Transfer kinetics of labeled aroma compounds from liquid media into coffee beans during simulated wet processing conditions

Abstract

The transfer kinetics of three labelled compounds (butanal, 2-phenyethanol, isoamyl acetate) was studied from a liquid medium into the coffee beans during simulated wet processing using four media (M) (M1: contained dehulled beans, M2: contained demucilaginated beans, M3: contained depulped beans, M4: contained depulped beans with yeast).Trials were carried out at 25°C, under agitation and for five time periods (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours), and then the labelled volatiles were analyzed by SPME-GC-MS.
The three labelled molecules were transferred into the coffee beans with different mass transfer rates; reaching at 12hrs in the M4, 0.2±0.03 ,11.2±0.66 and 1.3±0.04µg/g of coffee respectively for butanal, 2-phenyethanol and isoamyl acetate. The parchment resistance significantly affected the mass transfer of the 2-phenylethanol. Butanal and isoamyl acetate underwent metabolic reactions, which decreased their amount in the coffee beans. Furthermore, an interaction between molecules and the yeast was observed and decreased significantly the butanal’s transfer.

Full text

UNCORRECTED PROOF
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1. Introduction
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UNCORRECTED PROOF
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2. Materials and methods
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9DDQ <=HMDH=< MF<=J KL=JAD= ;GF<ALAGFK MKAF? 9 MFK=F :MJF=J 9F< KL=J
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O=J= MK=< >GJ =9;@ LJA9D
 &'*1*) 241*(:1*8
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9 EAP G> L@= L@J== NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K <AKKGDN=< AF  G> =L@9FGD >L=J
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9 KGDMLAGF G> :=FRQD :MLQJ9L= MK=< 9K 9F AFL=JF9D KL9F<9J< OAL@ 9 ;GF
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K;@=E9LA; G> L@=K=  E=<A9 AK HJ=K=FL=< AF !A? 
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G> E9FM9DDQ <=HMDH=< 9F< <=@MDD=< ;G>>== :=9FK 9F< L@AK E=<AME O9K
MK=< LG =KLAE9L= L@= H=JE=9:ADALQ G> L@= ;G>>== :=9FK LG L@= <A>>MKAGF G>
NGD9LAD= EGD=;MD=K >L=JO9J<K AF ( E=<AME <=HMDH=< 9F< <=EM;AD9?
AF9L=< ;G>>== :=9FK O=J= MK=< AF GJ<=J LG =KLAE9L= L@= J=KAKL9F;= G> L@=
H9J;@E=FL LG L@= LJ9FK>=J G> L@= ;GEHGMF<K
!AF9DDQ L@= LJ9FK>=J O9K KLM<A=< AF ( 9F< ( E=<A9 /@= (
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K=JN=< AF L@= ( E=<AME $F L@= D9LL=J L@= LJ9FK>=J O9K KLM<A=< AF J=9DAK
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;G>>== :=9FK AFG;MD9L=< OAL@ L@= K=D=;L=< Q=9KL '.
/@= Q=9KL KLJ9AF MK=< AF L@= ( E=<A9 9F< >GJ L@= 9<<ALAGF9D L=KLK
"&((-&742>(*8 (*7*;.8.&* " O9K HJGNA<=< :Q '9DD=E9F< ..
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LAGF G> K=D=;L=< ;G>>== Q=9KLK =>GJ= L@= AFG;MD9LAGF Q=9KL OAL@ 9 NA9:AD
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>GJ  EAF !GJ L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF LJA9DK >GJ  ? G> HMDH=< ;G>>==  E'
G> J=@Q<J9L=< Q=9KL 9F<  E' G> <AKLADD=< O9L=J O=J= 9<<=< LG KM:
E=J?= L@= <=HMDH=< ;G>>== :=9F
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;GEHGMF<K O=J= 9<<=< 9L L@= K9E= ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF  ]?E' G> <AKLADD=<
O9L=J /@AK ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF O9K <=L=JEAF=< CFGOAF? L@= F9LMJ9D ;GF;=F
LJ9LAGF N9DM= G> L@=K= ;GEHGMF<K AF >J=K@ ;G>>== :=9FK AF GJ<=J LG =FKMJ=
9 ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF ?J9<A=FL AF L@= E=<AME AF >9NGJ G> ;GEHGMF< =FLJQ
DD K9EHD=K O=J= E9AFL9AF=< 9L  Z ?AL9LAGF O9K ;9JJA=< GML OAL@
9F GJ:AL9D K@9C=J ..'.LM9JL 0& 9L 9 DGO KH==< G>  JHE <MJAF?
L@= =FLAJ= LJ9FK>=J H=JAG< !AN= LAE= H=JAG<K     9F<  @ O=J=
;@GK=F LG AFN=KLA?9L= L@= E9KK LJ9FK>=J CAF=LA;K DD LJA9DK O=J= AF<=H=F
<=FL 9F< H=J>GJE=< AF LJAHDA;9L=
L L@= =F< G> L@= LJ9FK>=J =PH=JAE=FL K9EHD=K O=J= O9K@=< L@J==
LAE=K OAL@ O9L=J LG KLGH L@= LJ9FK>=J J=9;LAGF 9F< LG J=EGN= D9:=D=<
EGD=;MD=K 9<@=JAF? LG L@= ?J9AF KMJ>9;= 9F< L@=F L@=Q O=J= ?JGMF< 9F<
>JGR=F 9L − Z MFLAD :=AF? 9F9DQR=<
 "*(43) *=5*7.2*39&1 &5574&(- &)).9.43&1 9*898
/G HJGH=JDQ AFL=JHJ=L GMJ J=KMDLK 9<<ALAGF9D L=KLK O=J= ;GF<M;L=< LG
AFN=KLA?9L= L@= AFL=J9;LAGF :=LO==F L@= D9:=DD=< NGD9LAD= EGD=;MD=K 9F<
L@= Q=9KL KLJ9AF '. MK=< >GJ L@AK KLM<Q
K >GJ L@= ^JKL =PH=JAE=FL9D 9HHJG9;@  E' G> 9 KGDMLAGF ;GFL9AFAF?
J=@Q<J9L=< Q=9KL 9L 9 ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF G>  E?E' 9F< 9 EAPLMJ= G> L@=
 D9:=DD=< EGD=;MD=K 9L 9 ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF G>  E?E' O9K HJ=H9J=< L@=
K9EHD=K O=J= NGJL=P=< >GJ  K LG @GEG?=FAR= L@= EAP 9F< L@=F L@=Q
O=J= 9F9DQR=< AEE=<A9L=DQ


UNCORRECTED PROOF
&)/"&1*2*9&1 44)-*2.897> === ==== ======
Fig. 1. .;@=E9LA; J=HJ=K=FL9LAGF G> L@= E=<A9 MK=< LG KLM<Q L@= LJ9FK>=J CAF=LA;K G> D9:=DD=< ;GEHGMF<K
 %41&9.1* (4254:3)8 &3&1>8*8
 =97&(9.43 '> "
G>>== :=9F K9EHD=K O=J= ?JGMF< LG 9 ^F= H9JLA;D= KAR= ≈ ]E
-=LK;@5( !J9F;= 1GD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K G> ;G>>== :=9FK O=J= =P
LJ9;L=< MKAF? L@= .+( 19J:GP=F+(.  ]E .MH=D;G
0. KGDA<H@9K=EA;JG=PLJ9;LAGF "JGMF< ;G>>==  \  ? O9K
O=A?@=< AF K;J=O;9HH=< ?D9KK NA9DK 9F< EAP=< OAL@  E' G> HMJ= O9
L=J .M:K=IM=FLDQ L@= NA9DK O=J= HD9;=< >GJ  EAF AF 9 L@=JEGKL9LA;9DDQ
J=?MD9L=< GN=F 9L  Z LG J=9;@ K9EHD= @=9<KH9;= =IMADA:JAME /@=F
L@=Q O=J= KM:B=;L=< LG .+( 9L  Z >GJ  EAF
 –" &3&1>8.8
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AD=FL /=;@FGDG?A=K +9DG DLG 0. /@= .+( ^:=J O9K <=KGJ:=< AF
9 HGD9J ;GDMEF 23  E g  EE  μE H@9K= ^DE L@A;C
F=KK ?AD=FL %2 " ;GDMEF 0. MF<=J KHDALD=KK EG<= OAL@ L@= AF
B=;LGJ L=EH=J9LMJ= K=L 9L  Z #Q<JG?=F O9K MK=< 9K L@= ?9K N=;LGJ
OAL@ L@= _GO J9L= ^P=< 9L  E'EAF /@= AFALA9D GN=F L=EH=J9LMJ= O9K
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:Q  ZEAF LG  Z /@= ^F9D ;GDMEF L=EH=J9LMJ= O9K E9AFL9AF=<
>GJ  EAF
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AGFAR9LAGF L@= EGD=;MD=K O=J= KM:K=IM=FLDQ KGJL=< 9;;GJ<AF? LG L@=AJ J=
HGJL E9KK;@9J?= 2? :Q 9 IM9<JMHGD= 9F9DQR=J E9AFL9AF=< 9L  Z
KO==HAF? 9F AFL=JN9D 6 LG 7 2?AF .) EG<= /@= J=KMDLK K=L
O=J= HJG;=KK=< MKAF? (9KK#MFL=J ,M9DAL9LAN= F9DQK=K KG>LO9J= N=J
KAGF 
 "9&9.89.(&1 &3&1>8*8
(=9FK 9F< KL9F<9J< <=NA9LAGFK J=HGJL=< O=J= ;9D;MD9L=< >JGE LJAH
DA;9L= LJA9DK 9F< L@=Q O=J= KM:B=;L=< LG )*1 >GDDGO=< :Q HGKL@G;
;GEH9JAKGF G> E=9FK :Q /MC=Q’K L=KL H=J>GJE=< MKAF? L@= 3DKL9L N=J
KAGF  A>>=J=F;=K O=J= ;GFKA<=J=< KA?FA>A;9FL O@=F L@= HJG:9:AD
ALQ N9DM= H ≤
 #7&38+*7 7&9* (&1(:1&9.43
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EMD9
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?7
L LJ9FK>=J LAE= @
A KLM<A=< ;GEHGMF<
3. Results and discussion
 #7&38+*7 0.3*9.(8 89:)>
-=KMDLK G> L@= E9KK LJ9FK>=J CAF=LA;K G> L@= D9:=DD=< NGD9LAD=K 9J=
K@GOF AF !A?  DD LJA9DK K@GO=< 9 E9KK LJ9FK>=J G> L@= D9:=DD=< NGD9LAD=
;GEHGMF<K AFLG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK !A?  /@=K= J=KMDLK ;GF^JE HJ=
NAGMK OGJC :Q )=LG =L 9D  +=J=AJ9 =L 9D  N9F?=
DAKL9 =L 9D  .ADN9 =L 9D  O@G HGKLMD9L=< L@9L 9 LJ9FK
>=J HJG;=KK ;GMD< =PAKL G> NGD9LAD= E=L9:GDAL=K L@9L 9J= HJG<M;=< :Q L@=
Q=9KL <MJAF? L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF AFLG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK
/@= LJ9FK>=J CAF=LA; G> L@= 9D;G@GD H@=FQD=L@9FGD KLM<A=< <MJAF?
L@= ;G>>== >=JE=FL9LAGF MKAF? L@= ( E=<AME K== K=;LAGF  K@GO=< 9
KA?FA>A;9FL AF;J=9K= AFLG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK <MJAF? L@=  @JK !A?  9F<
HJ=K=FL=< L@J== LJ9FK>=J J=?AE=K MJAF? L@= ^JKL @GMJK L@= J=;GJ<=<
9EGMFL K@GO=< 9F =PHGF=FLA9D AF;J=9K= J=9;@AF? 9L  @ 9:GML  G>
L@= LGL9D LJ9FK>=JJ=< 9EGMFL G> H@=FQD=L@9FGD /@AK =PHGF=FLA9D H@9K=
O9K >GDDGO=< :Q 9 <=;=D=J9LAGF H@9K= FGLA;=< :Q L@= <=;J=9K= G> L@=
LJ9FK>=J KH==< O@A;@ :=;9E= ;GFKL9FL :=LO==F  @ 9F<  @ G> LJ9FK
>=J 9F< J=HJ=K=FL=< L@= “;GFKL9FL J9L= KL9L=”/9:D= 
$F L@= E=9FLAE= L@= LJ9FK>=J HJG^D= G> L@= 9D<=@Q<= :ML9F9D 9F<
L@= =KL=J AKG9EQD 9;=L9L= J=HJ=K=FL=< 9 J=?AE= ?GAF? L@JGM?@ 9 E9P
AEME J=9;@=< 9L  @JK G> LJ9FK>=J !A?  (GJ=GN=J L@= LGL9D ;GF
L=FL G> :ML9F9D AF L@= ;G>>== :=9FK K@GO=< 9 KA?FA>A;9FL <=;J=9K= L@9L
O9K >9KL=J L@9F L@9L G:K=JN=< >GJ L@= AKG9EQD= 9;=L9L= HJG^D= /9:D=
 KK=FLA9DDQ 9 @A?@ ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF ?J9<A=FL O9K E9AFL9AF=< LG 9NGA<


UNCORRECTED PROOF
&)/"&1*2*9&1 44)-*2.897> === ==== ======
Fig. 2. (9KK LJ9FK>=J CAF=LA;K G> D9:=D=< ;GEHGMF<K AFLG <=HMDH=< ;G>>== :=9FK ( <MJ
AF? O=LHJG;=KK LJ=9LE=FL -A?@L N=JLA;9D 9PAK >GJ H@=FQD=L@9FGD 9F< D=>L N=JLA;9D 9PAK >GJ
:ML9F9D 9F< AKG9EQD 9;=L9L=
L@= DGKK G> EGD=;MD=K :Q L@= J=N=JK= LJ9FK>=J L@=J=:Q L@AK <=;J=9K= ;9F
:= =PHD9AF=< :Q 9 <=?J9<9LAGF E=;@9FAKE G> L@=K= ;GEHGMF<K AFKA<=
L@= :=9F '== @=GF? MJJ9F 4M 9F< 'AM  9DKG K@GO=<
<MJAF? L@= ?J==F ;G>>== >=JE=FL9LAGF L@9L KGE= NGD9LAD=K O=J= <=?J9<=<
9F< J=K=9J;@=JK ;GJJ=D9L=< L@AK >9;L LG L@= E=L9:GDAKE G> 9JGE9 HJ=;MJ
KGJK AF ?J==F ;G>>== :=9FK :Q !-.?45:8 41.,48547:8 (GJ=GN=J AF L@=AJ
KLM<Q .=DE9J =L 9D  E=9KMJ=< L@= =PHJ=KKAGF G> L@= ?=JEA
F9LAGFKH=;A^; =FRQE= AKG;ALJ9L= DQ9K= 9F< L@=Q A<=FLA^=< L@9L <MJAF?
L@= ^JKL LOG <9QK G> L@= ;G>>== O=LHJG;=KK L@= ?=JEAF9LAGFJ=D9L=< E=
L9:GDAKE J=;GJ<=< L@= @A?@=KL 9;LANALQ L@JGM?@GML L@= HGKL@9JN=KLAF?
HJG;=KK /@=J=>GJ= AL ;9F := 9KKME=< L@9L 9>L=J L@=AJ LJ9FK>=J AF L@=
;G>>== :=9FK :ML9F9D 9F< AKG9EQD= 9;=L9L= MF<=J?G 9F =FRQE9LA; J=9;
LAGF L@9L G;;MJK <MJAF? L@= ?=JEAF9LAGF #GO=N=J H@=FQD=L@9FGD
K==EK FGL LG := 9>>=;L=< :Q L@AK <=?J9<9LAGF HJG;=KK 9K AL’K LJ9FK>=JJ=<
9EGMFL AFLG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK ;GFLAFM=< LG AF;J=9K= :Q 9;;MEMD9LAGF LG
J=9;@  \  ]?? 9>L=J  @JK
$F<==< L@= LJ9FK>=J G> NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K AK ?GN=JF=< :Q L@=JEG<Q
F9EA; 9F< CAF=E9LA; H9J9E=L=JK J=D9L=< LG L@= ;GEHGKALAGF L@= H@QKA;9D
KL9L= G> L@= E9LJAP 9F< L@=AJ AFL=J9;LAGF OAL@ L@= H@QKA;G;@=EA;9D HJGH
=JLA=K G> L@= EGD=;MD=K 1GADD=Q =L 9D  $F GMJ ;9K= L@= EGD=
;MD=K O=J= LJ9FK>=JJ=< >JGE DAIMA< E=<AME LG GJ?9FA; E9LJAP L@= ;G>>==
:=9F :Q AEHGKAF? 9 LJ9FK>=J ?J9<A=FL ;;GJ<AF? LG L@= H@QKA;G;@=EA
;9D HJGH=JLA=K HJ=K=FL=< AF /9:D=  OAL@ 9 DGO=J EGD=;MD9J O=A?@L 9F<
9 DGO=J 'G?+ H@=FQD=L@9FGD OGMD< @9N= 9F =9KA=J LJ9FKHGJL L@9F L@=
AKG9EQD= 9;=L9L= 2@AD= :ML9F9D @9K L@= DGO=KL EGD=;MD9J O=A?@L 9F< 9
'G?+   :=LO==F L@= L@J== EGD=;MD=K MK=< 9F< ;GFLJ9JQ LG O@9L O9K
=PH=;L=< L@= H@=FQD=L@9FGD J=HJ=K=FL=< L@= @A?@=KL LJ9FK>=J J9L= OAL@
9 LJ9FK>=J KH==<  LAE=K >9KL=J L@9F L@9L G> :ML9F9D <MJAF? L@= ^JKL
 @ /9:D=  $F L@=AJ KLM<Q '== =L 9D  J=HGJL=< 9F AF;J=9K=
G>  G> H@=FQD=L@9FGD AF L@= >=JE=FL=< ;G>>== :=9FK ;GEH9J=< LG
L@= MF>=JE=FL=< ?J==F ;G>>== :=9FK /@MK AL KH=;MD9L=K L@9L L@= 9D;G@GD
MF<=J?G=K 9F AFL=FK= <A>>MKAGF HJG;=KK <MJAF? L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF O@A;@
AK J=IMAJ=< LG AF_M=F;= L@= GN=J9DD ;G>>== IM9DALQ +=J=AJ9 =L 9D 
9F< L@AK AFL=FK= LJ9FK>=J ;9FFGL := =PHD9AF=< =P;DMKAN=DQ :Q L@= H@QKA;
G;@=EA;9D HJGH=JLA=K G> L@= ;GEHGMF< :ML E9Q:= :Q L@= =PAKL=F;= G>
GL@=J H9L@O9QK KM;@ 9K 9;LAN= LJ9FKHGJL G:K=JN=< AF HD9FLK
+J=NAGMK KLM<A=K = 9KLJG  (9JJ9;;AFA  @9N= J=HGJL=<
L@= =PAKL=F;= G> E=L9:GDAL= =P;@9F?=K :=LO==F L@= H=JA;9JH HMDH 9F<
L@= =F<GKH=JE K==< =AL@=J :Q H9KKAN= LJ9FK>=J GJ :Q 9;LAN= LJ9FKHGJL
A= KM?9JK ;9>>=AF= ;;GJ<AF?DQ EGD=;MD=K ;9F := LJ9FK>=JJ=< AFLG
L@= ;G>>== :=9F :Q L@=K= LOG LJ9FKHGJL H9L@O9QK 9F< L@= 9KKMEHLAGF
G> L@= =PAKL=F;= G> 9 KH=;A^; 9;LAN= LJ9FKHGJL G> L@= @A?@=J 9D;G@GD
H@=FQ=L@9FGD ;9F =PHD9AF L@= J=HGJL=< @A?@ J9L= LJ9FK>=J G> L@AK ;GE
HGMF<
Table 1
/J9FK>=J KH==< G> D9:=D=< ;GEHGMF<K ;9D;MD9L=< >JGE L@= CAF=LA; KLM<Q
GEHGMF<LAE= /J9FK>=JJ9L=]??@
– @ – @ – @ – @
ML9F9D  \  9− \  :− \  ;− \  ;
$KG9EQD9;=L9L=  \  9− \  : − \  :− \  :
+@=FQD=L@9FGD  \  9 \  9:  \  : \  :
A>>=J=FL D9:=DK 9: AF<A;9L= L@9L E=9FK KA?FA>A;9FLDQ <A>>=J 9L H   :9K=< GF /MC=Q L=KL
Table 2
+@QKA;G;@=EA;9D HJGH=JLA=K G> L@= KLM<A=< EGD=;MD=K +M:@=E 
ML9F9D $KG9EQD9;=L9L= +@=FQD=L@9FGD
(GD=;MD9JO=A?@L?EGD   
/GHGDG?A;9D+GD9J.MJ>9;=J=9       
.GDM:ADALQAFO9L=JE?'9L Z   
=FKALQ?;E    
'G?+@Q<JGH@G:A;ALQ   
GF>GJE9LAGF
'G?+ H9JLALAGF ;G=>^;A=FL EGJ= L@= 'G?+   EGJ= L@= EGD=;MD= AK @Q<JGH@G:A;


UNCORRECTED PROOF
&)/"&1*2*9&1 44)-*2.897> === ==== ======
 &88 97&38+*7 7*8.89&3(* 89:)>
'9:=DD=< ;GEHGMF< ;GFL=FLK ML9F9D $KG9EQD 9;=L9L= 9F<
+@=FQD=L@9FGD 9L  @JK G> LJ9FK>=J KLM<A=< AF >GMJ E=<A9 ( (
( 9F< ( 9J= NAKM9DAR=< AF !A? 
/@= LJ9FK>=JJ=< 9EGMFL G> H@=FQD=L@9FGD J=9;@=<  \  ]?
? AF L@= ?J==F ;G>>== :=9FK ( O@AD= L@AK 9EGMFL O9K KA?FA>A;9FLDQ
DGO=J AF L@= ?J==F ;G>>== :=9FK OAL@ H9J;@E=FL ( !A? ; ;
;GJ<AF?DQ 9F< 9K 9KKME=< :Q '== =L 9D  9F<
-9EXJ=R(9JLXF=R =L 9D  L@= H9J;@E=FL AF<M;=K 9 HGL=FLA9D
E9KK LJ9FK>=J J=KAKL9F;= #GO=N=J L@= IM9FLA^=< 9EGMFLK AF L@= L@J==
E=<A9 ( ( 9F< ( O=J= IMAL= ;DGK=  \   \  9F<
 \  ]?? J=KH=;LAN=DQ OAL@ FG KA?FA>A;9FL <A>>=J=F;= L@=J=:Q
HGAFLAF? GML L@9L L@= HJ=K=F;= G> EM;AD9?= 9F<GJ Q=9KL 9F< >=JE=FL9
LAGF E=;@9FAKEK <G FGL @9N= 9 KA?FA>A;9FL =>>=;L GF L@= LJ9FK>=J J9L= G>
H@=FQD=L@9FGD
!MJL@=JEGJ= L@= AKG9EQD 9;=L9L= ;GFL=FL AF 9DD ;GF<M;L=< LJA9DK
AF L@= ( ( ( 9F< L@= ( E=<A9 J9F?=< :=LO==F  \ 
9F<  \  ]?? !A? : 9K=< GF KL9LAKLA;9D L=KLK L@AK N9JA9LAGF
K@GO=< FG KA?FA>A;9FL <A>>=J=F;= !A? : /@MK AL ;9F := ;GF;DM<=<
L@9L L@= H9J;@E=FL 9F< L@= EM;AD9?= @9N= FG AF_M=F;= GF L@= LJ9FK>=J
J9L= G> L@AK EGD=;MD= /@= H@QKA;G;@=EA;9D ;@9F?=K G;;MJJAF? <MJAF? L@=
>=JE=FL9LAGF <G FGL 9>>=;L L@= E9KK LJ9FK>=J G> L@AK =KL=J =AL@=J
2AL@ J=?9J<K LG :ML9F9D FG KA?FA>A;9FL <A>>=J=F;=K AF L@= ;GF;=F
LJ9LAGF G> L@AK 9D<=@Q<= O=J= G:K=JN=< AF L@= E=<A9 ( ( 9F< (
!A? 9 O@A;@ O9K 9JGMF<  ]?? ?9AF L@= H9J;@E=FL <A< FGL
K@GO 9FQ J=KAKL9F;= LG L@= LJ9FK>=J G> L@AK EGD=;MD= #GO=N=J L@= :M
L9F9D ;GFL=FL IM9FLA^=< AF L@= ( E=<AME OAL@ Q=9KL O9K KA?FA>A
;9FLDQ DGO=J  \  ]?? !A? 9 $F ;GFLJ9KL LG L@= 9D;G@GD 9F<
L@= =KL=J L@= HJ=K=F;= G> "&((-&742>(*8 (*7*;.8.&* '. D=9<K LG 9 <=
;J=9K= G> L@= :ML9F9D LJ9FK>=JJ=< E9KK $F L@=AJ KLM<Q @9DA=J F
?GL =DL=AD G;G 9F< "MF9L9  K@GO=< L@9L 9F AFL=J9;LAGF
EA?@L =PAKL :=LO==F 9JGE9 ;GEHGMF<K 9F< E9FFGHJGL=AF AKGD9L=< >JGE
"&((-&742>(*8 (*7*;.8.&* KLJ9AFK O@A;@ J=<M;=K L@=AJ NGD9LADALQ L@= F9
LMJ= G> L@= G:K=JN=< AFL=J9;LAGF @9K FGL :==F ;@9J9;L=JAR=< >GJ L@= L9J
?=L=< EGD=;MD=K AF L@AK KLM<Q :ML L@=Q =PHD9AF AF L@=AJ KLM<Q L@9L L@AK
AFL=J9;LAGF AK DAFC=< LG L@= H@QKA;G;@=EA;9D HJGH=JLA=K G> L@= ;GEHGMF<
GF L@= GF= @9F< 9F< L@GK= G> L@= E9FFGHJGL=AFK ;GFKLALMLAF? L@= O9DDK
G> L@= Q=9KL ;=DDK GF L@= GL@=J @9F< #=F;= AL ;9F := 9KKME=< L@9L L@=
Q=9KL MK=< AF L@= ( E=<AME 9>>=;L=< L@= NGD9LADALQ G> :ML9F9D $F L@AK
;GFL=PL LJA9DK O=J= ;GF<M;L=< LG N=JA>Q L@= Q=9KL '. J=L=FLAGF =>>=;L
GF L@= L@J== EGD=;MD=K KLM<A=< .=;LAGF 
(=9KMJ=E=FLK G> AFL=J9;LAGF :=LO==F Q=9KLK 9F< L@= L@J== 9JGE9
;GEHGMF<K 9J= HJ=K=FL=< AF !A?  K =PH=;L=< L@= NGD9LADALQ G> :M
L9F9D O9K KA?FA>A;9FLDQ 9>>=;L=< :Q Q=9KL  <=;J=9K= G> MH LG  G> L@AK
9D<=@Q<= ;GFL=FL O9K G:K=JN=< O@=F ;GEH9J=< LG L@= E=<AME OAL@GML
Q=9KL )4 !A? 9 /@= =PHD9F9LAGF ;GMD< := 9F 9<KGJHLAGF G> L@=
EGD=;MD= GF L@= Q=9KL ;=DD O9DDK /@AK AFL=J9;LAGF :=LO==F Q=9KL 9F< :M
L9F9D ;GMD< AF<M;= 9 KDGO=J LJ9FK>=J G> L@AK ;GEHGMF< AFLG ;G>>== :=9FK
<MJAF? >=JE=FL9LAGF !A? 9
$F ;GFLJ9KL AKG9EQD 9;=L9L= <A< FGL KA?FA>A;9FLDQ AFL=J9;L OAL@ Q=9KL
!A? : @9DA=J =L 9D  J=HGJL=< L@9L L@= KLJ=F?L@ G> AFL=J
9;LAGFK :=LO==F 9JGE9 ;GEHGMF<K 9F< Q=9KL ;=DD O9DDK <=H=F<K GF L@=
H@QKA;G;@=EA;9D F9LMJ= G> L@= NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<
$F 9<<ALAGF L@= H@=FQD=L@9FGD NGD9LADALQ O9K KA?FA>A;9FLDQ 9>>=;L=<
:Q Q=9KL 9F< AF ;GFLJ9KL LG :ML9F9D L@= 9EGMFL AF;J=9K=< :Q 
;GEH9J=< LG L@= E=<AME OAL@GML Q=9KL $F L@=AJ KLM<Q GEMRRG =L
9D  G:K=JN=< L@9L H@=FQD=L@9FGD <A< FGL AFL=J9;L OAL@ "&((-&
742>(*8 (*7*;.8.&* ;=DD O9DDK #GO=N=J L@= Q=9KL KLJ9AF MK=< AF GMJ KLM<Q
O9K CFGOF LG HJG<M;= <A>>=J=FL 9JGE9 ;GEHGMF<K =KH=;A9DDQ @A?@=J 9D
;G@GDK /@=J=:Q L@= H@=FQD=L@9FGD ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF HJG:9:DQ AF;J=9K=<
AF L@= E=<AME AF;J=9KAF? L@= NGD9LAD= >J9;LAGF AF L@= @=9<KH9;=
/@MK NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF< LJ9FK>=J ?GN=JF=< :Q 9 ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF ?J9
<A=FL MF<=J?G=K K=N=J9D <=NA9LAGFK AF<M;=< :Q ;GEHD=P H@QKA;G;@=E
A;9D AFL=J9;LAGFK :=LO==F L@= EGD=;MD= 9F< L@= <A>>=J=FL LJ9FK>=J E=
Fig. 3. '9:=D=< ;GEHGMF< ;GFL=FL AF ;G>>== :=9FK 9>L=J @ G> LJ9FK>=J ( ;G>>== :=9FK ( <=EM;AD9?AF9L=< ;G>>== :=9FK ( <=HMDH=< ;G>>== :=9FK ( >=JE=FL=< <=HMDH=< ;G>>==
:=9FK A>>=J=FL D9:=DK  AF<A;9L= L@9L E=9FK KA?FA>A;9FLDQ <A>>=J 9L H   :9K=< GF /MC=Q L=KL


UNCORRECTED PROOF
&)/"&1*2*9&1 44)-*2.897> === ==== ======
Fig. 4. >>=;L G> Q=9KL HJ=K=F;= GF 9JGE9 H=9C 9J=9 AF @=9<KH9;= :=LO==F 9 E=<AME OAL@ 4 9F< OAL@GML )4 Q=9KLK A>>=J=FL D9:=DK  AF<A;9L= L@9L E=9FK KA?FA>A;9FLDQ <A>>=J 9L
H   :9K=< GF /MC=Q L=KL
<A9 /@AK 9>>=;LK L@=AJ LJ9FK>=J >JGE EM;AD9?= LG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK <MJAF?
L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF
/@= H9J;@E=FL O@A;@ AK G> 9 ^:JGMK KLJM;LMJ= L@9L AK N=JQ ;DGK= LG
OGG< -9EXJ=R(9JLXF=R =L 9D  K@GOK 9 H@QKA;9D J=KAKL9F;=
9F< ;GFK=IM=FLDQ AL 9;LK 9K 9 EGD=;MD9J ^DL=J *FDQ H@=FQD=L@9FGD
O9K @=D< :9;C :Q L@AK :9JJA=J J=D9L=< LG ALK ;GF>GJE9LAGF L9:D= 
O@=J=9K L@= D9:=DD=< 9D<=@Q<= 9F< =KL=J K==E=< FGL LG := J=L9AF=< :Q
L@= H9J;@E=FL /@AK ^:JGMK D9Q=J AK 9 F9LMJ9D ;G>>== K==< HJGL=;LAGF
9?9AFKL <A?=KLAF? =FRQE=K >JGE L@= ?ML G> >JM?ANGJGMK 9FAE9DK 9F< C==H
L@= ;G>>== K==< 9N9AD9:D= LG ?=JEAF9LAGFJ=D9L=< E=L9:GDAKE 9>L=J @9J
N=KLAF? O@A;@ AK AFALA9L=< :Q L@= HMDH J=EGN9D = 9KLJG  (9JJ9;
;AFA  .=DE9J =L 9D  #=F;= <MJAF? L@= ;G>>== O=L LJ=9L
E=FL L@= :AG;@=EA;9D ;GEHGKALAGF G> L@= ;G>>== :=9FK MF<=J?G=K K=N
=J9D E=L9:GDA; J=9;LAGFK +9LMA =L 9D  .=DE9J =L 9D 
O@A;@ G;;MJ KAEMDL9F=GMKDQ LG EGD=;MD= LJ9FK>=JK /@=K= J=9;LAGFK ;9F
AF<M;= L@=AJ <AK9HH=9J9F;= :ML 9L L@= K9E= LAE= L@= 9HH=9J9F;= G>
GL@=J HJG<M;LK $F GMJ KLM<Q AL K==EK L@9L GFDQ H@=FQD=L@9FGD O9K FGL
9>>=;L=< :Q L@=K= J=9;LAGFK /@MK >JGE 9 :JG9< H=JKH=;LAN= AL OGMD< :=
AFL=J=KLAF? LG KLM<Q L@= E=;@9FAKE G> L@=K= J=9;LAGFK 9F< LJ9FK>=J AFLG
L@= ;G>>== :=9FK 9F< =N9DM9L= L@=AJ AEH9;L GF L@= 9JGE9LA; HJG^D= G> L@=
^F9D HJG<M;L (GJ=GN=J AL AK O=DD CFGOF = 9KLJG  (9JJ9;;AFA
 L@9L L@= =PAKL=F;= G> 9;LAN= LJ9FKHGJL E9Q 9;;=D=J9L= L@= LJ9FK>=J
J9L= G> KH=;A^; EGD=;MD=K AFLG ;G>>== :=9FK <MJAF? L@= O=L HJG;=KKAF?
$F GMJ ;9K= L@AK ;GMD< =PHD9AF L@= @A?@ LJ9FK>=J J9L= G> H@=FQD=L@9FGD
J=HGJL=< L@JGM?@GML L@= CAF=LA; KLM<Q
N=F A> L@= @A?@=J 9D;G@GDK 9J= CFGOF >GJ L@=AJ @A?@=J K=FKGJQ
L@J=K@GD< RA9DG +9JC .L==FK=DK 'A=N=FK  1=JKLJ=H=F 
H@=FQD=L@9FGD K==EK LG := 9F AFL=J=KLAF? 9JGE9 ;GEHGMF< :Q ALK @A?@
LJ9FK>=J J9L= AFLG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK <MJAF? >=JE=FL9LAGF /@=J=:Q AF L@=AJ
J=NA=O +=J=AJ9 =L 9D  HGKLMD9L= L@9L MKAF? Q=9KL KLJ9AFK OAL@
AEHGJL9FL @A?@=J 9D;G@GD HJG<M;LAGF ;9F =F@9F;= L@= K=FKGJQ IM9DALQ G>
L@= ;G>>== :=N=J9?= :Q HJGNA<AF? _GJ9D FGL=K +=J=AJ9 =L 9D 
#GO=N=J KGE= NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K ;9F AFL=J9;L OAL@ Q=9KL AF<M;AF?
L@=J=:Q 9 KA?FA>A;9FL <=;J=9K= G> L@=AJ LJ9FK>=J J9L= MJAF? GMJ KLM<Q AL
K==EK L@9L :ML9F9D O9K @A?@DQ J=L9AF=< :Q L@= Q=9KLK "&((-&742>(*8 (*7*
;.8.&* '. O@AD= L@= H@=FQD=L@9FGD 9F< L@= AKG9EQD 9;=L9L= O=J=
FGL 9>>=;L=<
4. Conclusion
/@= NGD9LAD= LJ9FK>=J AFLG L@= ?J==F ;G>>== :=9FK <MJAF? >=JE=FL9LAGF
O9K @A?@DA?@L=< 9F< L@= CAF=LA; KLM<Q G> L@J== D9:=DD=< NGD9LAD=K O9K =K
L9:DAK@=< /@JGM?@GML L@=AJ LJ9FK>=J L@= 9JGE9 ;GEHGMF<K O=J= AF_M
=F;=< :Q K=N=J9D >9;LGJK KM;@ 9K L@= H9J;@E=FL J=KAKL9F;= L@= AFL=J
9;LAGF OAL@ L@= Q=9KL ;=DD O9DDK 9F< L@= <=?J9<9LAGF J=9;LAGFK AFLG L@=
;G>>== :=9FK /@= H@=FQD=L@9FGD K==E=< LG := 9F AFL=J=KLAF? 9JGE9
;GEHGMF< 9K AL @9< L@= @A?@=KL LJ9FK>=J J9L= ;GEH9J=< LG :ML9F9D 9F<
AKG9EQD 9;=L9L= AF KHAL= G> ALK J=L=FLAGF :Q L@= H9J;@E=FL
/@MK AL O9K HGKKA:D= LG ;GF;DM<= L@9L 9DD L@=K= NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K
L@9L ;9F := HJG<M;=< :Q Q=9KL <MJAF? >=JE=FL9LAGF ;GMD< := LJ9FK
>=JJ=< AFLG L@= ;G>>== :=9FK OAL@ <A>>=J=FL J9L= 9F< ;GF;=FLJ9LAGF /@AK


UNCORRECTED PROOF
&)/"&1*2*9&1 44)-*2.897> === ==== ======
>9;L ;9F =F9:D= L@= ;G>>== AF<MKLJQ LG EG<MD9L= L@= ;G>>== 9JGE9LA; HJG
^D= :Q ;GFLJGDDAF? L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF KL=H $F L@= >MLMJ= AL OADD := F=;
=KK9JQ LG >GDDGO L@= >9L= G> L@=K= LJ9FK>=JJ=< EGD=;MD=K L@JGM?@GML L@=
HJG;=KKAF? KL=HK <JQAF? JG9KLAF? 9F< :J=OAF? AF GJ<=J LG =N9DM9L= L@=
AEH9;L G> L@= LJ9FK>=J G> NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K GF L@= IM9DALQ G> L@= ^F9D
HJG<M;L MKAF? 9 K=FKGJA9D KLM<Q
CRediT authorship contribution statement
F. Hadj Salem: !GJE9D 9F9DQKAK $FN=KLA?9LAGF 2JALAF?  GJA?AF9D
<J9>L 1AKM9DAR9LAGF (=L@G<GDG?Q M. Lebrun: -=KGMJ;=K 9L9 ;MJ9LAGF
C. Mestres: (=L@G<GDG?Q 19DA<9LAGF N. Sieczkowski: 2JALAF?  J=NA=O
 =<ALAF? !MF<AF? 9;IMAKALAGF R. Boulanger: GF;=HLM9DAR9LAGF 19DA
<9LAGF 2JALAF?  J=NA=O  =<ALAF? !MF<AF? 9;IMAKALAGF A. Collignan:
(=L@G<GDG?Q .MH=JNAKAGF
Declaration of Competing Interest
/@= 9ML@GJK <=;D9J= L@9L L@=Q @9N= FG CFGOF ;GEH=LAF? ^F9F;A9D AF
L=J=KLK GJ H=JKGF9D J=D9LAGFK@AHK L@9L ;GMD< @9N= 9HH=9J=< LG AF_M=F;=
L@= OGJC J=HGJL=< AF L@AK H9H=J
Acknowledgements
/@= 9ML@GJK 9;CFGOD=<?= L@=AJ ^F9F;A9D KMHHGJL >JGE L@= '9DD=E9F<
.. GEH9FQ /GMDGMK= !J9F;= !MJL@=J L@= 9ML@GJK OGMD< DAC= LG
L@AFC (9JA=@JAKLAF= '9@GF >GJ @=DHAF? AF L@= HJ=H9J9LAGF G> L@= E9L=
JA9DK >GJ ^=D< =PH=JAE=FLK
Appendix A. Supplementary data
.MHHD=E=FL9JQ <9L9 LG L@AK 9JLA;D= ;9F := >GMF< GFDAF= 9L @LLHK<GA
GJ?B>GG<;@=E
References
J=KK9FA  + + (9JLAF=R . % N9F?=DAKL9 . - A9K  -  .;@O9F - ! 
@9J9;L=JAKLA;K G> >=JE=FL=< ;G`== AFG;MD9L=< OAL@ Q=9KL KL9JL=J ;MDLMJ=K MKAF?
<A`=J=FL AFG;MD9LAGF E=L@G<K '2/  – <GABDOL
QLG> " &FGHH .  .;@A=:=JD= + /=MLK;@ $  .=DE9J   $F_M=F;= G> HJG;=KKAF?
GF L@= ?=F=J9LAGF G> γ9EAFG:MLQJA; 9;A< AF ?J==F ;G`== :=9FK MJGH=9F !GG<
-=K=9J;@ 9F< /=;@FGDG?Q  5=ALK;@JA>L !MJ '=:=FKEALL=D0FL=JKM;@MF? 0F<
!GJK;@MF?
@9DA=J + F?GL  =DL=AD  G;G /  "MF9L9 5  $FL=J9;LAGFK :=LO==F 9JGE9
;GEHGMF<K 9F< O@GD= E9FFGHJGL=AF AKGD9L=< >JGE .9;;@9JGEQ;=K ;=J=NAKA9= KLJ9AFK
!GG< @=EAKLJQ  – <GAB>GG<;@=E
GEMRRG + /9L ' !=FRA  JGLLG ' 9LLAKLMLL9 !  5AJGFA -  $FL=J9;LAGFK
:=LO==F Q=9KL 9MLGDQK9L=K 9F< NGD9LAD= ;GEHGMF<K AF OAF= 9F< EG<=D KGDMLAGF !GG<
@=EAKLJQ  – <GAB>GG<;@=E
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<MJAF? ;G`== >JMAL <=N=DGHE=FL J9RADA9F %GMJF9D G> +D9FL +@QKAGDG?Q 
– <GA.
M9JL= " . +=J=AJ9    !9J9@   @DGJG?=FA; 9;A<K 9F< GL@=J J=D=N9FL
;GEHGMF<K AF J9RADA9F ;G`==K HJG;=KK=< :Q K=EA<JQ 9F< O=L HGKL@9JN=KLAF?
E=L@G<K !GG< @=EAKLJQ  –
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9F< AF<MKLJA9D 9HHDA;9LAGFK G> 9JGE9 >GJE9LAGF AF Q=9KL ! (. (A;JG:AGDG?Q -=NA=OK
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N9F?=DAKL9 . - .ADN9  ! (A?M=D ( " +<9  GJ<=AJG <=. +AF@=AJG   ( M9JL=
2 !  .;@O9F - !  $EHJGN=E=FL G> ;G`== :=N=J9?= IM9DALQ :Q MKAF? K=D=;L=<
Q=9KLK KLJ9AFK <MJAF? L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF AF <JQ HJG;=KK !GG< -=K=9J;@ $FL=JF9LAGF9D 
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+GKL@9JN=KL HJG;=KKAF? >9;LGJK GEHJ=@=FKAN= -=NA=OK AF !GG< .;A=F;= 9F< !GG< .9>=LQ
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%GWL / '9`9J?M=  =K;JGAP ! GMD:=9M . =JLJ9F<  &G;@CG  <=  MKK=JL .
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L@= :AG;@=EA;9D ;GEHGKALAGF G> ?J==F J9:A;9 ;G`== :=9FK !GG< @=EAKLJQ 
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NA9 L@= >=JE=FL9LAGF G> ?J==F ;G`== :=9FK OAL@ -@ARGHMK GDA?GKHGJMK $ "J==F ;G`==
!GG< @=EAKLJQ  – <GAB>GG<;@=E
'== ' 2 /9Q " 4 @=GF? ( 2 MJJ9F + 4M   'AM . ,  (G<MD9LAGF G>
L@= NGD9LAD= 9F< FGFNGD9LAD= HJG^D=K G> ;G`== >=JE=FL=< OAL@ 49JJGOA9 DAHGDQLA;9 $
"J==F ;G`== '2/  – <GABDOL
(MKK9LLG . $ (9;@9<G ( . (9JLAFK .  /=AP=AJ9 %   +JG<M;LAGF
;GEHGKALAGF 9F< 9HHDA;9LAGF G> ;G`== 9F< ALK AF<MKLJA9D J=KA<M=K !GG< 9F< AGHJG;=KK
/=;@FGDG?Q  – <GAKR
)=LG  + <=  +=J=AJ9 " 1 <= ( /9FG:= 1 /@GE9R .G;;GD 1 <9 .ADN9  % " -G
<JA?M=K   .G;;GD   4=9KL AN=JKALQ 9F< +@QKA;G;@=EA;9D @9J9;L=JAKLA;K
KKG;A9L=< OAL@ G>>== =9F !=JE=FL9LAGF >JGE L@= J9RADA9F =JJ9<G (AF=AJG -=?AGF
!=JE=FL9LAGF   *$>=JE=FL9LAGF
)=LG  + <=  +=J=AJ9 " 1 <= ( !AF;G  ( * '=LLA '  % <9 .ADN9  % "
19F<=F:=J?@= ' + .  .G;;GD  -  >^;A=FL ;G>>== :=9FK EM;AD9?= D9Q=J
J=EGN9D MKAF? D9;LA; 9;A< >=JE=FL9LAGF AF 9 KLAJJ=<L9FC :AGJ=9;LGJ &AF=LA; E=L9:GDA;
9F< K=FKGJA9D KLM<A=K !GG< AGK;A=F;=  – *$B>:AG
+9LMA . DAF;GF ' +=J=KKGF  59F;9FA ( GFL= ' =D /=JJ9 ' …J9A<GL 
'AH9K= 9;LANALQ 9F< 9FLAGPA<9FL ;9H9;ALQ AF ;G`== G`=9 9J9:A;9 ' K==<K <MJAF?
?=JEAF9LAGF +D9FL .;A=F;= – – <GABHD9FLK;A
+=J=AJ9 " 1 <= ( )=LG  .G;;GD 1 / (=<=AJGK   + 2GA;A=;@GOKCA  '  .G;
;GD  -  GF<M;LAF? KL9JL=J ;MDLMJ=;GFLJGDD=< >=JE=FL9LAGFK G> ;G>>== :=9FK
<MJAF? GF>9JE O=L HJG;=KKAF? "JGOL@ E=L9:GDA; 9F9DQK=K 9F< K=FKGJA9D =>>=;LK !GG<
-=K=9J;@ $FL=JF9LAGF9D  – *$B>GG<J=K
+=J=AJ9 " 1 <= ( .G;;GD 1 / J9J . & )=LG   .G;;GD  -  (A;JG:A9D
=;GDG?Q 9F< KL9JL=J ;MDLMJ= L=;@FGDG?Q AF ;G>>== HJG;=KKAF? JALA;9D -=NA=OK AF !GG<
.;A=F;= 9F< )MLJALAGF  – *$
+=J=AJ9 " 1 <= ( )=LG  + <=  (9?9D@T=K %YFAGJ  $ 1SKIM=R 5 . (=<=AJGK 
 + 19F<=F:=J?@= ' + .  .G;;GD  -  PHDGJAF? L@= AEH9;LK G> HGKL@9J
N=KL HJG;=KKAF? GF L@= 9JGE9 >GJE9LAGF G> ;G>>== :=9FK – J=NA=O !GG< @=EAKLJQ
 – *$B>GG<;@=E
+GDLJGFA=JA +  -GKKA !  @9DD=F?=K AF KH=;A9DLQ ;G`== HJG;=KKAF? 9F< IM9DALQ
9KKMJ9F;= @9DD=F?=K   <GA;@9DD=
+M:@=E  @LLHKHM:;@=EF;:AFDEFA@?GN ;;=KK=<  !M:JM9JQ 
-9EXJ=R(9JLXF=R  .9D?9<G=JN9FL=K (  -G<JX?M=R%AE=F=K "  "9J;X9DN9J9<G
(  @=J:D9F; !  VF=L %   29L=J LJ9FKHGJL AF H9J;@E=FL 9F< =F<GKH=JE
G> ;G`== :=9F %GMJF9D G> !GG< F?AF==JAF?  – <GA
BB>GG<=F?
-A:=AJG ' . (A?M=D ( " <9  + N9F?=DAKL9 . - (9JLAFK + ( ( N9F (MDD=E
% =DAR9JAG ( #  .;@O9F - !  =@9NAGJ G> Q=9KL AFG;MD9L=< <MJ
AF? K=EA<JQ ;G>>== >=JE=FL9LAGF 9F< L@= =>>=;L GF ;@=EA;9D 9F< K=FKGJA9D HJGH=J
LA=K G> L@= ^F9D :=N=J9?= !GG< -=K=9J;@ $FL=JF9LAGF9D  – *$
B>GG<J=K
.=DE9J  QLG> " &FGHH .   J=AL=FKL=AF   "=JEAF9LAGF G> ;G`== K==<K
9F< ALK KA?FA^;9F;= >GJ ;G`== IM9DALQ +D9FL AGDG?Q  – <GA
K
.ADN9  ! 1AD=D9  ( <= .GMR9 GJ<=AJG  M9JL= 2 ! A9K  -  .;@O9F - ! 
N9DM9LAGF G> 9 HGL=FLA9D KL9JL=J ;MDLMJ= >GJ =F@9F;= IM9DALQ G> ;G`== >=JE=FL9LAGF
2GJD< %GMJF9D G> (A;JG:AGDG?Q  AGL=;@FGDG?Q  – <GA
K
.ADN9  ! ; (A;JG:A9D 9;LANALQ <MJAF? ;G>>== >=JE=FL9LAGF $F .;@O9F - !  !D==L
" # =<K G;G9 9F< ;G>>== >=JE=FL9LAGF )=O 4GJC )4- +J=KK –
1GADD=Q  .=MNJ= ( "GM?=GF - &9J:GOA9C / @9KK9?F=   =:=9M>GJL ! 
/J9FK>=J G> O9L=J 9F< 9;LAN= EGD=;MD=K 9L L@= AFL=J>9;=K AF ;GEHD=P >GG< KQKL=EK
/@=GJ=LA;9D 9F< HJ9;LA;9D 9KH=;LK +JG;=<A9 !GG< .;A=F;=  – <GA
BHJG>GG
59;@D=<=J 1 1XLGNS ( #D9NGNS ( (GM<aXCGNS c (GBR=b + #=ME9FF # =;@=J
% -  AbGNS &  .L9:D= AKGLGH= ;GEHGMF<K—+JG<M;LAGF <=L=;LAGF 9F<
9HHDA;9LAGF AGL=;@FGDG?Q <N9F;=K  – *$
B:AGL=;@9<N
