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The Role of Social Movements in the Social Innovation (SI): Euskaraldia, as a Digital Panopticon

  • April 2020
DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.35980.05763/5
Authors:
Igor Calzada at Cardiff University
Igor Calzada
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Abstract

ABSTRACT: This article draws on the thorny topic of the Social Innovation (SI). Particularly, it revolves around the role of those social movements promoting the Basque language not only in relation to their organisational models but also to their holistic strategy to tackle inevitably digital, urban, and political challenges surfaced by the disruptions stemming from the post-COVID society. Beyond the prescriptive, normative, or dogmatic standpoints, by contrast, this article actually aims to reflect upon and spark a fruitful debate on the current momentum by applying an amalgamation of SI concepts to the reality of the Basque Country. It employs ‘Action Research’ methodology to gather information and carry out fieldwork research as follows: (i) The invitation made by Euskaltzaleen Topagunea (as the main body for coordinating civic groups) to deliver a conference in the Symposium called Topaldia 2020 was the point of departure of this article. (ii) Consequently, Soziolinguistikako Klusterra (as the main body of research for the Basque language social development) through its scientific journal Bat, disseminates within this article the main findings of this ‘Action Research’ process. Thus, the article is structured in five sections: (i) first, it develops the SI concept and applies through its lenses a re-interpretation of the current momentum for the Basque language in the techno-political parameters (social entrepreneurship, activism, and co-operativism); (ii) second, in the backdrop of the post-COVID society, this article argues that, more than ever before, ‘liquid’ social movements are required to lead niche experiments; (iii) third, as a result of the digital, urban, and political transformations, the basque language, euskara, should be articulated as a ‘commons’, beyond the binary terms of the public and private; (iv) fourth, this article adopts as a case study the social experimentation project entitled ‘Euskaraldia’ taking place once every two years, in which people related to the Basque language, Euskara—though the profiling of two interdependent roles, active speakers as ‘ahobizi’, and early-adopters, practitioners, and listeners as ‘belarriprest’—in all seven provicinces and the Diaspore of the Basque Country, are encouraged to speak more intensively Euskara over an 11-day period (www.euskaraldia.eus) by overcoming motivational, contextual, and psycho-sociological boundaries and threats imposed by the diglosic lock-in effect. This section, therefore, slightly outline a prototype from the Digital SI perspective called ‘Euskaraldia, as a Digital Panopticon’; ultimately (v), this article concludes with a decalogue and five questions by further encouraging active reflection and social experimentation among stakeholders. Keywords: Social Innovation; Liquid Social Movements; Commons; Euskaraldia; Digital Panopticon; Technopolitics; Data; Urban Transformations; Digital Transformations; Political Transformations; Post-COVID Society; Social Entrepreneurship; Activism; Co-operativism To cite this article/Artikulua erreferentziatzeko erabili honako zita: Calzada, I. (2020), Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa // The Role of Social Movements in the Social Innovation (SI): Euskaraldia as a Digital Panopticon. BAT Aldizkaria 115(2): 85-114. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35980.05763/5. CC BY-NC 4.0
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Calzada, I. (2020)
The Role of Social Movements in the Social Innovation:
Euskaraldia, as a Digital Panopticon/Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan:
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa, BAT Soziolinguistika Aldizkaria/Journal
115(2): 85-114. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.35980.05763/5.
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Pandemiak,
hiperkonektutako
gizarte honetan
derrigortutako
teknologia
berriekiko
dependentzia
ekarri digu.
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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Euskal Herrian,
historikoki,
euskarak eta bere
gizarte
hezurmamitzeak
gizarte
berrikuntzarekin
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zuzena: euskarak
testuinguru
historiko eta
sozial
ezberdinetan
izaten ari den rol
eraldatzaile
ezberdinduari ere
erreparatu
beharko genioke.
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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(i) Erresilientzia, erresistentzia, eta eraldaketa soziala helburutzat duten, hege-
moniaren kontrako ekintza eta diskurtso alternatiboak sortzeko gaitasuna da
(Adibide gisa: #EtxealditikEuskaraldira);
(ii) Gaitasun honek aldi berean, bitartekaritza baldintzak sortu behar ditu
eragile ezberdinen artean (testuinguru urbano, politiko, eta digital aldakorren
ondorioz) erabakitze-prozesu demokratiagoak erdieste aldera.
*=PF7KED<N-P3J:NHDKP0<3J0K?2<P6JEJ2FNE
y
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uc~z{|oU ]U]w^z{|qU]U ]
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z{|tUz{|lU^VwU^z{|tUpw_Az{{hUi
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Erresilientzia
erresistentzia, eta
eraldaketa
soziala
helburutzat
duten,
hegemoniaren
kontrako ekintza
eta diskurtso
alternatiboak
sortzeko
gaitasuna da.
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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W
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Gizarte
mugimenduen
rola eta
zentralitatea
gizarte
berrikuntzan:
estrategia(k)
behar d(ir)a,
gizarte
mugimendu gisa
autokontzientzia
bezala
funtzionatzen
hasteko, beti ere
inguruko
interes-taldeen
ekosistema oso
ondo
identifikatuta
baldin badago
bederen.
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
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Aukerak egon
litezke
lurraldetasun eta
gizarte
akribazioaren
arteko sintesian,
gizarte
esperimentazioa
ahalbidetzeko
lanabes digital,
eta zehatzago
esanda, datuen
gobernantza eta
bisualizazioari
erraratuko
begenio.
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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Testuinguru
estatiko batean
eraldaketa
printzak izaten
dira baina
disrupzioekin
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Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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r
(i)Eraldaketa digitalak: Gizarte komunikazioak egun sare sozialen bidez
gertatzeaz gain, gure iharduera asko aldi berean datu bihurtzen ari dira (van
Dijck 2014). Datuen ekosistemak kudeatzen hasi beharko ginateke hizkuntza
irizpide batetik abiatuta (Calzada; Almirall 2020). Denbora luzean zehar, 2.0 pa-
radigmarekin datuak partekatu ditugu sare sozialetan (Facebook eta Twitter-
ren nagusiki; HPS-Eusko Jaurlaritza 2010) eta orain non daude eta zer egiten
dute Big Tech multinazional erraldoiek gure datuen historikoekin? Euskararen
erabiltzaile digitalen datuek ba al dute merkatu baliorik? Nola bermatu eskubide
digitalak hizkuntza eskubideekin bateraturik (Calzada 2018d)? Euskarazko
datuen pribatasunak zein tratamendu behar du izan? Egongo ote dira aurki
gurekin euskaraz hitzegiten duten robotak, again Osakidetzan, telemedikuntzarako
(post-COVID-19 robotak)? Eskatuko al diegu euskaraz jakin dezatela (ere!)?
Laboral Kutxa, Euskaltel edota Eroski-rekin ditugun hartuemanetan? Multina-
zionalek gure datuak ‘lapurtzen’ dituztenean, zein da euskarak jokatzen duen
rola? Delako Big Data, Blockchain eta Data Analytics-ak nola jar daitezke eus-
kararen negoziazio-boterea trinkotzearen alde? Gauzen-Internet-aren pean
(Internet of Things, IoT), bizimoldea euskararekin nolakoa izango da, makina
eta pertsonen artean? Hitzegingo al diogu gure hozkailuari euskaraz? Ez da
erokeria. Adimen artifiziala eta Gauzen-Internet-a dira.
(ii)Eraldaketa urbanoak: Hizkuntzaren erabilera lurralde baldintzagaien menpe
dago hein handi batean. Eta beraz lurraldegintza adimendun bat eskatzen du
hirietan gertatzen diren eraldaketak landa eremura eta alderantziz modu
kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Ezinbestean bada
ere, OnLife,
Unplugging
edota gizarte
hiperkonektatuar
ekin bizitzen
ikasi beharko
dugu, gure
mundu bat
eratzen joateko.
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
orekatu batean kudeatuz (Calzada 2016b). GBren bitartez, euskararen erabilera,
genero, gentrifikazio, gizarte berdintasun eza, migrazio mugimendu eta iharduera
ekonomikoarekin gurutzatu beharko genuke.
(iii)Eraldaketa politikoak: Nazioa ez da entitate homogeneo eta emanda da-
torkigun utopia bat, egunero sortzen dugu, gure jardunarekin, gure elkarrekin-
tzarekin hiritar gisa. Hizkuntza, bestalde, geroz eta gehiago algoritmoen sare
konplexu batzuetan jaso eta kodetzen da. Euskal Herria, hartara, hiru barruti
administratiboetan banatua (eta bi estatuen artean partekatua) dagoen nazio
algoritmiko amankomun bat dela esan genezake, lan hipotesi moduan (Calzada
2018a; 2018b): Noiz arte itxoingo dugu gure hiru barrutien hartuemanak
blockchain teknologia bidez kidetzen hasteko? Ez al da orain unea hori
burutzeko, hiritarren osasun premiak direla-ta? Hizkuntzak izango du ba lekurik
ezta? Nola lotu, nola aurreratu ekuazioan diseinuan (by design) egoteko,
deskartez baino (by default)?
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`de\caKfZWdZ[s~
x    Z_TT_b]f 
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SuR
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nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Euskalgintzan
diharduten
gizarte
mugimendu
likidoen rola
beraz, GBz
eraldaketa
urbano, digital,
eta politikoak
identifikatu,
barneratu eta
modu erresiliente
batean
erantzutean
datza.
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
Px
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Euskal Herrian,
denbora gehiegi
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norberaren
arrazoia, dogma
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inposatuarazten,
baina oso
denbora gutxi,
adostasunetara
iristen,
zubigintza
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Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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Euskara
commons bat
bihurtuz, gizarte
mugimendu diren
euskara taldeen
sare-antolakuntza
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autoeratu direla
ondorioztatu
daiteke. Baina
nola egin
Euskaraldiarekin
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GB Digitalaren
prozesu
esperimental bat
abian jarriz?
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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sPxruv
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U\_Z[ZWecbRfEcXf?eaeRf}
}a3bIcPdf  ~ p }
}}
         
~pYeaefe\a`^c]Tfa
~T}}
 a}
kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Euskal hiritar,
izan belarriprest
edo ahobizi,
izango litzateke
panoptikoa
ikusteko gai
izango
litzatekeena, datu
uholdea modu
bolondres batean
sortuz eta
donazio bidez
emanez.
Euskaraldia data
altruism deitzen
den joera oso
berritzaile gisa
uler liteke beraz.
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
U}~
ppa
}j}j
~p}
M^][e`e\YcefYeaefZ_TT_b]fu
v~i}
Pn~k
}
  ~ xu_v  
p}
  ?eaeQM^][e`e\Yce
~
k ?eaeQM^][e`e\Yce }} 
sP
(i) Aurrez-aurrekoa eman ezin daitekeen neurrian, berau ahalik eta aurrez-au-
rrekoena egitea;
(ii)eremu pribatuak dituen abantailak (lotsa ez edukitzea, solaskideak aukeratzeko
askatasuna belarriprest/ahobizi), anonimotasuna (pribatasuna bermatuz eta
enkriptatutako datu pertsonal gisa kontsideratuz), pantailaren atzean, edo mu-
gikorrarekin (Data-Euskaraldia-App-aren bidez eta egungo ContactTracingApp-
en afera gaindituz) ahalbidetzea;
(iii)ez da by-default ulertu behar den sistema bat, baizik aurrez-aurrekoa
posible balitz, berau elikatu eta birsortzeko moduko geruza digitala sortzea da
proposatzen den prototipoa;
(iv)baina dudarik gabe, balio erantsi handiena sor lezakeena da, denbora oso
konkretu batean euskara elkarrekintzak kodetuz sortuko litzatekeen datu anabasa
itzela izango litzatekeela. Hor uste dut ez garela ohartzen eskuartean dugun balioaz.
R?eaeQM^][e`e\YceQs
~ir
(i)Dashboard edota erakusleihoa, data visualisation-a erakusteko, berau real-
time-data-rekin elikatuko litzatekeena belarriprest/ahobizi bakoitzaren aldetik.
(ii)Elkarrekintzaren jarraipena eta monitoretza. Hemen sare sozialen bidezko
edukiak zentralizatu eta etiketatu ahal izango lirateke Whatsapp, Twitter,
Facebook, edota Linkedin bidez. Geolokalizatzea eta trazabilitatea bermatzea
ezinbestekoa litzateke panoptiko digitalak bere funtzioa bete dezan.
kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Euskaraldiak
datu horiek
kapitalizatu egin
beharko lituzke,
Euskaraldia data
commons
(subiranotasun
teknologikoaren
lehen lagin
moduan).
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
(iii)Azkenik, iharduera bereziak, alegia, ekitaldiak egin litezke lekuan-lekuko
partehartze online-a bideratuz (Telegram edota Instagram-en bidez). Guzti hau
zentralizatu eta uneoro komunikatu beharko litzateke Euskaraldiak irauten
duen bitartean, interaktibitate eta biralitate gorena erdietsiz.
Irudia 2. Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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y
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 }   
r
(i) Gizarte mugimenduek, auzoz-auzo eta herriz-herri, ez lukete zertan
antolakuntza eredu berbera izan behar. Aldiz, Euskaltzaleen Topaguneak
ahalegin bat egin beharko luke estrategia orokor bat zedarritzen, estrategia
asimetriko lokalen uztarketa bat eginez paraleloan.
(ii) Hirugarren atalean azaldu den moduan, interes-taldeen arteko bitartekaritza/zu-
bigintza ahalbidetu ahal izango lukeen Penta Helix-a gomendatzen da erabiltzea,
GBren hazia ereiteko nonahi.
(iii) Euskalgintzak apur bat bere domeinutik atera beharko luke eta gizarte
gaiekin txertatu hizkuntzaren ekologia bat autoeratuz. Horrek ere onura garbi
bat ekarriko luke bestalde, GB lortzeko ezinbestekoa den disziplinartekotasuna
eta heterodoxia besarkatuz.
(iv ) Ondorioz, GBk euskal geografietan azaltzen den aniztasuna hauspotzea
ekarri beharko luke, erosotasun guneak ekidinez. Euskaraldiak, besteak beste,
agian horregatik ere izan du arrakasta: Erosotasuna/nortasuna erronkekin or-
dezkatu duelako. Edozein sentitzen zen ondo bere rolarekin, bere erronka par-
tikularekin, eta egokitzapena gakoa izan dela esango genuke, jarrera guztiak
inklutsibo/barneratzaile egitearekin.
(v) Artikuluak azpimarra berezia egiten dio gizarte esperimentazioari: horregatik
hartzen du kasu-prototipo moduan Euskaraldia. GB ezin da garatu soilik neurketak
eginez, erregaia eta errealitatea eraldatzeko errealitatean operatu behar dugu de-
rrigorrez. Living Lab-ak, metodologia bezala, oso ongietorriak beharko lukete
izan euskalgintzaren artean (Calzada 2018b) ikerketa lerroa ireki eta sakontzeko.
kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Euskalgintzak
bere domeinutik
atera beharko
luke eta gizarte
gaiekin txertatu
hizkuntzaren
ekologia bat
autoeratuz.
Horrek ere onura
garbi bat
ekarriko luke GB
lortzeko
disziplinartekota
suna eta
heterodoxia
besarkatuz.
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
(vi) Gizarte mugimenduek tokian-tokiko eraldaketak identifikatzea ezinbestekoa
da. Hizkuntza-egoera anitza izanik, bere trataera ere berezia izan behar du.
Data-Euskaraldiak (EuskaraldiaApp moduan prototipatua) oso material garran-
tzitsua ekoiz lezake hizkuntza ekologiaren etnografiak eta hizkuntza politiketan
aintzindari izateko datu masiboak lortuz. Euskara taldeak aintzindariak izatea
bultzatu behar da, follower edo kultura gregarioa alboratu eta gaindituz.
(vii) Europar Batasunak berriki besarkatu du datu estrategia amankomun bat
eskualde eta hiri guztietarako, subirautza teknologikoaren bidez, hiritarren
eskubide digitalak babestuz (European Commission 2020). Hemendik aurrera
datu ekosistemak eratuko dira sektoreka (Calzada; Almirall 2020). Euskara
izan daiteke Europa mailan hizkuntza gutxiengotuen artean liderra datu eko-
sistemak eratzen? Zergatik ez.
(viii) Euskaltzaleen Topaguneak antolatutako Topaldia 2020an sarritan entzuten
ziren GBen aktibaziorako beharrezko soslai eta funtzioak. Hiru dira, ezberdintasunak
kontuan izanda soslaiak: (gizarte) ekintzailetasuna, aktibismoa (garai bateko
militantzia, egungo bolondresismoa), eta kooperatibagintza. Komeni da ezber-
dintasun hauek kontuan izatea eta dagokiona dagokion unean aplikatzea.
(ix) Nazioartearekin zein estrategia jorratu behar dugu? Euskaraldia izan liteke
gure nazioartera proiektatzen den erakuslehioa?
(x) Eta azkenik, Data-Euskaraldia, Euskal Herriko auzune, herri, bailara eta
hirietan bizi diren euskal hiritarrek elikatu beharko lukete. Adimen artifizialak la-
gunduko ote digu bide hori ustiatzen? Ba al ditugu erakunde publikoak lider-
goarekin gai hauetan, industria 4.0-tik harago? Agian nazio algoritmiko gisa,
unea iritsi zaigu, trena hartzeko (galdu baino lehen!) (Calzada 2018a, 2018b).
k}
r
(i) Nola bideratu GBren estrategia asimetrikoa eta gobernantza maila-anitza hiru
barruti administratiboetan, modu koordinatu batean eta blockchain erabilita?
(ii)OnLife-ean gaudenez, posible izango al da euskalgintzako eragileek au-
rrez-aurrekoa vs digitalaren arteko antagonismo hori gainditzea? COVID-19aren
krisiak prozesu hori ezinbestean arinduko ote al du?
(iii) Intersekzionalitatea, zein problematikekin, non eta nola?
(iv ) Neurketetatik esperimentazio jarrai batetara joko bagenu?
kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Nazioartearekin
zein estrategia
jorratu behar
dugu?
Euskaraldia izan
liteke gure
nazioartera
proiektatzen den
erakuslehioa?
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
(v) Euskalgintzatik, antolakuntza ereduetatik harago, ezjakina identifikatzeko
estrategiak nola abian jarri prospektiba erabiliz?

3;A9OILAPCABG>M&G@O;PM4ACLG@O
x}s
r
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Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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 :_^`be\f _Pf HbP_`Teac_bf FdZWb_\_XKf f C_\cacZ]Rf ='uzv |l||do~
r|{~|{h{j|qoo|lh|~z{|q~|d|{lft
]xVSWOnuz{|fv~\n~i}~p
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kwkw~
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a~}~z{|t~{o~od|
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kxeyx||tz{z{uzvbht||fbxuc}v
nyygzltqt|dljnyygm||o{hfotbmryy|z{jq{
Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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Y^Zac_bfa_fO_Zce\fHbb_Leac_b~^rpXp~
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yL@gcpYWQLpuz{{dv~\nwrywn_
c_wp}^[M^`_Sdebf^`UebfebYf`dXc_be\f]a^Q
Ycd]Rf=uov|qtz{q~r|{~||ddj{qlqddlf{d{dddod
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mseX`@spQVw[M^`_SdebfC\ebbcbX
Oa^Ycd]Rf;(uovfoffto~r|{~|{h{j{qltfo|o~z{|q~|loqf{|
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mpQkWmekuz{|dv~O_Zce\fHbb_Leac_bfe]fefF`cXd`fP_`fF`eb]P_`Q
Teac_b]GfFWdfB_\df_PfBd]de`ZW~krp}^~
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ac_b]Gf FdZWb_\_XKRf >_Ld`bebZdRf >\_Ue\cVeac_bRf =uzv |ft|lz~
r|{~||lzj~z{{l~|~z~|ft
gn^iWmmyxZyn]WgOcxkVnpm]uz{|tv~8d<f5`_bQ
acd`]fcbfO_Zce\fHbb_Leac_bfBd]de`ZW~krT_]w~
gWMxS]a uz{|qv~ (f O_Zce\f Hbb_Leac_bf A_LdTdba]f aWeaf %dbaf2c`e\N
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WYVnWRWmxOZ]uz{||v~M]aea^fMab_VcYe`dbf+_ba`efdY_f:ea_``cV[_
@cVa^bf@d``ce[f8_\eRf4d`Xeac[fdaef8_`[fJ``_Vadbf?ca^db~Yrp~
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Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
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Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB): Euskaraldia,
Panoptiko Digital Gisa – Igor Calzada
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Igor Calzada – Gizarte Mugimenduen Rola Gizarte Berrikuntzan (GB):
Euskaraldia, Panoptiko Digital Gisa
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Clima y virus- Todo tiene sentido
Poster
Full-text available
  • Mar 2020
El inicio del foco vírico del COVID-19 fue la provincia central china de Hubei, altamente interconectada, globalizada, con una intensa infraestructura de comunicación que incluye el uso extensivo de 5G, rascacielos, muchos automóviles y un nivel de contaminación atmosférica entre los más altos del mundo. Su ciudad de Wuhan se ha hiperurbanizado en los últimos tiempos y sus habitantes son personas procedentes del mundo rural que se han ‘globalizado’ intempestivamente provocando conurbaciones de alta densidad demográfica. Ya en el año 2012, el científico divulgativo estadounidense David Quammen, describía muy vívidamente esa perspectiva en Spillover. ¿De dónde surgió el coronavirus? Un equipo de investigadores de varios países analizó la evolución del genoma del virus y excluyó categóricamente que pueda haberse derivado de una elaboración en un laboratorio en vitro, y además se ha podido comprobar su origen animal. Otras interpretaciones han recurrido a las tesis conspiratorias de que los responsables malévolos de su extensión mundial podrían haber sido Estados Unidos y hasta la misma China, mientras otras acusan a Rusia. Como nos recuerda George Monbiot, la crisis ataca todo el modelo económico que nos ha empujado hacia una alteración radical de las relaciones entre sociedades humanas y su entorno natural. Mucho antes de que el virus se detectase, ya se alumbraban otras amenazas más radicales: el declive de la biodiversidad y la sexta extinción de masas, con millones de especies de animales y plantas desaparecidas para siempre; la erosión de los suelos como consecuencia de la preponderancia de la agricultura intensiva; la invasión del mar por el plástico y el microplástico (Conversi y Moreno); y una miríada de otras amenazas asociadas con el nominado desarrollo económico neoliberal.
Data Ecosystems for Protecting European Citizens' Digital Rights
Article
Full-text available
  • Mar 2020
This viewpoint paper aims to spark a debate by (i) presenting the need for developing data ecosystems in Europe that meet the social and public good while committing to democratic and ethical standards; (ii) suggesting a taxonomy of data infrastructures and institutions to support this need; (iii) using the case study of Barcelona as the flagship city trailblazing a critical policy agenda of smart cities to show the limitations and contradictions of the current state of affairs; and (iv), ultimately, proposing a preliminary roadmap for institutional and governance empowerment that could enable effective data ecosystems in Europe. This viewpoint paper draws on lessons learnt in previous publications available in the Sustainability (Calzada, 2018), Regions (Calzada and Cowie, 2017; Calzada, 2019), Zenodo (Calzada and Almirall, 2019), RSA Journal (Calzada, 2019), and IJIS (Calzada, 2020) journals, and ongoing and updated fieldwork about the Barcelona case study stemming from an intensive fieldwork action research that started in 2017. The methodology used in these publications was based on the mixed-method technique of triangulation via action research encompassing (i) in-depth interviews, (ii) direct participation in policy events, and (iii) desk research. The case study was identified as the most effective methodology. This viewpoint paper, drawing from lessons learnt from the Barcelona case study, elucidates on the need to establish pan-European data infrastructures and institutions—collectively data ecosystems—to protect citizens’ digital rights in European cities and regions. The paper reveals three main priorities proposing a preliminary roadmap for local and regional governments: (i) advocacy, suggesting the need for city and regional networks; (ii) governance, requiring guidance and applied, neutral, and non-partisan research in policy; and (iii) pan-European agencies, leading and mobilising data infrastructures and institutions at the European level. From the very beginning, this viewpoint paper acknowledges its ambition, and thus its limitations, and clarifies its attempt to provide just an overview rather than a deep research analysis. This viewpoint paper presents several research limitations and implications regarding the scope. The paper starts by presenting the need for data ecosystems, then structures this need through two taxonomies, all illustrated through the Barcelona case study, and finally, concludes with a roadmap consisting of three priorities. The paper employs previous published and ongoing fieldwork findings in Barcelona as a way to lead and thus encourage the proliferation of more cases (CCDR). This paper presents practical implications for local and regional authorities of the CCDR network. As such, the main three priorities of the preliminary roadmap could help those European cities and regions already part of the CCDR network to establish and build operational data ecosystems by establishing a comprehensive pan-European policy from the bottom-up that aligns with the timely policy developments advocated by the European Commission. This paper can inspire policy-makers by providing guidelines to better coordinate among a diverse set of cities and regions in Europe. In previous research, data ecosystems were not directly related to digital rights amidst the global digital geopolitical context and, more specifically, were not connected to the two taxonomies (on data infrastructures and institutions) that could be directly applied to a case study, like the one presented about Barcelona. Thus, this viewpoint paper shows novelty and originality by also opening up (based on previous fieldwork action research) a way to take strategic action to establish a pan-European strategy among cities and regions through three specific priorities. This paper can ultimately support practice and lead to new research and policy avenues. To cite this article: Calzada, I. and Almirall, E. (2020), Data Ecosystems for Protecting European Citizens' Digital Rights, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy, Vol. 14 No. 2. DOI: 10.1108/TG-03-2020-0047 To access the article: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/TG-03-2020-0047/full/html
The problem of innovation in technoscientific capitalism: Data rentiership and the policy implications of turning personal digital data into a private asset
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2020
The problem of innovation in technoscientific capitalism: Data rentiership and the policy implications of turning personal digital data into a private asset Abstract A spate of recent scandals concerning personal digital data illustrates the extent to which innovation and finance are thoroughly entangled with one another. The innovation-finance nexus is an example of an emerging dynamic in technoscientific capitalism in which innovation is increasingly driven by the pursuit of 'economic rents'. Unlike innovation that delivers new products, services, and markets, innovation as rentiership is defined by the extraction and capture of value through different modes of ownership and control over resources and assets. This shift towards rentiership is evident in the transformation of personal digital data into a private asset. In light of this assetization, it is necessary to unpack how innovation itself might be a problem, rather than a solution to a range of global challenges. Our aim in this paper is to conceptualize this relationship between innovation, finance, and data rentiership, and examine the policy implications of this pursuit of economic rents as a deliberate research and innovation strategy in data-driven technology sectors.
Creating an Holistic Emergency Alert Management Platform
Article
  • Mar 2020
Extreme natural events require effective emergency procedures to minimize adverse effects on a region’s population and economy. Such procedures typically involve the effort of several different teams of first responders (e.g., fire fighters, public administrations, police departments, utility companies), hence coordination is fundamental to the effectiveness of the response to the emergency that must be supported with adequate infrastructures. Nonetheless, first responders often rely on manual processes, in the life cycle of extreme events, which do not change consistently with the type of shock or affected population. The aim of this paper is to present a technology transfer process to improve both the emergency alert process and the knowledge of disaster-type safety procedures through the implementation of a proposed platform. We also highlight a pilot application on a post-disaster case study—the province of L’Aquila (Abruzzi) in Italy.
Innovation and adaptation in advocacy organizations throughout the digital eras
Article
  • Jan 2020
This special issue explores how digitally-native advocacy organizations evolve and whether they influence the organizational norms of other NGOs and advocacy groups. The volume offers three contributions to the literature on digital advocacy groups. Firstly, we argue that different periods of ‘internet time’ influence the tactics, strategies, and structural form of political organizations. Secondly, we examine different ways that organizations empower members and/or the broader public to make decisions using digital technology. Thirdly, we trace the diffusion of digital engagement practices, as well as how legacy advocacy groups have adapted these practices. Finally, we provide an agenda for future research. Specifically, research is needed on changes in digital organizing in Africa, Asia, and Latin Amerca, and center-right and far-right advocacy organizations. Further work is also necessary to identify the conditions that lead to innovation in digital advocacy.
Transforming the relational dynamics of urban governance: How social innovation research can create a trajectory for learning and change
Article
  • Jan 2020
This article examines how social innovation (SI) research can co-produce transformative change in cities. A key challenge is to diffuse and sustain SIs in ways that transform the relational webs that constitute local spaces and their governance. The relational approach to SI is conceptually promising in this respect, but its foundations and practices need to be further developed. Therefore, I develop a relational ‘theory–methods package’ of practice theory and action research. By co-producing immediately usable insights, experiences and artefacts in the daily practice of SI, this approach enables researchers to gradually create conditions for a transformative trajectory of learning and change in urban governance. I critically appraise four research practices in the context of SI in Dutch urban governance and reflect on the transformative potential of this relational theory–methods package.
Adaption to data-driven practices in civil society organizations: A case study of Amnesty International
Article
  • Jan 2020
Digital membership organizations assert that their innovative use of data-driven practices is at the heart of their people-powered decision-making models. These data-driven practices, and associated values, have become aspirational to other organizations. However, there are growing concerns that data practices reinforce the decision-making power of the data collector at the expense of the rights of the data subject. This research considers how traditional membership organizations adapt to these new data-driven practices, while addressing these concerns. This paper demonstrates how the political communication theory of the trustee, delegate, and responsible leadership models resolves the tension in the discourse surrounding data practices by exploring the positives and negatives of both decentralized decision-making and centralized decision-making. The framework is then explored in practice through an ethnographic case study of Amnesty International. The results show how the use of data to be people-powered is a powerful discourse, but ultimately new data practices are only used to centralize power, as is purported by critical literature.
Favourable social innovation ecosystem(s)? – An explorative approach
Article
  • Jan 2020
Questioning the purely business-orientated, technology-centred use of the term ‘innovation’, research on social innovation has gained momentum in recent years. While significant progress has been made as regards the theoretical foundation of social innovation, the ‘ecosystem’ facilitating respective innovative activities remains rather vague and ambiguous. Most research informing our understanding draws on related but distinct concepts, such as Regional Innovation Systems (RIS). Following on from this debate, this article reflects on common features and differences between social innovation and other forms of innovation, and the resulting requirements for a Social Innovation Ecosystem (SIES). Drawing on data from the two European research projects, SIMPACT and SI-DRIVE, the article reflects on SIES from the perspective of RIS as an analytical framework, and strategic and management concept. It is argued that, due to a multiplicity of social innovation activities and their local embeddedness, no best solution for SIES exists. We posit that establishing a SIES necessitates (1) a mode of governance that integrates actors from civil society, and the social, economic and academic field; (2) social innovation hubs, labs and transfer centres as intermediaries that accelerate social innovation activities; and (3) the integration of different modes of innovation in transformational innovation strategies.
Unpacking the social innovation ecosystem: an empirically grounded typology of empowering network constellations
Article
  • Dec 2019
Social innovation is on the rise as a mode of governance through which to address societal challenges. Seeking to empower SI initiatives, researchers and policy makers are concerned with the development of supportive “ecosystems”. This concept usefully calls attention to the distributed nature of SI agency, but many questions remain on the kinds of network constellations involved. This contribution unpacks the “SI ecosystems” concept, specifying how the empowerment afforded through SI networks rests on (1) local embedding, (2) transnational connectivity and (3) discursive resonance. Charting the variety of network constellations as studied in an international comparison of 20 transnational SI networks, a typology of SI ecosystems is constructed. Distinguishing five SI ecosystem ideal-types ranging from loosely integrated and locally focused co-creation hubs to globally connected and widely resonating political movements, the typology informs a differentiated approach to their understanding and development.