No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Recommendations and guidance for providing pharmaceutical care services during COVID-19 pandemic: A China perspective
Abstract
Background
The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19), which was first detected in Wuhan City, has now became a pandemic that affecting patients around the world. Particularly, the community patient population are at high risk of infection and are facing potential failure of proper medication use during the pandemic.
Objective
To discuss community pharmacists’ role and the content of pharmaceutical care (PC) during the novel coronavirus pandemic to promote effective prevention and control and safe drug use of the community patient population.
Method
Collect and summarize the experience Chinese community pharmacies gained from providing pharmacy services during the COVID-19 outbreak, and taking the PC needs into consideration, analyze and discuss the methods and strategies that community pharmacies and pharmacists shall use to provide PC during the pandemic.
Results
Community pharmacy management teams shall support PC services by providing adequate supply of COVID-19 related medications and preventative products, following environment regulations, and providing sufficient staff trainings. Pharmacists shall use various approaches to provide PC services in drug dispensing, consulting and referrals, chronic disease management, safe use of infusions, patient education, home care guidance and psychological support to promote the COVID-19 pandemic control and ensure safe medication use of community patients during the pandemic.
Conclusion
PC services in communities during the COVID-19 shall possess different properties due to disease characteristics and related patients' need. Community pharmacies shall work as a strong supporter of patient's medication and protective equipment supply. Community pharmacists shall be prepared to provide skilled and effective PC services for community patient population to ensure medication safety and promote the overall COVID-19 pandemic control.
... This framework underwent evaluation with 423 COVID-19 pictures, 1485 viral pneumonia images, and 1579 normal chest X-ray images. To identify COVID-19 infection from other diseases, a 3D convolution neural network (3DCNN) was created [99]. ...
... DCNN's performance was assessed using 2796 CT scan pictures from 2057 patients. However, the precision of the affected area is still lacking [99]. To categorize coronavirus-infected people using chest X-rays, a deep learning-based chest radio classification (DL-CRC) system was proposed [98,99]., DL-CRC employed a generative adversarial network and data augmentation to generate simulated coronavirus-infected X-ray images. ...
... However, the precision of the affected area is still lacking [99]. To categorize coronavirus-infected people using chest X-rays, a deep learning-based chest radio classification (DL-CRC) system was proposed [98,99]., DL-CRC employed a generative adversarial network and data augmentation to generate simulated coronavirus-infected X-ray images. Four distinct chest X-ray datasets were used to evaluate DL-CRC. ...
The Internet of Things (IoT) is still a relatively new field of research, and its potential for use in the healthcare and medical sectors is enormous. In the last five years, IoT has been a go-to option for various applications such as using sensors for different features, machine-to-machine communication, etc., but precisely, in the medical sector, it is still lagging far behind compared to other sectors. Hence, this study emphasizes the IoT applications in medical fields, Medical IoT sensors and devices, IoT platforms for data visualization, and artificial intelligence in medical applica-tions. A systematic review considering PRISMA guidelines on research articles as well as the websites on IoMT sensors and devices have been carried out. A total of 986 articles after the year 2001 have been initially selected, and by applying the inclusion-exclusion criterion, a total of 597 articles have been identified. From these, 23 studies have been finally selected for this systematic review. This review analyzes different sensor monitoring circuits in detail, considering an Inten-sive Care Unit (ICU) scenario, device applications, and the data management system, including IoT platforms for the patients. Lastly, detailed discussion and challenges have been outlined, and possible prospects have been presented.
... Pharmacists are required to continue providing pharmaceutical services to patients. In addition, pharmacists are a source of obtaining drugs and drug information (Zheng et al., 2021). As more patients self-medicate, pharmacists' role in preventing prescription shortages, spreading false information about drug usage, and failing to provide patients with appropriate care because of unmet drug demand has become increasingly important (Liu et al., 2020). ...
... Pharmacists dispense drugs by tailoring pharmacy care procedures to suit the needs of different groups, providing updated treatment plans, monitoring potential drug interactions, focusing on specific medications and implementing remote pharmacy services. Treatment that is performed independently has serious potential due to the risk of using inappropriate drugs (Zheng et al., 2021). Patient education consists of knowledge about Covid-19, educating patients about inappropriate drug use and providing education about the dangers of duplication of therapy and safe drug use (Zheng et al., 2021). ...
... Treatment that is performed independently has serious potential due to the risk of using inappropriate drugs (Zheng et al., 2021). Patient education consists of knowledge about Covid-19, educating patients about inappropriate drug use and providing education about the dangers of duplication of therapy and safe drug use (Zheng et al., 2021). Pharmacists prefer to educate patients verbally (90.4%) as opposed to in writing (81.3%), according to a survey. ...
Pharmacists should face challenging situations such as in the pandemic. The main problem is the preparation management of the drugs. Thus, this study aims to find out the effects of the pandemic on the management of pharmaceutical preparations. Articles were searched for using the PubMed and ScienceDirect search engines. PRISMA, or Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes, was utilized in this study. The data selection flow used the PICO (Population, Intervention, Compare, Outcome) method. Based on the discussion conducted, the management of pharmaceutical preparations in pharmacies during the COVID-19 pandemic can still be implemented with imperfect outcomes.
... The demands for pharmacy services were beyond the expectations of pharmacists and in some jurisdictions beyond their scope of practice. Such demands forced them to juggle the need for pandemic prevention and control with their usual clinical activities and services [13]. This is not the first-time pharmacists have been relied on during a crisis. ...
... The global pandemic placed tremendous pressures on all levels of the healthcare system. Pharmacists consequently experienced increased demands and reduced resources in their practice environments [13,27,28]. An Australian study of pharmacists' burnout due to COVID-19 found that there were high rates of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization [29]. ...
... The job demands-resources model explains that increasing resources during the times of challenges, such as providing additional management and peer supports may reduce the workload by increasing efficiency. Similarly, a study from the perspective of Chinese pharmacists recommended that staff be provided adequate training to perform their information, public health, and medication management roles [13]. ...
Background:
Pharmacy has been recognized as a vital healthcare profession during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary objective of the INSPIRE Worldwide survey was to determine the impact of COVID-19 on pharmacy practice and pharmacists' roles around the world.
Methods:
A cross-sectional online questionnaire with pharmacists who provided direct patient care during the pandemic. Participants were recruited through social media, with assistance from national and international pharmacy organizations between March 2021-May 2022. The questionnaire was divided into (1) demographics, (2) pharmacists' roles, (3) communication strategies, and (4) practice challenges. The data were analyzed using SPSS 28, and descriptive statistics were used to report frequencies and percentages.
Results:
A total of 505 pharmacists practicing in 25 countries participated. The most common role that pharmacists undertook was responding to drug information requests (90%), followed by allaying patients' fears and anxieties about COVID-19 (82.6%), and addressing misinformation about COVID-19 treatments and vaccinations (80.4%). The most common challenges were increased stress levels (84.7%), followed by medication shortages (73.8%), general supply shortages (71.8%), and inadequate staffing (69.2%).
Conclusions:
Pharmacists within this study were significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and took on new or adapted roles (e.g., providing COVID-specific information, managing patients' emotions, and educating on public health measures) to meet the needs of their communities. Despite, the significant challenges (e.g., increased stress, supply chain challenges, addressing misinformation, and staffing shortages) faced by pharmacists, they continued to put their patients' needs first and to provide pharmacy services.
... Higher risk is attributed to older people or those with associated comorbidities such as high blood pressure, heart and lung problems, diabetes or cancer (WHO, 2020). The transmission of the coronavirus occurs mainly from human to human through respiratory droplets, having an incubation period of 1 to 14 days before the onset of symptoms and therefore social distancing is important in order to prevent community transmission and try to maintain control of the pandemic (ZHENG S. et al., 2020). ...
... In addition, when it comes to participants in vaccine-related clinical trials for COVID-19, hospital pharmacists should help clinicians monitor adverse manifestations and reactions after vaccination, assist in collecting data on the efficacy and safety of vaccines during pharmaceutical care. In addition, the International Federation of Pharmacy (IFP) guidelines emphasize that as a member of healthcare professionals, the hospital pharmacist has a responsibility to join the medical collaboration team and provide pharmaceutical care services to COVID-19 patients in order to improve the level of drug therapy and promote overall control of the pandemic (SONG et al., 2020).AlreadyZheng et al. (2020), brings the activities of the pharmacist in community pharmacy:performing the dispensing of medicines to the patient during the COVID-19 pandemic paying attention to self-protection (use of PPE), as well as patient protection (checking if he is wearing a mask and performing hygiene properly). According to the authors, pharmacists should be readily available to provide consultations on self-protection, guide an equivalent therapeutic substitution at the time of dispensing, in case the pharmacy is lacking the prescribed drug, in order to avoid additional trips to other pharmacies. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted not only the population, but also health systems around the world. Hospitals and care networks have been caught up in one of the biggest public health challenges of recent times: a novel coronavirus. In this scenario, pharmaceutical professionals perform an essential function since they are easily accessible to the population through drugstores and pharmacies and are able to offer guidance in the fight against the disease. Thus, the objective of the present study was to observe and report the services and performance of the pharmaceutical professional during the COVID-19 pandemic around the world. To this end, a bibliographic review was performed with a targeted search of scientific articles during the month of June 2020 in the PubMed and Scielo databases. The data were presented in the form of a comparative table containing the objectives of the articles, country of origin and dates of publication, as well as a description of the activities of the pharmaceutical professional cited in the different studies. Based on the results, it was observed the importance of the performance of the pharmaceutical professional in the hospital, community and clinical spheres, during the pandemic, both in the direct care of the patient and in the pharmacotherapeutic contribution in team. Therefore, the role of the pharmacist in the fight against COVID-19 is essential not only in dispensing the drug in pharmacies, but also in the primary care of the patient with reliable guidance and avoiding unnecessary trips to hospitals.
... In December 2019, a new CoV variant was discovered; it was named SARS-CoV-2 and classified as a high consequence infectious disease. 1 On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic and measures were taken worldwide to deal with the disease, such as closures of non-essential establishments, travel cancellations, and social distancing. 2 Some characteristics of COVID-19, such as rapid transmission and existence of asymptomatic patients, indicated the importance and urgency of preventing and controlling the transmission of this virus. 3 Community pharmacies are often the first place people access when they have health concerns or need professional information and advice. These facilities provide essential services to patients through the provision of medicines and treatments, as well as immunizations, health promotion, health education, and pharmacotherapy follow-up. ...
... Thus, community pharmacies are considered a strategic and essential point within the pandemic context. 2 In these health facilities, community pharmacists are considered the most accessible health professionals to the public, increasing access to adequate information about the disease and precautionary measures, including hand hygiene and correct use of masks, screening suspected cases and making the appropriate referral for the patient if necessary. 1,[3][4][5] In this context, the objective of this review was to evaluate the global scene for action of pharmacists and community pharmacies in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, contributing to the identification of strategies adopted to guarantee patient care during the public health emergency, as well as to evaluate the performance of pharmacists during the pandemic in relation to services and procedures offered to patients. To achieve these objectives, a scoping review was carried out, which consisted of document mapping, in such a way that reliability was eminently procedural and indicative of improvement in the area. ...
Introduction:
Pharmacists and community pharmacies play an important role in managing, identifying and preventing the spread of the COVID-19 outbreak.
Objectives:
To characterize the global panorama of action by pharmacists and community pharmacies in facing the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods:
The scoping review was based on the search for scientific articles in the databases: PubMed; Scopus; ScienceDirect and Web of Science. The search was carried out on August 31, 2021. The selection process was divided into 3 phases: i) title analysis; ii) analysis of study abstracts; iii) analysis of the full texts of the studies selected in the previous step. Studies were independently selected by two investigators and discrepancies resolved by consensus during focus group discussions led by a third reviewer.
Results:
The final search yielded 36 articles for the review. The main strategies for coping with COVID-19 were grouped into 4 categories defined by consensus between the authors: (1) services for providing care to the patient; (2) product management; (3) infection prevention and control practices in community pharmacy; (4) preparation, sources of information used and training offered/received. Through these, the aim was to involve technical managerial, technical assistance and pedagogical technical actions adopted, as well as structure and process indicators that allowed the continuity of the offer of services.
Conclusion:
During the pandemic, pharmacists and community pharmacies have been providing essential health services to communities. The results of this review may help to identify the changes adopted to face the COVID-19 pandemic and may contribute to improving the quality of practices in these establishments during the pandemic and after it, in similar situations.
... Likewise, by contributing to the prevention, preparedness, and response to the COVID-19 pandemic, community pharmacists delivered their public health role in dealing 10 with such a crisis . In many countries, community pharmacists have worked in close collaboration with international humanitarian organizations like Red Cross and local community workers to increase their outreach to 11 the public and ensure home delivery of medicines . ...
... The Community pharmacists in China made use of all possible resources to perform their role as care providers and custodians of patient safety regarding medicine use. They used Mobile applications and coordinated with neighborhood committees and medicine companies to ensure the delivery 11 of medicines to patients in their homes . The response to the COVID-19 pandemic in countries thus differed drastically. ...
Background: Rapid spread of COVID-19 and the resultant strict access to conventional hospitals
forced the public to turn to community pharmacies being the most accessible points of primary
healthcare, thus overloading the pharmacy services. This study aims to assess the coping strategies and
adaptive changes in the work environment of community pharmacists in Kano Metropolis, NorthWestern Nigeria during the lockdown periods due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Methods: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out across selected
community pharmacies within Kano Metropolis, North-Western Nigeria. A non-probability
(convenience) sampling was used in this study. Convenience sampling also known as availability
sampling, here units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are easiest for the researcher
to access. The survey retrieved relevant data from the participants, including socio-demographic data
and changes in the work environment during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown periods. Data were
analysed using IBM SPSS version 23.0.
Results: A total of 97 licensed pharmacists responded to the survey. Majority of the pharmacists
(73.2%) reported increased workload, caused mostly by more prescriptions, and higher demand for
safety equipment, antiseptics, and disinfectants. Moreso, 79.4%, reported higher stress levels during
the pandemic as compared to the pre-pandemic era. About 89.9% of participants reported adjusting
their working conditions to include the use of facemasks as protective equipment which is available in
sufficient quantities as reported by 61.9% of pharmacists. The pandemic and subsequent lockdowns
aroused concerns in the majority of participants (90.7%) for their health and that of their families. This
prompted majority of the community pharmacists (92.7%) to suggest that pharmacists should be
authorized to independently renew prescriptions of patients with stable chronic conditions during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Likewise, 91.8% supported the idea that pharmacists should be authorized to
participate in the COVID-19 immunization process to widen coverage.
Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an increased workload and altered working
conditions of community pharmacists in Kano metropolis of North-Western Nigeria. This prompted
pharmacists to professionally re-strategize to accommodate such an increased workload despite being
frontline healthcare providers in the healthcare system.
... In this method, the case needs to be explored in terms of existing theories. On the contrary, it is hoped that the details produced will produce new insights and a better understanding of the nature of the phenomenon under study (Zheng et al., 2021). The researcher used a descriptive approach in this study's development research design. ...
... The task and function of this service center are to provide services that can meet the development needs of individuals, societies, communities, and organizations from the point of view of psychology. In addition, the Psychology Service Center prepares service programs tailored to the community's needs (Zheng et al., 2021), organizes service programs, and improves and develops the competencies of the Psychology Service Center Team for good service quality and better work professionalism. ...
The research aims to determine the implementation of the referral system at the Centers for Character Development and Counseling Guidance (CCDGC) and Psychology Service Centers. This study uses a type of R&D with a descriptive approach. The participants in this research are the chairperson or secretary at the Center for Psychological Services, the CCDCG, and related parties in the internal referral system and system developers. Data analysis in the form of observation, documentation, and focus group discussion (FGD) was collected directly. This study's results indicate that the referral system carried out by the CCDCG can be implemented as needed. In addition, the Psychological Service Center in the psychological examination and consultation program can develop a referral system according to the needs of clients from outside the Universitas Negeri Surabaya (UNESA). This study implies that the implementation of the referral system makes it easier for users to access services according to their needs, and the psychology service center has an optimized SOP to rule the CCDCG at UNESA. The limitation of this study is that it is only focused on UNESA. Hence, further research can analyze the development of a referral system in the CCDCG to other institutions and compare it to UNESA.
... Although the responses to items that evaluated the perception of the public regarding the general role of pharmacist were consistent, when asking about specific services including home delivery and house visits the responses of the participants varied which may be related to different variables including respondent location As reported previously, the practice of pharmacy has expanded from merely medicine despising to providing a wide variety of health-related services 23,24,25 . Community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals 26,27 and have an essential role in connecting physicians with patients 28,29 . ...
... The remote pharmaceutical services have also been applied in many countries including China 23 , which launched the "Online Pharmaceutical Monitoring" service, which is an online pharmaceutical service model that uses WeChat Application with smart mobile during COVID-19 pandemic 30 . In agreement with a previous study findings 23,30 , the results of this study indicated that the general public understands the importance of the remote services provided by pharmacist during the COVID-19 pandemic and looks favorably in the important role pharmacist play in providing necessary medication and other necessary COVID-19 preventive products including masks and sanitizers, in addition to providing reliable patient counseling services. ...
Background: The pandemic COVID-19 requires collaborative teamwork by all healthcare professionals including Pharmacists who could help in combating epidemic diseases by providing several pharmaceutical services. Nevertheless, public perception of pharmacist’s role in providing health service is controversial Methods: A cross-sectional web-based design validated survey of 25 items was used to explore patients’ opinion about pharmacist’s ability to provide different health services during COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted to evaluate the best model for the questionnaire. The association between different demographic variables and awareness about pharmacist’s role was evaluated using Pearson correlation, Mann-Whitney u test and Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance. Results: A total of 668 persons participated in the study. The mean (SD) of the respondent questionnaire scores was 97.1 (12.6) and the possible maximum score was 115 (12.9). Higher awareness score was associated with increased age, female gender, lower educational level, living out of Amman the capital, being college or university student or being employed in medical field. Conclusion: The positive public perception toward pharmacist role shown in the present study enlighten the need to expand pharmacist role to be more engaged in providing different health services during the disaster or normal conditions.
... Pandeminin başlangıcından itibaren, profesyonel sağlık ekibinin en kalabalık üyesi olan hemşireler hastanelerde sağlık bakım hizmetleri ve evlerde sosyal hizmetler sağlamıştır (Purabdollah & Ghasempour, 2020;Lopez, 2020). COVID-19 pandemisinde kadınların sağlık durumları ve bakım ihtiyaçları göz önüne alındığında, iyilik halinin sürdürülmesi, hastalık durumunda tedavi sağlanabilmesi, iyileştirilebilmesi ve komplikasyonların kontrol edilebilmesi amacıyla hemşirelik bakımının sürekliliği daha da önem kazanmıştır (Zheng et al., 2021). ...
... gibi) çıkarılmasından ziyade, reçetesiz biçimde kondom, diyafram, spermisit gibi doğum kontrol yöntemlerine erişimin sağlanmasına öncelik verilmesi gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Çevrim içi satın alma, eczaneler, online satış noktalarının oluşturulmasının, yöntemlere erişimin devamlılığını sağlayabileceği vurgulanmıştır (Bateson et al., 2020;Oyediran et al., 2020;Zheng et al., 2021). Birçok ülke kontrasepsiyon hizmetinin, özellikle de uzun süreli ve geri dönüşümlü yöntemlerin sürekli kullanımının sağlanması gerektiğini onaylamıştır. ...
Koronavirüs Hastalığı-2019 (COVID-19) pandemisinin başlaması ve vakalardaki artış ile birlikte ülkeler, COVID-19 vakalarının tedavisi ve bulaşını kontrol altına almak için çabalamaktadır. Ayrıca bu süreçte aile planlamasını da kapsayan cinsel sağlık ve üreme sağlığı hizmetleri dahil olmak üzere acil olmayan sağlık hizmetlerine sürekli erişim konusunda sorunlar ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ortaya çıkan bu sorunlara karşı ülkeler tarafından geliştirilen çözüm önerileri ve rehberlerin uygulanmasıyla aile planlaması hizmetlerinin sürekliliğinin garanti altına alınması önem arz etmektedir. Bir yıla varan sürede aile planlaması yöntemlerine erişilememesi durumunda, istenmeyen gebelikler ve anne-bebek ölümleri meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu nedenle tele-hemşirelik hizmetlerinin, pandemi boyunca bireylerin aile planlaması yöntemlerine erişiminin sürdürülmesinde anahtar rol oynayacağı düşünülmektedir. Tele-hemşirelik, yalnızca uzaktan verilebilecek sağlık hizmetlerine olanak sağlamakla kalmayacak, aynı zamanda hem toplum hem de sağlık çalışanları için COVID-19 enfeksiyonu riskini azaltacaktır. Bu doğrultuda, COVID-19 pandemisinde tele-hemşirelik uygulamaları ile aile planlaması sürecinin yönetiminde hem kadın sağlığı hem de halk sağlığı hemşireleri, acil kontrasepsiyona ulaşım hakkında danışmanlık verilmesi, oral kontraseptif hapların kullanımı ile ilgili danışmanlık sağlanması ve verilecek oral kontraseptif hapların reçetelendirilmesi ve bireylerin takibinin yönetilmesi konusunda aktif rol oynamaktadır.
... There are enough arguments that demonstrate the important role of the community pharmacist in supporting the health system, having an ideal position for prevention, management of chronic conditions, timely identification of aggravations, and referral of the patient to the recommended by the doctor by correctly releasing the drugs and by advising regarding the method of administration, to obtain maximum benefits and minimize the associated risks [7]. There are enough arguments that demonstrate the important role of the community pharmacist in supporting the health system, having an ideal position for prevention, management of chronic conditions, timely identification of aggravations, and referral of the patient to the doctor [8]. The pharmacists in community pharmacies in Romania provide counseling services regarding prescription or OTC drugs and provide valuable health information, without these services being recognized or remunerated [9][10][11]. ...
Community pharmacy has evolved a lot in recent years in terms of pharmaceutical services and marketing policies applied in Romania. This study aimed to evaluate the degree of patient satisfaction in community pharmacies in Iași, Romania correlated with the frequency of returning to the pharmacy, level of education, gender, and stress level at the time when the pharmacist dispenses the medication. A total of 30 community pharmacies were involved, and in a period of three months, they issued questionnaires to patients. 722 patients responded, and to verify the first research hypothesis, the Pearson correlation was applied. Statistical analysis revealed that there is a negative, medium-level, and significant correlation between the level of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services and the frequency of visits to the pharmacy, r = −0.342, p < 0.0001. There is also a significant, negative correlation of low intensity between the level of satisfaction with pharmaceutical services and patient status, r = −0.202, p < 0.0001. The degree of patient satisfaction is influenced by the quality of the basic pharmaceutical service offered, by the frequency of visits to the pharmacy, by the level of stress, and by social class.
... Aynı şekilde COVID-19 pandemisinin önlenmesi, hazır olma durumuna ve müdahalesine katkıda bulunarak toplum eczacıları bu krizle başa çıkmada halk sağlığına yönelik rollerini yerine getirmişlerdir [50]. Pek çok ülkede eczaneler, halka erişimi artırmak ve ilaçların eve teslimini sağlamak için uluslararası insani yardım kuruluşları ve yerel toplum çalışanlarıyla yakın iş birliği içinde çalışmıştır [51][52]. Pandemi ve kriz durumlarında eczacıların sağlık sistemlerine katkılarına dünya genelindeki toplum eczacılığı uygulamaları başlığında ayrıntılı olarak yer verilmiştir. ...
Amaç: Toplum eczacılığı hizmeti, son yıllarda ilaç satış ve dağıtımının ötesine geçerek farmasötik bakım odaklı hale gelmiştir. Toplum eczaneleri, en kolay erişilebilir durumdaki sağlık profesyoneli grubu olması sebebiyle pekçok kişi için sağlık hizmetlerinde ilk ve bazen de tek temas noktası haline gelmiştir. Sağlık insangücü eksikliği, nüfusun yaşlanması, kronik hastalıkların artması gibi pekçok faktör sağlık sistemlerinde birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumu konusunda baskı oluşturmaktadır. Bazı ülkeler birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunu rahatlatabilmek için toplum eczacılarından daha fazla yararlanmaya başlamıştır. Bu kapsamda, birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinde dünya genelinde eczacıların rolünün genişlediği görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, toplum eczacılarının birinci basamak sağlık hizmetlerinde aktif olarak kullanılması konusunu Türkiye düzleminde incelemektir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Sonuç olarak, Türkiye’de toplum eczacılarının birinci basamak sağlık hizmetleri sisteminde aktif olarak yer almadığı görülmüştür. İlerleyen dönemlerde, mevcut ülke örneklerinin de incelenerek gerekli politik zeminin oluşturulmasıyla toplum eczacılarının birinci basamak sağlık hizmetleri sunumuna aktif katılımlarının sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir.
... Community pharmacies often serve as patients' first entry points into the healthcare system. They have provided many public health services, but those dealing with the prevention and treatment of drug abuse, the promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle, the reduction of risk factors for infectious illness, the improvement of prevention for cardiovascular disease, and the aiding in the cessation of smoking have received the most attention (7). Community healthcare for seniors has been researched, as have the elements that affect seniors' preferences regarding their older adult care (8). ...
Background: The global population is aging, and the number of people
suering from chronic diseases is increasing. In response to these trends,
community-enhanced social healthcare practices are a novel paradigm of social
prescribing that aims to improve both the community’s and the individual’s level
of health by combining community involvement, organizational change, and
individual-level practice.
Objective: The study examined the state of community-based social healthcare
practices using the lens of social prescription in China with an eye on promoting
healthy aging there.
Method: Thematic analysis approach was used in this investigation. A social
prescription lens was used to conduct an open-ended theme study of China’s
community-based social healthcare practices for healthy aging. The research
was conducted in Yiwu in Zhejiang Province, P. R. China. A sample of 24
“comprehensive evaluation teammembers (CETM)” was chosen using a purposive
selection strategy.
Results: In the context of the social prescription, we analyzed social healthcare
practices for healthy aging at the community level. All the comprehensive
evaluation team members described community social healthcare practices
under the paradigm of social prescription. After analyzing the community
social healthcare practices under the paradigm of social prescription, six main
themes (E-Social Prescription, Nature-based Social Prescription, Healthy Living
Social Prescription, Culture-based Social Prescription, Health Screening Social
Prescription, and Health Education Social Prescription) emerged for healthy aging
at the community level.
Conclusion: Social prescribing links individuals to non-clinical services
and activities, typically provided by the nonprofit and community sectors.
Community-based social healthcare practices under social prescription can be
an e�cient and cost-eective way to assist patients with chronic diseases in
managing their illnesses and enhancing their overall health and wellbeing.
... Global health, economy, and well-being were all affected by the rapid spread of the COVID-19 epidemic (6,7). Detecting COVID-19 is critical for patient care and public health, as the pandemic can be avoided and effectively managed by isolating infected patients (8). It is critical to separate people infected with COVID-19; thus, early detection is a significant challenge for preventing the further spreading of the infection (9,10). ...
COVID-19 is an epidemic disease that results in death and significantly affects the older adult and those afflicted with chronic medical conditions. Diabetes medication and high blood glucose levels are significant predictors of COVID-19-related death or disease severity. Diabetic individuals, particularly those with preexisting comorbidities or geriatric patients, are at a higher risk of COVID-19 infection, including hospitalization, ICU admission, and death, than those without Diabetes. Everyone’s lives have been significantly changed due to the COVID-19 outbreak. Identifying patients infected with COVID-19 in a timely manner is critical to overcoming this challenge. The Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) diagnostic assay is currently the gold standard for COVID-19 detection. However, RT-PCR is a time-consuming and costly technique requiring a lab kit that is difficult to get in crises and epidemics. This work suggests the CIDICXR-Net50 model, a ResNet-50-based Transfer Learning (TL) method for COVID-19 detection via Chest X-ray (CXR) image classification. The presented model is developed by substituting the final ResNet-50 classifier layer with a new classification head. The model is trained on 3,923 chest X-ray images comprising a substantial dataset of 1,360 viral pneumonia, 1,363 normal, and 1,200 COVID-19 CXR images. The proposed model’s performance is evaluated in contrast to the results of six other innovative pre-trained models. The proposed CIDICXR-Net50 model attained 99.11% accuracy on the provided dataset while maintaining 99.15% precision and recall. This study also explores potential relationships between COVID-19 and Diabetes.
... and the promotion, protection, and recovery of patients' health. [8][9][10] In this context, the study aimed to evaluate the performance of rapid immunochromatographic tests and their clinical results in community pharmacies in northern Brazil. ...
... Community pharmacies often serve as patients' first entry points into the healthcare system. They have provided many public health services, but those dealing with the prevention and treatment of drug abuse, the promotion of a healthy diet and lifestyle, the reduction of risk factors for infectious illness, the improvement of prevention for cardiovascular disease, and the aiding in the cessation of smoking have received the most attention (7). Community healthcare for seniors has been researched, as have the elements that affect seniors' preferences regarding their older adult care (8). ...
Background
The global population is aging, and the number of people suffering from chronic diseases is increasing. In response to these trends, community-enhanced social healthcare practices are a novel paradigm of social prescribing that aims to improve both the community's and the individual's level of health by combining community involvement, organizational change, and individual-level practice.
Objective
The study examined the state of community-based social healthcare practices using the lens of social prescription in China with an eye on promoting healthy aging there.
Method
Thematic analysis approach was used in this investigation. A social prescription lens was used to conduct an open-ended theme study of China's community-based social healthcare practices for healthy aging. The research was conducted in Yiwu in Zhejiang Province, P. R. China. A sample of 24 “comprehensive evaluation team members (CETM)” was chosen using a purposive selection strategy.
Results
In the context of the social prescription, we analyzed social healthcare practices for healthy aging at the community level. All the comprehensive evaluation team members described community social healthcare practices under the paradigm of social prescription. After analyzing the community social healthcare practices under the paradigm of social prescription, six main themes (E-Social Prescription, Nature-based Social Prescription, Healthy Living Social Prescription, Culture-based Social Prescription, Health Screening Social Prescription, and Health Education Social Prescription) emerged for healthy aging at the community level.
Conclusion
Social prescribing links individuals to non-clinical services and activities, typically provided by the nonprofit and community sectors. Community-based social healthcare practices under social prescription can be an efficient and cost-effective way to assist patients with chronic diseases in managing their illnesses and enhancing their overall health and wellbeing.
... -Intervenciones virtuales o telefónicas [2,6,9,11,14,20,21,35]. ...
Introducción: el personal de las farmacias en los diferentes escenarios de acción realiza actividades que contribuyen con la salud pública y la pandemia es un momento oportuno para destacar el quehacer en pro del bienestar de las personas en las comu-nidades. Método: esta es una investigación descriptiva a partir de documentos en inglés y español en el periodo 2020-2021, con apoyo de las palabras clave, de los sitios Pub-MEDLINE, LILACS, Ebscohost, Springer, la biblioteca científica elec-trónica en línea SciELO y Google Scholar. Resultados: se describen las actividades de a) prestación de servicios esenciales, b) medidas preventivas y de asesoramiento sobre los comportamientos de las personas, c) la importancia del rol en educación, asesoría y consejería, d) acciones en el ámbito de la farmacia de la comunidad, e) acciones en el ámbito de la farmacia clínica hospitalaria, f ) las mejoras farmacéuticas en Europa respecto a los programas de inmunizaciones, g ) los principales desafíos que enfrenta el campo de la Farmacia, h) el reporte de los resultados de experiencias en diversos contextos: opiniones de usuarios/profesionales en medicina/farmacia o estudiantes de farmacia, los comportamientos de las personas y los resultados de varias investigaciones. Conclusiones: las actividades contribuyen a obtener mejores resultados ante la pandemia de la Covid-19, se consolidan, retoman y proyectan acciones que imponen desafíos en pro del bienestar de las personas en las comuni-dades, en algunos contextos se realizan con una calidad adecuada mientras en otras hay falencias o debilidades que deben ser subsanadas de manera oportuna.
... Medication home delivery was one of the great initiatives during this pandemic that helped in preventing treatment interruptions [30,31]. Telemedicine and virtual counseling via mobile phone applications was also a great way provided by community pharmacists to maintain proper medication counseling [32]. ...
... Pharmacists worked with other members of the healthcare team and refer patients' chronic disease-related issues to them. They also provided additional information to patients having associated chronic diseases and educate them to perform self-monitoring [8][9][10] . ...
Background: Little attention has been given to characterizing the roles of pharmacists in disasters even though the importance of pharmacists' involvement is widely acknowledged. Objective: We amid to review a broad range of pharmacists roles in disasters and their response by numerous reports in the literature. Method: A quantitative content analysis technique was used to gather data consisting of words and phrases from literature regarding pharmacists' roles and their response in disasters. Results: A total of 106 reports were reviewed and screened based on titles and abstracts. Of these, only 20 studies were determined to meet the eligibility criteria for discussion. A total of 7 natural disasters (pandemics, tornadoes, fires, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes and storms) were found in the literature. Roles were classified using the Setlak classification scheme, which includes descriptors such as pharmaceutical supply, patient management, policy coordination, and response integration. Pharmaceutical supply was remains the pharmacists' preferred role. Conclusion: It is evident from the literature that pharmacists are uniquely positioned during disasters to provide healthcare continuity and medication.
... The urgent need for an alternative to in-person visits to avoid the risk of new COVID-19 infections rapidly intensified the use of telehealth in primary care [2,3]. Given the different conditions and care needs of patients with COVID-19, continuity of care for these patients was important to facilitate treatment, improve the disease and control its complications [4]. In particular, there was an unprecedented increase in telenursing to care for COVID-19 patients at home during the first wave of the pandemic. ...
During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant increase in the use of telenursing to provide care for patients at home. However, the quality of the patient experience when nurses rely on technology instead of personal contact has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aimed to understand the perspectives of COVID-19 patients in home isolation who received telenursing from primary care nurses during the initial phase of the pandemic. A qualitative study was conducted that employed purposive sampling and involved semi-structured interviews via videoconference with fourteen COVID-19 patients from two primary health centers in Catalonia (Spain). Thematic analysis was used, and the study adhered to the COREQ checklist. The findings revealed three themes related to the challenges faced by COVID-19 patients in home isolation: physical symptoms, emotional and social difficulties, and a lack of information. Three themes emerged regarding the strategies patients employed to overcome these challenges and the role of nurses: self-care, emotional support, and personal commitment. The patients reported having achieved strategies to improve their physical, psychological, and situational well-being despite the unprecedented situation. The study highlights that telenursing is a valuable resource for delivering patient-centered care, which could lead to changes in organisational policies and the development of best clinical practices.
... The most common type of pharmacy is a community pharmacy [3]. Community pharmacies include retail pharmacies that provide over-the-counter drugs and other health-related products to a specific community [4] and outpatient pharmacies that are considered an essential part of the primary care system [5]. Community pharmacists are the most accessible and visited health care professionals, and community pharmacies are the public's first access to their medication. ...
Background:
Community pharmacists confronted dual burdens by expanding the scope of pharmaceutical practices in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Objective:
This study aims to assess community pharmacies' perceived roles and functions during the pandemic and to explore their updated roles after the pandemic began.
Methods:
We conducted a self-reported web-based survey in October 2022. Based on the Korean census data, we recruited the study participants (N=1000) through quota sampling stratified by age, gender, and region, yielding a 7.45% response rate. The questionnaires were composed of three sections: demographics, roles and functions of the community pharmacy during the pandemic, and updated roles of the community pharmacy in disasters. Each question in the second and third sections was rated on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree), and each item's mean scores and standard deviation were reported. The study participants were categorized into 2 groups: individuals who had a family pharmacy and those who not. A chi-square test and ordered logistic regression analyses were conducted.
Results:
Out of 1000 respondents, 418 had a history of COVID-19, and 639 had a family pharmacy. Assigning specific roles and functions to community pharmacies during the pandemic contributed to positive assessments. Respondents gave higher scores to community pharmacies that had responded appropriately (a mean Likert score of 3.66 out of 5) and had provided continuous pharmaceutical services (3.67) during the pandemic. The pandemic served as an opportunity to positively recognize the role of community pharmacies (3.59). In the ordered logistic model, having a family pharmacy was consistently associated with positive perceptions. Respondents perceived that community pharmacies collaborated with general practitioners and health authorities. However, community pharmacies need to function appropriately in terms of knowledge. The mean score of the four domains of community pharmacy functions were highest for collaboration (3.66), followed by communication (3.57), responsiveness (3.54), and knowledge (3.41).
Conclusions:
The pandemic resulted in interprofessional collaboration between community pharmacists and general practitioners. Family pharmacies could be a valuable asset to the comprehensive case management of patients. However, community pharmacists should have the expertise to build solid interprofessional collaborations and fulfill their expanded and updated roles.
... Kesehatan merupakan hal yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia (Jones et al. 2019), dan fasilitas kesehatan memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat (Zheng et al. 2021). Fasilitas kesehatan meliputi berbagai jenis, mulai dari puskesmas, rumah sakit, klinik, hingga apotek. ...
Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memberikan gambaran mengenai peran yang dierikan oleh fasilitas kesehatan dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat dilihat dari perspektif kebijakan publik. Beberapa permasalahan esensial fasilitas kesehatan di Merauke antara lain terbatasnya akses ke fasilitas kesehatan, kekurangan tenaga medis,kondisi fasilitas kesehatan yang buruk, biaya yang mahal, kurangnya kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya kesehatan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan metode survey dimana metode yang digunakan ini untuk menggambarkan atau menganalisis suatu hasil penelitian tetapi tidak digunakan untuk membuat kesimpulan yang lebih luas. Lokasi penelitian adalah di seluruh Kampung di Distrik Ngguti Kabupeten Merauke, yang terdiri dari 6 Kampung. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Juli- Agustus 2022. Penentuan informan dalam penelitian ditetapkan secara purposive. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah pengamatan, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumen. Analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan/verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahawa Fasilitas kesehatan memainkan peran penting dalam meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Pemerintah memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam memfasilitasi pembangunan dan pengembangan fasilitas kesehatan. Melalui kebijakan publik, pemerintah dapat mengatur dan memperkuat infrastruktur kesehatan yang ada, meningkatkan ketersediaan sumber daya manusia dan teknologi medis, serta meningkatkan kualitas dan aksesibilitas layanan kesehatan bagi seluruh lapisan masyarakat
... Therefore, infection control measure should be taken to protect them as well (9 ,10) . Published data revealed that the virus can spread via variety of ways including airborne droplets, face to face contact with infected person and touching contaminated objects, therefore, it is highly crucial to provide disease education which in turn halt the spread of the various (11) . ...
Background: Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has enormously affected various healthcare services including the one of community pharmacy. The ramifications of these effects on Iraqi community pharmacies and the measures they have taken to tackle the spread of COVID-19 is yet to be explored. In this cross sectional survey, infection control measures by community pharmacies in Sulaimani city/Iraq has been investigated. Methods: Community pharmacists were randomly allocated to participate in a cross-sectional survey via visiting their pharmacies and filling up the questionnaire form. Results and discussion: A total of 50 pharmacies responded to the survey. Results showed that large numbers of community pharmacies (50%) have started to implement infection control measures during May 2020, three months after reporting the first COVID-29 cases in Iraq. The data shows that wearing face masks and washing hands frequently were among the most common personal measures to curb the spread of the virus with 33% each. Results reveal that 70% of the pharmacies sanitized customer’s space on a daily base and more than half of the participants install 1 meter distance measures between the customers. Meanwhile, almost half of the community pharmacies reduced the number of front line staff into one, minimising the risk of contact with infectious customers. Upon having a staff member testing positive, testing or self-isolation on all other staff members were imposed by the participants. Conclusion: Community pharmacists in Iraq were facing unprecedented challenge when coronavirus hit the country. Taking control measures by community pharmacies were of paramount significance to curb the spread of the virus in their working place and the community as well all these need a sophisticated plan in the future.
... De même pour les patients incapables de se rendre à la pharmacie, un service de vente de livraison à domicile peut être proposé en travaillant avec les organismes concernés (la CNAS, la CAVNOS et les oeuvres sociales ou les associations bénévoles). Dans ce cadre, nous pouvons citer l'exemple de la chine, grâce à une étroite collaboration avec ce personnel et ces organisations, les pharmacies communautaires chinoises ont réussi à assurer un approvisionnement adéquat en médicaments pour les patients de la communauté (Zhenga et al, 2020). Ces démarches sont devenues capital dans le cadre du bon management des officines pharmaceutiques algériennes. ...
Pharmacists are key actors to face the different health crises. The objective of this article is to make a critical assessment, and in particular to highlight the functional and professional bias that characterizes it during the period of covid-19, it is in this context, that this article attempts to describe the role of pharmacies and discuss their future functions. To do this, we conducted a case study through a survey based on an interview guide with sixteen (16) pharmacies located in the wilaya of Tlemcen to examine their mode of work and to identify the various challenges encountered during the health crisis covid-19. On this basis, interesting perspectives for the development of pharmaceutical services emerged in terms of: access to medicines, self-medication, the spread of infections, work management and training of pharmacy staff.
... Distant pharmaceutical service implementation may be necessary to deliver PC services during COVID-19 [9]. During COVID- 19 Supply of drugs and patient compliance are more difficult for chronic illness people, particularly those in isolated areas, even if treatment safety and efficacy are similarly critical for this group of patients [32]. ...
... Funding from reporting suspected cases of transmission, educating about self-protective measures, minimizing the transferring of patients to various health provision locations, ensuring access to pharmacotherapy, and monitoring with minimum face-to-face contact during quarantine conditions and in parallel managing the general emotional distress of the public 51) , pharmacists contribute to assisting the community seamlessly since the initial stages of the pandemic. It should be noted that in the past few years, another PC service, the immunization of the general public in pharmacies, has shown to be well received by the general public as the community pharmacy is more accessible in comparison to other healthcare facilities and contributes to faster patient immunization during the flu season, when the healthcare system is more intensely burdened by respiratory cases, especially in the port-COVID-19 era. ...
The concept of pharmaceutical care (PC) has existed as a professional philosophy for more than 30 years. However, for a long period of time, little had been done for its integration into the regular practice of healthcare provision. The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting increase in patient influx in the community pharmacies (CP) encouraged the exploration and establishment of new healthcare services provided within the CP. Nevertheless, these services of PC are still novel, and more can be done to expand the community pharmacists' current role in primary healthcare. This can be achieved by improving and expanding the newly established services, all while incorporating new ones, for the benefit of public health and the reduction of avoidable healthcare expenditures. This article reviews information about the benefits of this service regarding patient health and the reduction of financial expenses pertinent to adverse drug events within the setting of the CP. Adverse drug events account for significant healthcare expenses and patient distress due to relevant symptoms, emergency doctor visits, and increased hospitalization rates. Several studies conducted internationally have investigated the positive impact of PC practiced by community pharmacists. In spite of results sometimes presenting a non-continuous pattern, PC applied under specific conditions has tangible positive outcomes. Congestive heart failure and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients presented fewer hospital admissions, better symptom control, and higher adherence in comparison to control groups, while a study on asthma patients revealed improved inhalation techniques. All intervention groups reported psychological improvement and a better understanding of their treatment. Special reference is made to the importance of this service for patients receiving anti-cancer treatment and how community pharmacists can have a crucial role in designing, monitoring, and re-designing these therapeutic schemes whose complexity and related adverse drug events negatively affect patient adherence. The role of community pharmacists was very important, especially for primary care, for both patients and healthcare systems during the pandemic, and it seems that it will remain decisive in the post-COVID era as well. The increased complexity of therapy and polypharmacy creates the need for organized, active participation of pharmacists in healthcare provision so that they can use their knowledge and skills under continuous cooperation with other healthcare professionals, thus providing coordinated services for the benefit of the patient.
... Portanto, é fundamental o planejamento e implantação de políticas públicas destinadas a prevenção e tratamento da SM (Saklayen, 2018), dentre as quais o investimento em assistência farmacêutica (Saklayen, 2018) em farmácias comunitárias com atuação clínica de farmacêuticos (Zheng et al., 2020), visando as orientações sobre tratamentos medicamentosos (Saklayen, 2018), hábitos de vida saudáveis (Agomo, 2012), prevenção e controle de DCV (Agomo, 2012;Plaster et al., 2012). ...
O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos sobre Síndrome Metabólica (SM) e Cuidados Farmacêuticos antes e após a participação em processo formativo para implantação de farmácia clínica em farmácias comunitárias e compreender a percepção dos farmacêuticos sobre o processo ensino-aprendizagem. Trata-se de um estudo observacional descritivo, com abordagem quali-quantitativa realizado com farmacêuticos atuantes na atenção primária à saúde, no período de junho a julho de 2019. Os dados demonstraram um aumento do nível de conhecimento dos farmacêuticos após o treinamento em farmácia clínica com ênfase em SM, seguindo as recomendações da Federação Internacional Farmacêutica (FIP). A pesquisa registrou também um aumento do número de farmacêuticos com desempenho considerado bom e muito bom, sendo o maior aumento relacionado aos conteúdos sobre Cuidados Farmacêuticos. Tais resultados foram associados à percepção positiva dos farmacêuticos quanto ao conhecimento adquirido sobre os temas estudados e, também, em relação aos momentos formativos. Na conclusiva, o estudo constatou que o processo educacional melhorou o conhecimento dos farmacêuticos acerca da SM e dos cuidados farmacêuticos, sendo compreendido por eles como essencial para o desenvolvimento de habilidades clínicas, além de relevante para a garantia contínua do conhecimento desses profissionais e de sua atuação clínica e que, ainda, tem o potencial para favorecer a implantação de serviços clínicos em farmácias comunitárias de um sistema público de saúde.
... Como uma doença infecciosa respiratória aguda emergente, a COVID-19 é transmitido pelo trato respiratório por meio de gotículas, que são expelidas quando uma pessoa infectada tosse, espirra, fala ou canta, e por contato indireto ou direto com as membranas mucosas da boca, olhos ou nariz de indivíduos sintomáticos ou assintomáticos. Contato com objetos contaminados, pois esses microrganismos podem viver em diferentes superfícies por horas e até dias (SINGHAL, 2020;ZHENG et al., 2020). ...
Esta é uma revisão literária cujo objeto central de estudo é a pandemia da COVID-19, doença causada pelo vírus nomeado como SARS-CoV-2. A pandemia teve início em meados do ano 2020, após a infestação do vírus na China no ano de 2019. Em menos de um ano, mais de 200 mil pessoas já haviam sido infectadas e, mesmo após dois anos, ainda são muitas as dúvidas relacionadas à doença. Desta forma, foi realizada esta revisão da literatura com o objetivo de reunir e sintetizar as informações de artigos, periódicos e outras fontes. Foi realizada uma análise qualitativa, por meio do método exploratório, com lapso temporal da bibliografia de três anos, pois foi baseado na duração da pandemia da COVID-19. O objetivo central determinado para nortear a revisão da literatura foi o de reunir e sintetizar as informações relacionadas ao coronavirus. O controle da doença, inicialmente, foi realizado por meio de medidas de prevenção como o isolamento social, o uso de máscara e higienização constante tanto das mãos quanto das superfícies dos ambientes, pois a principal via de transmissão ocorre por meio de secreções oronasais. Atualmente existem medicamentos aprovados pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) para o tratamento da COVID-19 e diversas vacinas desenvolvidas, além de uma expressiva diminuição nos casos e na letalidade da doença. No entanto, existe a necessidade de que pesquisas continuem sendo desenvolvidas e que os estudos avancem no sentido de fornecer a erradicação completa da doença, a fim de que não ocorram novos casos e de que a pandemia não volte ao auge.
... 7 Lockdown negatively affected the chronic diseases patients thus CPs contacts with patients at home and providing counseling like in hypertension with B.P systolic more than 180mm Hg and diastolic more than 110mm Hg, diabetes mellitus more than 180mg/dl at random range, counseling patients online for administration of insulin, regular checking of blood pressure and blood glucose level, diet counseling, prefer exercise for 30 min daily, interactions between drugs which can worse the conditions can be avoided, like Warfarin causes bleeding when use without managing of Interactional Normalized Ratio thus CP recommends INR to patients who are administering anti-coagulants therapy. [4] Designing of novel targeted drug delivery is coming under the domain of CPs; thus they are trying against novel virus to save the lives because it is mentioned in Holy Quran that "any one of you saved a life, it means he saved the humanity". [9] FDA till now did not successfully approved targeted drug against corona virus. ...
... Moreover, more questions have been added, such as, "Do I have to go to the doctor if this happens...?" and "Can I be infected if I have...?" There are new alarm indicators that should be studied to differentiate and protocolize the action and referral to the doctor in the face of the new COVID-19 disease (Fang, Huang, Yang, 2007;Agomo, 2012). It is necessary to establish a protocol in community pharmacy (Liu et al., 2020b;Si-qian et al., 2021) that enables the early detection of possible or probable patients with COVID-19 by symptoms compatible with the disease through the design of an intervention model for the detection of symptoms related to COVID-19 during the process of minor ailments service, through medical referral indicators for possible COVID-19, avoiding the spread of COVID-19, supporting primary care centers in the control and prevention of coronavirus infections, reducing visits and optimizing health care resources, and improving the public's ability to protect themselves and correct inappropriate medical-seeking behavior by providing accurate information about COVID-19 (Kang, Rhie, 2020). ...
Abstract The announcement by the WHO of the characterization of the new Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) as a pandemic, entails an adaptation by the community pharmacy in carrying out its care activity in general, with particular emphasis on ”Minor Ailments Service” in particular. The measures taken by the different health administrations in which patient telephone care by primary care offices is prioritized have left more consultations on symptoms in the community pharmacist health-related problems as pharmacies are the closest health facilities to the patient. The similarity between the symptomatology caused by the new Coronavirus with that of some Enteroviruses that cause mild respiratory and gastrointestinal tables (dry cough, fever, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, etc.) makes community pharmacies highly capable places for contagion detection and prevention. A model of protocolized intervention is needed to facilitate the pharmacist’s work in discriminating during the indication between minor symptoms and symptoms of referral for possible cases of COVID-19 so that in conjunction with the rest of the staff we help control the disease and make better use of primary care consultations.
... The restriction measures and mobilization of health professionals may have impaired the management of chronic diseases. Supplying medications for chronic use is a priority of health services and, by extension, of the pharmaceutical service 10,11 . The pharmacist plays an important role in fostering adherence and monitoring the efficacy and safety of current therapy to avoid unnecessary hospital visits 10,12 . ...
Objective:
Hepatitis B is an important public health concern. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for health systems, and the access to pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of chronic diseases, such as hepatitis B, may have been affected due to the contingency measures. This study aimed to evaluate the access to antiviral therapy during the ongoing pandemic.
Methods:
This was a descriptive analysis of the access to treatment for chronic hepatitis B at a tertiary-level university hospital in São Paulo, integrated with the Brazilian health system. The study was conducted from April to December 2020.
Results:
Access to antiviral therapy for 225 patients was assessed. The majority of the population was male (59%). The main type of service was the Programa Medicamento em Casa (Home Medication Delivery Program), which was availed by 144 (64%) patients. Women had poorer access to antiviral therapy (56%, p<0.05), and patients registered in the HMDP (68%, p<0.05) had better access. The age group of >48 years represented 70% of the group without access to antiviral therapy. Twenty-two pharmaceutical appointments were conducted through phone calls with patients without access to antiviral therapy.
Conclusion:
This study contributes to the rationalization of efforts in a public health crisis through the identification of groups with the highest risk of poor access to antiviral therapy and the demonstration of the benefits of a medication delivery system.
The primary objectives of medical safety education are to provide the public with essential knowledge about medications and to foster a scientific approach to drug usage. The era of using artificial intelligence to revolutionize medical safety education has already dawned, and ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence models have immense potential in this domain. Notably, they offer a wealth of knowledge, anonymity, continuous availability, and personalized services. However, the practical implementation of generative artificial intelligence models such as ChatGPT in medical safety education still faces several challenges, including concerns about the accuracy of information, legal responsibilities, and ethical obligations. Moving forward, it is crucial to intelligently upgrade ChatGPT by leveraging the strengths of existing medical practices. This task involves further integrating the model with real-life scenarios and proactively addressing ethical and security issues with the ultimate goal of providing the public with comprehensive, convenient, efficient, and personalized medical services.
The current research aimed to Referential activity analysis of the research directions of psychological studies that dealt with the psychological effects of the Covid-19 pandemic in the Sultanate of Oman in the period from February 2020 to May 2023. The study used the qualitative descriptive approach by relying on the Referential activity analysis Scales. The Results concluded that the research directions of psychological studies on the Covid-19 pandemic in the Sultanate of Oman included five main topics, namely: (1) mental disorders associated with the Covid-19 pandemic, (2) the level of mental health among health workers, (3) the psychological and educational effects associated with By switching to distance Learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, (4) the psychological effects of home quarantine and social distancing during the Covid-19 pandemic, (5) the psychological aspects related to addiction to social media during the Covid-19 pandemic, and these Directions were evident through the Means on Measures of Referential activity , where the Means of Concreteness and specificity, clarity and Imagery were 8.3, 8.4, 8.2, 8.7, and the average of those dimensions reached (7.76) and is in the simple high level. Comprehensiveness in those directions and recommendations have been developed based on the results that have been reached.
https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=ar&user=rPtWTIYAAAAJ
Objectives:
This systematic aimed to understand the global status using the results of survey studies based on the Community Pharmacy Survey on Patient Safety Culture and set the directions of development in terms of the patient safety culture of community pharmacies.
Methods:
Electronic searches were performed in EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and CINAHL databases by using the words "patient safety," "culture," and "community pharmacy" with synonyms or associated words in the original English language research articles published between January 1, 2012, and March 2, 2023. This systematic review was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.
Results:
Eleven surveys from 10 countries were selected. Five studies were conducted on pharmacists, whereas 6 studies were carried out on all pharmacy staff members such as pharmacists, technicians, clerks, and pharmacy students on apprenticeship. There was a considerable variation in the positive response rates across the dimensions of all the surveys. The highest positive response score was demonstrated for "teamwork" and "patient counseling," whereas the "staffing, work pressure, and pace" dimension was essential for improving patient safety culture in community pharmacy settings. For overall rating of the pharmacy on patient safety, 84.8% of pharmacy staff members gave good, very good, or excellent as their responses.
Conclusions:
Despite the differences among studies, findings of this study are expected to be used as valuable evidence to develop patient safety improvement strategies after reflecting each country's health care setting or community pharmacy practice. Furthermore, the results would offer meaningful assistance to achieve the goals of global campaigns such as the World Health Organization Patient Safety Challenge.
Introduction: Chinese hospitals still face various barriers to implementing pharmaceutical care. The quantitative instrument for measuring these barriers in China is scarce. This study aims to develop and validate a scale for measuring barriers to providing pharmaceutical care in Chinese hospitals from the perspective of clinical pharmacists.
Methods: The scale was developed based on existing literature and qualitative interviews with 20 experts. The scale was included in a small-range pilot survey and then administered to a validation survey in 31 provinces in China. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify the structure of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was applied to verify the structure of the scale and to validate the scale’s convergent and discriminative validity. Known-group validity was also examined. Cronbach’s alpha examined the internal consistency reliability of the scale.
Results: 292 scales were completed and returned for a response rate of 85.6% in the pilot study. Exploratory factor analysis of the scale suggested a five-factor solution (Cognition and attitude, Knowledge and skills, Objective conditions, External cooperation, and Support from managers) accounting for 66.03% of the total variance. 443 scales were sent out in the validation study, with a response rate of 81.0%. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a good fit of the structural model for pharmaceutical care barriers. It showed the scale’s good convergent and discriminative validity (The average variance extracted >0.5 and composite reliability >0.7). The scale could also identify the differences in total score among the clinical pharmacists from different hospital grades ( p < 0.05). Cronbach’s alpha is between 0.658 and 0.896, indicating good internal consistency.
Conclusion: From the perspective of clinical pharmacists, this study has developed a scale to assess obstacles to pharmaceutical care. The scale comprehensively encompasses barriers to clinical pharmacists’ cognitive and ability-related aspects, hindrances encountered in collaborating with other health professionals and patients, and barriers to the working environment. The reliability and validity have been established through verification.
OBJECTIVE: Healthcare systems have been put under intense pressure by the COVID-19 pandemic, although some studies have shown a decline in hospital admissions for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during the first and second wave of the pandemic. In addition, studies analyzing gender and procedural differences are scarce. The present study aimed to determine the impact of the pandemic on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cerebrovascu-lar disease (CVD) in Andalusia (Spain) and analyzed differences by gender and by percutane-ous coronary interventions performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An interrupted time series analysis of AMI and CVD hospital admissions in Andalusia (Spain) was carried out to measure the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. AMI and CVD cases admitted daily in public hospitals of Andalusia between January 2018 and December 2020 were included. RESULTS: During the pandemic, significant reductions in AMI [-19%; 95% confidence interval (CI): (-29%,-9%), p<0.001] and CVD [-17%; 95% CI: (-26%,-9%); p<0.01] in daily hospital admissions were observed. Differences were also produced according to the diagnosis (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Non-ST-Elevation Myo-cardial Infarction, other AMI and stroke), with a greater reduction in females for AMI and in males for CVD. Although there were more percutaneous coronary interventions during the pandemic, no significant reductions were observed. CONCLUSIONS: A decline in AMI and CVD daily hospital admissions during the first and second wave of COVID-19 pandemic was noted. Gender differences were observed, but no clear impact was observed in percutaneous interventions.
Objective:
Healthcare systems have been put under intense pressure by the COVID-19 pandemic, although some studies have shown a decline in hospital admissions for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases during the first and second wave of the pandemic. In addition, studies analyzing gender and procedural differences are scarce. The present study aimed to determine the impact of the pandemic on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in Andalusia (Spain) and analyzed differences by gender and by percutaneous coronary interventions performed.
Patients and methods:
An interrupted time series analysis of AMI and CVD hospital admissions in Andalusia (Spain) was carried out to measure the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak. AMI and CVD cases admitted daily in public hospitals of Andalusia between January 2018 and December 2020 were included.
Results:
During the pandemic, significant reductions in AMI [-19%; 95% confidence interval (CI): (-29%, -9%), p<0.001] and CVD [-17%; 95% CI: (-26%, -9%); p<0.01] in daily hospital admissions were observed. Differences were also produced according to the diagnosis (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, other AMI and stroke), with a greater reduction in females for AMI and in males for CVD. Although there were more percutaneous coronary interventions during the pandemic, no significant reductions were observed.
Conclusions:
A decline in AMI and CVD daily hospital admissions during the first and second wave of COVID-19 pandemic was noted. Gender differences were observed, but no clear impact was observed in percutaneous interventions.
Background: The pharmacy profession is underdeveloped and unrecognised in low and middle-income countries. Recognising this, the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has published 21 development goals to develop the pharmacy profession. This mixed-method study was conducted to determine a priority-based hierarchy of the FIP development goals and identify the barriers to achieving these goals in Pakistan. Methods: A total of 400 and 15 pharmacists participated in the quantitative and qualitative parts of the study, respectively. Results: Overall, the pharmacy profession in Pakistan was not progressing at the pace required. The participants advocated prioritisation of the ‘Practice’ element to bridge the gap between the current situation and required progress. The main barriers to transformation were a lack of implementation of theoretical knowledge, training and internship programmes, and regulatory deficits in policy development and implementation. Conclusion: Mandatory government leadership and backing will be required to advance practice-related aspects and address intertwined barriers to professional development in the country.
Introdução: A COVID-19 é uma doença de interesse mundial. Diante disso, há um esforço globalizado no desenvolvimentode produtos/soluções que possam apoiar a sociedade neste momento. Objetivo: O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar as ações e iniciativas de algumas startups brasileiras, destinadas ao combate da COVID-19. Método: Para isso, uma pesquisa assistemática em plataformas e sites de notícias foi realizada, entre 1 de março e 5 de junho de 2020, e 71 iniciativas foram identificadas em diferentes categorias: antipropagação da COVID-19, inteligência artificial, sistemas de gestão em saúde, coleta/monitoramento de informações, artigos e exames hospitalares, diagnóstico e telemedicina. Conclusão: Por meio deste estudo, foi possível evidenciar o desenvolvimento de tecnologias nacionaispara solucionar problemas como falta de equipamentos de proteção individual e hospitalares, triagem e monitoramento da população, além de melhoria do acesso às informações sobre cuidados, prevenção e aos serviços de saúde em meio a pandemia. No entanto, algumas destas iniciativas ainda precisam de incentivos para chegar ao mercado.
O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a percepção da população sobre o papel do farmacêutico no contexto da pandemia do novo coronavírus. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo exploratório de abordagem quantitativa realizado, via plataforma Google Formulários. Foram incluídas pessoas de ambos os sexos, maiores de 18 anos, residentes no Brasil. O link do questionário foi enviado pelo WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook e e-mail. Dos 1.748 questionários respondidos, 64,5% eram de mulheres, a média de idade dos participantes foi de 25,3±7,9 anos e a maioria se declarou parda (56,8%). Do total de participantes, 96,5% consideraram o farmacêutico profissional da saúde, no entanto 53,4% não foram atendidos por ele durante a pandemia e 68,6% não buscaram orientação deste. Constatou-se que a população deste estudo reconheceu o farmacêutico como profissional de saúde na linha de frente contra o coronavírus, porém não sabia identificar seu papel diante da pandemia.
The study discusses the potential of e-Pharmacies and the new digital skills of pharmacists in the aftermath of the Sars-Cov2 pandemic. From this perspective, a sociological analysis of the digital role-set of pharmacists is developed, in order to highlight the opportunities and risks of the spreading of online pharmacies and their potential contribution to the delivery of new digital services for addressin Covid-19. The paper ends with some considerations on the importance of the sociological studies of “e-pharmacy encounters” in the current phase of Covid Age in Italy.
Based on the online patient-physician communication data, this study used natural language processing and machine learning algorithm to construct a medical intelligent guidance and recommendation model. First, based on 16,935 patient main complaint data of nine diseases, this study used the word2vec, long-term and short-term memory neural networks, and other machine learning algorithms to construct intelligent department guidance and recommendation model. Besides, taking ophthalmology as an example, it also used the word2vec, TF-IDF, and cosine similarity algorithm to construct an intelligent physician recommendation model. Furthermore, to recommend physicians with better service quality, this study introduced the information amount of physicians' feedback to the recommendation evaluation indicator as the text and voice service quality. The results show that the department guidance model constructed by long-term and short-term memory neural networks has the best effect. The precision is 82.84%, and the F1-score is 82.61% in the test set. The prediction effect of the LSTM model is better than TextCNN, random forest, K-nearest neighbor, and support vector machine algorithms. In the intelligent physician recommendation model, under certain parameter settings, the recommendation effect of the hybrid recommendation model based on similar patients and similar physicians has certain advantages over the model of similar patients and similar physicians.
Consumer buying is one of the most researched topics in the domain of marketing. However, since the wake of COVID-19 the research work under this vein takes a new shape. Therefore, the need to analyze consumer buying behavior at the wake of pandemic became vibrant again. Hence this study has been done specifically to observe the impact of COVID-19 on preference of online shopping of ambient products. Thus, through convenience sampling and incorporation of google doc the data has been collected from the customers of online marts. However, the model is improved version on online shopping at the wake of COVID-19, therefore the testing has been made through SMART-PLS which indicated definite impact of COVID-19 on change in consumer buying so as on online shopping of ambient products.
Abstract COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is raising many questions about the future of face-to-face interactions. The possible changes on healthcare delivery may provoke a long term disruption on pharmaceutical assistance requiring new approaches to provide pharmaceutical services. The proposal of pharmaceutical care is patient oriented, and its activities include different forms of interaction. The emergence of COVID-19 puts to the test all the efforts to reposition pharmaceutical care in the set of clinical activities. Now, the pharmaceutical consultations and group activities, which played a fundamental role in the reformulation of pharmacy practices, must be revised in order to reduce the risk of patient agglomeration and contamination. Several researchers suggest technology use to intermediate health care assistance. However, few studies had rigorously analyzed the effectiveness of virtual health care on the pharmaceutical field. Innovating the pharmacy workflow, during the course of a crisis like COVID-19, is the current challenge addressed to all pharmacists. This unforeseen situation requires us to reconsider our plans and actions. It will be necessary resilience, courage and creativity to achieve a consistent attitude, which provides a quick response to the health care needs in this time of crisis.
In order for the global healthcare system to remain sustainable, healthcare spending needs to be reduced, and self-treating certain conditions under the guidance of a pharmacist provides a means of accomplishing this goal. This article was developed to describe global healthcare trends affecting self-care with a specific focus on the role of the pharmacist in facilitating over-the-counter (OTC) medication management. Potential healthcare-related economic benefits associated with the self-care model are outlined. The importance of the collaboration between healthcare providers (HCPs), including specialists, primary care providers, and pharmacists, is also discussed. The evolving role of the pharmacist is examined and recommendations are provided for ways to successfully engage with other HCPs and consumers to optimize the pharmacist’s unique qualifications and accessibility in the community. Using the management of frequent heartburn with an OTC proton-pump inhibitor as a model, the critical role of the pharmacist in patient self-treatment of certain symptoms will be discussed based on the World Gastroenterology Organization’s recently published guidelines for the community-based management of common gastrointestinal symptoms. As the global healthcare system continues to evolve, self-care is expected to have an increasing role in treating certain minor ailments, and pharmacists are at the forefront of these changes. Pharmacists can guide individuals in making healthy lifestyle choices, recommend appropriate OTC medications, and educate consumers about when they should consult a physician.
Funding: Pfizer Inc.
To investigate the quality and appropriateness of Emergency Hormonal Contraception (EHC) supply from community pharmacies.
Community pharmacies in the southwest of England during 2007.
Two simulated patient ('mystery shopper') scenarios to each participating pharmacy, one where the supply of EHC would be appropriate (scenario 1) and one where there was a drug interaction between EHC and St John's Wort, and the supply inappropriate (scenario 2). Pharmacy consultations were rated using criteria developed from two focus groups: one with pharmacist academics and one with female university students. Feedback to pharmacists to inform their continuing professional development was provided.
Scores on rating scales encompassing the clinical and communication skills of the participating community pharmacists completed immediately after each mystery shopper visit.
40 pharmacist visits were completed: 21 for scenario 1 and 19 for scenario 2. Eighteen pharmacists were visited twice. Five pharmacists visited for scenario 2 supplied EHC against professional guidance, although other reference sources conflicted with this advice. Pharmacies which were part of the local PGD scheme scored higher overall in scenario 1 (P = 0.005) than those not part of the scheme. Overall the communication skills of pharmacists were rated highly although some pharmacists used jargon when explaining the interaction for scenario 2.
Formatively assessing communication skills in an integrative manner alongside clinical skills has been identified as an important part of the medical consultation skills training and can be incorporated into the routine assessment and feedback of pharmacy over-the-counter medicines advice.
Community pharmacists are the third largest healthcare professional group in the world after physicians and nurses. Despite their considerable training, community pharmacists are the only health professionals who are not primarily rewarded for delivering health care and hence are under-utilized as public health professionals. An emerging consensus among academics, professional organizations, and policymakers is that community pharmacists, who work outside of hospital settings, should adopt an expanded role in order to contribute to the safe, effective, and efficient use of drugs-particularly when caring for people with multiple chronic conditions. Community pharmacists could help to improve health by reducing drug-related adverse events and promoting better medication adherence, which in turn may help in reducing unnecessary provider visits, hospitalizations, and readmissions while strengthening integrated primary care delivery across the health system. This paper reviews recent strategies to expand the role of community pharmacists in Australia, Canada, England, the Netherlands, Scotland, and the United States. The developments achieved or under way in these countries carry lessons for policymakers world-wide, where progress thus far in expanding the role of community pharmacists has been more limited. Future policies should focus on effectively integrating community pharmacists into primary care; developing a shared vision for different levels of pharmacist services; and devising new incentive mechanisms for improving quality and outcomes.
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Objectives To review the literature, including published and unpublished evidence, around the role of community pharmacists in public health, to identify key themes emerging from these data and to identify gaps in the evidence base.
Methods The objectives of the study were met by identifying relevant literature from both the UK and overseas, through electronic database searches and the grey literature. The search was limited to the period from January 1985 to November 2010.
Key findings The scoping study identified a wide range of roles that community pharmacists were providing in public health, with the dominant themes being in the areas of smoking cessation services, healthy eating and lifestyle advice, provision of emergency hormonal contraception, infection control and prevention, promoting cardiovascular health and blood pressure control and prevention and management of drug abuse, misuse and addiction. The scoping study also identified several barriers and gaps in the UK evidence base. The gaps were significant in those themes with no identified UK studies, such as preventing falls in the elderly, emergency preparedness and response to bioterrorism, climate change and potential pandemics, immunisation and vaccination services and prevention and risk assessment of osteoporosis. There were also gaps in the evidence base regarding the role of London community pharmacists in public health.
Conclusions Although the scoping study identified a wide range of roles that community pharmacists were providing in public health, several gaps and barriers were also identified. Based on these gaps, a study incorporating mixed methods to provide in-depth information about the role of London community pharmacists in public health could be more illuminating.
The development of pharmaceutical care in domestic and 340 foreign communities and its enlightenment on establishing pharmacy major in China
- Chen Q Wei M
WEI M, CHEN Q, YU D M, et al. The development of pharmaceutical care in domestic and
340
foreign communities and its enlightenment on establishing pharmacy major in China [J].
Pharmacy in the 21st century: enhancing the impact of the profession of pharmacy on people's lives in the context of health care trends, evidence and policies
- L Dolovich
- Z Austin
- N Waite
Dolovich L, Austin Z, Waite N, et al. Pharmacy in the 21st century: enhancing the
impact of the profession of pharmacy on people's lives in the context of health care
trends, evidence and policies [J].
UNION MEDICAL 372 COLLEGE. Peking Union Medical College novel coronavirus infection prevention Q&A 373 for the public
- Chinese Acadamy
- Medical
- Peking
CHINESE ACADAMY OF MEDICAL SCIENCE PEKING UNION MEDICAL
372
COLLEGE. Peking Union Medical College novel coronavirus infection prevention Q&A
373
for the public [EB/OL]. Beijing: Publishing House of Peking Union Medical College, 2020.
374
[2020-02-20].
Self-management strategies for home-living elderly 378 patients on multiple drugs for treating chronic disease
- Special Committee For
- Drug
- Diseases
- Chinese
SPECIAL COMMITTEE FOR DRUG BORNE DISEASES OF CHINESE
377
PHARMACOLOGY SOCIETY. Self-management strategies for home-living elderly
378
patients on multiple drugs for treating chronic disease [EB/OL]. [2020-02-20].
Mental Health Case Manual for the Public during Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic
- L Lu
- G H Wang
- X D Tang
Lu L, Wang GH, Tang XD, et al. Mental Health Case Manual for the Public during Novel
Coronavirus Pneumonia Epidemic [EB/OL]. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press;
2020 [2020-02-20]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/FMwGqaTMoqnmly_y8k5riQ.
The development of pharmaceutical care in domestic and foreign communities and its enlightenment on establishing pharmacy major in China
- M Wei
- Q Chen
- D M Yu
Wei M, Chen Q, Yu DM, et al. The development of pharmaceutical care in domestic
and foreign communities and its enlightenment on establishing pharmacy major in
China [J].
Research progress on pharmaceutical care provided in community pharmacies abroad
- Y Fang
- T K Huang
- S M Yang
Fang Y, Huang TK, Yang SM, et al. Research progress on pharmaceutical care provided in community pharmacies abroad [J].