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The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, Gullan and Cranston 5th edition, 2014 file name - G-C The Insectsproof
Abstract
These are the final proofs (pre-production, used to set print from) of all chapters and tables and illustrations from edition 5 (the most recent and last).
Pagination seems to match the print. Regular search should find what you want.
These proofs will be available through Researchgate (Peter S Cranston) until coronacrisis abates and more regular academic teaching is restored.
A request of users - if you are a professional entomologist, please consider purchase of a hardcopy of the text if you do not already own this edition. If you are a student in entomology please consider giving a small donation to a conservation charity for these proofs. If you do become a professional entomologist, please consider purchase of a hard copy.
Tropical and subtropical areas are flourishing environments for many unique pathogens. This chapter discusses vectors of medical importance and the vector-borne diseases of the highest burden in morbidity and mortality globally. Vectors types, characteristics, lifecycle, distribution, diseases they transmit, and their prevention and control strategies are overviewed. The discussion extends to cover key medically important vectors, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, and fleas, highlighting their roles in disease transmission. Further, vector-borne diseases of high significance are explained in detail from a public health perspective, with the historical perspective of vectors and their transmitted illnesses. Insight of the current climate change, globalization, urbanization, and ease of international travel which contributed to the spread, expansion, and resurge of many vector-borne diseases; this chapter underscores the significance and burden of vector-borne diseases and the critical need for integrated control strategies that combine biological insights with environmental management.
This study was carried out in oak fields located in the Balya region of Balıkesir province of Turkey. Our study aimed to identify species belonging to the Coleoptera order using bait and pitfall traps. Our research was conducted between 28 May-19 October(2019) and 10 May-21 October(2020). As a result of the study, 37 species belonging to 26 genera from the families Carabidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Elateridae, Scarabaeidae and Staphylinidae, included in the Coleoptera order, were recorded. Among the identified species, 31 species were recorded in Çamavşar and 29 species in Kocaçay. The pitfall trap was more effective than the bait trap in capturing the species. While Polydrusus gracilicornis Kiesenwetter, 1864 was detected only in the bait trap, 9 different species were recorded in both trap methods. 17 of the 37 species identified are saproxylic insects. 6 of these species are on the red list of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). These species include Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 NT (near threatened), Hesperophanes sericeus Fabricius, 1787, Hylotrupes bajulus Linnaeus, 1758 and Icosium tomentosum Lucas, 1854 species LC(common) from the Cerambycidae family; Ampedus praeustus (Fabricius, 1792) and Lacon punctatus (Herbst, 1779) species from the Elateridae family are in the LC category.
Although there is a consensus on the distinctiveness of Saginae, its phylogenetic position within Tettigoniidae remains a topic to debate. Comprehensive DNA data are essential for clarifying subfamilial relationships within the Tettigoniidae. This study investigates the complete mitogenome of Saga natoliae, providing critical insights into the phylogenetic position of the Saginae. To achieve this, we established two datasets: the first comprises total mitogenome sequences from all published representatives of Tettigoniidae subfamilies and tribes, while the second includes partial mitogenome sequences from subfamilies not represented in the first dataset. The first dataset produced a well-resolved phylogenetic tree, whereas the second exhibited limited resolution. By synthesizing results from both the following conclusions were made: (1) The mitogenome of Saga natoliae displays typical characteristics of both Pancrustaceae and Orthoptera. (2) The mitophylogeny of Tettigoniidae reveals four main clades: (i) Saginae, (ii) Lipotactinae, (iii) the Tettigonioid clade (including Tettigoniidae + Bradyporinae, Hexacentrinae, Conocephalinae, and Meconematinae) and (iv) the Phaneropteroid clade (comprising Pseudophyllinae, Mecopodinae, and Phaneropterinae). Consequently, Saginae is established as a distinct internal lineage, referred to as the Saginoid clade. (3) Our findings do not support close relationships between Saginae and Zaprochilinae, Tympanophorinae and Phasmodinae. (4) Data confirm that Saginae is a monophyletic subfamily, likely originated in Africa and subsequently dispersed to the West Palearctic region.
Indonesia is known for its incredible diversity of insects. Being ectothermic, insects are influenced by environmental factors. The relationship between insect diversity and the environment can be understood using multivariate analysis. The Paseh District in Sumedang Regency has various land uses, including gardens, rice fields, and plantations. Changes in land use due to the construction of the Cisumdawu Toll Road can impact environmental factors, such as soil quality, microclimate, and water availability, which are critical for sustaining diverse insect communities. Similarly, changes in vegetation cover can alter temperature and humidity levels, impacting terrestrial insects adapted to specific climatic conditions. This study aims to gather information on the relationship between insect diversity and environmental factors in different land use types in the Paseh District. A preliminary survey was carried out to record land use types and determine sampling locations. An intensive survey was done to collect and identify flying insect samples, as well as to measure the environmental factors. The results were analyzed using the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H’), Evenness Index (E’), Simpson’s Diversity Index (C), and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The study found 115 species of flying insects, with mixed gardens having the highest diversity. The CCA results showed that temperature strongly and positively correlated with insect diversity across all land uses, while wind speed correlated positively with insect diversity in gardens. Altitude correlated negatively with insect diversity in mixed gardens but positively in rice fields. Humidity had a strong positive correlation with insect diversity in other land uses. This research is important for understanding how land use types and environmental factors influence flying insect diversity, which is crucial for conserving biodiversity and maintaining essential ecosystem services such as pollination and pest control. Its impact lies in providing scientific data to guide sustainable land management practices, support agricultural productivity, and inform policies for biodiversity conservation in the Paseh District and similar regions.
Cinnamomum camphora is a broad-spectrum insect-repelling tree species because of its high content of terpenoids. However, it is curious that Pagiophloeus tsushimanus, a recently recorded wood-boring pest, has widely infested C. camphora plantations across various administrative districts in Shanghai. The larvae, being concealed within the trunk of C. camphora trees, exhibit characteristics such as hidden activity, strong destructiveness, and being difficult to control. While the primary host plant for P. tsushimanus is C. camphora, preliminary observations have shown that the pest can also complete its life cycle on Cinnamomum chekiangensis and Phoebe chekiangensis. To explore the host selection preference of this beetle, the present study aimed to investigate the olfactory selection behavior of P. tsushimanus adults towards C. camphora, C. chekiangensis, and P. chekiangensis. Results from choice and no-choice tests indicated that both male and female adults exhibited a feeding preference for C. camphora twigs, with females showing a preference for laying eggs on camphor tree twigs as well. Volatile compounds unique in camphor trees were significantly higher in relative content than those on the other two plants that were detected. The Y-shaped olfactometer experiments and electroantennography measurements results showed that male and female adults of P. tsushimanus had a positive chemotaxis towards volatiles released by C. camphora and a negative chemotaxis towards volatiles released by C. chekiangensis or P. chekiangensis. Overall, the findings suggest that both male and female adults have a selective preference for volatiles released by the camphor tree, and this provides a theoretical basis for monitoring and controlling the occurrence of this weevil pest.
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) originated in tropical regions but has distended its range and is now common around the world. Even though, it is a zoophytophagous both adults and nymphs predate upon a broad range of insect hosts. It makes a significant contribution in tomato IPM program by feeding on whiteflies, spider mites, caterpillars and leaf miners. In the present study, we employed CLIMEX 4.0 software to predict and assess the effect of environmental factors on the global distribution of N. tenuis by using the ‘Compare Locations’ function. Based on the CLIMEX prediction, a large part of Eastern Europe, major parts of South America, Central and Southern Africa, South Asia and Coastal Australia were highly suitable for the long-term survival of N. tenuis. The model output on global prediction maps indicates that cold and dry stress may restrict N. tenuis distribution in various places. However, cold stress appears to be the major limiting factor. This study highlighted an efficient way to construct a habitat suitability map for N. tenuis, potentially useful in the release of target species in new locations. The model may also be used to determine the release time of N. tenuis based on the favourable growth index period.
Wood-boring pests are difficult to monitor due to their concealed lifestyle. To effectively control these wood-boring pests, it is first necessary to efficiently and accurately detect their presence and identify their species, which requires addressing the limitations of traditional monitoring methods. This paper proposes a deep learning-based model called BorerNet, which incorporates an attention mechanism to accurately identify wood-boring pests using the limited vibration signals generated by feeding larvae. Acoustic sensors can be used to collect boring vibration signals from the larvae of the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire, 1888 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and the small carpenter moth (SCM), Streltzoviella insularis Staudinger, 1892 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). After preprocessing steps such as clipping and segmentation, Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) are extracted as inputs for the BorerNet model, with noisy signals from real environments used as the test set. BorerNet learns from the input features and outputs identification results. The research findings demonstrate that BorerNet achieves an identification accuracy of 96.67% and exhibits strong robustness and generalization capabilities. Compared to traditional methods, this approach offers significant advantages in terms of automation, recognition efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. It enables the early detection and treatment of pest infestations and allows for the development of targeted control strategies for different pests. This introduces innovative technology into the field of tree health monitoring, enhancing the ability to detect wood-boring pests early and making a substantial contribution to forestry-related research and practical applications.
Arthropods are the most diverse group of animals on the planet. In recent decades, however, the declining of arthropods is becoming more widespread, emphasizing the need for conservation actions aimed at preserving these organisms. Though, in order to design meaningful conservation strategies, consistent information on the species distribution is required. Overall, however, it is complicated to acquire such information purely on the basis of field assessments. Consequently, the use of remote sensing methods in species distribution studies is gaining more popularity recently. However, the capability of remote sensing techniques to map the distribution of arthropods is rather poorly studied. The main aim of the present research is to study the arthropod distribution in a heterogeneous mire habitat. Overall, the study consisted of the following steps: (1) the collection of data in the field; (2) the calculation of habitat preferences for each arthropod species; (3) the conversion of arthropod quantity data from the point-based representation to the surface-based one; (4) the classification of the mire vegetation with the machine learning algorithm using a very high spatial resolution (25 cm) imagery; (5) combining all the previous data together and estimating the arthropod spatial distribution within the studied mire habitat. The results showed that the arthropod diversity was rather high within the Apšuciems mire. Also, it was concluded that there were no distinct “hotspots” of arthropod species richness in the mire territory, and different arthropod species had rather different spatial distributions within the Apšuciems mire. We concluded from this study, that when combined with in-situ sampling, remote sensing is a powerful tool for utilization in arthropod distribution studies in heterogeneous mire habitats.
This chapter discusses the extent to which insects are affected by global warming, but
since it is hardly possible to fully disclose and examine the effects of global warming
on insects, the most populous group in the world, in just one chapter or even a book,
we have assumed here the task to provide a general overview of insects in relation to
some current studies and approaches to insects in the context of global warming and
climate change. We consider the level of these studies on an order basis, what are the
general concerns and objects of study covered by these studies on global warming,
and especially what are the responses of insects to global warming (particularly behavioral-migration one). Finally, we also envisage the scenarios that may occur under
the effects of global warming.
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