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From geological mapping to representation in BIM
Abstract
en Starting with geological field mapping in the tunnel, a process can be implemented to transform all geological observations into data structures for later use in BIM systems. All necessary basics are already available and a reference implementation has been programmed. When corresponding standards become available, which will be the case in the next one to two years, universal interchangeability of the information will also be provided. This will ensure that the ground model can be maintained through the life cycle, and the ground – as part of the Digital Twin of the structure – is available in later project phases like operation, maintenance, enlargement und renaturation.
Abstract
de Beginnend mit der geologischen Feldaufnahme im Tunnel kann ein Prozess implementiert werden, der es erlaubt, alle Beobachtungen in Datenstrukturen zu überführen, die im Building Information Modeling (BIM) weiterverwendbar sind. Alle erforderlichen Grundlagen dafür sind bereits vorhanden und eine Referenzimplementierung ist ausprogrammiert. Sind entsprechende Standards verfügbar, was in den nächsten ein bis zwei Jahren der Fall sein wird, ist auch die universelle Austauschbarkeit der Information gegeben. Damit ist gewährleistet, dass das Baugrundmodell durch den gesamten Lebenszyklus des Bauwerks mitgeführt wird, und damit der Baugrund als Teil des digitalen Zwillings des Bauwerks in Betriebs‐, Erweiterungs‐ und Rückbauphasen uneingeschränkt zur Verfügung steht.
... Usage of a BIM-based DT Early optimisation of the building [28][29][30] Lifecycle management of the building [16,[31][32][33][34][35][36] Condition assessment [37][38][39] Optimisation of existing operations [39][40][41][42] Creation of a DT using a BIM DT as an evolved BIM with real-time data [29,32,35,[37][38][39][40]42] BIM provide geometrical data/3D model [16,[29][30][31]33,35,[37][38][39][40][41][42] BIM contains static data [28,35,40,42] Benefits of a BIM-based DT for lifecycle management BIM mainly used in early stages of the lifecycle [16,28,40] Simulations/Predictions of building lifecycle [28,29,31,41] Improve decision-making [28,29,[31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][40][41][42]] Improve operations [32,33,36,40] Improvements for data management Centralised source/Data sharing [16,29,32,33,38,40,41] Digital continuity/Interoperability [16,28,29,32,[34][35][36][37]40,41] Data linked to models [32][33][34]37,41,43] ...
... Usage of a BIM-based DT Early optimisation of the building [28][29][30] Lifecycle management of the building [16,[31][32][33][34][35][36] Condition assessment [37][38][39] Optimisation of existing operations [39][40][41][42] Creation of a DT using a BIM DT as an evolved BIM with real-time data [29,32,35,[37][38][39][40]42] BIM provide geometrical data/3D model [16,[29][30][31]33,35,[37][38][39][40][41][42] BIM contains static data [28,35,40,42] Benefits of a BIM-based DT for lifecycle management BIM mainly used in early stages of the lifecycle [16,28,40] Simulations/Predictions of building lifecycle [28,29,31,41] Improve decision-making [28,29,[31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][40][41][42]] Improve operations [32,33,36,40] Improvements for data management Centralised source/Data sharing [16,29,32,33,38,40,41] Digital continuity/Interoperability [16,28,29,32,[34][35][36][37]40,41] Data linked to models [32][33][34]37,41,43] ...
... Usage of a BIM-based DT Early optimisation of the building [28][29][30] Lifecycle management of the building [16,[31][32][33][34][35][36] Condition assessment [37][38][39] Optimisation of existing operations [39][40][41][42] Creation of a DT using a BIM DT as an evolved BIM with real-time data [29,32,35,[37][38][39][40]42] BIM provide geometrical data/3D model [16,[29][30][31]33,35,[37][38][39][40][41][42] BIM contains static data [28,35,40,42] Benefits of a BIM-based DT for lifecycle management BIM mainly used in early stages of the lifecycle [16,28,40] Simulations/Predictions of building lifecycle [28,29,31,41] Improve decision-making [28,29,[31][32][33][34][35][37][38][39][40][41][42]] Improve operations [32,33,36,40] Improvements for data management Centralised source/Data sharing [16,29,32,33,38,40,41] Digital continuity/Interoperability [16,28,29,32,[34][35][36][37]40,41] Data linked to models [32][33][34]37,41,43] ...
In recent years, the use of digital twins (DT) to improve maintenance procedures has increased in various industrial sectors (e.g., manufacturing, energy industry, aerospace) but is more limited in the construction industry. However, the operation and maintenance (O&M) phase of a building’s life cycle is the most expensive. Smart buildings already use BIM (Building Information Modeling) for facility management, but they lack the predictive capabilities of DT. On the other hand, the use of extended reality (XR) technologies to improve maintenance operations has been a major topic of academic research in recent years, both through data display and remote collaboration. In this context, this paper focuses on reviewing projects using a combination of these technologies to improve maintenance operations in smart buildings. This review uses a combination of at least three of the terms “Digital Twin”, “Maintenance”, “BIM” and “Extended Reality”. Results show how a BIM can be used to create a DT and how this DT use combined with XR technologies can improve maintenance operations in a smart building. This paper also highlights the challenges for the correct implementation of a BIM-based DT combined with XR devices. An example of use is also proposed using a diagram of the possible interactions between the user, the DT and the application framework during maintenance operations.
... borehole geophysics, in-situ tests, auto mated discontinuity detection. However, deliverables frequently include only interpretations and not the native data sets [18]. Optimal later use of the data is en abled by: ...
... Im Zuge der Bauausführung werden zahlreiche Methoden angewendet, um die angetroffenen geologischen Verhältnisse zu dokumentieren [18] und mit der Prognose abzugleichen. ...
... In the course of the construction phase, numerous methods are used to document the encountered geological conditions [18] and to compare them with the prediction. ...
en Digital data acquisition and processing in geology and geotechnics are essential in all phases of a tunnelling project. This article describes typical work flows of engineering geology and the digital tools used, and discusses the requirements, chances and risks associated with the integration of ground models into BIM projects. The handling of factual data is depicted, but the main topic is the development and application of interpreted geological models for tunnelling. Aspects like the transferred information and its localisation, uncertainty of a prediction and requirements for formats, data structures and software environment are discussed. Efficient exchange and long‐term usability of information demands clear definitions for the specialist models and use cases to be covered.
Abstract
de Digitale Datenerfassung und Verarbeitung spielen in der Geologie und Geotechnik in allen Phasen eines Tunnelprojekts eine große Rolle. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt typische Aufgaben der Ingenieurgeologie und dabei genutzte digitale Methoden und diskutiert Rahmenbedingungen, Chancen und Risiken bei der Einbeziehung der Baugrundinformationen in ein BIM‐Projekt. Der Umgang mit verschiedenen geologisch‐geotechnischen Grundlagendaten wird beschrieben. Der Fokus liegt aber auf der ingenieurgeologischen Interpretation und Bereitstellung von Modellen für den Tunnelbau. Dabei wird auf Aspekte wie die transportierten Informationen und deren Verortung, Unsicherheiten einer Prognose sowie Anforderungen an Formate, Datenstrukturen und Arbeitsumgebungen eingegangen. Diesbezüglich klare Rahmenbedingungen und Definitionen für die jeweiligen Anwendungsfälle und Fachmodelle sind Voraussetzung für einen effizienten Austausch sowie die Nutzung und langfristige Verwertbarkeit der Informationen.
... Based on the DT model, some passive heat-gain reduction measures through the building envelope were analysed and compared with each other, such as the building's orientation, shading, insulation levels, and window performances. In the field of infrastructure, starting with geological field mapping in tunnels, Weichenberger, et al. [119] proposed a process for transforming all geological survey data into data structures in BIM systems for later use. The process can provide a 3D information ground model, which can be maintained as part of the structure's DT through the life cycle, to assist the operations, maintenance, enlargement and renaturation. ...
Digital Twin (DT) concept has recently emerged in civil engineering; however, some problems still need to be addressed. First, DT can be easily confused with Building Information Modelling (BIM) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Second, the constituents of DT applications in this sector are not well-defined. Also, what the DT can bring to the civil engineering industry is still ambiguous. To address these problems, we reviewed 468 articles related to DT, BIM and CPS, proposed a DT definition and its constituents in civil engineering and compared DT with BIM and CPS. Then we reviewed 134 papers related to DT in the civil engineering sector out of 468 papers in detail. We extracted DT research clusters based on the co-occurrence analysis of paper keywords' and the relevant DT constituents. This research helps establish the state-of-the-art of DT in the civil engineering sector and suggests future DT development.
This article presents an innovative approach to structured information exchange in ground modeling, integrating geology, geotechnics, and hydrogeology. It proposes a data framework seamlessly merging the DAUB's modeling guidelines with the University of Innsbruck research. Addressing diverse data management challenges and ensuring interoperability, the workflow offers solutions for CAD‐ and interpolation‐based modeling, enabling semi‐automated generation of Geotechnical Synthesis Models with open file format export. Overcoming obstacles, the article introduces a uniform rasterization method, defining a tunnel‐specific repository voxel (Tuxel). Results showcase a streamlined, semi‐automated process using Autodesk Civil 3D® and Seequent Leapfrog Works®, enhancing data uniformity and enabling cross‐project information exchange. This workflow provides practical solutions for collaborative ground modeling within BIM/TIM frameworks, fostering efficient and standardized data handling.
In tunnelling, the geological documentation comprises the daily recording and processing of various data for continuously assessing the geological–geotechnical conditions on‐site. One of the core tasks is the documentation of the tunnel face area. With Geodata's Tunnel Mapper, a new measuring system is presented enabling a highly automated data acquisition and the processing of a geo‐referenced three‐dimensional (3D) tunnel face model. Versions of the measuring system for both conventional and mechanised tunnelling have been developed. From the 3D model, high‐quality digital products as well as geometric and geological parameters can be derived, which serve as a basis for decisions on‐site. The data can then be integrated into the geological information system TUGIS.NET of Geoconsult, merged there with other data and further (geologically) evaluated, analysed and visualised. A spatial model that has been interpreted and quantified by the geologist can be established and used for target/actual comparisons and forecasts. The model can be transferred into building information modeling (BIM)‐compatible data structures for integration into an overall BIM model of the project. The further automation and digitalisation of the geological documentation and the full documentation (geometry and geology) of the face area are achieved in the interaction of the systems mentioned.
This article analyses and discusses the current state of the art in the development of digital ground models in tunnelling. Following a review and discussion of the literature research combined with interview responses, a deficit analysis was performed. It shows why current projects mainly work with models and software that function as isolated solutions. A lack of software developments and limited collaborative work mean that the effects of current findings cannot immediately be implemented in models. Accordingly, the enormous potential of full coaction can only be imagined. A further problem is the lack of loss‐free data exchange across varying project phases and participants. Science is already moving in the right direction with the goal of harmonising the basic systematics. Finally, requirements for a digital ground model are formulated, and in combination with collaborative working and improved communication, these result in a large number of advanced possible applications.
Purpose
A principle prerequisite for designing and constructing an underground structure is to estimate the subsurface's properties and obtain a realistic picture of stratigraphy. Obtaining direct measure of these values in any location of the built environment is not affordable. Therefore, any evaluation is afflicted with uncertainty, and we need to combine all available measurements, observations and previous knowledge to achieve an informed estimate and quantify the involved uncertainties. This study aims to enhance the geotechnical surveys based on a spatial estimation of subsoil to customised data structures and integrating the ground models into digital design environments.
Design/methodology/approach
The present study's objective is to enhance the geotechnical surveys based on a spatial estimation of subsoil to customised data structures and integrating the ground models into digital design environments. A ground model consisting of voxels is developed via Revit-Dynamo to represent spatial uncertainties employing the kriging interpolation method. The local arrangement of new surveys are evaluated to be optimised.
Findings
The visualisation model's computational performance is modified by using an octree structure. The results show that it adapts the structure to be modelled more efficiently. The proposed concept can identify the geological models' risky locations for further geological investigations and reveal an optimised experimental design. The modifications criteria are defined in global and local considerations.
Originality/value
It provides a transparent and repeatable approach to construct a spatial ground model for subsequent experimental or numerical analysis. In the first attempt, the ground model was discretised by a grid of voxels. In general, the required computing time primarily depends on the size of the voxels. This issue is addressed by implementing octree voxels to reduce the computational efforts. This applies especially to the cases that a higher resolution is required. The investigations using a synthetic soil model showed that the developed methodology fulfilled the kriging method's requirements. The effects of variogram parameters, such as the range and the covariance function, were investigated based on some parameter studies. Moreover, a synthetic model is used to demonstrate the optimal experimental design concept. Through the implementation, alternative locations for new boreholes are generated, and their uncertainties are quantified. The impact of the new borehole on the uncertainty measures are quantified based on local and global approaches. For further research to identify the geological models' risky spots, the development of this approach with additional criteria regarding the search neighbourhood and consideration of barriers and trends in real cases (by employing different interpolation methodologies) should be considered.
While pending full standardisation, the application of BIM in tunnel projects still requires customised solutions for many aspects of the design and construction phases. During construction of the tunnel, the position and orientation of segmented lining rings follows the actual path of the TBM, which is prone to steering tolerances. Hence, the final location of the lining segments is not fully determined in the design stage. The contribution presents methods and examples of the as-built documentation of segmental lining rings. Positioning data from the TBM data acquisition is employed to determine the orientation and location of each installed ring. Pre-defined geometrical prototypes (families) in the BIM system are then activated, semantically assigned to the respective ring number in the tunnel and put into their actual position by means of geometrical transformation operations. For each installed segment, project information is then linked. The data include the loading history from thrust cylinders, the operation and grouting pressures as well as the segment’s life cycle documentation. This information is highly valuable in the documentation, assessment and analysis of segment damages as well as in considerations of durability and maintenance requirements in the commissioning and operation stages of the project. Key aspects of the proposed method are the connection between BIM and TBM data acquisition, the determination of geometrical transformations and the link of semantical information. Application examples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
Dieser Beitrag stellt ein Kamerasystem für die geologische Dokumentation im maschinellen Tunnelbau vor. Das Kamerasystem wird im aktuellen F&E-Projekt TBMonitor entwickelt und auf einer TBM des Bauloses Tulfes-Pfons des Brenner-Basistunnel-Projektes getestet. Es liefert hochauflösende Bilder und eine auf Fotogrammetrie basierende vollflächige 3D-Dokumentation, indem es in Vortriebspausen in Diskenkästen im Bohrkopf montiert und die gesamte Ortsbrust bis in den Kaliberbereich befahren wird. Der Montageort bewirkt, dass der Bohrkopf zur Aufnahme der Kamera nicht angepasst werden muss. Das Design, die Komponenten, die Installation, die hochautomatisierte Prozessierung der Bilder, geologische Auswertung und die Erfahrungen eines Jahres der Nutzung in einem laufenden Tunnelbauprojekt werden vorgestellt.
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