No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Sustainable Textile Designs Made from Renewable Biodegradable Sustainable Natural Abaca Fibers
Abstract
Nowadays, interest in sustainable and renewable-origin textile fiber usage on textile design and fashion is increasing with the increasing environmental problem. Therefore, sustainable textile designs made from renewable biodegradable, sustainable, and natural fiber alternatives has become a recent trend. The textile industry is now turning its face to biodegradable and environmentally friendly textile resources for their designs to leave a livable world for future generations. In the recent years, abaca fiber which is a renewable, biodegradable, sustainable, eco-friendly, and natural fiber alternative for the textile designs comes into prominence with their ecological properties and superior daily usage performance. Indeed, abaca fibers are biodegradable and renewable natural fibers and are listed among the sustainable textile resources. The abaca plant endemic in Asia is usually grown in the Philippines, Ecuador, Borneo, and Sumatra. Abaca fibers display a wide range of different designed applications owing to their promising properties. In many years, abaca fibers have been used for ship navy, rope, fishing net, etc. Also, the use of abaca fibers as paper is quite common. In the recent years, natural sustainable textile fibers have been preferred not only in apparel sector but also in technical textile applications such as composite material designs and products. For instance, many different designed products such as garments, clothing, shawls, curtains, furnitures, carpets, mats, hats, coasters, pillows, packaging materials, handicraft products, decoration materials, decorative lamps and lampshades, flower-wreath ornaments, multipurpose baskets, tabletop accessories, sports equipments, ropes, fishing nets, bags, papers, money papers, cigarette filter papers, wrapping papers, tea bags, cardboards, chipboards, liquid filtration filters, and various industrial textile materials such as medical articles and composites for different purposes can be made from abaca fibers. Indeed, nowadays, abaca fibers can be utilized in the place of glass fibers in automotive industry technical textiles and composite applications. In this chapter, information regarding abaca fiber, its production, its chemical structure, and its physical, chemical, and mechanical properties and sustainable textile designs made from sustainable abaca fibers, is given in detail.
... In this context, natural fibers, exemplified by the exceptional properties of Abaca fibers, have become indispensable components in the fabrication of these environmentally conscious composites [4]. The renewable nature of Abaca fibers, coupled with attributes such as minimal environmental impact and low density, significantly contributes to the advancement of this sustainable material [5][6][7][8]. ...
... Based on these circumstances experienced by the sector, Briones (2021) recommends policies such as government resources should focus on providing public goods (i.e. research and development) that effectively boost long-term productivity. The recommendations entail the synchronization of research and development activities with the wide-ranging and fast-changing requirements of enterprises in the agribusiness value chain (Unal et al., 2020;Vilei, 2011). ...
This article focuses on profiling the abaca stakeholders in Eastern Visayas and elucidates their various functions in the industry. Primary information was gathered from a random sample of abaca farmers and other stakeholders through a researchers' developed survey questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive measures and presented in statistical tables and graphs. Results showed that the majority of abaca farmers are in their prime working years (25 to 54 years old), are married females, are elementary graduates, and are owners of small abaca farms with an average area of 1.88 hectares. The small traders are mostly married females in their prime working years and are college degree holders. The Local Government Unit (LGU) personnel are mostly municipal agriculturists, males, married, and college graduates. The majority of the Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority (PhilFIDA) personnel are married males who are of prime age and college degree holders. Half of the enablers were male and married, who finished graduate studies and either belonged to prime or mature working age. Moreover, findings revealed that several players in the abaca value chain have important roles and functions to play along the supply chain to make the industry vibrant. As they do their respective roles and functions, they also have needs, expectations, and concerns that should be addressed for them to function effectively in the system. Hence, the study recommends that an in-depth training needs assessment should be conducted to determine their real needs as the basis for designing training programs.
... It also offers a source of employment for the native population since diversification of breeding in cultivation of abaca plants is a great source of income or profit for the farmers for direct selling of the raw abaca fibres to individuals or industries (Lacuna-Richman 2002;Lalusin and Villaviciencio 2015). Curtains, currency notes in Yen, cloths, fishing nets, ropes, twines, sacks, paper, and generally cellulosic products etc., use abaca as a raw material (Unal et al. 2020). Researchers have studied different reinforced polymer composites of abaca (Kurien et al. 2021a(Kurien et al. , 2021b(Kurien et al. , 2021c. ...
Abaca is a strong competitor among natural
fbres for use as the reinforcement of polymer composites. Due to its high durability, considerable fbre length,
fexibility and mechanical strength, abaca shows good
potential as a renewable source of fbres for application
in technological and industrial felds. Discussing the
infuence of various treatment strategies, such as alkali
and silane, for the preparation of abaca-based composites results in the improvement of their properties over
that of bare polymer materials and that of other synthetic fbres. The enhanced characteristics of abaca fbre
reinforced composites are widely explored for a variety of applications in automotive and other industries.
These include for example roping and woven fabrics,
currency notes, cigarette flter papers, vacuum bags, tea
bags, cellulose pulp for paper and packaging, and materials for automotive components, etc. In particular, the
efective use of abaca fbre reinforced polymer composite in manufacturing external parts of cars, using therefore also thermoplastic matrices, has become popular.
The gaps in research from the literature that show the
scarcity of studies on topics such as simulation and
designing of mechanical characteristics of abaca fbre
composites constructed on polymer matrices, such as
epoxy, polylactide, high density polyethylene, phenol
formaldehyde and polyester are also highlighted. The
results indicate that abaca is particularly fexible to be
used in diferent sectors, in combination with various
matrices, and in hybrid composites with various fbres.
Further work would necessarily involve the larger consideration of abaca textiles with diferent areal weights
in the production of composites, and a widespread
introduction of abaca in datasets for the automated
selection of natural fbres for composites reinforcement.
Textile industries have a central role in human health, well-being, and the global economy. Sustainable development has become a necessity in this sector by utilizing natural, renewable, and biodegradable raw materials such as kenaf, ramie, pineapple fibres, wool, cotton, and other natural fibres. Science and technology expanding option for sustainable fibre-use in the textile industry due to source-scarcity of raw materials, environmental impact concerns, and market demands. This review discusses various aspects related to natural fibres, and their applications in addition to cotton, which is the most applied natural fibres for the textile industry. Key characteristics of natural fibres include physical, mechanical, and surface properties. These properties vary and are influenced by the chemical composition of the fibres and environmental conditions in growth and production. For plant-based fibres how the fibres are extracted from the plant, and from which vegetative or reproductive structures they are extracted, can affect the ultimate fibre quality and uses of the fibres. Similarly, there are a range of processing methods that affect the final quality and utility of the fibres and application in industry.
The study titled "Utilization of Plant-Based Biodegradable Cup as Alternative to Disposable Cup" aims to reduce the production of disposable cups, which cause environmental and health problems. Researchers used wood scobs, bamboo sawdust, coconut husk, agar powder, corn starch, and flour to create plant-based biodegradable cups. Twenty students from Laguna University's Bachelor of Elementary Education and Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering tested the performance of these cups in terms of appearance, aftertaste, and durability compared to commercial disposable paper cups. The results showed a significant difference in appearance, durability, and aftertaste between the two types of cups. The researchers recommend improving the size and shape of the cups, finding an effective substitute for agar, and further studies to prove the safety of the biodegradable cups.
With the spread of sustainable, environmentally friendly, and conscious consumption habits, natural dyes, especially those of plant origin, have gained much popularity in recent years. In all industries where dyeing processes are used, such as the textile industry, food industry, medicine, etc., the demand for natural dyes is increasing. In this present study, dyeing processes were applied to various natural, synthetic, and regenerated fibers using black mulberry fruit extract. Here, 100% polyamide 6 (nylon 6) was used as a synthetic fiber; 100% PLA as a first renewable, sustainable, and biodegradable synthetic fiber; 100% silk fiber as a natural protein fiber; 100% soybean fiber as a regenerated protein fiber; and 100% PTT and 100% PBT fibers as elastic polyester synthetic fibers for dyeing with black mulberry fruit extract. Conventional dyeing with black mulberry fruit extract was performed in an HT-IR exhaustion dyeing machine at 100 °C and pH 4 with 1:50 liquor ratio for 60 minutes. Microwave dyeing was performed in a microwave oven at 900 watts and pH 4 with 1:50 liquor ratio for 1, 3, and 5 minutes. A simultaneous mordanting technique was performed for both dyeing techniques using gallnut as biomordant at 20% concentration. The colorimetric and color fastness properties (rub [dry and wet], perspiration [alkaline and acidic], wash, water, and seawater fastness) were then explored. The color yields of microwave dyeings were lower than those of conventional dyeings, while the color fastness levels of both dyeings were similar and quite high. Overall, natural dyeing of studied textile fibers with black mulberry fruit extract resulted in light and light-to-medium shades with good to quite high and satisfactory color fastness properties.
Akund fibers are natural cellulosic fibers classified as seed fibers such as cotton, kapok, and milkweed. Akund fibers, which have structural and physical properties very similar to fibers such as kapok and milkweed, are a commercially widespread type. It stands out among natural fibers with its hollow fiber structure and low fiber density. It is accepted as a sustainable raw material source with features such as renewability, biodegradability, eco-friendly, nontoxicity, and similar features. The hollow structure of akund fibers, whose spinnability is weak as experienced in kapok and milkweed fibers, makes these fibers an important fiber source for advanced materials such as home textiles, composite textiles, and technical textiles. At the same time, studies on the development of the spinning properties of these fibers can be considered as an evidence of the potentiality of these fibers to be used as raw materials for the garment industry shortly. In this chapter, it is aimed to benefit future studies by summarizing the structure, properties, and utilization areas of akund fibers.KeywordsAkund fiberAkund floss
Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis procera
Natural fiberSustainable textileHollow fiber
Tillandsia usneoides (L.), an epiphytic member of the Bromeliaceae (pineapple family), has exceptional properties and biomimetic potential for technical textile applications. Tillandsia are referred to as “air plants” or “atmospheric bromeliads” since they absorb water and nutrients directly from the air through the trichomes that cover their leaves, rather than from the soil or organic material. The plant uses its roots only for clings to the place where it is found. It has long, curly, grayish leaves that grow downward and usually hang from the branches of trees. The plant is native primarily to the American South and has been used by locals for a variety of purposes for many years. Although its use as a filler is one of the oldest uses, thanks to its insulating properties, the forked growth structure of the plant’s leaves and its ability to absorb moisture and nutrients from the air into the cell without needing roots, thanks to the trichomes on the leaves, are of great importance in biomimetic studies. In recent years, there have been many studies investigating its use as a biomonitor, especially in studies measuring air pollution. In addition, architectural applications have been developed that biomimetically mimic the fiber surface and cell structure and ceiling and wall systems with various properties, such as ambient moisture dissipation and ventilation. Based on these studies, the use of the unusual properties of the air plant Tillandsia Usneoides (L.) (Spanish moss) as a textile material and their application to textile materials as biomimetics have significant potential in terms of qualified technical textile applications. As a textile material, it has properties that are important for textile structures, such as comfort, durability, breathability, thermal insulation, and shock absorption. It also promises environmentally friendly production, thanks to its self-growth in nature, absence of chemicals or pesticides in production, natural structure, and biodegradable properties. In this chapter, the structure and properties of the air plant Tillandsia Usneoides L. (Spanish moss), its use as a textile material, and the importance and potential of biomimetic applications were thoroughly investigated using the literature with regard to sustainable technical textile applications.KeywordsSpanish mossAir plant
Tillandsia usneoides
BromeliaceaeBiomonitoringTechnical textilesInsulation textiles
Due to the poor tensile properties of alkali-activated materials, the incorporation of fibers (natural and synthetic) has received substantial attention among concrete technologists and the construction industry. Previous studies have revealed that the incorporation of natural and synthetic fibers has a positive effect on the mechanical and durability properties of alkali-activated materials. In this direction, investigating the classification of fibers and their physical and mechanical properties is of critical importance, given their effects on the final properties of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated materials. To this end, this chapter discusses the classification of fibers based on the primary source, materials used, and production method, including natural fibers (mineral, plant, and animal fibers) and synthetic fibers (organic, inorganic, and steel fibers). The physical (e.g., fiber length, diameter, density, and water absorption) and mechanical properties (e.g., tensile strength, elastic modulus, and failure elongation) of different fibers are also reviewed. Based on the literature, it can be concluded that both natural and synthetic fibers exhibit various advantages and disadvantages, and hence the selection of fiber should be based on the desired requirements and potential applications of fiber-reinforced alkali-activated materials.
Fiber crops have always been a vital component of human society. Fiber crops and, later, fabric preparation were linked to the growth of various civilizations in the world as well as being regarded as a measure of the lifestyle of people of ancient cultures. Presently, fiber crops are explored for innovative and diverse applications such as natural fiber composites in building materials, horticulture materials, composites, biopolymers, geotextiles, paper, biofuels, textiles, etc. This chapter summarizes the worldwide scenario regarding the sustainable exploitation of fiber crops and their products. This chapter also focuses on the environmental impacts of incorporating fiber crops into bio-based industries, which may be substantial even though the adverse consequences of conventional products may be alleviated. Being biomaterials and bioenergy carriers, fiber crops have economic and environmental advantages such as their contribution to carbon sequestration, abatement of greenhouse gases, energy savings, and preservation of nonrenewable resources. Other environmental consequences, such as acidification and eutrophication, may constrain the transition and use of fiber crops. However, the environmental benefits attributed to fiber crops as well as their phytoremediation capability for contaminated sites or wastewater are holistic approaches for their use and demand for sustainable development. This chapter identifies and summarizes opportunities to use fiber crops through innovative ways that provide a vision for the future development of fiber crops and industrial structural sustainability.
With ever increasing environmental awareness, renewable raw materials for textile and composite industry have become an important alternative to reduce the use of petroleum-based non-biodegradable fibers in various applications such as marine, automotive, sports and aerospace. Therefore, it is highly critical to understand the chemistry, structure, and properties of novel plant fibers. Natural fibers have been used for various purposes since ancient times. Numerous research and review papers were published on harvesting, production, properties and potential applications of conventional natural fibers. Sustainability, renewability, and recyclability issues increased the use of novel natural fibers globally. New applications such as natural fiber reinforced biodegradable composites also increased the importance of investigations on new natural fibers. This review paper considers extraction methods, fiber structure, chemical, physical and mechanical properties of novel cellulosic fibers. Fiber chemical constituents, functional groups, and surface hydrophilicity were discussed in terms of chemical properties. Physical properties of the cellulosic fibers such as density, crystallinity, maximum thermal degradation, mechanical performance and surface morphology were also discussed. Additionally, mechanical performance of new plant fibers was performed by comparing between some properties of common and recently characterized cellulosic fibers. The brief information about life-cycle assessment, sustainability, recycling, and biocomposite application of the novel plant fibers is also presented. According to the best our knowledge on literature review, this review may be unique to provide detailed information about recently characterized cellulosic fibers. This survey will be helpful to researchers who have interest in novel ligno-cellulosic fibers and fiber reinforced composites.
Agricultural waste of banana plant cultivated for only fruit production generally increases in each year due to the increment of banana cultivation to fulfill the need of increased world population. Evaluation of agricultural waste of banana plant as fiber increases the area of use of banana fiber. Because of its easy accessibility, renewability, biodegradability, and sustainability, the areas of use of banana fibers, which are especially preferred in composite materials, are increasing day by day. Banana fiber, ligno-cellulosic fiber, which has superior physical and mechanical properties, are now regarded as an important textile material. Banana fibers play a role in several different applications in many different fields such as textile, composite, paper, construction, thermal insulation, automotive and transportation, etc. Moreover, banana fibers can also be used in the production of clothing such as t-shirts, shirts, kaftans, kimonos, etc., and carpets, bags, handbags, wallets, purses, belts, shoes, ornaments, souvenirs, handicraft products, sanitary pads, etc. Banana fiber, whose popularity has increased recently, also appears in different textile products such as dresses, sarees, and trousers in textile fashion. In this chapter, the cultivation of the banana plant and the extraction methods of the banana fibers, the physical–chemical structure and characteristics of the banana fibers, and their usage areas were examined in detail.
As a result of the increasing world population, rapidly changing consumption habits and fashion trends, the textile and fashion industry has become one of the industries with the highest annual global environmental burden. It is of great significance to overcome the possible negative effects of textile production on the environment and to contribute to the sustainable fashion and textile industry by ensuring the responsible production of textile products. For this reason, the selection and use of sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable textile materials for each product produced in the textile industry can be seen as the first step toward sustainable production. Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) fibers constitute an important raw material potential in every field of textile as daily textile products, composite textiles, and technical and functional textiles in terms of the properties they exhibit at this point. In this chapter, it was aimed to examine in detail the topics such as the place, importance, and application areas of milkweed fibers in sustainable fashion and textile production.Keywords
Asclepias syriaca
MilkweedSustainabilitySustainable fashionSustainable textile
As the world population and the consumer demands have increased, the promising ways for a sustainable textile production are much more considered more than ever. Handwoven textiles may be preferred as a good alternative for reducing environmental impact during the textile production. A return to traditional manufacturing will not only provide a sustainable process with utilizing less energy sources but also ensures that cultural heritage is passed on to future generations creating new employment opportunities. Textile and weaving have vital factors on the economical prosperity of cities and countries. Aegean Region in Turkey has been a major area for cotton cultivation and weaving for centuries. “Buldan” town of Denizli city has been known as the weaving center where the famous “Buldan cloth” is manufactured. It was officially proved in the early historical documents that high amount of the woven fabric needs of Royal Palace of Ottoman was provided from Buldan town. Although Buldan fabrics were generally produced for underwear and home textile first, today they can even be utilized for outdoor garments owing to fabrics’ satisfying comfort properties. Those fabrics have also high elasticity with their high twisted yarns. People living in Buldan started textile production many years ago by producing different woven fabrics in their rooms or in the basements of their homes. As a result, this mode of production has made the current Buldan weaving industry not just a business, but a lifestyle in Buldan. Therefore, textile started many years ago in the houses of Buldan which makes weaving sector not just a business but also a way of life and tradition transfer tool in Buldan. Famous traditional cloth “Alaca” cotton colored striped garment has been woven since nineteenth century by the town people. Large number of handkerchiefs, home textile products such as bed coverings, towels, vivid violet silk (pesthemal) to be wrapped around the body, and colorful head coverings are also noteworthy to be mentioned among the wide variety of Buldan textile products. Traditional handwoven products are still produced and sold in Buldan. However, in addition to handwoven textile products, with the widespread industrial development in the town, semi-automatic and advanced automatic weaving looms also began to be used. So, as the industrial development has spread in the town, woven advanced automated looms have been started to be used widely which resulted with product exporting to many different countries in piece/part and metered weave form. Thanks to the sustainable and environmentally friendly production effect of handwoven products and the mass production potential of semi-automatic and automatic weaving machines, the production of Buldan handwoven and machine-woven fabrics and the export of textile products produced from these fabrics [in the form of finished product such as clothing (t-shirt, shirt, short, trousers, dress, scarf, etc.), home textiles (towels, pesthemal, table linen, bed coverings, curtains, etc.), piece goods and over-the-counter-fabrics] to many different countries is increasing day by day. Buldan weaves are special for their revealing a unique fabric structure with traditional designs, colors. These fabrics are also popular for providing comfortable clothes made of natural fibers such as cotton, wool, linen (flax), and silk. Hence, they are good alternatives for the today’s sustainable textile production with less chemical usage. In addition to the use of natural and sustainable textile fibers in these products, the sustainable effect of hand weaving also increases the consumption and preference of Buldan handwoven products. High twisted yarns are utilized in the traditional “Buldan twisted clothes” where plain weaves are generally preferred. High twist level provides the high thermal insulation where those fabrics do not contact the skin beside with the ease of movement. Buldan fabrics made of 100% cotton with high sweat absorption has been very attractive for the healthy product consumers. The purpose of this chapter is to present a general aspect and information about traditional Buldan weaves, Buldan handwoven fabrics, woven different textile products, the utilized handlooms in the town, the importance of weaving on the economical structure in Buldan district as well as some traditional hand weaving centers that still exist today in Buldan.
Human life depends entirely on natural resources. As we know, these sources, as well as everything else, have an end. In this case, we need to ensure its sustainability by providing a balance between nature and human in all our possibilities. When it comes to sustainability, it comes to mind that knowing the value of existing possibilities and transferring them to future generations without harming the environment should be the main objective. In order to sustain something, it is necessary to protect and value it. If we are talking about the sustainability of a phenomenon/situation, we also need to ensure that it continues in a certain life cycle. This means years of continuity as well as using the right paths and resources to achieve goals and objectives. In this process, the whole life cycle should be considered as a whole, and the essence should be protected. This situation is necessary as a treasure for the continuation of cultures. In fact, considering that we inherit many things in nature from our ancestors as well as borrow from our children, we can succeed in transferring many of our spiritual values to future generations. The concept of sustainability in the global sense was announced in 1987 with the report named “our common future” published by the World Environment and Development Commission. Decisions were made to make the development sustainable without endangering the needs of future generations at times when it was alarmed that humanity was beginning to consume many things in nature and end its generation. In this direction, in Turkey, as in other countries, priority has been given to local and regional sustainable projects realized in line with the decision of the United Nations and the Sustainable Development Goals. The most important fact that forms the basis of cultures is the crafts in those regions. Unfortunately, over the years, existing crafts have disappeared due to the increase in mechanization, the effect of technology and the fact that fast consumption phenomenon has entered our lives. Some of the most important art forms in the culture of Turkey are as follows; pots and pans, milling, stone chipping, bone chipping, carpentry, weapon manufacturing, metalworking, jewelry and accessories craftsmanship, shoemaking, spinning, weaving, animal husbandry, felt making, carpet making, leather making, and tailoring. Unfortunately, many of these crafts began to disappear over time or fell into a decline in the amount of production. Carpet hand weaving and rug hand weaving have an important place in these crafts for Turkey case. Hand weaving carpets and rugs hand weaving is still being kept alive especially in Turkey's province of Usak. Over the years, textiles that provide protection and shelter for people from heat and cold have been influenced by many factors such as people’s joys, sorrows, cultures, and places they live, and this is reflected in their motifs. “Rug hand weaving” is a type of hand weaving that started and developed long before carpet hand weaving. Rugs were mostly used in tents in nomadic civilizations because of its light weight and easy folding and transportation, and over time it became an indispensable item of our settled houses. The city of Uşak has reflected the culture of civilizations living on its land from the past to the present on its loop-by-loop hand-woven carpets and rugs. The fact that the wool of the sheep raised in this region is white, shiny, flexible, and durable, and the plants that give natural dye are abundant in the environment make this region the land where the foundations of the art of weaving were laid. It is very important that the fibers (such as wool), the coloration method (such as natural dyeing), and the fabric surface forming process (hand-woven) that enable the creation of Uşak carpets and rugs are sustainable. For this reason, Uşak hand-woven carpets and rugs produced in this way make significant contributions to the sustainability of the environment and the world. Carpets woven with 89,600 loops per square meter in Uşak are still considered as very valuable carpets in auctions in Europe and America today. Uşak is one of the most important centers of hand weaving carpets and rugs in Turkey. Uşak Governorship and Uşak Municipality have carried out many projects on the production of sustainable carpets and rugs produced by hand weaving. Thanks to many different projects such as these, carpet and rug hand weaving has an important place in Uşak. Each year, many different hand-woven carpets and rugs are produced in Uşak and sold domestically and abroad. Hand-woven carpets and rugs produced in Uşak are exhibited all over the world and have been decorating palaces, European castles, mosques, churches, and museums (Paris Louvre Museum, Florence Bardini Museum, New York Metropolitan Museum of Art, Philadelphia Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum in London, National Gallery of Art, Budapest National Museum, Istanbul Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, Berlin Museum of Islamic Art, Metropolitan National Museum of Kuwait, Istanbul Foundations Carpet Museum, Konya Mevlana Museum, etc.) for centuries. In this chapter, the detailed information regarding carpet and rug hand weaving which are still underway and alive in Turkey and especially in the Uşak province of Turkey was given. In here, the history of hand weaving, carpet and rug hand weaving, traditional rug and carpet hand weavings in Uşak and in Turkey and the patterns of carpets and rugs varieties in Uşak province and the different regions of Turkey were examined and reviewed.
Sustainable textile production has become widespread among the world due to high consumption of energy and water in the conventional textile methods. Traditional handwoven Buldan fabrics may be one of the alternatives as sustainable textile products which may be also naturally colored with the environmentally friendly natural dye sources. This study has been performed to reveal that handwoven naturally colored Buldan fabrics with different plant extracts such as walnut, acorn shell and onion skin may provide satisfying tensile and fastness properties. According to the test results; The fabric tenacity results indicated that a prominent deterioration was not observed with the natural dyeing process among the fabric samples. Tear strength results varied regarding to the fabrics’ raw material but did not vary significantly according to applied natural dye extract. A slight decrement for washing, water and perspiration fastness results was observed when the undyed samples were compared with their dyed counterparts. Samples dyed with onion skins generally revealed lower washing, water and perspiration fastness results compared to those dyed with walnut and acorn shell for each fabric type. Dry rubbing fastness results were more satisfying than wet rubbing fastness results.
Günümüzde değişik amaçlar için kullanılan lifler, hiç kuşkusuz ilk olarak insanların giyinme gereksinimlerini karşılayabilmek için kullanılmıştır. İnsanların giyinme gereksinimi ilk aile topluluklarının ve toplumsal yaşam koşullarının ortaya çıkması ile başlamıştır. Liflerin, başka bir deyişle, lif bitkilerinin insan yaşamına girmesi günümüzden 10000-7000 yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır. Giyinme, günümüzde, özellikle gelişmiş toplumlarda barınma ve beslenme gereksiniminden daha önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Giyinme gereksiniminin karşılanması için gerekli lifler arasında, pamuk lifleri en önemli yeri almaktadır. Türkiye'de pamuk lifi üretimi, tüketimi karşılayamamaktadır. Dolayısıyla, tekstil sektörünü ihtiyaç duyduğu hammaddenin önemli bir bölümü ithalatla karşılanmaktadır. Üretimimizin tüketimi karşılayabilmesi için var olan sorunların çözülmesi gerekmektedir. Öncelikle, pamuk ekim alanlarını ve verimi arttırmak gerekmektedir. Pamuk tarımını teşvik etmek için uygulanan fiyat politikalarının yanında, verimi arttırıcı ve maliyeti düşürücü uygulamaların da önemi büyüktür. Pamuk yanında diğer bazı lif bitkilerinin de üretiminin artırılması gerekir.
zet Dünya'da nüfus artı hızına paralel olarak kaıt tüketimi artarken, orman alanları giderek azalmakta ve hammadde sorunu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle, odun yerine odun dıı lignoselülozik maddelerin (buday, pamuk sapı, bambu, eker kamıı, kenaf vb.) kaıt ve karton endüstrisinde deerlendirilmesi önem kazanmakta ve her geçen yıl kullanımı artmaktadır. Çin ve Hindistan odun dıı lignoselülozik bitkileri kullanan balıca ülkelerdir. Yapılan bu çalımada, odun dıı lignoselülozik maddelerden elde edilen liflerin kaıt ve karton endüstrisindeki kullanım alanları ve oranları incelenmitir. Ayrıca bu liflerin kimyasal özellikleri, boyutları ve bazı ülkelerin odun dıı lignoselülozik hamur üretim kapasiteleri ile Türkiye ve dünyadaki tahıl üretim miktarlarına yer verilmitir
Anahtar Kelimeler: Odun dıı lignoselülozik maddeler, kaıt hamuru, lif
ABSTRAKKertas seni merupakan kerajinan tangan dengan bahan dasar berbagai macam tanaman berserat. Serat pisang abaka, serat jerami dan serat padi telah mampu diolah menjadi kertas seni secara mandiri tanpa bahan perekat tambahan. Selama ini industri kertas seni yang ada sebagian besar menggunakan bahan baku pelepah pisang raja, pisang abaka, jerami, serat padi dan sebagainya. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya peningkatan keanekaragaman bahan baku, di antaranya dengan memanfaatkan material dari rumput laut maupun limbah rumput laut limbah pewarna alam tekstil. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakter kertas seni yang terbuat dari limbah pewarna alam dari rumput laut Sargassum sp. dan Ulva serta kombinasinya dengan material serat pisang abaka. Bahan baku pelepah pisang abaka dan limbah rumput laut diolah dengan cara pencacahan dengan ukuran 2-3 cm, direbus dengan soda api selama 2 jam, kemudian disaring dan didinginkan. Bahan kemudian saling dikombinasi dan dijadikan pulp menggunakan mesin blender. Pulp kemudian dicetak dan dianalisis secara fisik. Limbah rumput laut jenis Sargassum sp. dan Ulva dalam keadaan murni (100%) tidak dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pembuatan produk kertas seni, dikarenakan kandungan selulosa yang masih di bawah 40% sehingga kertas yang dihasilkan dari proses pencetakan bersifat rapuh, mudah sobek dan tidak rekat antara satu dengan yang lain. Sedangkan kertas dengan campuran serat pisang abaka, menghasilkan kualitas kertas seni dengan kekuatan fisik yang lebih baik daripada kertas seni murni dari rumput laut Sargassum sp. dan Ulva. Kata Kunci: kertas seni, rumput laut, Sargassum sp., Ulva, pisang abaka ABSTRACTPaper art is a craft that uses a wide variety of fibrous plants. Abaca, straw and rice fibers can be processed into paper art independently without additional adhesive material. During this time, the existing art paper industries use many raw materials such as banana, abaca, etc., Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research and development in exploring new raw materials such as seaweed and waste of natural dyes from seaweed. The purpose of this study is to determine the character of art paper made from waste of natural dyes from Sargassum sp. and Ulva and its combination with abaca fiber. Abacá and waste materials from the seaweed are processed by being cut into 2-3 cm of length, boiled with caustic soda for 2 hours, then filtered and cooled. The materials are combined with each other and converted into pulp using a blender. The pulp is then printed and analyzed physically. Waste of seaweed Sargassum sp. and Ulva in a pure state (100%) cannot be used as materials for art paper products because the content of cellulose is still below 40% so that the paper produced from the printing process are fragile, easily brittle and no adhesion between one another. Meanwhile, the paper art that uses abaca fibers produces paper art with better physical quality than paper art with 100% seaweed Sargassum sp. and Ulva. Keywords: Paper art, seaweed, Sargassum sp., Ulva
Abaca-producing natural fiber as raw material for pulp paper money. Natural fibers derived from abaca, have environmentally friendly nature and local wisdom, highly favored by consumers manufacturer. Nowadays the need for abaca fiber in the country is still imported. Pulp and paper are derived from abaca has advantages including a tear-resistant, when it becomes difficult falsified paper or paper produced is used for Paper that is difficult to imitate, stamp paper dukomen (seals, certificates, diplomas and other important papers). Bank Indonesia (BI) in 2014 is more serious to use raw materials of cotton fiber and abaca fiber in the country. This is in accordance with the Currency Act N0. 7 Year 2011 on article 9 (2) in order to give priority to domestic raw materials (local) to maintain the quality, safety and competitive prices in the printing Rupiah. The first harvest abaca at age 18-20 months after planting. At that time there has been no income for farmers, their inter-cropping between chili + abaca provide a source of income, because chili is a seasonal crop that yields chilli can assist in meeting the needs of farmers in financial trouble. Besides, there is no plant stand (Jabon, or sengon). The pattern of intercropping abaca + small chilli may generate profits of Rp. 21.333 million, - thus the development of abaca has good prospects. The purpose of the writing of this review is to provide support for the existence of abaca development innovation as a source of natural fiber which contribute in providing raw materials of paper money dicanakan by Bank Indonesia and to create employment in rural areas, and provide a source of income of farmers.
Gunumuzde otomotiv sanayi yakit maliyetlerinin dusurulmesi ve CO 2 emisyonlarinin azaltilmasi konusunda her gecen gun artan cevresel baskilar ve sirket politikalari ile karsi karsiyadir. Bu tur baskilar kompozit malzemenin var olan celik ve aluminyum gibi malzemelerin yerine kullanilmasini on plana cikartmaktadir. Gelecegin otomobillerini sekillendirecek olan tek malzeme plastik olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bir aracta ortalama plastik kullanimi gelismis ulkelerde 120 kg iken, dunya genelinde 105 kg olup bu aracin toplam agirliginin %10-12’sini teskil etmektedir. Muhendislik ve ticari plastiklerin kullaniminin artmasiyla petrol bazli yakita olan bagimlilik da azalmaktadir. Diger tum faktorler esit oldugunda, bu durum ortalama bir otomobilin yakit tuketimini 150,000 kilometrelik omurde 750 litre oraninda azaltmaktadir. Yapilan hesaplamalara gore tuketimdeki bu azalma, Bati Avrupa’da petrol tuketimini yilda 12 milyon ton ve CO 2 emisyonunu ise yilda 30 milyon ton azaltacaktir. Kurumsal ortalama yakit ekonomisi (CAFE) tahminlerine gore ise bir arabanin agirliginin %10 oraninda azaltilmasi ile yakit tuketiminde yaklasik %6-8 oraninda tasarruf saglanmaktadir. Son yillarda plastik esasli k ompozit malzemelerin uretiminde dogal lifler; dusuk maliyet, dusuk yogunluk, yuksek spesifik direnc ve elastikiyet modulu, kolay yuzey modifikasyonu, kolay temin edilebilmesi, yenilenebilir ve biyo-bozunabilir olmalarindan dolayi glass fiber ve karbon lifleri yerine guclendirici madde olarak kullanimi giderek yayginlasmaktadir. Bu yazida dogal liflerin otomotiv sanayii acisindan uygunlugu ve uygulama alanlari irdelenmistir.
A complete survey of natural fibres that includes a discussion of all the different classifications of plant fibres would include far too much material for one article so some of the commercially important fibres have been selected for consideration. Although there is no profound relationship between the origin of fibres and their mechanical properties, bast fibres possess the lowest microfibril angle and, on average, best mechanical properties. Physical and mechanical properties of plant fibres differ from one type to another leading to differences in end use performance. There is a strong relationship between the fine structure of plant fibres and their mechanical properties. Plant fibres are an alternative resource to synthetic fibres as reinforcement for polymeric materials for the manufacture of cheap, renewable and environmentally friendly composites
Nonwood fibers are derived mostly from fast-growing plants. For the past few decades, nonwood plant fibers have received much attention, especially for composite material applications, because of their low cost, low density, high specific strength, good mechanical properties, nonabrasiveness, eco-friendliness, and biodegradability. This article reviews the performance of nonwood fibers found mostly in Asia, as well as issues regarding their bonding. Because various classifications of nonwood exist, this article sorts nonwood fibers based on previous classifications with some modifications, accounting for the availability of these fibers in Asia. The mechanical and physical properties of nonwood-based composites such as fiberboard, particleboard, and veneer-based laminated products also are reviewed and discussed. All fibers demonstrate certain advantages over conventional composites, with some having better mechanical and physical properties. This article also highlights the issues and challenges regarding the use of nonwood fibers as composite materials.
Environmentally beneficial composites can be made by replacing synthetic fibers with various types of cellulosic fibers. Fibers from pine wood, coir, sisal, abaca, coir, etc. are all good candidates. The most important factor in finding good fiber reinforcement in the composites is the strength of adhesion between matrix polymer and fiber. Due to the presence of hydroxyl groups and other polar groups in various constituents of abaca, the moisture absorption is high, which leads to poor wettability and weak interfacial bonding between fibers and the more hydrophobic matrices. Therefore, it is necessary to impart a hydrophobic nature to the fibers by suitable chemical treatments in order to develop composites with better mechanical properties. In the present work, the effect of alkali treatment on the moisture absorption tendency of single abaca fiber was investigated. The results shown that the alkali treated fiber absorbs less moisture than the untreated raw fiber.
Coir and abaca fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites were manufactured using a single extruder and an injection molding machine. Raw coir and abaca were chemically treated with benzene diazonium salt. Both raw and treated coir and abaca fibers at level of fiber loading (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 wt%) were utilized during composite manufacturing. Mechanical tests of the resultant composites and PP were conducted. A comparison has been made between the mechanical properties of the coir and abaca fiber-reinforced composites. Chemically treated fiber-reinforced specimens yielded better mechanical properties compared to the raw composites, while coir fiber composites had better mechanical properties than abaca fiber reinforced ones. Based on fiber loading, 30% fiber-reinforced composites had the optimum set of mechanical properties.
Abaca fibre reinforced PP composites were fabricated with different fibre loadings (20, 30, 40, 50 wt% and in some cases 35 and 45 wt%). Flax and jute fibre reinforced PP composites were also fabricated with 30 wt% fibre loading. The mechanical properties, odour emission and structure properties were investigated for those composites. Tensile, flexural and Charpy impact strengths were found to increase for fibre loadings up to 40 wt% and then decreased. Falling weight impact tests were also carried out and the same tendency was observed. Owing to the addition of coupling agent (maleated polypropylene -MAH-PP), the tensile, flexural and falling weight impact properties were found to increase in between 30 to 80% for different fibre loadings. When comparing jute and flax fibre composites with abaca fibre composites, jute fibre composites provided best tensile properties but abaca fibre polypropylene composites were shown to provide best notch Charpy and falling weight impact properties. Odours released by flax fibre composites were smaller than jute and abaca fibre composites.
The mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvarelate) (PHBV) composites, reinforced with short abaca fibers prepared by melt mixing and subsequent injection molding, were investigated and compared with PHBV composites reinforced with glass fiber (GF). The influences of fiber length, fiber content, and surface treatment of the natural fiber on the mechanical properties were evaluated. Regarding fiber length, the tensile properties had a maximum at a fiber length of about 5 mm. The flexural properties of the PHBV/abaca composite were improved by the surface treatment of abaca with butyric anhydride and pyridine for 5 h because of the increase of interfacial adhesiveness between the matrix polyester and the surface-esterified fiber, as is obvious from the SEM micrographs. The flexural and tensile properties of PHBV/treated abaca composite were comparable to those of PHBV/GF composite, except for tensile modulus, compared with the same weight fraction of fiber. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 129–138, 2002
Natural fi bers have been used to reinforce materials for over 3,000 years. More recently they have been employed in combination with plastics. Many types of natural fi bers have been inves-tigated for use in plastics including Flax, hemp, jute, straw, wood fi ber, rice husks, wheat, barley, oats, rye, cane (sugar and bamboo), grass reeds, kenaf, ramie, oil palm empty fruit bunch, sisal, coir, water hyacinth, pennywort, kapok, paper-mulberry, raphia, banana fi ber, pineapple leaf fi ber and papyrus. Natural fi bers have the advantage that they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The Asian markets have been using natural fi bers for many years e.g., jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fi bers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. Pakistan is an agri-cultural country and it is the main stay of Pakistan's economy. Thousands of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agricultural wastes include wheat husk, rice husk, and their straw, hemp fi ber and shells of various dry fruits. These agricultural wastes can be used to prepare fi ber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use. This report examines the different types of fi bers available and the current status of research. Many references to the latest work on properties, processing and application have been cited in this review.
The aim of this paper is introducing new natural fibers for use as fillers in a polymeric matrix enabling production of cost-effective, biodegradable, and lightweight composites for load carrying structures. Abaca (Musa textilis) fiber, one such kind, is rich in cellulose relatively inexpensive, and abundantly available. In this study, investigations on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of abaca fiber are carried out, such as the density, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are determined experimentally. Analysis of the tensile force of the fiber, elongation of the fiber, and water absorption of the fiber in load direction and fiber length are also carried out. The data of chemical and physical analysis showedthe abaca fiber has high cellulose (66.43%), hemicellulose (24.7%), lignin (13.6%) and low water content (0.7%), that results caused the fiber has high value of mechanical property with tensile strength up to 308,7 MPa. The FTIR spectra showed the presence of several functional groups that can be found in lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. The surface microphotograph showed the fiber has micron size and curled shape. The DSC thermal analysis was performed to determine the thermal property of abaca fiber also to determine its suitability as bioplastic.
Bahan baku kayu dapat digantikan oleh material atau bahan papan partikel yang dibuat dari serat alam seperti sabut kelapa, serat abaca, jute, dll melalui pengembangan bahan baku. Papan partikel dari sabut kelapa dan serat abaca sangat berpotensi sebagai pengganti kayu dilihat dari harga yang cukup murah, mudah dalam perawatan, hemat energi dan produksi yang bebas polusi. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat papan partikel dengan ketebalan bervariasi menggunakan bahan baku serat alam seperti sabut kelapa dan serat abaca yang diproses secara teknik non woven menggunakan mesin Needle Punch dan perekat serbuk HDPE. Papan partikel ini dibuat dengan aplikasi motif untuk memberikan nilai tambah baik dari segi fungsi maupun segi estetikanya. Dalam pembuatan motif, serat alam dibentuk dengan menggunakan plat pembentuk. Hasil pengujian yang dilakukan pada papan partikel ini, memperlihatkan bahwa papan partikel dari serat abaca dengan menggunakan mesin proses hot platting lebih rendah kadar airnya dibandingkan dengan bahan baku sabut kelapa yang menggunakan mesin hot press. Untuk hasil uji kerapatan, papan partikel dengan ketebalan 5 mm lebih baik kerapatannya dan memenuhi standar SNI 03-2105-2006 untuk “Papan Partikel” dibandingkan dengan papan partikel sabut kelapa dan serat abaca dengan ketebalan 3 mm.
The present study aims in analyzing the mechanical behavior of natural fiber (abaca) reinforced polymeric composites under dynamic conditions. It is evident from the past research reports that natural fiber offers desirable physico-mechanical properties to the added polymers. In the present research work, abaca fiber is utilized for the preparation of composites due to its promising mechanical properties and resistance to salt water corrosion, its lignin content is 15% and grows up to 3 m. Abaca is extracted from leaf sheath of Manila hemp plant, it is a kind of banana family. Influence of temperature on the mechanical behavior of natural fibers needs to be identified to ensure its usage for high performance applications. Pure and chemically treated abaca fiber based vinyl ester composites are subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The reason for the chemical treatment of abaca fiber is to enhance its interfacial bonding with base matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis signifies the morphological changes in abaca fiber after chemical treatment. Storage modulus (E') and damping characteristics of abaca fiber reinforced vinyl ester composites are comparatively higher than in neat polymer. In addition, surface treatment of fiber demonstrates significant enhancement in storage modulus compound compared to pure and raw fiber reinforced polymer due to strong physical interaction between fiber and matrix.
This handbook focuses on biopolymers for both environmental and biomedical applications. It shows recent advances in technology in all areas from chemical synthesis or biosynthesis to end use applications. These areas have not been covered in a single book before and they include biopolymers for chemical and biotechnological modifications, material structures, characterization, processing, properties, and applications. After the introduction which summarizes the importance of biopolymer in the market, the book covers almost all the topics related to polysaccharides, biofibers, bioplastics, biocomposites, natural rubber, gums, bacterial and blood compatible polymers, and applications of biopolymers in various fields.
With increasing concerns regarding the effect the textile industry is having on the environment, more and more textile researchers, producers and manufacturers are looking to biodegradable and sustainable fibres as an effective way of reducing the impact textiles have on the environment. The emphasis in Biodegradable and sustainable fibres is on textiles that are beneficial by their biodegradation and come from sustainable sources. Biodegradable and sustainable fibres opens with a discussion of microbial processes in fibre degradation. It then moves on to discuss the major fibre types, including bast fibres, alginates, cellulose and speciality biodegradable fibres, such as lyocell, poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s. The development of synthetic silks is covered along with biodegradable natural fibre composites, nonwovens, and geotextiles. The final chapter looks at the history and future of soya bean protein fibres. Biodegradable and sustainable fibres is a comprehensive monograph providing essential reference for anyone interested in the area and environmental issues relating to textiles including fibre and textile scientists and students, textile technologists, manufacturers, and forensic specialists in industry and academia.
In this research, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to measure the amount and rate of change in the weight (weight loss) of abaca fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites as a function of temperature. The function determined the composition of abaca fibre reinforced HIPS composites on predicting the thermal stability. The optimum composites designed with composition of abaca fibre 40 wt%; maleic anhydride 1 and 3 wt%, impact modifier 4 and 6 wt% respectively. This paper studied the thermal characteristic of abaca fibre, reinforced HIPS composites as compared to the neat HIPS. The measurements were carried out in temperatures ranging from 25°C to 600°C at heating rate 20°C min-1 and nitrogen gas flow of 50 ml min-1. The results from TGA analysis have shown that the combination among the coupling agent maleic anhydride, impact modifier and abaca fibre has improved the thermal stability of composites.
The physical properties by natural fibre have a great importance, specifically in the structural of natural fibre which reinforces matrix. Response surface methodology with Box-Behnken (BB) design of experiment was utilized to study water absorption and melt flow index (MFI) of abaca fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. The design utilizes fraction of weight abaca fibre, maleic anhydride (MAH), and impact modifier to develop models for characteristic behaviours of water absorption and MFI of composites. Abaca fibre reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites were produced with different fibre loadings (30, 40, and 50 wt%), different compositions of coupling agent, maleic anhydried (MAH) (1, 2, and 3 wt%) and different compositions of impact modifier (4, 5, 6 wt%). The individual optimum of water absorption was found when loading abaca fibre close to 34.61 wt%, maleic anhydride 1 wt%, and impact modifier 4.01 wt%. The individual optimum of melt flow index dealt with loading abaca fibre 36.71 wt%, maleic anhydride 3 wt% and impact modifier 4.02 wt%. Meanwhile, the optimum condition for water absorption of abaca fibre reinforced HIPS composites was followed by a decreasing trend of the value of melt flow index.
Retting is the main challenge faced during the processing of bast plants for the production of long fibre. The traditional methods for separating the long bast fibres are by dew and water retting. Both methods require 14 to 28 days to degrade the pectic materials, hemicellulose, and lignin. Even though the fibres produced from water retting can be of high quality, the long duration and polluted water have made this method less attractive. A number of other alternative methods such as mechanical decortication, chemical, heat, and enzymatic treatments have been reported for this purpose with mixed findings. This paper reviews different types of retting processes used for bast plants such as hemp, jute, flax, and kenaf, with an emphasis on kenaf. Amongst the bast fibre crops, kenaf apparently has some advantages such as lower cost of production, higher fibre yields, and greater flexibility as an agricultural resource, over the other bast fibres. The fibres produced from kenaf using chemical retting processes are much cleaner but low in tensile strength. Enzymatic retting has apparent advantages over other retting processes by having significantly shorter retting time and acceptable quality fibres, but it is quite expensive.
Plant fibers have a strength per unit weight similar to those of man-made fibers. Although plant fibers are successfully used in a limited number of composite products at the moment, the advantages of plant fibers, and the diverse fiber properties provided by nature, are such that plant fibers are likely to become more important in lower cost composites in the future.
The objective of the study was to examine the potential of decortication as an alternative means of extracting abaca fiber for production of abaca pulp. Decorticated fibers were compared with commercially stripped abaca fiber. Results were evaluated in terms of fiber recovery, physical-chemical-morphological properties, and pulp quality. The results demonstrate that decorticated abaca fiber produces a high-quality pulp comparable with that from more expensive, commercially stripped fibers. The differences in pulp quality reflect the fact that decortication provides a higher fiber yield and a lower degree of fiber purification.
Composites made with natural fibers are finding applications in a wide variety of engineering fields due to their low cost and eco-friendly nature. This paper deals with the fabrication and evaluation of hybrid natural fiber composite using jute and abaca fibers along with glass fibers. Each composite is made up of five layers with three layers of jute and abaca enclosed by two layers of glass fibers. The composites are manufactured with three different fiber orientations and the compositions are varied in three different proportions. The fabricated composite samples are tested to investigate their various mechanical properties. From the test results, it is observed that fiber orientation plays a vital role in determining the mechanical properties of the composite. Morphological analysis is done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).
Recently natural cellulose fibers from different biorenewable resources have attracted the considerable attraction of research community all around the globe owing to their unique intrinsic properties such as biodegradability, easy availability, environmental friendliness, flexibility, easy processing and impressive physico-mechanical properties. Natural cellulose fibers based materials are finding their applications in a number of fields ranging from automotive to biomedical. Natural cellulose fibers have been frequently used as the reinforcement component in polymers to add the specific properties in the final product. A variety of cellulose fibers based polymer composite materials have been developed using various synthetic strategies. Seeing the immense advantages of cellulose fibers, in this article we discuss the processing of biorenewable natural cellulose fibers; chemical functionalization of cellulose fibers; synthesis of polymer resins; different strategies to prepare cellulose based green polymer composites, and diverse applications of natural cellulose fibers/polymer composite materials. The article provides an in depth analysis and comprehensive knowledge to the beginners in the field of natural cellulose fibers/polymer composites. The prime aim of this review article is to demonstrate the recent development and emerging applications of natural cellulose fibers and their polymer materials.
The natural fibers nowadays play a major role as reinforcement in composites due to their important properties like lightweight, biodegradability and non-toxicity. Borassus fruit fiber is one such type possessing high cellulose which is inexpensive and available in plenty. The Borassus fruit fibers were extracted and its physical, chemical and mechanical properties such as density, diameter, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, wax, denier, tenacity and tensile force were experimentally determined. In this study, the Borassus fruit fibers were treated with 5%, 10% and 15% NaOH and the effect of alkali treatments on the fiber properties were explored. It is interesting to note that 5% NaOH treatment yielded significant improvement in tensile properties of the fibers than the others. The Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR) analysis was made to identify the chemical compounds of the raw and alkali treated fibers. The morphological study on raw and alkali treated fibers by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) revealed the existence of the impurities on the raw fiber surface and the removal of the same on the treated fibers.
To study the effect of the microstructure of natural fiber on the transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional composite, abaca and bamboo fibers were unidirectionally aligned to fabricate epoxy composites by a resin transfer molding (RTM) technique. The transverse thermal conductivity of these two types of composites was measured in a steady-state platform. X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy were applied to analyze the microstructure and morphology of both fibers and composites. The results indicated that the transverse thermal conductivity showed two types of tendencies with fiber content increasing: increasing for bamboo fiber composites, and decreasing for abaca fiber composites. The microstructure and theoretical analysis suggest that the lumen structure plays a great role rather than crystal structures and chemical compounds on the transverse thermal conductivity of unidirectional composites, which is useful for further development and design of natural fiber reinforced composites with better thermal insulation property for people’s daily life.
The tensile stress-strain relations for nine types of vegetable fibre have been measured, with the fibres in the form of (a) the commercial fibres and (b) the ultimate cells extracted from the fibres. Spiral angles were obtained by an X-ray diffraction method. The experimental results are compared with theoretical predictions.
In recent years, the use of natural fibres as reinforcement in polymer composites has attracted increasing attention for partial or complete replacement of conventional inorganic fibres. Besides their lightweight, plant fibres have the advantage of low cost, prevent tool wear during processing and show damage-tolerant material behaviour. Cellulose fibres exhibit a highly polar surface due to the presence of hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups enable the formation of hydrogen bonds in the interface region of composite materials. However, in order to get access to these hydroxyl groups, a cover of pectin and other waxy substances must be removed from the fibre surface. On the other hand, the high polarity of the cellulose fibre surface is the reason for their hydrophilic behaviour, which induces fibre swelling due to moisture uptake. Intense surface treatment is, therefore, required for fibre cleaning and preparation for interfacial bonding. In the case of natural fibres the use of coupling agents like silanes serves not only as an adhesion promoter but also to hydrophobize the fibre surface and to prevent swelling processes. Such surface treatment may be monitored and controlled by the electrokinetic method of streaming potential. Results of streaming potential measurements for the characterization of fibre swelling and for the elucidation of the interaction between fibres and coupling chemicals are presented. Solvatochromism results are used to confirm the electrokinetic measurements.
Cellulose and xylan were found to be the major polysaccharide constituents in abaca fiber. Both hemicelluloses I and II were enriched in xylose, together with arabinose and glucose as the other major sugar constituents. These data implied that hemicelluloses I and II are probably composed of arabinoxylan, glucoxylan, and/or xylan, which corresponded with the studies by FT-IR spectroscopy. Arabinose and galactose were higher in all fractions of hemicelluloses I than in those of hemicelluloses II, whereas xylose and mannose were higher in all fractions of hemicelluloses II than in those of hemicelluloses I, suggesting that the dilute alkali pretreatments mainly solubilize the more branched hemicelluloses. The results obtained also suggested that dilute alkali pretreatments favored removal of small molecular chains of hemicelluloses I (Mw = 75 000−130 000) as compared to the hemicelluloses II, which had a higher degree of polymerization with molecular average weights between 123 000 and 227 000. Further studies showed that lignins, rich in syringyl units, are tightly associated with hemicelluloses in abaca fiber cell walls. Keywords: Abaca fiber; hemicelluloses; celluloses; lignin; alkali pretreatment; sugars; uronic acids; molecular weight; phenolic acids and aldehydes; FT-IR spectroscopy
The use of bio-fibers for composite applications such as car manufacture is being investigated throughout the world. Many automotive components are being made using bio-fiber reinforced composite materials, which are mainly based on poly(propylene) with reinforcing bio-fibers jute, flax, hemp, and wood. Different variations of the compression molding process are suitable for processing plat fibers. The automotive industry requires composite materials that meet performance criteria as determined in a wide range of tests. Typical market specification includes criteria such as ultimate breaking force and elongation, flexural properties, impact strength, and acoustic absorption. Most of the composites currently used by the industry are designed considering long-term durability.
The mechanical properties of tossa jute fibers were improved by using NaOH treatment process to improve the mechanical properties of composites materials. Shrinkage of fibers during this process has significant effects to the fiber structure, as well as to the mechanical fiber properties, such as tensile strength and modulus. Isometric NaOH-treated jute yarns (20 min at 20°C in 25% NaOH solution) lead to an increase in yarn tensile strength and modulus of ∼ 120% and 150%, respectively. These changes in mechanical properties are affected by modifying the fiber structure, basically via the crystallinity ratio, degree of polymerization, and orientation (Hermans factor). Structure–property relationships, developed for cellulosic man-made fibers, were used with a high correlation factor to describe the behavior of the jute fiber yarns. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 623–629, 1999
Natural fiber‐reinforced biodegradable polyester composites were prepared from biodegradable polyesters and surface‐untreated or ‐treated abaca fibers (length ca. 5 mm) by melt mixing and subsequent injection molding. Poly(butylene succinate)(PBS), polyestercarbonate (PEC)/poly(lactic acid)(PLA) blend, and PLA were used as biodegradable polyesters. Esterifications using acetic anhydride and butyric anhydride, alkali treatment, and cyanoethylation were performed as surface treatments on the fiber. The flexural moduli of all the fiber‐reinforced composites increased with fiber content. The effect of the surface treatment on the flexural modulus of the fiber‐reinforced composites was not so pronounced. The flexural strength of PBS composites increased with fiber content, and esterification of the fiber by butyric anhydride gave the best result. For the PEC/PLA composites, flexural strength increased slightly with increased fiber content (0–20 wt.‐%) in the case of using untreated fiber, while it increased considerably in the case of using the fiber esterified by butyric anhydride. For the PLA composite, flexural strength did not increase with the fiber reinforcement. The result of soil‐burial tests showed that the composites using untreated fiber have a higher weight loss than both the neat resin and the composites made using acetylated fiber.
Flexural modulus of PBS composites as a function of fiber content.
magnified image Flexural modulus of PBS composites as a function of fiber content.
Statistical method was employed to study and describe the structure characteristics of natural fibers in this paper due to their non-uniform, irregular and composite structures. Two types of fiber surface treatment methods, namely chemical bonding and oxidization were used to improve the interfacial bonding properties of natural fiber reinforced polymeric composites. Interfacial properties were evaluated and analyzed by single fiber pull-out test and the theoretical model. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) was obtained by the statistical parameters. The results were compared with those obtained by traditional ways. Based on this study, an improved method which could more accurately evaluate the interfacial properties between natural fiber and polymeric matrices was proposed.
A critical review of the literature on the various aspects of natural fibers and biocomposites with a particular reference to chemical modifications is presented in this paper. A notable disadvantage of natural fibers is their polarity which makes it incompatible with hydrophobic matrix. This incompatibility results in poor interfacial bonding between the fibers and the matrix. This in turn leads to impaired mechanical properties of the composites. This defect can be remedied by chemical modification of fibers so as to make it less hydrophilic. This paper reviews the latest trends in chemical modifications and characterizations of natural fibers. The structure and properties of natural fibers have been discussed. Common chemical modifications and their mechanisms have also been elaborated. The importance of chemical modifications and the resultant enhancement in the properties of the composites have also been reviewed. Recent investigations dealing with chemical modifications of natural fiber-reinforced composites have also been cited. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Production of Manila hemp, the world’s foremost cord-age fiber, was a Philippine monopoly from the early nineteenth century,
when it was introduced into world trade, until 1930. Since then commercial plantings have been established in several other
countries, but over 90% of all abacá production still comes from the Philippines. World production of the fiber in 1951 amounted
to about 200,000 tons.
An account is given on natural and man-made cellulose fiber reinforced plastics. Possible applications of this material group are detailed. A survey is also discussed about physical and chemical treatment methods that improve fiber matrix adhesion, as well as their results and effects on the physical properties of composites. The results show that natural fibers can be processed with the already commonly applied methods: glass mat thermoplastic matrix (GMT, sheet moulding compound (SMC) or bulk moulding compound (BMC).
Thermal conductivity, diffusivity and specific heat of polyester/natural fibre (banana/sisal) composites were investigated as function of filler concentration and for several fibre surface treatments. The thermophysical behaviour of hybrid pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) and glass fibre reinforced polyester composites has been also evaluated for a constant total fibre loading of 0.40 Vf by varying the ratio of PALF and glass. The results show that chemical treatment of the fibres reduces the composite thermal contact resistance. Hybridisation of natural fibre with glass allows a significantly better heat transport ability of the composite. The thermal conductivity measured in the direction transverse to the plane of composite plate could be well represented by a series prediction model.
PLA biocomposites with abaca and man-made cellulose fibres were processed by using combined moulding technology: two-step extrusion coating process and consecutively injection moulding. By adding 30 wt% of man-made cellulose, the Charpy impact strength at ambient temperature increased by factor 3.60, compared to unreinforced PLA. Tensile strength rose by factor 1.45 and stiffness by approx. 1.75. Reinforcing with abaca fibres (30 wt%) enhanced both E-Modulus and tensile strength by factor 2.40 and 1.20, respectively. The Charpy A-notch impact resistance of PLA/abaca could be improved by factor 2.4.SEM photographs show fibre pull-outs from the polymer matrix. The fibre orientation was analysed via optical microscopy. The after-process fibre length was significantly affected already during compounding process.
In the present study, abaca was chemically treated with benzene diazonium salt in order to improve in the mechanical properties of the abaca-PP composites. Both raw and treated abaca samples were utilized for the fabrication of the composites. The mechanical properties of the composites prepared from chemically treated abaca are found to increase substantially compared to those of untreated ones. Tensile strengths of the composites of both raw and chemically treated abaca-PP composites showed a decreasing trend with increasing filler content. However, the values for the chemically treated abaca-PP composites at all mixing ratios are found to be higher than that of neat PP. The surface morphologies of the fracture surfaces of the composites were recorded using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The SEM micrographs reveal that interfacial bonding between the treated filler and the matrix has significantly improved, suggesting that better dispersion of the filler into the matrix has occurred upon treatment of abaca.
The chemical composition of leaf fibers of abaca (Musa textilis), which are commonly used for high-quality paper pulp production, was thoroughly studied. The results revealed that the lignin content was 13.2% of the total fiber. The analysis of abaca fibers by pyrolysis coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) released predominantly compounds arising from lignin and p-hydroxycinnamic acids, with high amounts of 4-vinylphenol. The latter compound was demonstrated to arise from p-coumaric acid by pyrolysis of abaca fibers in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide, which released high amounts of p-coumaric acid (as the methyl derivative). Products from p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G), and syringyl (S) propanoid units, with a predominance of the latter (H:G:S molar ratio of 1.5:1:4.9), were also released after Py-GC/MS of abaca fibers. Sinapyl and coniferyl acetates, which are thought to be lignin monomer precursors, were also found in abaca. The extractives content of the abaca fiber (0.4%) was low, and the most predominant compounds were free sterols (24% of total extract) and fatty acids (24% of total extract). Additionally, significant amounts of steroid ketones (10%), triglycerides (6%), omega-hydroxyfatty acids (6%), monoglycerides (4%), fatty alcohols (4%), and a series of p-hydroxycinnamyl (p-coumaric and ferulic acids) esterified with long chain alcohols and omega-hydroxyfatty acids were also found, together with minor amounts of steroid hydrocarbons, diglycerides, alpha-hydroxyfatty acids, sterol esters, and sterol glycosides.
A series of phenylphenalenone type compounds, known to play a role as phytoalexins in plants of the Musaceae family, have been identified for the first time in the leaf fibers of abaca (Musa textilis). Among the phenylphenalenone type compounds identified, the structure of a novel compound, (1R)-2,3-dihydro-4,9-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-1-phenylphenalene, has also been described in abaca fibers. Its structure was elucidated by analysis of one- and two-dimensional NMR (correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear single quantum correlation, and heteronuclear multiple bond correlation) spectroscopic data.
FMA5: abaca fiber production in antique
- J D Amatta
A study of the quality of Abaca fiber. United States Department of Agriculture
- E E Berkley
- L E Hessler
- E B Burneston
- C F Chew
- EE Berkley
Policy developments affecting jute and hard fibres markets and their implications for production and trade. FAO Commodity and Trade Policy Research Working Paper
- K Chang
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- Kenaf Jute
- Abaca Sisal
An innovative composite solution in the new Mercedes A Class-A successful story about the natural fiber Abaca
- B Scherübl