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Effectiveness of functional monomers including sulfur on bonding durability to silverpalladium-copper-gold alloy
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to examine the effectiveness of organic sulfur compounds on bonding durability between silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy and acrylic adhesive. The Metal Link (ML) and V-Primer (VP) primers were assessed; the ML primer contains10-methacryloyloxydecy1-6, 8-dithiooctanoate (MDDT) for noble metal and6-methacryloxyhexylphosphonoacetate (MHPA) for base metal in acetone, while the VP includes 6-(4-vinylbenzyl-n-propyl) amino-1, 3, 5-triazine-2, 4-dithione (VTD) in acetone. After air-abrasion with alumina, cast disk specimens made of silver-palladium-cupper-gold alloy were primed and bonded with different acrylic adhesives (Multi-Bond or Super-Bond C&B). Unprimed specimens were also prepared as controls for each adhesive. Regarding the Super-Bond adhesive, both primers had significant effects on the post-thermocycling (100, 000cycles) shear bond strengths. Concerning the Multi-Bond adhesive, the post-thermocycling strength for the ML primer was not statistically (p>0.05) different from that for the unprimed group.
MMA-based resin cements, composite resin cements and self-adhesive resin cements are widely used in clinical dentistry. This study evaluated the bonding properties of resin cements by measuring the tensile bond strength (TBS) to various adherends, such as enamel, dentin, Au-Ag-Pd alloy and ceramic. Super Bond C & B® (SB, Sun Medical) and Multi bond II (MB, Tokuyama Dental) were used as MMA-based resin cements. ResiCem (RC, Shofu) and Panavia® F2.0 (PF, Kuraray Medical) were employed as composite resin cements. RelyX™ Unicem Cliker™ (UC, 3M ESPE), Clearfil® SA luting (SL, Kuraray Medical) and Maxcem (MC, Kerr) were used as self-adhesive resin cements. The facial surface of bovine incisors was ground with wet SiC paper up to 600 grit to prepare the enamel and dentin surfaces. Au-Ag-Pd alloy and a ceramic block were sand-blasted by Al_2O_3 particles. A composite resin block was fabricated by Clearfil® CR Inlay (Kuraray Medical) and adhered with the cements to various adherends according to the manufacturer's instructions. TBS was determined after storage for 24 hours in water at 37℃ (n=8). The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=5%). TBS with the self-adhesive resin cements tended to be significantly lower than those with the cements based on composite resin and MMA. Although the self-adhesive resin cements were easy to handle because no pre-treatment was necessary, the lower TBS values may endanger their clinical performance.
The study examined the effect of light irradiation on the shear strength of self-adhesive resin cements. Five commercially available dual-cured self-adhesive resin cements were examined. Disk specimens (10 mm diam, 1 mm thick) with or without light irradiation were prepared for each cement (n＝10 under each experimental condition). The specimens were stored in deionized water up to 4 weeks one hour after the start of cement mixing. The shear strengths were determined using the punch tool of the universal testing machine at 1 hour, 24 hours, 1 week, or 4 weeks after the start of cement mixing. The shear strengths of specimens with light irradiation tended to be greater than those without light irradiation. Also, the shear strength of specimens increased with time up to 24 hours. Light irradiation of self-adhesive cements could be effective to achieve a stable shear strength in the early setting period.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adhesive performance of luting cements to a noble metal alloy treated with metal conditioners. Cast disk specimens made of a noble metal alloy were gritblasted with alumina followed by no treatment or priming with two different types of metal conditioner. A mold was placed on the metal surface and filled with luting cement. Ten samples per test group were stored in 37 degrees C distilled water for 24 hours, then shear tested at a cross-head speed of 1.0 mm/minute. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD tests (alpha=0.05) were done. The mean bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement increased significantly with metal conditioner application compared to the controls, indicating the efficacy of the tested metal conditioners in improving bond strength. Based on the results of this study, it seemed to be a useful method to incorporate a functional monomer into resin cements so as to improve the bond strength to a noble metal alloy.
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding behavior of two acrylic resin adhesives joined to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy primed with two metal conditioners. Cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy disks were air-abraded with alumina and bonded with six combinations of two resin adhesives (Super-Bond C&B and Multi Bond) and three surface conditions (Alloy Primer, M.L. Primer, and unprimed control). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after 20,000 thermal cycles. The tri-n-butylborane initiated Super-Bond C and B resin exhibited greater bond strength than the BPO-amine initiated Multi-Bond resin. Both the Alloy Primer with a hydrophobic phosphate and the M.L. Primer with a phosphonoacetate effectively improved the 24-hour bond strength of Multi-Bond resin as well as the post-thermocycling bond strength of Super-Bond C and B resin.
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of functional monomers with phosphorus on bonding durability to titanium. Three metal conditioners (Alloy Primer, AP; Metal Link, ML; Eyesight Opaque Primer, EP) were assessed. The functional monomers for base metal are 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogenphosphate (MDP) for the AP, 6-methacryloxyhexyl phosphonoacetate (MHPA) for the ML, and methacrylatephosphate (MP) for the EP. Cast disk specimens made of high-purity titanium (T-Alloy H) were air-abraded with 70μm alumina, primed with three conditioners, and then bonded with an acrylic resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B). Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (20, 000 cycles).
Before thermocycling, the shear bond strengths for the AP and ML groups were significantly higher than those for the EP and unprimed (defined as control) groups (p<0.05). The AP group exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the ML group after thermocycling (p<0.05). Significant difference was not found between the EP and the unprimed groups regardless of thermocycling application (p>0.05).
This study aimed to evaluate the bonding behavior of two acrylic resin adhesives joined to titanium-aluminum-niobium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) alloy primed with two metal conditioners. Cast Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy disks were air-abraded with alumina and bonded with six combinations of two resin adhesives (Super-Bond C&B and Multi Bond) and three surface conditions (Alloy Primer, M.L. Primer, and unprimed control) . Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after 20,000 thermal cycles. The tri-n-butylborane initiated Super-Bond C&B resin exhibited greater bond strength than the BPO-amine initiated Multi-Bond resin. Both the Alloy Primer with a hydrophobic phosphate and the M.L. Primer with a phosphonoacetate effectively improved the 24-hour bond strength of Multi-Bond resin as well as the post-thermocycling bond strength of Super-Bond C&B resin.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the color stability of two acrylic resin adhesives with different activation systems: a benzoyl peroxide (BPO)-amine redox system and a tri-n-butylborane (TBB) derivative system. The colorimetric values of the two resins in different shades (Clear and Ivory) were determined (n=5) 24 hours after polymerization as a baseline using the L*a*b* system of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). The specimens were thereafter immersed in distilled water, and the color difference (deltaE*) values were calculated. After 24 weeks, the TBB-initiated material showed a significantly (p<0.05) lower color change than the BPO-amine-initiated material. The deltaE* values for the BPO-amine-initiated materials were 6.9 for Clear and 15.8 for Ivory, whereas those for the TBB-initiated materials were 1.3 and 1.8 respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the TBB-initiated material had superior color stability to that of the BPO-amine-initiated material.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate 2 thione primers and 3 resin adhesives for enhancement of bonding strength to a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy.
Two different sized disk specimens (10- and 8-mm diameter by 2.5-mm thick) were prepared from a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy (Castwell M.C. 12, GC). The specimens were airborne-particle abraded with 50-microm-grain alumina, conditioned either with a thiouracil primer (Metaltite, Tokuyama Dental) or with a triazine dithione primer (V-Primer, Sun Medical), and then bonded with 1 of 3 acrylic resins: a benzoyl peroxide-amine redox-initiated resin adhesive (Multi-Bond, Tokuyama Dental) or a tri-nbutylborane-initiated resin adhesive (Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick, Sun Medical). For each adhesive, unprimed specimens were prepared as experimental controls. Shear bond strength was determined after thermocycling (100,000 cycles).
Use of primers significantly (P < .05) enhanced the bond strength of specimens in all adhesives. Irrespective of the type of primer, the strength of Multi-Bond adhesive was significantly (P < .05) lower than that of Super-Bond C&B and Super-Bond Quick adhesives. The strength of the 2 tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives did not differ significantly (P > .05). The mean strength of the Super-Bond C&B adhesive was 40.4 MPa with Metaltite and 37.8 MPa with V-Primer; that of Super-Bond Quick adhesive was 40.9 MPa with Metaltite and 36.5 MPa with V-Primer.
Use of thione primers effectively enhanced the strength of the bond to the silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy. Furthermore, the combinations of primers and tri-n-butylborane-initiated adhesives were found to be more efficient for bonding.