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Pedagogical Research
2020, 5(4), em0063
e-ISSN: 2468-4929
https://www.pedagogicalresearch.com Review Article OPEN ACCESS
Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education amid the COVID-
19 Pandemic: The Philippine Context
Cathy Mae Toquero 1*
1 College of Education, Mindanao State University, Gen eral Santos City, PHILIPPINES
*Corresponding Author: cathymaetoquero@gmail.com
Citation: Toquero, C. M. (2020). Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Philippine Context.
Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063. https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/7947
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Received: 10 Apr. 2020
Accepted: 11 Apr. 2020
Covid-19 affected higher educational institutions not just in Wuhan, China where the virus originated but all other
higher educational institutions in 188 countries as of April 06, 2020. Educational countermeasures are taken to
continue educating the students despite the COVID-19 predicaments. Based on the author’s experiences, research,
observations in the academe, COVID-19 guidelines, and the need for alternative solutions, this article introduces
how higher education is affected and how it can respond to future challenges. This article recommends to
educational institutions to produce studies to proliferate and document the impact of the pandemic to the
educational system. There is also a greater need for educational institutions to strengthen the practices in the
curriculum and make it more responsive to the learning needs of the students even beyond the conventional
classrooms.
Keywords: COVID-19, higher education, curriculum, online learning, mental health services, environmental
health education
INTRODUCTION
What is COVID-19? COVID-19 stands for coronavirus disease and even referred to as the 2019 novel coronavirus or ‘2019-nCoV’
(Bender, 2020). The COVID-19 virus is linked to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV) that similarly can be
as fatal (Meng, Hua, & Bian, 2020). This new virus can be transmitted just in minutes through droplets or even touching surface
metals or other materials which have been infected from a person who has respiratory problems. Even though the elderly and the
very young children are easily affected, nobody is immune to this new infectious disease once it hits the body, so all people are
susceptible to its devastating effects (Bender, 2020; Meng, Hua, & Bian, 2020).
Because of the vulnerability even in school settings, thousands of school closures are implemented the world over due to
COVID-19. As of April 06, 2020, UNESCO (2020) reported that there has been 1, 576, 021, 818 affected learners out of 91.3% total
enrolled learners in 188 countries in all levels of learning. Similarly, there were school and university closures that happened
during the outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome or SARS in China in 2003. In Hong Kong for example, there were 1,
302 schools which closed, 1,000,000 children stayed at home, and 50, 600 teachers faced challenges in using technology to provide
education to their students (Fox, 2007).
In the Philippines, due to the 4, 195 confirmed cases as of April 10, 2020 based on the Department of Health (DOH, 2020) online
tracker report, the COVID-19 pandemic really causes a massive impact in higher educational institutions. The country immediately
opted for online learning. Some teachers recorded and uploaded their lessons online for the students to access and some were
even more innovative (Fox, 2007) and used Google Classrooms, WebQuest, and other online sites, but a greater majority of
teachers are not prepared to deal with online education. After three days of the national memorandum for alternative delivery,
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) suspended the online form of instruction since there was an increase in the number
of the students, including teachers who clamoured against the online mode of learning due to different factors. The truth is,
numerous higher education institutions, both private and state colleges and universities in the Philippines are not prepared to
implement this online system.
Few research have been done so far in relation to COVID-19 from the medical field and other fields related to health sciences
(Abdulamir, & Hafidh, 2020; Meng, Hua, & Bian, 2020; Gondauri, Mikautadze, & Batiashvili, 2020; Holshue et al., 2020; Usak,
Masalimova, Cherdymova, & Shaidullina, 2020). However, very meager research is done in relation to the field of education on how
COVID-19 or even SARS affected the educational system (Bao, 2020; Sintema, 2020; Yan, 2020).
2 / 5 Toquero / Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063
Strengthening the educational planning and health measures in the university can provide the students and the rest of the
stakeholders with an opportunity to continue learning while preventing the spread of the virus. Such preventive measures can
improve environmental hygiene to mitigate the transmission of the infectious disease (Lee et al, 2003). Hence, this paper has been
created to hopefully encourage other educational researchers to also document and produce research evidences on how the
present pandemic has changed the working of the educational systems in the entire world. The proliferation of knowledge starts
in the educational institutions. Consequently, the educational system, especially higher education, should prioritize literacy for
the world to adeptly deal with a future virus outbreak.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR HIGHER EDUCATION
Based on the need for improvement in the instructional delivery in the Philippine context, this article presents opportunities
for higher education to respond to the educational problems that arise due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Integrate Environment and Health Courses in the Curriculum
Higher education institutions should integrate environmental and health courses in the curriculum. It is particularly of utmost
importance to make the curriculum as responsive to the needs of the world at the present times. The integration of basic
environmental and health courses should be accessible to all students in the university (Türkoglu, 2019) and not just for the
science-related majors since everybody deals with environmental and health problems. Learning materials which are focused on
environmental literacy can also be developed for utilization in classroom instruction and for training to a wider audience in the
society (Türkoglu, 2019).
Environmental science education programs can produce citizens who can be environmentally literate and can exemplify
environmental health concerns for social action (Keselman, Levin, Kramer, Matzkin, & Dutcher, 2011).This is to adapt to the real
issues that the world is dealing with and thereby create awareness and improve positive attitudes among the students (Amin,
Mahadi, Ibrahim, Yaacob, & Nasir, 2012; Türkoglu, 2019), strengthen educational health practices, and implement effective
environmental education policies. The integration can present barriers to the teachers such as time constraints, pressures of
imposed guidelines, and lack of enough knowledge to teach environmental health, among others (Keselman, Levin, Kramer,
Matzkin, & Dutcher, 2011). Nonetheless, environmental health is highly regarded worldwide, especially after having to deal with
the global pandemic at the present time. This curriculum endeavor can help address future environmental issues.
Strengthen Environmental Policies and Hygiene Practices
There is a need to strengthen environmental hygiene practices in all levels of learning. Responsiveness of the society starts
when learners are educated in the schools. Creating awareness to the students about societal issues, especially of health concerns
challenges the universities. The COVID-19 pandemic has posited school closures globally, so, environmental hygiene should be a
priority in schools to prevent the transmission and outbreak of infectious diseases (Lee et al., 2003) in the future. Students should
also be taught to gain knowledge and behaviour practices on the prevention of infectious diseases. The students can be given
health management tools that can let them practice protocols until good hygiene becomes a school culture. To achieve the goal,
the university needs to craft a policy to control the transmission root of the virus (Lee et al., 2003). Thereby, effective health and
environmental policies should be crafted anchored on a sustainable environmental framework of a university.
Incorporate an Online Mental Health and Medical Services
For quality indicators of a higher education enterprise, there should be a set of values and principles that accounts for the
expressed needs of its stakeholders, particularly the students (Ludeman, Osfield, Hidalgo, Oste, & Wang, 2009).
Schools need to strengthen its medical services and student support services so that constant monitoring and implementation
of health practices are followed within the vicinity and beyond the academe. Due to global trends of the pandemic, higher
education needs to prioritize the academic, career counselling, and even the medical services and programs that should be
accessible to the students in the university and even through online means. In fact, mental health needs in the universities have
gained significant attention (McBride, Van Orman, Wera, & Leino, 2010) due to the increasing number of mental disorders among
college students (Blanco et al., 2008; Dalky & Gharaibeh, 2018; Hinderaker, 2013; Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010; Pedrelli, Nyer, Yeung,
Zulauf, & Wilens, 2015).
Free virtual services such as medical counselling, mental health teleconferencing, and other related online health services
from medical staff representatives and professional health experts such as psychologists and guidance counselors should be
readily accessible for the students even outside the centers (Hinderaker, 2013). A study (McBride, Van Orman, Wera, & Leino, 2010)
reported having the highest offerings on primary care services (98%) along with health promotion (90%) under a range of health
services. The online care services would expedite the assessments and provide adequate services for better outcomes of the
students to seek treatment and engagement (Pedrelli et al., 2015).
Furthermore, for a basic understanding of COVID-19, higher education institutions should also formulate a management
protocol and flow chart focused on campus medical services to serve as public health awareness measures (Lee et al., 2003). The
information should map the symptoms, risks, and management guidelines to seek for primary care services contextualized in the
school setting to prevent the direct transmission of the virus. Other health-related services such as mental health services also
need development of its management flow chart and promotion of this agenda because mental health is part of the wellbeing that
is connected to the academic success of the students (Dalky, & Gharaibeh, 2018; Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010). Institutions can advance
Toquero / Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063 3 / 5
on promoting health services for the students especially when done through online dissemination since they are active in their
social media accounts.
Migrate Courses, Align Curriculum Competencies, and Scale up Teachers’ Training for Online Learning Instruction
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, higher education intuitions the world over are shifting to online learning or distance education
programs. The advantage is it can allow for the students to learn at their convenience since it is needless to attend training centers
and universities (Knibel, 2001). This large shift to online instruction does not need for the face to face interaction between teachers
and the students together with their classmates so there is prevention and control over the spread of the virus. Higher education
institutions in the Philippines thereby should prepare the courses for online transfer since another epidemic can breakout in the
future. That indicates aligning the competencies that students should learn in the subject courses in an online format. By doing
this, universities can expedite its response for continuous learning of the stakeholders.
Although this online delivery can present barriers to the teachers since they need to acquire online-driven competencies in
planning, implementing, and assessing the performance of their students, providing teachers with adequate training courses can
assist them to effectively implement the courses through electronic delivery. There are various devices available with innovative
tools for the teachers to access to promote learning for the students with diverse educational needs. The technology devices,
design of the program, choices of instructors, responsive curriculum, and supportive stakeholders are necessary and significant
for the successful delivery of the lessons in an online environment (Barr & Miller, 2013). In that case, this brings an opportunity for
higher education institutions to scale up the training of the teachers for online learning instruction. The training for the teachers
can improve student learning in educational programming for the instructors to facilitate the goals aligned to the learning goals
of higher education institutions (Ludeman et al., 2009).
Strengthen Research Efforts, Data Monitoring, and Evidence-Based Practices
Institutions of higher education are expected to demonstrate responsiveness to the stakeholders. The expectations are higher
because of the bars that government entities, accreditation agencies, and other stakeholders are setting for the performance of
higher level institutions (Ludeman et al., 2009). Higher education needs to demonstrate effectiveness and efficiency in the
educational administration because the stakeholders demand evidence from institutions to support the claims of excellence and
effectiveness. Other than that, these are changing times globally, and even the pandemic has affected the way that educational
systems should function that a great deal of evidences are needed to determine how higher education institutions should respond
to the educational, economic, and employment crises. There is an even greater need to produce research reports on the impact
of COVID-19 pandemic to the educational system in the country.
Higher education institutions need to seize these opportunities to strengthen data monitoring, documentation and evidence-
based practices of the services and programs that are offered to the students. There have been numerous innovative programs of
higher learning but these innovations are not assessed rigorously (Hunt & Eisenberg, 2010). For example, little research has been
published referring to the counseling center utilizations in the universities (Hinderaker, 2013). Even in the Philippines, there is a
need for more scientific data on the provision of mental health services in college campuses nationally and locally. Hence,
research, evaluation, and strategic planning are central to student success. These research efforts can meet the challenges in the
future to provide information that are crucial for transparency and accountability (Ludeman et al., 2009). The faculty, researchers,
and professionals of higher education need to engage and strengthen the efforts in research, evaluation, and strategic planning
to document best processes, increase evidence-based practices, and improve student learning in higher education in the
Philippines even amidst the COVID-19 pandemic or possible spread of other viruses in the coming years.
IMPLICATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES
The paper highlights pedagogical and policy implications. To effectively respond to the threat of the pandemic, universities
need to reassess the curricular interventions to gear for readiness towards online learning. Likewise, campus medical health
representatives can develop health management protocols and tools to ensure that stakeholders follow environmental health
practices even outside the academe. Aside from the academic implications, this paper also presents policy implications to craft
environmental policies that can strengthen the health management systems in the university. This article can also serve as
reference for future studies relative to the effects of COVID-19 to the performance of the educational system. On the other hand,
there remains numerous gaps in the scientific community as to the impact of COVID-19 to higher education. Future studies should
evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to the educational system and gather scientific evidences on how the educational
institutions can effectively respond to another future virus outbreak.
CONCLUSION
Higher education worldwide is affected due to the COVID-19 pandemic that thousands of school closures followed in a very
limited span of time to enforce social distancing measures. Educational institutions particularly in the Philippines, are presented
with surmounting challenges in its system of planning, implementation, and assessment. On a light note, however, the global
pandemic opened up opportunities to the country to upgrade its educational mode of delivery and transfer its attention to
emerging technologies. Higher education institutions thereby need to seize the opportunity to strengthen its evidence-based
4 / 5 Toquero / Pedagogical Research, 5(4), em0063
practices, provide accessible mental health-related services, and make the curriculum responsive to the needs of the changing
times.
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