Course-5 Energy Efficiency

Abstract

ENERGY EFFICIENCY CONCEPTS & FUNDAMENTALS

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY
CONCEPTS & FUNDAMENTALS

Energy Classification
⚫Primary and Secondary energy
⚫Commercial and Non commercial
energy
⚫Renewable and Non-Renewable
energy

Primary and Secondary Energy
Petrochemical
Open
or deep
mines
Grading
Power
station
purification
EnrichmentMining
TreatmentGas well
Cracking
and refining
Oil
well
LPG
Petrol
Diesel/fuel oils
Coal Coal
Coke
Electricity
Nuclear
Natural gas
Petroleum
Hydro
Natural gas
Source Extraction Primary energy Secondary
Energy
Major primary and secondary sources
Processing
Steam
Steam

Commercial and Non-
commercial Energy
⚫Commercial energy is energy
available at price
⚫Examples are electricity, coal, lignite, oil,
and natural gas
⚫Non-commercial energy is energy not
available in market for a price
⚫Examples are firewood, cattle dung and
agricultural wastes, solar energy, animal
power, wind energy

Renewable & Non-renewable
Energy

Global Energy Reserves (End 2008)
⚫Global coal reserves
826,001 million tonnes
⚫1258 billion barrels of
oil
⚫185 trillion cubic
metres of gas
•World oil and gas
reserves are
estimated to last 43
years and 60 years
respectively.
•Coal is likely to last a
little over 122 years

Global Primary Energy
Consumption

Primary Energy Consumption-
Some Developing and Developed Countries
Primary Energy consumption at the end of 2008
Million tones of oil equivalent( Mtoe )
Country
OIL
COAL
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
Total
USA
884.5
565
600.7
192
56.7
2298.9
Canada
102
33
90
21.1
83.6
329.7
France
92.2
11.9
39.8
99.6
14.3
257.8
Russian
Federation
130.4
101.3
378.2
36.9
37.8
684.6
UK
78.7
35.4
84.5
11.9
1.1
211.6
China
375.7
1406.3
2.3
15.5
132.4
1932.2
India
135
231.4
37.2
3.5
26.2
433.3
Pakistan
19.3
6.7
33.8
0
6.3
66.1
Indonesia
57.4
30.2
34.2
0
2.7
124.4
Iran
83.3
1.3
105.8
0
1.7
192.1
Japan
221.8
128.7
84.4
57
15.7
507.6
Malaysia
21.8
5
27.6
0
1.5
55.9
Singapore
49.9
66.1
8.3
34.2
0.9
159.4
Total World
3927.9
3303.7
2726.1
619.7
717.5
11294.9

Energy Intensity
Definition:
Energy intensity is energy consumption per unit
of GDP. Energy intensity indicates the
development stage of the country.
Energy Intensive Industries
Energy demand in the Iron and Steel, Chemical
and petrochemical, chlor-alkali, non-metallic and
other minerals,cement, food, paper and textile
industries together currently represent over half of
total industrial energy demand. They are hence
categorised as energy intensive industries.

Energy Pricing
⚫Pricing influenced by economic, social
and political compulsions
⚫Cross-subsidies: Diesel, LPG and
Kerosene subsidized by Petrol
⚫Agricultural and domestic users
subsidized by Industrial and commercial
users

Energy Security
⚫High energy demand growth rate projected.
⚫Many developing nations has to depend on
import of oil and coal to meet domestic
energy requirement .
⚫Developing nations are vulnerable to external
price shocks and supply fluctuations
⚫Need to reduce dependence on import and
diversify supplies

Energy Security
⚫Building stock piles
⚫Diversification of energy supply sources
⚫Increased capacity of fuel switching
⚫Demand restraint,
⚫Development of renewable energy sources.
⚫Energy efficiency
⚫Sustainable development

Energy Conservation and its importance
60% of world
resources
consumed so far
85% of raw energy
comes from non-
renewable sources
and hence not
available for future
generation

Energy Conservations Vs
Energy Efficiency
Incandescent Lamp
60 W Compact fluorescent Lamp
15 W
Energy Efficient Equipment uses less energy
for same output and reduces CO2emissions
CO2Emission –65 g/hr CO2Emission –16 g/hr
Figure 1.14

Energy Strategy for the Future
Energy Strategies-Immediate
⚫Rationalizing tariff structure of various energy
sources
⚫Efficiency in production, reduction in
distribution losses
⚫Promoting R&D and use of energy efficient
technologies and practices
⚫Promoting energy efficiency standards

Energy Strategies-Medium
⚫Demand side management
⚫Optimum fuel mix
⚫Increased dependence on economic
mode of transportation system for
goods and passenger movement.
⚫Recycling and waste minimisation
⚫Shift to inexhaustible sources of energy
such as solar, wind and biomass energy

Energy Strategies-Long
⚫Optimum utilization of domestic fuel
sources
⚫Improved energy infrastructure
⚫Enhancing energy efficiency
⚫Legislation towards energy efficiency
improvement.

Energy Management
“The strategy of adjusting and
optimizing energy, using systems and
procedures so as to reduce energy
requirements per unit of output while
holding constant or reducing total costs
of producing the output from these
systems”
“
The judicious and effective use of energy to maximize
profits (minimize costs) and enhance competitive
positions”

Objective of Energy Management
To achieve and maintain optimum energy
procurement and utilization, throughout
the organization
To minimize energy costs / waste without
affecting production & quality
To minimize environmental effects.

Energy Audit
Energy Audit is defined as
“the verification, monitoring and analysis of
use of energy including submission of
technical report containing recommendations
for improving energy efficiency with cost
benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce
energy consumption “

Need for Energy Audit
Three top operating expenses are energy (both
electrical and thermal), labor and materials.
Energy would emerge as a top ranker for cost
reduction
primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine
ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of
product output or to lower operating costs
Energy Audit provides a “ bench-mark”
(Reference point) for managing energy in the
organization

Types of Energy Audit
⚫Preliminary energy audit
⚫Detailed energy audit
⚫Type of energy audit chosen depends
on
⚫Function and type of industry
⚫Depth to which final audit is needed
⚫Potential and magnitude of cost
reduction desired

Preliminary Energy Audit
Methodology
Preliminary energy audit uses existing, or easily
obtained data
Establish energy consumption in the organization
Estimate the scope for saving
Identify the most likely areas for attention
Identify immediate ( no-/low-cost) improvements
Set a ‘reference point’
Identify areas for more detailed
study/measurement

Detailed Energy Audit
Evaluates all energy using system,
equipment and include detailed energy
savings and costs
Carried out in 3 phases
⚫Pre-audit Phase
⚫Audit Phase
⚫Post-Audit

Ten Steps Methodology for
Detailed Audit
Step
No
PLAN OF ACTION
PURPOSE / RESULTS
Step 1
Step 2
Phase I –Pre Audit Phase
• Plan and organise
• Walk through Audit
• Informal Interview with
Energy Manager, Production
/ Plant Manager
• Conduct of brief meeting /
awareness programme with
all divisional heads and
persons concerned (2-3 hrs.)
• Resource planning, Establish/organize a
Energy audit team
• Organize Instruments & time frame
• Macro Data collection (suitable to type of
industry.)
• Familiarization of process/plant activities
• First hand observation & Assessment of
current level operation and practices
• Building up cooperation
• Issue questionnaire for each department
• Orientation, awareness creation

Step 3
Step 4
Phase II –Audit Phase
• Primary data gathering,
Process Flow Diagram, &
Energy Utility Diagram
• Conduct survey and
monitoring
• Historic data analysis, Baseline data
collection
• Prepare process flow charts
• All service utilities system diagram
(Example: Single line power distribution
diagram, water, compressed air & steam
distribution.
• Design, operating data and schedule of
operation
• Annual Energy Bill and energy consumption
pattern (Refer manual, log sheet, name plate,
interview)
• Measurements :
Motor survey, Insulation, and Lighting
survey with portable instruments for
collection of more and accurate data.
Confirm and compare operating data with
design data.

Step 5
Step6
Step 7
Step 8
Step9
• Conduct of detailed trials
/experiments for selected
energy guzzlers
• Analysis of energy use
• Identification and
development of Energy
Conservation (ENCON)
opportunities
• Cost benefit analysis
• Reporting & Presentation to
the Top Management
• Trials/Experiments:
- 24 hours power monitoring (MD, PF,
kWh etc.).
- Load variations trends in pumps, fan
compressors etc.
- Boiler/Efficiency trials for (4 – 8
hours)
- Furnace Efficiency trials
Equipments Performance
experiments etc
• Energy and Material balance & energy
loss/waste analysis
• Identification & Consolidation ENCON
measures
▪ Conceive, develop, and refine ideas
▪ Review the previous ideas suggested by unit
personal
▪ Review the previous ideas suggested by
energy audit if any
▪ Use brainstorming and value analysis
techniques
▪ Contact vendors for new/efficient
technology
• Assess technical feasibility, economic
viability and prioritization of ENCON
options for implementation
• Select the most promising projects
• Prioritise by low, medium, long term
measures
Documentation, Report Presentation to the top
Management.

Step10
Phase III –Post Audit phase
• Implementation and Follow-
up
Assist and Implement ENCON recommendation
measures and Monitor the performance
▪ Action plan, Schedule for
implementation
▪ Follow-up and periodic review

Identification of Energy
Conservation Opportunities
⚫Energy generation
⚫Energy distribution:
⚫Energy usage by processes:
⚫Fuel substitution:

Technical and Economic
feasibility
Sample Worksheet for Economic Feasibility
Name of Energy Efficiency Measure
i. Investment
a. Equipments
b. Civil works
c. Instrumentati
on
d. Auxiliaries
2. Annual operating costs
• Cost of capital
• Maintenance
• Manpower
• Energy
• Depreciation
3. Annual savings
• Thermal Energy
• Electrical Energy
• Raw material
• Waste disposal
Net Savings /Year (Rs./year)
= (Annual savings-annual operating costs)
Payback period in months
= (Investment/net savings/year) x 12
Technology availability, space, skilled manpower, reliability,
service,Impact of measure on safety, quality, production or
process. Maintenance requirements and spares availability

Energy Audit Reporting Format

Energy
Audit
Reporting
Format

Understanding energy costs
Electricity (1 kWh) = 860 kcal/kWh (0.0036 GJ)
Heavy fuel oil (calorific value, GCV) =10.000 kcal/litre ( 0.0411 GJ/litre)
Coal (calorific value, GCV) =4000 kcal/kg ( 28 GJ/ton)
Typical summary of energy bill by a company
Conversion to common unit of energy
Table-3.4
Type of energy
Original units
Unit cost
Monthly bill INR
Equivalent
cost US$
Electricity
5,00,000 kWh
Rs. 5.00/KWh
25,00,000
50,000
Fuel oil
200 Kl
RS. 20,000/KL
40,00,000
80,000
coal
1000 tons
RS.2,000/ ton
20,00,000
40,000
Total
85,00,000
1,70,000

Benchmarking parameters for
Energy Performance
•Gross production related
e.g. kWh/MT clinker or cement produced (cement plant)
e.g. kWh/MT, kCal/kg, paper produced (Paper plant)
e.g. kCal/kWh Power produced (Heat rate of a power plant)
e.g. Million kilocals/MT Urea or Ammonia (Fertilizer plant)
•Equipment / utility related
e.g. kWh/ton of refrigeration (on Air conditioning plant)
e.g. % thermal efficiency of a boiler plant
e.g. kWh/NM3of compressed air generated
e.g. kWh /litre in a diesel power generation plant.

Energy Audit
Instruments
Electrical Measuring Instruments:
These are instruments for measuring
major electrical parameters such as kVA,
kW, PF, Hertz, kvar, Amps and Volts. In
addition some of these instruments also
measure harmonics.
These instruments are applied on-line i.e
on running motors without any need to
stop the motor. Instant measurements
can be taken with hand-held meters,
while more advanced ones facilitates
cumulative readings with print outs at
specified intervals.
Combustion analyzer:
This instrument has in-built chemical
cells which measure various gases such
as CO2, CO, NOX, SOX etc
Fuel Efficiency Monitor:
This measures Oxygen and temperature
of the flue gas. Calorific values of
common fuels are fed into the
microprocessor which calculates the
combustion efficiency.
Fyrite:
A hand bellow pump draws the flue gas
sample into the solution inside the fyrite.
A chemical reaction changes the liquid
volume revealing the amount of gas.
Percentage Oxygen or CO2 can be read
from the scale.
Contact thermometer:

Contact thermometer:
These are thermocouples which measures
for example flue gas, hot air, hot water
temperatures by insertion of probe into
the stream.
For surface temperature a leaf type probe
is used with the same instrument.
Infrared Pyrometer:
This is a non-contact type measurement
which when directed at a heat source
directly gives the temperature read out.
Can be useful for measuring hot jobs in
furnaces, surface temperatures etc.
Pitot Tube and manometer:
Air velocity in ducts can be measured
using a pitot tube and inclined manometer
for further calculation of flows.
Ultrasonic flow meter:
This a non contact flow measuring device
using Doppler effect principle. There is a
transmitter and receiver which are
positioned on opposite sides of the pipe.
The meter directly gives the flow. Water
and other fluid flows can be easily
measured with this meter.
Energy Audit
Instruments

Energy Audit
Instruments
Tachometer
Stroboscope
Speed Measurements:
In any audit exercise speed measurements
are critical as thay may change with
frequency, belt slip and loading.
A simple tachometer is a contact type
instrument which can be used where
direct access is possible.
More sophisticated and safer ones are
non contact instruments such as
stroboscopes.
Leak Detectors:
Ultrasonic instruments are available
which can be used to detect leaks of
compressed air and other gases which are
normally not possible with human
abilities.
Lux meters:
Illumination levels are measured with a
lux meter. It consists of a photo cell
which senses the light output, converts to
electrical impulses which are calibrated
as lux.

Thank You
for your kind attention

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Bakar, Politeknosains, Volume XV, Nomor 1, ISSN: 1829-6181, Maret 2016.
43. Fajrin, D. H. dan N. Sinaga. Efek Variasi Kandungan Air Terhadap Kerja Gas
Engine Cooler Suatu PLTB Limbah Organik Pasar Induk, Politeknosains, Volume
XV, Nomor 1, ISSN: 1829-6181, Maret 2016.
44. Khudhoibi dan N. Sinaga. Pengaruh Engine Remap Terhadap Beberapa
Parameter Operasi Mobil Berbahan Bakar LGV, Jurnal Ilmiah Momentum,
Volume 12, Nomor 1, ISSN : 0216-7395, April 2016.
45. Rifal, Mohamad dan N. Sinaga. Impact of Methanol-Gasoline Fuel Blend on The
Fuel Consumption and Exhaust Emission of an SI Engine, AIP Conf. Proc. 1725,
020070-1–020070-6; Published by AIP Publishing, 978-0-7354-1372-6, Maret
2016.
46. Sinaga, Nazaruddin dan A. S. B. Nasution. Simulasi Pengaruh Komposisi
Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (Pome) Terhadap Kandungan Air Biogas dan
Daya Listrik yang Dihasilkan Sebuah Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas, Eksergi,
Jurnal Teknik Energi POLINES, Vol. 12 No. 3, September 2016.
47. Sinaga, Nazaruddin dan D. Alcita. Perbandingan Beberapa Parameter Operasi
Mesin Mobil Injeksi Terhadap Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Bensin dan Campuran
Metanol-Bensin M15, Eksergi, Jurnal Teknik Energi POLINES, Vol. 12 No. 3,
September 2016.
48. Fatichuddin, Mochamad dan N.Sinaga. Pengaruh Komposisi Air Terhadap
Kebutuhan Daya Kompresor Pada Sistem Pembangkit Listrik Biogas Dari Limbah
Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit, Jurnal Ilmiah Momentum, Vol. 12 No. 2, Oktober
2016.

49. Nazaruddin Sinaga. Perancangan Awal Conventer Kit LPG Sederhana untuk
Konversi Mesin Bensin Skala Kecil, Eksergi, Jurnal Teknik Energi POLINES, Vol.
13, No. 1, Januari 2017.
50. Nazaruddin Sinaga. Kaji Numerik Aliran Jet-Swirling Pada Saluran Annulus
Menggunakan Metode Volume Hingga, Jurnal Rotasi Vol. 19, No. 2, April 2017.
51. Nazaruddin Sinaga dan M. Rifal. Pengaruh Komposisi Bahan Bakar Metanol-
Bensin Terhadap Torsi Dan Daya Sebuah Mobil Penumpang Sistem Injeksi
Elektronik 1200 CC, Jurnal Rotasi Vol. 19, No. 3, Juli 2017.
52. Nazaruddin Sinaga. Analisis Aliran Pada Rotor Turbin Angin Sumbu Horisontal
Menggunakan Pendekatan Komputasional, Eksergi, Jurnal Teknik Energi
POLINES, Vol. 13, No. 3, September 2017.
53. Nazaruddin Sinaga. Perancangan dan Pembuatan Data Logger Sederhana untuk
Dinamometer Sasis Sepeda Motor, Jurnal Rotasi, Vol. 20, No. 1, Januari 2018.
54. Mohamad Rifal dan Nazarudin Sinaga. Kaji Eksperimental Rasio Metanol-
Bensin Terhadap Konsumsi Bahan Bakar, Emisi Gas Buang, Torsi Dan Daya,
Gorontalo Journal of Infrastructure and Science Engineering, Vol 1 (1), April
2018, pp. 47-54.
55. Nazaruddin Sinaga, Maizirwan Mel, Rezeki Pakpahan, Nor Azwadi Che
Sidik. Influence of Volatile Fatty Acid Concentration on Biogas Production in
Synthropic Anaerobic Digestion, Journal of Advanced Research in Biofuel and
Bioenergy, Vol. 1 No. 1, June 2018
56. Sinaga, N., Nasution, S.B., Mel, M. Process Optimization of Biogas Production
From Palm Oil Mill Effluent: A Case Study of a Crude Palm Oil Factory in Muaro
Jambi, Indonesia, Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal
Sciences, Vol. 49, Issue 2, pp. 155-169 , September 2018, ISSN: 2289-7879
57. Nurjehan Ezzatul Ahmad, Maizirwan Mel, Nazaruddin Sinaga. Design of
Liquefaction Process of Biogas Using Aspen HYSYS Simulation, pp. 10-15, Journal
of Advanced Research in Biofuel and Bioenergy, Vol. 2 No.1, September 2018.
58. Nugroho, A., Sinaga, N., Haryanto, I. Performance of a Compression Ignition
Engine Four Strokes Four Cylinders on Dual Fuel (Diesel-LPG), Proceeding, The
17th International Conference on Ion Sources, Vol. 2014, 2018, 21 September
2018, AIP Publishing.
59. Nazaruddin Sinaga, P. Paryanto, Susilo A. Widyanto, R. Rusnaldy, Alexander
Hetzner, and Jorg Franke. An Analysis of the Effect of Gravitational Load on the
Energy Consumption of Industrial Robots, 6th CIRP Global Web Conference,
Procedia CIRP 78 (2018), pp. 8 – 12, September 2018.
60. Syaiful, Sinaga, N., Wulandari, R., Bae, M.W. Effect of Perforated Concave
Delta Winglet Vortex Generators on Heat Transfer Augmentation of Fluid Flow
Inside a Rectangular Channel: An Experimental Study. International Mechanical
and Industrial Engineering Conference 2018 (IMIEC 2018), MATEC Web of
Conferences Vol.204 , 2018 , 21-Sep-18 , EDP Sciences 12 , ISSN: 2261-236X
61. Muchammad, M., Sinaga, N., Yunianto, B., Noorkarim, M.F.,
Tauviqirrahman, M. Optimization of Texture of The Multiple Textured
Lubricated Contact with Slip, International Conference on Computation in Science

and Engineering, Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1090-012022, 5 November 2018,
IOP Publishing, Online ISSN: 1742-6596 Print ISSN: 1742-6588.
62. Nazaruddin Sinaga, B. Yunianto, Syaiful, W.H. Mitra Kusuma. Effect of
Addition of 1,2 Propylene Glycol Composition on Power and Torque of an EFI
Passenger Car Fueled with Methanol-Gasoline M15, Proceeding of International
Conference on Advance of Mechanical Engineering Research and Application
(ICOMERA 2018), Malang, October 2018.
63. Nazaruddin Sinaga, Mohammad Tauiviqirrahman, Arif Rahman Hakim, E.
Yohana. Effect of Texture Depth on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Lubricated
Contact Considering Cavitation, Proceeding of International Conference on
Advance of Mechanical Engineering Research and Application (ICOMERA 2018),
Malang, October 2018.
64. Syaiful, N. Sinaga, B. Yunianto, M.S.K.T. Suryo. Comparison of Thermal-
Hydraulic Performances of Perforated Concave Delta Winglet Vortex Generators
Mounted on Heated Plate: Experimental Study and Flow Visualization, Proceeding
of International Conference on Advance of Mechanical Engineering Research and
Application (ICOMERA 2018), Malang, October 2018.
65. Nazaruddin Sinaga, K. Hatta, N. E. Ahmad, M. Mel. Effect of Rushton Impeller
Speed on Biogas Production in Anaerobic Digestion of Continuous Stirred
Bioreactor, Journal of Advanced Research in Biofuel and Bioenergy, Vol. 3 (1),
December 2019, pp. 9-18.
66. Nazaruddin Sinaga, Syaiful, B. Yunianto, M. Rifal. Experimental and
Computational Study on Heat Transfer of a 150 KW Air Cooled Eddy Current
Dynamometer, Proc. The 2019 Conference on Fundamental and Applied Science
for Advanced Technology (Confast 2019), Yogyakarta, Januari 21, 2019.
67. Nazaruddin Sinaga. CFD Simulation of the Width and Angle of the Rotor Blade
on the Air Flow Rate of a 350 kW Air-Cooled Eddy Current Dynamometer, Proc.
The 2019 Conference on Fundamental and Applied Science for Advanced
Technology (Confast 2019), Yogyakarta, Januari 21, 2019.
68. Ahmad Faoji, Syaiful Laila, Nazaruddin Sinaga. Consumption and Smoke
Emission of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Fueled by Diesel and Jatropha Oil
Blends with Cold EGR System, Proc. The 2019 Conference on Fundamental and
Applied Science for Advanced Technology (Confast 2019), Yogyakarta, Januari
21, 2019.
69. Johan Firmansyah, Syaiful Laila, Nazaruddin Sinaga. Effect of Water Content
in Methanol on the Performance and Smoke Emissions of Direct Injection Diesel
Engines Fueled by Diesel Fuel and Jatropha Oil Blends with EGR System, Proc.
The 2019 Conference on Fundamental and Applied Science for Advanced
Technology (Confast 2019), Yogyakarta, Januari 21, 2019.
70. Syaiful, Anggie Restue, Saputra, Nazaruddin Sinaga. 2-D Modeling of
Interaction between Free-Stream Turbulence and Trailing Edge Vortex, Proc. The
2019 Conference on Fundamental and Applied Science for Advanced Technology
(Confast 2019), Yogyakarta, Januari 21, 2019.
71. Anggie Restue, Saputra, Syaiful, and Nazaruddin Sinaga. 2-D Modeling of
Interaction between Free-Stream Turbulence and Trailing Edge Vortex, Proc. The

2019 Conference on Fundamental and Applied Science for Advanced Technology
(Confast 2019), Yogyakarta, January 21, 2019.
72. Sinaga, Nazaruddin, M. Mel, D.A Purba, Syaiful, and Paridawati.
Comparative Study of the Performance and Economic Value of a Small Engine
Fueled with B20 and B20-LPG as an Effort to Reduce the Operating Cost of
Diesel Engines in Remote Areas, Joint Conference of 6th Annual Conference on
Industrial and System Engineering (6th International Conference of Risk
Management as an Interdisciplinary Approach (1st ICRMIA) 2019 on April 23-
24, 2019 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
73. Sinaga, Nazaruddin, B. Yunianto, D.A Purba, Syaiful and A. Nugroho.
Design and Manufacture of a Low-Cost Data Acquisition Based Measurement
System for Dual Fuel Engine Researches, Joint Conference of 6th Annual
Conference on Industrial and System Engineering (6th International Conference
of Risk Management as an Interdisciplinary Approach (1st ICRMIA) 2019 on
April 23-24, 2019 in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia.
74. Y Prayogi, Syaiful, and N Sinaga. Performance and Exhaust Gas Emission of
Gasoline Engine Fueled by Gasoline, Acetone and Wet Methanol Blends,
International Conference on Technology and Vocational Teacher (ICTVT-2018),
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 535 (2019) 012013
doi:10.1088/1757-899X/535/1/012013