages. The analyzed aspects are enumerated to distinguish the broadcaster of the TV message, showing possible similarities and differences in that message. In this way, the author wanted to answer, if there is a difference in the presentation of the same political event by depending on who is the owner of the medium. As a background for the conducted research, the author presents theoretical issues concerning the mediatization of the political sphere and the agenda-setting theory.
The aim of the analysis was to attempt to answer the question how the negative frames were used by the weekly Idziemy in the period preceding the parliamentary elections in Poland in 2019. The Catholic press title supported the Law and Justice party during the 2019 parliamentary campaign. The research found a correlation of negativism as a criterion for selecting information with its mediated form. In the studied sample a high percentage of press texts was noted in which the association of information selection criteria negativity and personalization became apparent. In the press research, the method of quantitative and qualitative analysis of press content was used, as well as the concept of the emotional-connotation matrix of the typology of the language of political discourse.
Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób koncepcja ram interpretacyjnych może być zastosowana przy badaniu tekstów medialnych. W części pierwszej przedstawiono, jak rozwijała się ta koncepcja, poczynając od lat 70. ubiegłego wieku aż po dzień dzisiejszy – ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem rozwoju w obrębie nauk o mediach. W części drugiej omówiono definicję ramy oraz rodzaje ram. W części trzeciej zajęto się problemami metodologicznymi związanymi z analizą ramową: wyborem metody badania i wyborem jednostki analizy. Zwrócono uwagę na nieuwzględnianie w analizach ram multimodalnych. W zakończeniu wyliczone zostały kwestie, które przy analizie ramowej wymagają jeszcze rozstrzygnięcia bądź doprecyzowania.
Analiza ramowa (1974), wydana w języku polskim dopiero w 2010 roku, stanowi prawdopodobnie najważniejszą pracę Ervinga Goffmana. Jej tłumacz przedstawia w tym artykule przegląd głównych problemów translacyjnych, jakie wiążą się przede wszystkim z wprowadzonymi przez Goffmana terminami. Należą do nich zwłaszcza pojęcia "ramy" i "ramowania" oraz terminy keying, containment i flooding out, trudne do oddania w języku polskim. W artykule podjęto także próbę adaptacji terminologii Goffmana do systematycznej analizy procesu tłumaczenia (jako specyficznego rodzaju Goffmanowskiej transpozycji).
W artykule są prezentowane wyniki analizy treści (charakter jakościowy, ujęcie porównawcze) materiałów prasowych dotyczących polityki Rosji wobec Ukrainy, w tym decyzji, która zapadła po referendum przeprowadzonym na Krymie o przyłączeniu tego terytorium do Federacji Rosyjskiej. Analizą objęto teksty zamieszczone w „Gazecie Wyborczej” i w „Naszym Dzienniku” w okresie 15–31 marca 2014 roku.
Many members of the LGBT community have viewed the Gay Games as an opportunity to challenge dominant ideologies concerning sexuality and sport participation. Members of the mass media, however, play a potentially important role in how the event is perceived by the general public. Therefore, the primary purpose of the current study was to examine how the Gay Games have been framed in newspaper coverage. A total of 646 articles published in the United States covering the eight Gay Games events held during the 32-year period of 1980-2012 were analyzed in terms of three aspects of framing: (a) the types of issues highlighted, (b) the sources of information cited, and (c) the manner in which either episodic or thematic narratives were employed. The results of the current study revealed that issues of identity and optimism were most commonly highlighted, LGBT participants were most frequently cited as sources of information, and thematic framing was most commonly employed in newspaper coverage of the Gay Games.
Effective and just decisionmaking on geoengineering will require greater appreciation of the diverse ways in which people conceive of and relate to the idea of climate control. This study targets the UK national press as a domain in which to begin intercepting discourses of geoengineering forming within the UK. Frame analysis is conducted and the issue frames of Innovation, Risk, Governance and Accountability, Economics, Morality, Security and Justice are identified within the corpus of articles surveyed. These frames amplify different priorities and values, engaging a rich and diverse portfolio of attitudes to climate risks. Rather than being, as we envisaged, ‘issue specific’, the frames that emerged from our analysis are actually categorised most effectively according to ‘generic’ frames that could apply to a range of other issues. Underlying assumptions about the nature–human relationship are found to be an interesting influence on frame construction. Further research is needed to explore this relationship in wider cultural contexts.
This paper provides a systematic analysis of media framing studies in the world's leading communication journals. A quantitative content analysis of 131 studies published in fifteen international journals demonstrates how frames are conceptualized and measured. Current problems in framing research include lack of operational precision, the descriptive focus of many analyses, neglect of visuals, and insufficient reporting of reliability.
In this article, we seek to explain both the origins of gender mainstreaming as a `policy frame' in International Relations, as well as the variable implementation of mainstreaming over time and across various international organizations. We emphasize that in the years since the UN Fourth World Women's Conference in Beijing (1995), mainstreaming has been endorsed and adopted not only by European organizations and governments, but also by nearly every important international organization, and we compare the adoption and implementation of mainstreaming in two international organizations, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Programme. We suggest, however, that the rhetorical acceptance of mainstreaming by various international organizations obscures considerable diversity in both the timing and the nature of mainstreaming processes within and among organizations. This variation, we argue, can be explained in terms of the categories of political opportunity, mobilizing structures and strategic framing put forward by social movement theorists.
The increasing popularity of the framing concept in media analysis goes hand in hand with significant inconsistency in its application. This paper outlines an integrated process model of framing that includes production, content, and media use perspectives. A typology of generic and issue-specific frames is proposed based on previous studies of media frames. An example is given of how generic news frames may be identified and used to understand cross-national differences in news coverage. The paper concludes with an identification of contentious issues in current framing research.
In this article, the authors make the case for using frame analysis, an analytical tool commonly used in empirical work on social movements and social policy debates, as a strategy for organizational research. Using two sample texts—representing opposite stands on how the socially responsible investing movement should view investing decisions based on corporate handling of lesbian/gay/bisexual/transgendered workplace issues—they illustrate several important methodological and epistemological concerns for organizational scholars considering this technique. They examine four key issues in particular that arise in thinking about how and why to use frame analysis: (a) using frame analysis to sort out underlying logics; (b) situating frames in context; (c) surfacing politics, subjugated voices, and implicit ideologies; and (d) making mindful choices as organizational researchers. They give special attention to the problem of how our reflexive positions and claims about knowledge have implications for conducting and reading frame analyses.
This study of the main evening television news programs in four European countries focuses on the framing of news surrounding a major European event, the January 1, 1999, introduction of the common European currency, the euro. We investigated the visibility of political and economic news in general and of the launch of the euro in particular. We found variations across countries in the emphasis on political and economic news, with the proportion of the newscast normally devoted to these sub- jects ranging from 45% to 60%. Journalists in all countries were more likely to emphasize conflict (rather than economic consequences) in framing general political and economic news. In the coverage of the launch of the euro, there was a greater emphasis on framing the news in terms of economic consequences. The findings are discussed in terms of influences on framing practices internal and external to jour- nalism and the value of the cross-national comparative approach.
In an attempt to advance understanding of frame variation and the factors that account for it, we conduct a comparative study of how the Fall 2005 French "riots" were framed diagnostically and prognostically. We examine these framing activities across a diverse set of actors and assess the role of ideological, contextual, attributional and temporal factors hypothesized to account for the observed variation. The data come from a content analysis of articles on the French riots that appeared in newspapers from a half dozen countries during the period in which the riots occurred. Our findings, based primarily on variance and regression analyses, reveal varied support for our hypotheses, suggest the theoretical and analytical utility of examining frame variation beyond the French riots, and raise questions that call for further empirical inquiry regarding framing processes.
This study investigates the framing of the 2003 Iraq War in the elite newspapers in Sweden and the US, Dagens Nyheter and The New York Times. The content analysis revealed sig-nificant differences between the two papers: the military conflict frame was more common for the US war coverage while the responsibility and anti-war protest frames were more common for the Swedish war coverage. Both newspapers offered human interest stories and media self-references. The US newspaper, however, relied more heavily on official government and military sources. In addition, the tone of war coverage differed across the two nations, with Swedish reporting being more negative overall. Implications of the differences in war coverage as well as possible reasons rooted in the national media and political systems are discussed.
2 Donald L. Shaw, a Senior Fellow for 1992–93 at the Freedom Forum Media Studies Center at Columbia University, is a Kenan Professor in the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Framing is the process by which a communication source, such as a news organization, defines and constructs a political issue or public controversy. Two experiments examined the effect of news frames on tolerance for the Ku Klux Klan. The first presented research participants with one of two local news stories about a Klan rally that varied by frame: One framed the rally as a free speech issue, and the other framed it as a disruption of public order. Participants who viewed the free speech story expressed more tolerance for the Klan than participants who watched the public order story. Additional data indicate that frames affect tolerance by altering the perceived importance of public order values. The relative accessibility of free speech and public order concepts did not respond to framing. A second experiment used a simulated electronic news service to present different frames and replicated these findings.
In 2006, millions of immigrants protested against H.R. 4437, a new bill in Congress that threatened to treat undocumented immigrants as felons. Content analysis of news coverage of the bill reveals that frames of the restrictionist legislation varied based on race and geography of the surrounding community. These results suggest that geo-ethnic context, which has been studied in terms of communication infrastructure within communities, should be taken into account when trying to understand how an issue is framed, particularly when trying to explain and predict why and when certain frames might occur. copy; 2011 AEJMC.
This article outlines a rigorous method for studying the ways that news media frame contentious issues. The method is based on the VBPro family of computer programs for content analysis. Output from the VBPro mapping program for multidimensional scaling based on co-occurence of key terms is cluster analyzed to discern the frames or points of view in texts that can unambiguously be attributed to competing stakeholders. These frames can be used to investigate propositions about news stories. An example is presented from a study of 1,465 Associated Press articles on wetlands dispatched across an 11-year period beginning in 1982. The results demonstrate that the method provides an objective means of investigating stakeholder influence on news and patterns of change in frames across time.
The term progressive education, although widely used, encompasses a broad and contradictory range of ideas and reforms. Historians dispute its definition, and many deem the term to be paradoxical. On the basis of an analysis of three Canadian educational commissions from 1950, 1968, and 1995, the author argues that progressive education is better understood as highlighting the dual nature of policy frames. Progressive language offers appealing abstract sentiments that are well suited to schools' organizational realities and are adaptable to shifting political and cultural climates. This flexibility illustrates a key property of framing: how actors create contingent meanings by adapting an inherent logic to changing social situations. This article shows how each commission invoked similar progressive ideals, but used those ideals to justify different, even opposed, reforms. It interprets progressivism as a loose but resonant language that is reused over time to express changing educational priorities in new cultural settings and to reconcile disparate interests.
As Stuart Hall (1990) notes, "the media are... part of the dominant means of ideological production. What they 'produce' is precisely representations of the social world, images, descriptions, explanations and frames for understanding how the world is and why it works as it is said and shown to work". Frames make an apt metaphor for media because of their variety, and in part because they are imprecise – allowing us a degree of flexibility of definition and use. We have picture frames into which we insert images that in turn, in some way or another, provide us with a representation; something that has been subject to a number of wider frames, each one influencing and influenced by the other. It is helpful to differentiate between frames that are visible, immediately identifiable, and those that are invisible, whose presence you sense but are often difficult to locate, to put your finger on. The newspaper page is a frame. We can talk of headlines, captions, the positioning of photographs, the differing style and size of print: the bigger the story, the bigger the type-size? Well, not exactly and not always. With television we can readily identify the framing devices, illustrated in Figure 1, working at the operational level. Invariably, music serves as an initial frame, its intention to combine the serious with the buoyant, to set the tone of what is to follow. It summons our attention as the process of mediation, between events and presentation, comes into play.
While immigration has become one of the most controversial political issues in Western Europe, we know surprisingly little about what motivates political actors to oppose or support it. Investigating the ways political actors frame immigration enables us to understand how they perceive the issues involved, why they centre their debate on certain causes and consequences and why they take the positions they take. Using newspaper data and a comprehensive frame categorisation, I analyse the framing strategies employed by political parties during the period from 1999 to 2006, in Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland and the UK. The results show that the framing of immigration depends on the actors involved, and upon the circumstances governing the dispute. On the one hand, the actors' left–right positions and government involvement serve as relevant explanatory factors. And on the other hand, sub-issue specific opportunity structures prove important. Citizenship models, however, do not appear to meaningfully shape the way immigration issues are presented. Instead, my research found indications suggesting the influence of indirect transnationalism.
In order to assess the EU's ‘normative power', the article compares the justification of the EU's external policy regarding the death penalty and minority protection, respectively. Starting from the assumption that policies can be justified by utility- , value- or rights-based arguments, it reasons that in complex argumentations all types are deployed, so that coherence between different justifications is an important legitimizing factor. In the death penalty case, EU policy developed in line with the requirements of argumentative coherence, while in the case of minority protection, the shift from utility- to value-based arguments exposed incoherence between the internal and external application of the policy. This incoherence triggered a discursive ‘realignment strategy', linking the external policy back to established EU norms. However, this does not suspend the tension between the different internal and external approaches to minority protection, thereby diminishing the EU's normative power in this issue area.
Bringing together papers written by Norman Fairclough over a 25 year period, Critical Discourse Analysis represents a comprehensive and important contribution to the development of this popular field.
At the heart of social movements lie structures of beliefs and values that guide critical action and aid activists' understandings. These are worthy of interrogation, not least because they contain points of articulation with ideational formations found in both mainstream politics and academia. They offer an alternative view of society, economy and polity that is grounded in protagonists' experience and struggle. However, the ideational content of social movements is often obscured by a focus on particular, immediate goals; by their orientation to certain forms of action; and by the mediated, simplified nature of their communication. Additionally, recent social movements display a tendency to coalitional action, bringing a diverse set of political understandings in concert on highly specific campaigns. This conceptual paper seeks an approach to identifying the messages within social movements that remains sensitive to their complexity, dynamism and heterogeneity. Through a critique of the concept of 'interpretative frames' as developed in social movement studies, I describe the novel concept 'orientational frame'. In contrast to social movement scholars' tendency to focus on instrumental claim-making by movement organisations, I emphasise deeply held, relatively stable sets of ideas that allow activists to justify contentious political action. Through an engagement with Michael Freeden's morphological approach to understanding ideologies I attempt to draw frame analysis away from the positivistic attempt to delineate general processes into a hermeneutic endeavour more suitable to understanding the context dependent, specifically realised ideas of particular social movements.
This study explores how the American news media frame the poverty issue, looking at the way the media present its causes and solutions. It also examines the notion of frame building, exploring the factors that may influence the media's selective uses of certain frames. Media attributions of responsibility are largely societal, focusing on the causes and solutions at the social rather than personal level. Liberal newspapers made more references than conservative papers to social causes and solutions. Television news is slightly less likely than newspapers to make social-level attributions.
The public debate on obesity will turn on the question of who or what is responsible for causing and curing this emerging epidemic. Previous research suggests that public health problems become amenable to broad policy solutions when those problems can be reframed in systemic terms—specifically, in terms of involuntary risk, universal risk, environmental risk, and knowingly created risk. This article assesses the framing of obesity in news coverage since 1985 to determine whether obesity is being reframed in these terms. The data suggest that a vigorous frame contest is currently under way between arguments emphasizing personal responsibility for health and arguments emphasizing the social environment, including corporate and public policy. The evidence suggests that one of these frame dimensions (environmental risk) has moved decisively toward the systemic pole, while two frame dimensions (involuntary and knowingly created risk) have not moved toward the systemic pole, and the movement of the fourth dimension (risk to everyone) is uncertain.
What is the effect of democratic competition on the power of elites to frame public opinion? We address this issue first by defining the range of competitive contexts that might surround any debate over a policy issue. We then offer a theory that predicts how audiences, messages, and competitive environments interact to influence the magnitude of framing effects. These hypotheses are tested using experimental data gathered on the opinions of adults and college students toward two policy issues—the management of urban growth and the right of an extremist group to conduct a rally. Our results indicate that framing effects depend more heavily on the qualities of frames than on their frequency of dissemination and that competition alters but does not eliminate the influence of framing. We conclude by discussing the implications of these results for the study of public opinion and democratic political debate.
This paper presents a multimethod investigation of framing in the government–media–public interaction during the so-called partial-birth abortion (PBA) debate in the U.S. Operationalizing framing as the use of the word “baby” or “fetus,” content analysis first shows that opposing political elites employed almost exclusive vocabularies in attempts to justify their views and shape attitudes. Time-series analysis then charts the path of “baby’s” discursive dominance from congressional discourse through news and editorials to citizens. Finally, experimental results support 2 microlevel hypotheses. First, uptake—exposure to articles featuring the exclusive use of “baby” or “fetus,” respectively, increased or decreased support for banning PBA. Second, emergence—participants exposed to discourse using both terms converged upon a response independent of the words’ relative proportions. In contrast to probabilistic survey response models, these findings support the idea that a kind of public reason can emerge from the interaction of citizens’ judgment processes and elite communication.
Assuming that migration threat is multi-dimensional, this article seeks to investigate how various types of threats associated
with immigration affect attitudes towards immigration and civil liberties. Through experimentation, the study unpacks the
‘securitization of migration’ discourse by disaggregating the nature of immigration threat, and its impact on policy positions
and ideological patterns at the individual level. Based on framing and attitudinal analysis, we argue that physical security
in distinction from cultural insecurity is enough to generate important ideological variations stemming from strategic input
(such as framing and issue-linkage). We expect then that as immigration shifts from a cultural to a physical threat, immigration
issues may become more politically salient but less politicized and subject to consensus. Interestingly, however, the findings
reveal that the effects of threat framing are not ubiquitous, and may be conditional upon ideology. Liberals were much more
susceptible to the frames than were conservatives. Potential explanations for the ideological effects of framing, as well
as their implications, are explored.
KeywordsImmigration–Security–Ideology–Threat–Civil liberties
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