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Herpetofauna community structure and distribution of Watu Joglo cave area, Gunung Kidul, Special Region of Yogyakarta
Abstract
Watu Joglo is one of the caves located in the row of the Sewu mountains, Gunung Kidul, Special Regency of Yogyakarta. Watu Joglo has various suitable microhabitats for herpetofauna. So far, the study about herpetofauna’s community structure and distribution has not been carried out in Watu Joglo. This study aimed to study and map the diversity, richness, evenness, and distribution of herpetofauna in Watu Joglo. Herpetofauna’s data sampling was carried out for three days. The study was conducted on 6-8 April 2018. The data of herpetofauna community were analyzed with Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Margalef richness index, and Pielou Evenness Index. The data of herpetofauna distribution were mapped and analyzed with Avenza and ArcGis. Based on the research conducted, we found 11 species of herpetofauna which consisted of five species from Ordo Anura, four species from Subordo Lacertilia, and two species from Subordo Serpentes. Herpetofauna in Watu Joglo was widely distributed around the river. According to diversity analysis, Watu Joglo has moderate diversity index, 1.667. Besides, Watu Joglo has high evenness index which is 0.85 but low richness index which is 2.83.
... For pest and disease control animals (Table 4), herpetofauna dominate this role, with reptiles being more diverse and abundant than amphibians. The numerous herpetofauna likely contribute to its functions in maintaining food-chain balance and ecosystem dynamics [17]. This can be seen through intragroup predation interactions, such as between snakes and frogs, or intergroup predation between frogs and dragonflies. ...
... From the species listed in Table 4, we were also able to identify the main microhabitats present in the Tanggulangi Biodiversity Park. A large proportion of the semi-aquatic reptile, E. multifasciata, a water snake, F. melanzostus, and several amphibians indicate that the most prominent feature of the ecosystem is the water bodies, such as swamps and ponds [17,18]. On the other hand, several gecko and lizard species, notably the flying dragon, D. volans, and the tokay gecko, G. gecko, along with a dominantly found snake species, D. pictus, also highlighted the forested areas with several large trees, as indicated by the numerous teak trees. ...
... On the other hand, several gecko and lizard species, notably the flying dragon, D. volans, and the tokay gecko, G. gecko, along with a dominantly found snake species, D. pictus, also highlighted the forested areas with several large trees, as indicated by the numerous teak trees. This allows such arboreal herpetofauna to live and survive by feeding on insect pests found in the trees [17,19,20]. ...
Indonesia's rich biodiversity is threatened by harmful human activities, encouraging conservation efforts like the establishment of Tanggulangin Biodiversity Park in East Java. In this study, we aim to report the biodiversity and the benefits of various species in maintaining the karst ecosystem of Tanggulangin Biodiversity Park. Data were collected using vegetation censuses, point counts for birds, and visual encounter surveys for herpetofauna and insects. We conducted data analysis by measuring the species diversity and evenness. Results show moderate diversity for vegetation, birds, and herpetofauna, but low insect diversity, comprising dragonflies and damselflies. Vegetations have a prominent benefit as an arboreal habitat for fauna found in the area, while also contributing to the locals' economics. Most of the fauna found have ecological benefits such as pest and disease control, followed by seed disperser and pollinator, further sustaining the vegetation. This indicates that Tanggulangin Biodiversity Park provides essential benefits in conserving biodiversity, sustaining the ecosystem, and enhancing the socioeconomic conditions of the local community.
... In the recent publications, B. jubata has been reported from several locations on Java, Sumatra, and Bali islands (e.g. Mumpuni 2001;Kurniati 2005;McKay 2006;Riyanto 2010Riyanto , 2011Riyanto & Trilaksono 2012;Riyanto & Mumpuni 2013;Puruhita 2014;Gunawan & Sugiarti 2015;Eprilurahman et al. 2016;Findua et al. 2016;Janiawati et al. 2016;Kurniawan et al. 2016;Khatimah 2018;Septiadi et al. 2018;Yudha et al. 2018;Cahyadi & Arifin 2019;Priambodo et al. 2019;Riyanto et al. 2019;Ayu et al. 2020;Mustari 2020;Erawan et al. 2021;Kusrini et al. 2021;Maharani et al. 2022), but never reported in the studies conducted in Kalimantan (e.g. Amri et al. 2015;Sari et al. 2017;Kwatrina et al. 2018;Setiadi & Rahayu 2021;Tajalli et al. 2021). ...
Bronchocela jubata Duméril and Bibron, 1837 is one of the commonest species of the genus, known mostly from Java Island and southern parts of Sumatra. It is rare in Bali and Borneo. The juveniles are often confused with its morphologically similar congener, B. cristatella, which occurs widely throughout the Indonesian Archipelago and Peninsular Malaysia. We examined the morphology of B. jubata based on museum specimens including its two available syntypes, and redescribed the species based on the lectotype designated herein. We highlight the characters of B. jubata with a morphometric comparison to its sympatric congener B. cristatella from Java Island, Indonesia. Based on the current distribution pattern and the apparent threats, we update the conservation status of B. jubata using IUCN Red List Criteria, and propose that it be considered as a species of Least Concern (LC), endemic to the Greater Sundaic Islands.
Bat Cave is a new tourist attraction located in Indarung Village, Lubuk Kilangan District, Padang City. Changes in habitat will affect the fauna in it, especially the herpetofauna, because herpetofauna is very sensitive to environmental changes. Herpetofauna research in this area has never been done. The research was conducted in December 2022, the observation method used was the transect method combined with the VES (Visual Encounter Survey). The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of herpetofauna species in the Bat Cave area. Based on the research, nine types of herpetofauna were found, consisting of six types of amphibians and three types of reptiles. Total number of individuals obtained was 57 individuals. The most common type found was Limnonectes blythii, namely 23 individuals. In this study, one individual was found endemic to West Sumatra, namely Ichthyophis elongatus. Based on the research conducted, the diversity of herpetofauna species in the Bat Cave area is low.
Penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman katak dan kodok di sepanjang daerah sungai di Yogyakarta telah dilaksanakan oleh Yudha, dkk (2013) di Sungai Code dan Yudha, dkk (2014) di Sungai Opak oleh. Sungai Gadjah Wong merupakan salah satu sungai besar dan penting di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman katak dan kodok di Sungai Gadjah Wong belum banyak dipublikasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui keanekaragaman jenis katak dan kodok (Amphibia: Anura) yang menempati Sungai Gadjah Wong sebagai habitatnya. Pengambilan sampel di sepanjang Sungai Gadjah Wong dari hulu hingga hilir menggunakan metode: VES (Visual Encounter Survey), river bank cruising, dan transek. Sampling secara umum dibagi menjadi tiga bagian, bagian hulu, tengah dan hilir. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu 6 jenis katak dan kodok (Amphibia: Anura), terdiri dari Chalcorana chalconota, Occidozyga sumatrana, Fejervarya limnocharis, Polypedates leucomystax, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, dan Ingerophrynus biporcatus. Semua katak dan kodok yang dijumpai tersebut adalah jenis yang umum dijumpai. Dari keenam katak tersebut dapat diketahui habitatnya yaitu: 3 jenis katak akuatik dan semi-akuatik, dan 1 jenis katak arboreal serta 2 jenis katak terrestrial. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa Sungai Gadjah Wong merupakan habitat yang cukup sesuai bagi sebagian jenis katak dan kodok.
Reptiles that commonly found in or on riverbanks are turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles. Nowadays, turtles and crocodiles are rarely found or seen the river which flows across human settlement especially in Java. The Opak River is one of the biggest rivers that flowing across Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) Province, Indonesia. The Opak River upstream is located on the southern slope of Mount Merapi, and it is estuary is located on the southern beach of DIY (Depok Beach), Bantul Regency. The research aimed to acquire data about the diversity of snakes and lizards (Reptilia: Squamata) along the Opak River in the DIY. The data of squamates diversity were acquired using a combination of several methods, i.e., VES (Visual Encounter Survey), riverbank cruising and transect. Sampling area generally divided into four locations, i.e., upstream, midstream, downstream and estuary. Species diversity of squamates in the Opak River consists of 11 species of lacertilians (lizards) and 16 species of serpents (snakes). The Opak River is a decent habitat for some lizards and snakes.
Management plans must be made with consideration for the unique physical and biological characteristics of each property, as well as the particular goals of the landowner or manager. Amphibians and reptiles are vital components of healthy forest ecosystems but have biological and ecological needs that differ from other wildlife. To this end, we hope to present a useful summary of what is known about the response of amphibians and reptiles to a variety of forest management practices in the Midwest, and to suggest general strategies to minimize negative effects of harvests on these species.
The management recommendations we present largely are based on the Hardwood Ecosystem Experiment (HEE), a large-scale study located in south-central Indiana. The HEE used experimentally manipulated treatments within a forested landscape to examine the response of several species to multiple timber harvest techniques. This study is unique in its scale and duration, and provides much-needed insights into the ecological impacts of harvests typical of the Midwest. For readers’ convenience, we preface this information with a brief primer on ecosystem based management, the ecological roles of amphibians and reptiles, and an abbreviated description of forest dynamics. We hope this guide will aid land managers in designing management plans that maintain populations of these species across the landscape.
Human welfare depends directly or indirectly on the services provided by ecosystems. Amphibians and reptiles represent a high proportion of global species diversity and include species that are widely distributed throughout the world and play a variety of roles that benefit humans. The aim of this study was to identify and describe the ecosystem services provided by amphibians and reptiles in Neotropical ecosystems to evaluate the contribution of these highly diverse groups to human welfare. We conducted a literature review of articles and books from databases and university libraries and collected data from 106 studies. Amphibians and reptiles contributed directly and indirectly to the four types of ecosystem services: provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting. Most available studies reported the use of direct services from reptiles and indirect services from amphibians. Although eight ecosystem services were identified, most studies focused on reptiles as seed dispersers and protein sources. Biological pest control and bioturbation were the most widely studied services obtained from amphibians. Further research are necessary to understand the ecological functions involving amphibians and reptiles and their importance in the provision of key ecosystem services for human well-being.
Extinctions are normal biological phenomena. Both mass extinctions in geological time and local extinctions in ecological time are well documented, but rates of extinction have increased in recent years—especially in vertebrates, including amphibians—as illustrated by recent reports of their population declines and range reductions. We suggest that long-term population data are necessary for rigorously evaluating the significance of the amphibian declines. Due to the physiological constraints, relatively low mobility, and site fidelity of amphibians, we suggest that many amphibian populations may be unable to recolonize areas after local extinction.
Las extinciones son un fenómeno biológico normal. Extinciones en masa en una escala temporal geológica y extinciones locales en una escala temporal ecológica, están bien documentadas, pero en años recientes las tasas de exinción han incrementado, especialmente en vertebrados, incluyendo a los anfibios tal como ha sido ejemplificado en reportes recientes sobre la declinación de su población y la reducción de su área de distribución. Nosotros sugerimos que datos poblacionales a largo plozo son necesarios para evaluar rigurosamente la significancia de la declinación en anfibios. Nosotros sugerimos que muchas de las poblaciones de anfibios son incapaces de recolonizar áreas después de extinciones locales debido a las restricciones fisiológicas, la relativamente baja movilidad y la filopatría de los anfibios.
Species richness, defined as the number of species per unit area, is the simplest measure of biodiversity. Small‐scale species richness generally refers to species richness at the scale of a single community, habitat or microhabitat. Understanding the factors that affect and are affected by small‐scale species richness is fundamental to understanding how ecological communities are assembled and function and how biodiversity is maintained. Several factors affect small‐scale species richness, including geographic factors such as the regional species pool, dispersal distance and ease of dispersal, biological factors such as competition, facilitation, and predation as well as environmental factors such as resource availability, environmental heterogeneity and disturbance frequency and intensity. The importance of these factors varies with scale of observation. Further, small‐scale richness can impact aspects of ecosystem function including productivity, stability, and invasibility.
Key Concepts
Small‐scale species richness is the number of species per unit area at the scale of a single community, habitat or microhabitat.
Species richness is similar to alpha (α) diversity, or the number of species occurring at the local scale in a relatively homogeneous area.
Many factors affect small‐scale species richness, including geographic (e.g. species pool, dispersal), biotic (e.g. competition, predation, facilitation) and abiotic (e.g. resource availability, environmental heterogeneity, disturbance frequency and intensity).
The species pool is the set of species adapted to a site that are regionally available to colonise that site, and, in conjunction with dispersal processes, define the universe from which the ecological community is assembled.
Immigration is affected by the distance between suitable habitat sites and the ability of propagules to become established at the local site, and can significantly increase species richness.
Competition tends to decrease small‐scale richness, and its impact is shaped by resource availability, the specific resources being competed for and ecological disturbances that reduce competition.
Interactions among predators and prey, or pathogens and parasites and their hosts, can maintain or alter small‐scale diversity, the impact being largely dependent on the level of dominance of the species directly impacted.
While there is some evidence of a positive relationship between small‐scale richness and productivity, other factors such as the number and identity of functional groups may be the direct cause of the relationship.
Small‐scale richness has complex effects on the stability and invasibility of local sites.
"Measuring Biological Diversity assumes no specialist mathematical knowledge and includes worked examples and links to web-based software. It will be essential reading for all students, researchers, and managers who need to measure biological diversity."--BOOK JACKET.
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