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The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, Gullan and Cranston 5th edition, 2014 file name - G-C The Insectsproof
Abstract
These are the final proofs (pre-production, used to set print from) of all chapters and tables and illustrations from edition 5 (the most recent and last).
Pagination seems to match the print. Regular search should find what you want.
These proofs will be available through Researchgate (Peter S Cranston) until coronacrisis abates and more regular academic teaching is restored.
A request of users - if you are a professional entomologist, please consider purchase of a hardcopy of the text if you do not already own this edition. If you are a student in entomology please consider giving a small donation to a conservation charity for these proofs. If you do become a professional entomologist, please consider purchase of a hard copy.
... They are also one of the most impacted groups. Given their diversity, arthropods are also responsible for providing the majority of ecosystem services to humankind [15][16][17]. Burns [18] developed a theoretical framework that adapts MacArthur and Wilson's theory of island biogeography [19] to account for the distinctions between native and introduced species on islands. This framework was successfully tested on the Azorean islands [20]. ...
The ongoing decline of insect populations highlight the need for long-term ecological monitoring. As part of the "SLAM-Long Term Ecological Study of the Impacts of Climate Change on the Natural Forests of Azores" project, we investigated changes in arthropod diversity and community structure over a ten-year period (2012-2022) in the native forest of the island of Terceira (Azores). Focused on two arthropod assemblages (indigenous and non-indigenous species) monitored with SLAM traps, we asked if there was a distinguishable pattern in the diversity and structure of the studied arthropod subsets in a pristine island native forest. Species richness remained relatively constant. Endemic arthropods dominated and remained stable over time, indicating the forest's ecological stability. In contrast, the assemblage of native non-endemic arthropods underwent changes, including increased hyperdominance and decreased biomass. The introduced arthropod assemblage showed more erratic dynamics driven by species turnover. Results suggested that temporal variation in each subset may be due to different ecological processes and that niche filtering may limit the establishment and spread of introduced arthropods. This research contributes to our understanding of the temporal dynamics of arthropods in native island forests and highlights the need for ongoing conservation efforts to protect these fragile ecosystems.
We report the results of DNA barcoding week-long Malaise trap catches from 11 sites in three Thai conservation areas, concentrating on the parasitoid Hymenoptera, particularly the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. From a total of 15,338 parasitoid wasp sequences, 13,473 were barcode compliant and could be assigned to a family based on morphology and sequence data. These collectively represented 4917 unique BINs (putative species) in 46 families, with the Scelionidae, Ichneumonidae, Eulophidae, Braconidae and Platygastridae being, by far, the most abundant. Spatial proximity had a strong positive effect on the numbers of BINs shared between traps.
Ecological farming is increasing worldwide, as more and more consumers prefer chemical-free fruits. As a result, ecological farming is becoming increasingly appealing to European farmers, including those in Romania. However, implementing an effective ecological phytosanitary program remains a challenge for farmers due to limited options and a lack of information about their effectiveness. Romania is a major producer of plums and ranks second in the world after China. Aphids are common pests of plum, and some species are vectors of the damaging Plum pox virus, and therefore require special attention regarding their control. Eight ecological products were tested both in the field and laboratory for a duration of three vegetative periods to determine their efficiency in aphid control. The effects of ecological products were compared with five chemical insecticides known to be effective against aphids. Observations were made 24 and 48 h after spraying. Two of the eight ecological products tested were proven to be efficient in aphid control, Ovipron Top and Prev-Am, with a mortality rate over 90%. The results indicate that these two ecological products are comparable in effectiveness to chemical insecticides and could be suitable candidates for both ecological and conventional treatment programs.
Simple Summary
Mosquito populations experience variations in temperature across space and time as well as temperature rises associated with climate change. Our understanding of how temperature affects blood feeding behavior and activity levels in adult mosquitoes is currently limited, particularly in Aedes albopictus, the tiger mosquito. Aedes albopictus is a successful invasive mosquito around the globe that vectors several arboviruses important to human health. We evaluated the impacts of temperature on the behavior of adult females of Aedes albopictus from a population from St. Louis, MO. The mosquitoes were reared from hatch to adult across three temperature treatments (26 °C, 29 °C, and 32 °C) and we compared the propensity to blood feed in adults and the size of the blood meal ingested. We also measured the general activity patterns of adults that were raised for their entire life cycle across these three temperature treatments. At the highest temperature tested, female adult Ae. albopictus were less likely to blood feed yet moved more actively around the cage. These behavioral responses to higher temperatures suggest these conditions may be stressful to the adults, at which point they reduce normal behaviors associated with disease transmission and may seek out refugia to buffer the heat stress. These responses may negatively impact their population growth and also reduce biting and transmission rates during periods of relatively high temperatures.
Abstract
Temperature has been shown to have profound effects on mosquito population dynamics and life history. Understanding these effects can provide insight into how mosquito populations and the diseases they transmit may vary across space and time and under the changes imposed by climate change. In this study, we evaluated how temperature affects the blood feeding and general activity patterns in the globally invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus. We reared cohorts of Ae. albopictus from hatch through adulthood across three temperatures (26 °C, 29 °C, and 32 °C). The propensity of adult females to take a blood meal and the size of the blood meal were compared across temperatures. We also observed the overall activity levels of adult females over a 13.5 h period. At the highest temperature tested (32 °C), females were less likely to take a blood meal and were most active, as measured through frequency of movement. We postulate that our highest-temperature treatment imposes heat stress on adult female Ae. albopictus, where many abstain from blood feeding and increase movement in an attempt to escape the heat stress and find a more favorable resting location.
There are many morphological and histological studies in the world to investigate the structure of the external and internal organs of insects. These studies not only serve to illuminate the biology of insect species, but also to reveal taxonomic relationships. For this purpose, the detailed structure of the testis and accessory glands that are the main organs of the male reproductive system of Bolua turkiyae Ünal, 1999 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) was searched with a light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope techniques in 2019-2020 in Gazi University, Prof. Dr. Zekiye Suludere Electron Microscope Center in this study. B. turkiyae is an endemic species distributed around Bolu province in Turkey. The reproductive system of male B. turkiyae is comprised of testis, vas deferens, and accessory glands. When the cross-sections of the oval and yellow testis were examined, it was observed that they contain many follicles. There are cysts in these follicles that have the developmental stages of the sperm. From the distal ends of the follicles to the proximal ends, the germarium, growth zone, maturation zone, and transformation zone are located respectively. In these stages, spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatids, and finally spermatozoa are formed. Accessory glands are hollow tubular structures of two different sizes and diameters. Single-layered cubic or pyramidal cells surround the lumen in both groups of accessory glands. It is hoped that these new data will contribute to our understanding of the structure of the male reproductive system of B. turkiyae.
The jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is one of six high-value non-seasonal tropical fruits identified as a target for export fruit products in the Malaysia National Key Economic Area (NKEA) report. It is challenging to sustain the jackfruit crop’s productivity and achieve the targets for the growth of premium fruits because of the emergence of plant diseases that can affect yields. This paper discusses the influence of abiotic factors, including landscape and weather, on the occurrence of Erwinia carotovora disease. This paper applied Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and hotspot analysis to understand the occurrence of the disease from the landscape and spatial perspective. The findings suggest that the rate of E. carotovora in jackfruit trees (based on a percentage of the area affected) is significantly affected by the proximity of the trees to roads, rivers, and irrigation. At the same time, the frequency of E. carotovora is substantially dependent on rainfall levels. The Koenker (BP) statistic provides a consistent set of results that explain the relationship between variables that impact the occurrence of dieback jackfruit disease remains the same over the study area. This study helps us understand how specific landscape characteristics and climatic variables influence jackfruit dieback disease. This area of research is essential so that the best land management practices can be adapted to prevent future disease occurrences.
From 2000 to 2013, an inventory was conducted by introductory entomology classes from the College of Marin (COM) with the twin goals of describing this insect community and enhancing students' educational experiences. General collecting was the main method, supplemented by rearing of immature stages and by light, pitfall, and pan trapping. After specimens were processed and identified, literature review provided information on five key life history traits of the species: area of origin, range, habitat, feeding habit, and dietary specificity. Four-hundred ninety species or morphospecies were recorded from 12 orders and 133 families. Diptera was the order with the most species. For 449 species with information available, 45% were plant feeders, 21% were predators, and 17% were parasites. For 274 species with information on dietary breadth, 57% were generalists and 43% were specialists. One species and four distinctive populations of other species were endemic to the site. Thirty-nine species had distributions likely restricted to the sand dunes of the immediate Pacific Coastal slope. Groups of species shared with adjacent habitats were also important components of the community. Findings are compared with the information available from other sand dune faunas. The diversity and uniqueness of this community warrant continued conservation efforts, especially the removal of invasive plant species. Students received benefits beyond those expected from the standard introductory course. Recommendations are made for improvement of the description of this community and for the more efficient integration of inventory of local insect faunas into general entomology classes.
The most incredible diversity, abundance, spread, and adaptability in biology are found in insects. The foundation of insect study and pest management is insect recognition. However, most of the current insect recognition research depends on a small number of insect taxonomic experts. We can use computers to differentiate insects accurately instead of professionals because of the quick advancement of computer technology. The “YOLOv5” model, with five different state of the art object detection techniques, has been used in this insect recognition and classification investigation to identify insects with the subtle differences between subcategories. To enhance the critical information in the feature map and weaken the supporting information, both channel and spatial attention modules are introduced, improving the network’s capacity for recognition. The experimental findings show that the F1 score approaches 0.90, and the mAP value reaches 93% through learning on the self-made pest dataset. The F1 score increased by 0.02, and the map increased by 1% as compared to other YOLOv5 models, demonstrating the success of the upgraded YOLOv5-based insect detection system.
An insect’s living systems—circulation, respiration, and a branching nervous system—extend from the body into the wing. Wing hemolymph circulation is critical for hydrating tissues and supplying nutrients to living systems such as sensory organs across the wing. Despite the critical role of hemolymph circulation in maintaining healthy wing function, wings are often considered “lifeless” cuticle, and flows remain largely unquantified. High-speed fluorescent microscopy and particle tracking of hemolymph in the wings and body of the grasshopper Schistocerca americana revealed dynamic flow in every vein of the fore- and hindwings. The global system forms a circuit, but local flow behavior is complex, exhibiting three distinct types: pulsatile, aperiodic, and “leaky” flow. Thoracic wing hearts pull hemolymph from the wing at slower frequencies than the dorsal vessel; however, the velocity of returning hemolymph (in the hindwing) is faster than in that of the dorsal vessel. To characterize the wing’s internal flow mechanics, we mapped dimensionless flow parameters across the wings, revealing viscous flow regimes. Wings sustain ecologically important insect behaviors such as pollination and migration. Analysis of the wing circulatory system provides a template for future studies investigating the critical hemodynamics necessary to sustaining wing health and insect flight.
(1) Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus and E. brandti (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cryptorrhychinae) are both pests of Ailanthus altissima, found in China. During ovipositing, gravid females of the two weevils need to excavate a cavity in the oviposition substrate with their rostrum, while their oviposition sites are different. (2) In this study, to explore the boring mechanism of E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti during ovipositing, the morphologic characters of the rostra of two weevils were studied in detail by scanning electron microscopy and micro-CT. (3) Their rostra appear similar, but the rostrum surface of E. scrobiculatus is rougher than that of E. brandti; their fine structures of rostrum and sensilla distribution are similar, but the sensilla twig basiconica 3 is distributed at the apex of labial palpus in E. brandti females, while not at the apex of labial palpus in E. scrobiculatus females; their rostra are hollow and their cuticle thickness is constantly changing, but the proportion of the whole rostrum tube cuticle in E. scrobiculatus is significantly larger than that of E. brandti. The above structural differences make E. scrobiculatus more conducive to oviposition in the soil and E. brandti more conducive to oviposition in the trunk of A. altissima. (4) Overall, this study not only plays an important role in exploring the excavating mechanism during the oviposition of the two weevils, but also provides new insights into the coexistence of two weevil species on the same host A. altissima.
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