Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Wonder Tree: Nutritional and Therapeutic Values

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Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.349
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Wonder Tree: Nutritional
and Therapeutic Values
Neeraj1, Vinita Bisht2* and Shalini Purwar2
1Jharkhand Rai University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
2Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda-210001 (U.P), India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Chironji (Buchanania lanzan Spreng.) is a member of the family Anacardiaceae
and it is originated in the Indian sub-continent, is an excellent multipurpose tree
species. Traditional indigenous knowledge reveals the immense value of almost all
parts of the plant i.e. roots, leaves, fruits, seeds and gum for various medicinal
uses. Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) is an important non-wood tree species found
in deciduous forests throughout the greater part of India. It is a multipurpose tree
and very important plant for rural and tribal economy. It is used as a fuel, fodder,
alternative host for Kusmi lac insect, and also used in cosmetic items and soaps.
Seeds/ kernel are nutritional, palatable and used as a substitute of almonds in
confectionery. It is widely used by Indian tribes for treating various diseases.
Three major chemical constituents of potent medicinal value, namely celidoniol,
vomicine, epinitol have been characterized from an organic extract of leaves. Such
extracts mainly exhibit antidiabetic, anti hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, anti-
inflammatory, wound healing, antidiarrheal, antivenom activity including a host of
other curative properties. Very recently, unique biomaterials and biofilms are
being extracted from seeds, which promise to become a major contributor in
pharmaceutical industry. At present, it is growing under forest condition as an
under exploited fruit and gives monitory reward to tribal community of the
country. The tree is natural wild growth in the tropical deciduous forests of
Northern, Western and Central India, mostly in the States of Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and in Varanasi and Mirzapur districts and
Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh. Chironji is a vulnerable medicinal plant, is
included in the Red Data Book published by International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources. In this background, there is compelling need for
developing a suitable technology facilitating easy multiplication, regeneration and
conservation of the species, simultaneously imparting and disseminating proper
knowledge and education to the tribal population.
Ke ywo rds
Deciduous forests
tribal community
knowledge and
education
Accepted:
20 January 2020
Available Online:
10 February 2020
Article Info
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 2 (2020)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

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Introduction
Chironji or Charoli, (Buchanania lanzan
Spreng.), a member of the family
Anacardiaceae, originated in the Indian sub-
continent, is an excellent tree of agro forestry.
It assumes great significance due to its
multifarious uses and capacity to withstand
adverse climatic conditions. At present, it is
growing under forest condition as an under
exploited fruit and gives monitory reward to
tribal community of the country. It is a
medium size tree, up to 40-50 ft. height with a
straight trunk. Trees have the alternate
bearing nature as present in the mango. It
flowers in the month of January- February
and ripen in April-May.
Its bark is rough, dark grey or black, fissured
into prominent squares, 1.25 to 1.75 cm thick,
and is reddish inside. Flowering starts in the
month of November and its leaves are
coriaceous, broadly oblong with a rounded
base. It bears fruits, each containing a single
seed known as “chironji” and is quite popular
as an edible nut. It avoids waterlogged areas,
but occurs on yellow sandy loam soils. Tree
can be easily identified by its dark grey
crocodile bark with red blaze and is a good
species for afforestation in bare hill slopes.
Buchanania lanzan, being a vulnerable
medicinal plant, is included in the Red Data
Book published by International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural
Resources (IUCN) (Kritikar and Basu, 1935).
Seven species of Buchanania have been
reported in India of which two B. lanzan
(Syn. B. latifolia) and B. axillaries (Syn.
angustifolia) produce edible fruits. B.
lanceolata is an endangered species. It is
found in the ever green forests of Kerala. B.
platyneura is found in Andaman only. Other
species of the genus are B. lucida, B. glabra,
B.accuminata. It is reported that the fruits of
B. platyneura are also edible. The B. exillaris
are reported to be dwarf in size and produces
excellent quality of kernel. (Chauhan et al.,
2012) . Among these species Buchanania
lanzan Spreng is most important and widely
distributed species in India. This species was
first described by Mr. Hamilton, a forester in
1798 in Burma and the genus Buchanania
was named after him. It was originated in the
Indian sub continent, and is found in India,
Burma, Nepal and few other countries
(Chauhan et al, 2012). Buchanania lanzan
Spreng commonly known as “Cuddaph
almond”, “Char”, “Chironji” or Pyar is a
valuable tree species found in mixed dry
deciduous forest throughout the grater part of
India excluding eastern Himalayan forests and
arid regions of north India. The species is
native to India.
Socio-economic importance
Chironji is a source of income for tribal
people of Chhattisgarh and other states It is
backbone of their economy. A considerable
reduction in the population of Chironji in the
forest and non-forest areas has been recorded
(Singh et al., 2002) and facing a severe threat
of extinction. Due to this, Chironji is
categorized under the 195 red listed medicinal
plant species of Indian origin, that requires
conservation measures as reported by
Foundation of Revitalization of Local Health
Tradition (FRLHT), Environmental
Information System (ENVIS) - Centre on
Medicinal Plants, Bangalore, Govt. of India.
Fresh fruit are eaten raw having pleasant,
sweetish, sub-acid flavor and consumed by
local people and also sold in the village
market. Chironji is mainly regarded for its
costly, high-priced kernels. These kernels has
almond like flavor, eaten raw or roasted form,
used as cooking spice and dry fruit in sweets,
kheer, meaty korma in India. All parts of this
plant root, leaves, gum, bark and fruits have
various medicinal applications. Chironji seeds

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are rich in nutrients and medicinal properties.
Chironji is an active source of phenolics,
natural antioxidants, fatty acids and minerals.
Its seed oil is used to treat skin diseases,
remove spots and blemishes from the face.
Ethanolic and methanolic extract of Chironji
roots has shown good anti-diarrheal activity
and significant wound healing activity,
respectively (Khatoon et al., 2015).
Soil and climate
Chirounji is very hardy plant and thrives well
on rocky and gravelly red soils. Through it is
very hardy tree but plants do not survive
under waterlogged conditions. Well drain
deep loam soil is ideal. It prefers tropical and
subtropical climate and can withstand drought
admirably. Chhattisgarh State is rich in forest
wealth and 44.2 per cent of its geographical
area is covered with forest (Anon., 2015).
Conservation methods adapted for
Chironji
As far as conservation of genetic diversity of
Chironji is concerned, both in-situ and ex- situ
approaches should be used. In the present
scenario, most appropriate strategy for
Chironji germplasm conservation is to adopt
immediate ex-situ conservation (i.e. field
genebank and cryobanking) complemented
with in-situ conservation (In-situ on-farm
conservation and in protected areas such as
National Parks) for this species. Ex-situ field
genebanks are presently being established at
horticulture research institutes of Indian
Council of Agricultural Research at Godhra,
Gujarat and Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh for
conservation and developing advance
propagation methods. Collected germplasm
has been cryostored as base collection
representing sizable diversity in the form of
127 accessions in the National Cryogene bank
at NBPGR, New Delhi for posterity and
future utilization (Malik et al., 2012).
In-vitro propagation
Sharma et al., (2005) developed a protocol for
somatic embryogenesis and plantlet
regeneration of Chironji (Buchanania lanzan)
by immature zygotic embryos cultured on
Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium
supplemented with various combinations of
2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-
benzyladenine (BA) and/or 1-naphthalene
acetic acid (NAA). The highest frequency
(60%) of somatic embryo induction was
obtained in cultures grown on MS medium
fortified with 4.53 μM 2,4-D, 5.32 μM NAA
and 4.48 μM BA. The medium supplemented
with 15 μM abscisic acid (ABA) was most
effective for maturation and germination of
somatic embryos. Shende and Rai (2005)
claimed to develop a tissue culture technique
for the rapid clonal multiplication of Chironji.
They reported multiple shoot initiation in
decoated seeds cultured on MS medium
enriched with various concentrations of
auxins and cytokinins alone or in
combination. Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium
supplemented with 22.2 μM of BAP and 5.37
μM of NAA promoted formation of the
maximum number of shoots.
Furthermore, MS medium containing 23.3 μM
kinetin induced profuse rooting of the
initiated shoots. Niratker (2016) studied in-
vitro multiple shoot induction from shoot tips
and nodal segments explants of Chironji in
half strength MS medium supplemented with
1 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA with an
average number of 3-4 shoots per explants.
The most commonly used tissue explants are
the meristematic ends of the plants such as
the stem tip, auxiliary bud tip, and root tip.
These tissues have high rates of cell division
and either concentrate or produce the required
growth-regulating substances including
auxins and cytokinins (Akin Idowu et
al.,2009).

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Vegetative propagation
Vegetative propagation methods like chip
budding and softwood grafting (Singh and
Singh, 2014) are also standardized and
reported in Chironji. But these are less
effective due to loss availability of rootstocks
and dependency on seasonal conditions.
Moreover, propagation through root cutting is
a very slow process (Singh et al., 2002).
Srivastava (1996) reported that the tree is
propagated from seeds which remain enclosed
inside a hard shell. To get better germination,
the shell of the fruit should be cracked
carefully, he added. He further reported that
fresh seeds give better germination and by
using such seeds he observed 70 %
germination. Choubey et al., (1997) reported
that best germination observed with 1 per cent
HgCl treatment in chironji.
Vegetative propagation through soft wood
grafting and chip budding was successful but
rarely tried as no demand of plants has been
generated in want of commercial cultivation,
they reported. Shukla et al., (1999) reported
that 48-hour seed soaking in ordinary water
gave as high as 71 per cent seed germination.
On the other hand, mechanical breaking of
stony endocarp resulted in 83 percent
germination. However, they mentioned that
mechanical breaking is time consuming and
posse’s high risk of damage to embryo. They
also reported that seed can be stored in air
tight containers up to one year.
Ethnomedicinal importance
The tribal people often consume and sale the
highly nutritious seeds to sustain and also to
earn their livelihood. The seeds possess 3.0%
moisture and are rich in lipid/fat (59.0%),
protein (19.0-21.6%), starch/carbohydrate
(12.1%), fibre (3.8%), minerals such as
calcium (279.0 mg), phosphorus (528.0 mg),
iron (8.5 mg) and vitamins such as thiamine
(0.69 mg), ascorbic acid/vitamin C (5.0 mg),
riboflavin (0.53 mg), niacin (1.50 mg) and
also contain 34-47% fatty oil. The seeds are
also used as expectorant and tonic. The oil
extracted from kernels is applied on skin
diseases and also used to remove spots and
blemishes from the face. The root is used as
expectorant, in biliousness and also for curing
blood diseases. The juice of the leaves is
digestive, expectorant, aphrodisiac, and
purgative. The gum after mixing with goat
milk is used as an analgesic (singh., et al.,
2002). Seed collection should be done from
2nd to 3rd week of May for quality seed
collection with respect to fruit weight, kernel
weight, germination percent, and chemical
content i.e. oil, protein and sugar contents.
Destructive harvesting could be checked by
educating forest tribal population about
collection of ripe fruits at proper time i.e.
from 2nd to 3rd week of May without
damaging the trees by organized collection
(Choubey, 1997).
Phytochemical profile
This plant like many other forest plants is
storehouse of important unknown phyto-
medicines. Till now sporadic reports have
been published that reveals that specially leaf,
bark, and seed are the major source of various
important metabolites of great pharmaceutical
value. Of late, researchers are focusing their
attention on various forest plants including
Chironji. The leaves are reported to contain
tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids,
kaempferol-7-o’glucosides, quercetin-3-
rahmnoglucoside, quercetin, gallic acid,
kaemferol, and reducing sugars, including a
new glycoside, and myricetin-3’-rhmnoside-
3-galactoside (Nasim et al., 1992; Mehta et
al.,2010). The bark contains tannins,
alkaloids, and saponins. The seed and seed oil
contains fibres, carbohydrates, mineral, fats,
vitamin B1, B2, B3, C, calcium, chlorine
copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus,,

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potassium, sodium, sulfur, fatty oil, β-amyrin
(Khare., 2007) . The fatty acid composition of
B. lanzan seed oil, determined by urea
complex formation and gas liquid
chromatography is found to contain
following: Myristic, 0.6%; palmitic, 33.4%;
stearic, 6.3%; oleic, 53.7%; and linoleic,
6.0%. Triglyceride compositions of the native
seed oil and its randomised product are
calculated from the fatty acid compositions of
the triglycerides and of the corresponding 2-
monoglycerides produced by pancreatic lipase
hydrolysis.
The oil is composed of 3.2%, 35.8%, 45.5%,
and 15.5% tri-saturated, monounsaturated di-
saturated, di-unsaturated mono-saturated and
tri-unsaturated glycerides, respectively. The
special characteristic of the B. lanzan seed oil
is its content of 22.7%, 31.0%, and 11.3%
dipalmitoolein, dioleopalmitin, and triolein.
Three major chemical constituents isolated
from the methanolic extract of leaves,
characterized based on chemical tests and
spectral analysis such as infrared, H nuclear
magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy were
epinitol, vomicine, and celidoniol (Mehta et
al., 2011).
Celidoniol Vomicine Epinitol
Medicinal and curative properties
B. lanzan is a widely used plant with a history
of traditional medicinal use for the treatment
of various diseases. It is used in the form of
decoction to treat intrinsic haemorrhage,
diarrhoea with blood and as tonic. Grown up
child who has left the breast milk should be
given sweet bolus prepared of B. lanzan
kernels, madhuka (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
honey, parched paddy and sugar candy.
Kernels made into a powder and used with
milk as aphrodisiac and in case of fever and
burning sensation.
Powder of the bark mixed with honey is
useful in blood dysentery. This plant has a
long history of folk use in tribal societies
across tropical regions of the world. At
present, in this era of herbal science, in depth
research is being carried out in every such
plants to discover pharmaceutically active
novel magic drugs. In this review, we tried to
project a comprehensive account of the global
effort already undertaken to explore the
phytomedicinal wealth of B. lanzan.
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities
Inflammation is considered as a primary
physiologic defence mechanism that helps
body to protect itself against infection, burn,
toxic chemicals, allergens, or other noxious
stimuli. The in vivo anti-inflammatory activity
is evaluated in rats by using carrageenan-
induced paw edema, as an acute model and
formaldehyde induced arthritis as a chronic
model. The methanolic extract of B. lanzan
kernel (200 mg/kg body wt) significantly
decreased paw volume, after oral
administration of the extract (Duragkar and
Bhusari., 2010). The methanolic extract of the
leaves of B.lanzan at different doses used
showed good anti-inflammatory activity,

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which has been done significantly, by the
formation of oedema induced by carrageenan.
These results are also comparable to aspirin,
the reference drugs used in this study. It
indicates the efficacy of the methanolic
extract as a therapeutic agent in acute as well
as chronic inflammatory conditions (Mehta et
al., 2011).
Antioxidant activity
Antioxidants help to deal with oxidative stress
which is caused by free radical damage. In
vitro antioxidant activity is performed on
metanolic extract of B. lanzan kernel by 1, 1-
diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and
reducing power method. Quantitative
estimation of total polyphenolic content of the
extract is estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu
method. The extract exhibits significant
antioxidant activity. The in vitro antioxidant
activity of phenolic compounds in the
methanol and acetone extract of B. lanzan
root is established. Both extract shows good
degree of electron donation capacity in terms
of relative reductive efficiency (RRE), but
methanolic extract shows more RRE (0.79)
value as compared to acetone extract (0.60)
due to more content of phenolics. In cyclic
voltammetry measurement lower oxidation
potential of methanol extract shows higher
antioxidant efficacy. In DPPH system, the
strongest radical scavenging activity was
exhibited by the methanolic extract (EC50 =
0.24±0.02) (Pareta et al., 2011).
Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic
activity
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic
disease caused by an absolute or relative lack
of insulin and or reduced insulin activity.
Hyperlipidemic condition is metabolic
complication of both clinical and
experimental diabetes (Gandhi., 2001). Low
density lipoprotein in diabetic patients leads
to abnormal metabolism and is associated
with increase in very low density lipoprotein
(VLDL) secretion and impaired VLDL
catabolism. Ultimately, this leads to
atherosclerotic plaque formation (Kameshra
et al., 2001). Those with blood glucose levels
>190±8 mg/dl are administered the
methanolic leaf extract of B. lanzan (100 or
200 mg/kg, body weight) or positive control
for 21 days. Blood glucose and lipid profile
are evaluated.
Adaptogenic activity
Adaptogens cause an adaptive reaction to a
disease and are useful in many unrelated
illness and appear to produce a state of non-
specific increased resistance during stress
resulting in stress protection (Alexender and
Wickman 2010). The methanolic extract of B.
lanzan leaves are evaluated for adaptogenic
activity using the swim endurance model in
all groups under normal and stressed
conditions. Urinary vanillyl mandelic acid
(VMA) and ascorbic acid are selected as non-
invasive biomarkers to evaluate the antistress
activity. The 24 hrs urinary excretion of VMA
and ascorbic acid are determined by
spectrophotometric methods. Daily
administration of the extract at doses of 10,
20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/kg body weight prior to
induction of stress inhibited stress-induced
urinary biochemical changes in a dose-
dependent manner without altering the levels
in normal control groups. The methanolic
extract exhibited significant anti-stress
activity (Mehta et al., 2011).
Wound healing activity
The ethanolic extract of B. lanzan fruits was
used in Albino rats for wound healing activity
and used to study the effect in dexamethasone
suppressed wound healing. Three wound
models viz., incision, excision and dead space
wounds were used in this study. The

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parameters studied are breaking strength in
case of incision wounds, epithelialization and
wound contraction in case of excision wound
and granulation tissue dry weight, breaking
strength and hydroxyproline content in case
of dead space wound.
The dexamethasone treated group showed a
significant (p<0.001) reduction in the wound
breaking strength when compared to control
group in incision type of wound model. Co-
administration of B. lanzan with
dexamethasone significantly (p<0.001)
increased the breaking strength of
dexamethasone treated group. In-vivo wound
healing supporting study mediated by
carrageenan induced paw edema as anti-
inflammatory activity. Herbal gel was
formulated incorporating one of the active
ethyl acetate sub-fractions in two
concentrations (1% and 5%). Gel was
evaluated for its spreadability, pH, color,
consistency and appearance. The 5% gel
exhibited significant increase in percentage of
wound contraction as well as growth in tensile
strength with 177 g (p<0.05) and 181.2 g
(p<0.01), respectively (Mehta et al., 2014).
Memory booster
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive
neurodegenerative brain disorder that occurs
gradually and results in memory loss, unusual
behavior, personality changes, and ultimately
death (Reddy., 1997). Biochemical
abnormalities such as reduction of
acetyltransferase, acetylcholine biosynthases
and increase in acetyl cholinesterase (AChE),
and metabolism are strongly associated the
degree of cognitive impairment (Ellen.,
1997). Petroleum ether extract of seeds of
B.lanzan (PEB) (500 mg/kg, oral) is studied
for its neuro-psychopharmacological effect in
experimental rats.
Activity of seeds extract on memory
acquisition and retention is studied using
elevated plus maze and step down apparatus
models, and AChE enzyme level at discreet
parts of brain is also estimated.
Administration of PEB (500 mg/kg) to
positive control and treated groups showed
significant reduction in transfer latency in
elevated plus maze, increase in step down
latency in step down apparatus models and
reduction of acetylcholine esterase enzyme
activity in different regions of the brain as
compared with the other groups (Neelkanth.,
2011).
Antivenom activity
B. lanzan includes in the list of the plants
which have anti-snake venom activity. Fruit
and bark extract of B. lanzan is used for the
treatment of snake bite in Chhattisgarh region
(Minu et al., 2012). The ethanolic extract of
B. lanzan bark was studied against toxicity
induced by Naja kaouthia snake venom by
various in vivo and in vitro studies. The
extract was evaluated for neutralization of
lethality, myotoxocity, phospholipase A2
activity and human red blood cell lysis
produced by N. kaouthia snake venom. The
extract at 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg
significantly neutralized the lethality
produced at different concentration of snake
venom.
Myotoxicity also decreased up to a significant
level characterized by decline in creatine
phosphokinase level. In vitro models for
assessing hemolytic activity were found to be
significantly decreased in the presence of the
extract. Both direct and indirect hemolytic
study was performed at various concentration
of extract. More than 50% of hemolysis was
significantly neutralized by the extract.
Results showed significant neutralization of
toxicity produced by N. kaouthia snake
venom (Hedge et al., 2014).

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Value addition in chironji
Although the kernel has more economic value,
the fruits of chironji also have potential to be
processed into several value added products.
Fruits
The fruit of chironji is juicy and sweet in
taste. Although the juice recovery is quite less
due to large seed size, the fruit can be used for
preparation of various value added products
like squash, ready to serve (R.T.S.) drinks and
nectar after juice extraction. Fruits can also be
dried locally under sun or in cabinet drier
under controlled conditions and can be
preserved in the form of fruit powder.
Moreover, fermented beverage i.e., wine can
also be prepared from the pulp of the fruits.
Chironji Nuts
Although chironji nuts and kernels have been
used extensively but there is no machinery for
processing of chironji nuts. The shelling of
chironji nuts is usually done manually and
sometimes by locally made machines. This
traditional process involves soaking the seeds
in water for 24 hours, skin removal by hand
rubbing followed by drying. Dried nut is
broken by rubbing between a pair of stone
slab or hammer followed by separation of
kernel from the hull (Kumar et al., 2012). The
chironji nuts are then packed either in glass
jars or polyethylene bags. Chironji nuts are
used in preparation of many sweet
preparations such as halwa, kheer, laddu, paak
etc. They are also used as dry fruit in
preparation of sweets.
Chironji Oil
Chironji kernel contains about 52% oil
(Kumar et al., 2012). The kernel is used for
extraction of chironji oil. This extracted oil is
used mostly in cosmetic manufacturing and
substitute for olive and almond oils (Siddiqui
et al., 2014). Sometimes this oil is also used
by native people as edible oil.
Table.1 Proximate and mineral analysis of seeds of Buchanania lanzan (g/100g)
S. No.
Components
Proximal value (%)
1.
Ash
2.20
2.
Moisture
3.6
3.
Crude Fat
38
4.
Total Protein
43.24
5.
Total Carbohydrate
12.96
6.
Total Crude fiber
18.50
7.
Energy value (k cal)
229.99
8.
Phosphorus
593
9.
Strontium
0.68
10.
Zinc
3.32
11.
Aluminum
0.3
12.
Boron
0.6
13.
Calcium
70
14.
Cooper
1.15
15.
Iron
4.8
16.
Magnesium
275
Khatoon et al., 2015

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Table.2 Compound study in different solvent present in Buchanania lanzan
S.No.
Solvent
Compound Detected
1.
Petroleum ether
Oleic Acid
Tetradecanoic Acid
9-Octadecenamide
β-Sitosterol
9-Octadecenoic Acid
2.
Dichloromethane
Tetradecanoic acid
n-Hexadecanoic acid
γ-Sitosterol
Oleic Acid
Octadec-9-enoic acid
3.
Methanolic
Pentadecanoic acid, 14-methyl-, methyl ester
Eicosanoic acid
Phenol, 2-(1-phenylethyl)
Oleic acid, 3-hydroxypropyl ester
n-Hexadecanoic acid
4.
Ethanol-Water
Phenol, 2, 4-bi's (1,1-dimetyletyl)
Tetradecanoic Acid
2,6-Octadienal, 3,7-dimethyi
Octadecanoic acid
Octadecanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl
ester
Khatoon et al., 2015
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How to cite this article:
Neeraj, Vinita Bisht, Shalini Purwar. 2020. Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) Wonder Tree:
Nutritional and Therapeutic Values. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 9(02): 3033-3042.
doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.902.349