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Influence of Swiss Ball Training on Core Strength and Shoulder Strength among School Boys
Abstract and Figures
The purpose of the study was find out the influences of swiss ball training on core strength and shoulder strength among school boys. To achieve the purpose of this study, 30 school boys were randomly selected as subjects from Kamarajar Higher Secondary School, Pettai, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India. Their age ranged from 16 to 18 years. The selected participants were randomly divided into two groups such as group 'A' swiss ball training group (n=15) and group 'B' acted as control group (n=15). Group 'A' underwent swiss ball training for three alternative days per week and each session lasted for an hour for twelve weeks. Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The core strength was assessed by plank test (seconds) and shoulder strength was assessed by push-ups test (numbers) were selected as variables. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected criterion variables prior to and immediately after the training program. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the dependent 't' test and analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05 level. It was concluded that the swiss ball training group had shown significantly improved in core strength and shoulder strength. However the control group had not shown any significant improvement on core strength and shoulder strength.
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... Also agreed with the findings of these studies of Kumar, & Arumugam, (2019) [15] ; Kachanathu et al, (2014) [16] ; [17] ; Turna, (2020) [18] ; [19] ; Satiroglu, Arslan, & Atak, (2013) [20] ; Hwang, & kim, (2017) [21] ; Anuja, & Arumugam, (2017) [22] ; Suriya & Arumugam, (2020) [23] ; Kumar, & Arumugam, (2019) [24] ; Arumugam, & Thanga Banu, (2019) [25] ; Satheesh Kumar, & Arumugam, (2018) [26] ; Arumugam, (2014) [27] ; Selvaraja, & Arumugam, (2018) [28] ; Arumugam, & Balmu N Sangma. (2019) [29] ; Arumugam, (2018) [30] ; Arumugam, (2015) [31] ; Anuja, & Arumugam, (2018) [32] ; Muthu Selvan, & Arumugam, (2018) [33] . ...
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of core stability training on balance and core abilities among women soccer players. To achieve the purpose of this study, 24 women intercollegiate soccer players were selected as subjects from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India. Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years. The selected participants were randomly divided into two groups such as group ‘A’ core stability training (n=12) and group ‘B’ acted as control group (n=12). Group ‘A’ underwent core stability training for four days per week and each session lasted for forty-five to one hour approximately for six weeks of period. Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in their regular activities. The selected variables on static balance was measured by stork balance test (seconds), dynamic balance was measured by Y-Balance Test (percentage) and core ability was measured by plank test (seconds). The pre and post-tests data were collected on selected criterion variables prior to and immediately after the training program. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the dependent‘t’ test and Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). The level of significant was fixed at 0.05 level. It was concluded that the core stability training group had shown significantly improved on balance and core abilities due to the effect of core stability training. However, the control group had not shown any significant improvement on balance and core abilities.
... A., Hornstrup, T., Clausen, H., Kloppenborg, J., Shumikhin, D., & Krustrup, P. (2014) [17] and Satheesh Kumar, K., & Arumugam, S. (2018) [18] . ...
The present study was aimed to find out the training effects of aerobic and anaerobic running on cardio vascular endurance among football players. To attain the purpose of this study, thirty six school girl football players were randomly selected as participants from schools in Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. Their age were ranged from 15 to 17 years, who were participated inter school football tournament during the academic year of 2018-2019. The selected participants were randomly divided into three groups such as group 'I' underwent aerobic running (n=12), group 'II' underwent anaerobic running (n-12) and group III act as control (n=12). Group 'I' underwent aerobic running (continuous run) for three alternative days per week and one session per day with the intensity was progressively increased the range from 30% to 40% and volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes for six weeks period. Group 'II' underwent anaerobic running (interval run) for three alternative days per week and one session per day with the intensity was progressively increased the range from 40% to 50% and volume of work was increased from 30 to 40 minutes for six weeks period. Group 'III' was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The data on selected criterion variable on cardio vascular endurance was measured by 9 mins run/walk test (metres). The collected data were statistically analysed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and when the F ratio of the adjusted post-test mean was found to be significant, Scheffe's post hoc test was employed to find out the paired mean differences and the significant was fixed at 0.05 level of confident. All the data were analysed by used SPSS-22 version statistical package. It was concluded that the aerobic and anaerobic running groups were significantly improved on cardio vascular endurance when compare than control group and also made significant difference among experimental and control groups.
The purpose of the study was to find out the analysis of fundamental motor skills proficiency among 6 and 7 years old school children. For this purpose, one hundred school children (boys and girls) were selected from Francis Xavier CBSE School, Vannarpettai, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. The selected participant's age was 6 and 7 years old only. The selected subjects were divided into two groups of fifty subjects each namely boy children (n=50) and girl children (n=50). The selected fundamental motor skills proficiency such as catch, kick, run, vertical jump and overhand throw were assessed by using Fundamental Motor Skill Assessment Test. The collected data on the selected variables were treated with independent "t" test at 0.05 level of significance. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference on selected variables such catch, kick, run, vertical jump and overhand throw between boys and girls. This result shows that the boys were found excel than girls abilities on all the selected variables such as catch, kick, run, vertical jump, overhand throw.
The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of Pilates training on flexibility and core strength among kabaddi players. To achieve the purpose of this study, 20 male kabaddi players are randomly selected as subjects from the. Their age ranged from 23 to 28 years. The selected participants were randomly divided into two groups such as Group 'A' underwent Pilates training (n=10) and Group 'B' acted as control group (n=10).group 'A' underwent Pilates training for three alternative days and one session per week and each session lasted for an hour for six week. Control group was not exposed to any specific training but they were participated in regular activities. The data on flexibility and core strength were collected by administering by sit and reach and plank tests. The pre and post tests data were collected on selected criterion variables prior and immediately after the training programme. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the dependent 't'-test and Analysis of Co-Variance (ANCOVA) for each and every selected variable separately. It was concluded that the Pilates training group had shown significantly improved in flexibility and core strength. However the control group had not shown any significant improvement on any of the selected variables such as flexibility and core strength.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Swiss-ball core strength training on trunk extensor (abdominal)/flexor (lower back) and lower limb extensor (quadriceps)/flexor (hamstring) muscular strength, abdominal, lower back and leg endurance, flexibility and dynamic balance in sedentary women (n = 21; age = 34 ± 8.09; height = 1.63 ± 6.91 cm; weight = 64 ± 8.69 kg) trained for 45 minutes, 3 d·wk-1 for 12 weeks. Results of multivariate analysis revealed significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between pre and postmeasures of 60 and 90° s trunk flexion/extension, 60 and 240° s-1 lower limb flexion/extension (Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer), abdominal endurance (curl-up test), lower back muscular endurance (modified Sorensen test), lower limb endurance (repetitive squat test), lower back flexibility (sit and reach test), and dynamic balance (functional reach test). The results support the fact that Swiss-ball core strength training exercises can be used to provide improvement in the aforementioned measures in sedentary women. In conclusion, this study provides practical implications for sedentary individuals, physiotherapists, strength and conditioning specialists who can benefit from core strength training with Swiss balls.
Although there is now some evidence examining the use of a Swiss ball during core stability and resistance exercises, this has commonly been performed using basic or isometric exercises. There is currently no evidence examining more advanced Swiss ball exercises. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not muscle activity measured during advanced Swiss ball exercises was at an approximate intensity recommended for strength or endurance training in advanced, or novice individuals. After a familiarization session, 14 recreationally active subjects performed 6 different "advanced" Swiss ball exercises in a randomized order. The primary dependent variables in this study were the activity levels collected from anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, rectus abdominis (RA), external obliques, lumbar erector spinae, vastus lateralis (VL), and biceps femoris using surface electromyography. All signals were normalized to maximal voluntary isometric contractions performed before testing for each muscle. The results of this study showed that the Swiss ball roll elicited muscle activity in triceps brachii (72.5+/-32.4%) and VL (83.6+/-44.2%) commensurate with the intensity recommended for strength exercises in advanced trainers. Rectus abdominis activity was greatest during the bridge exercise (61.3+/-28.5%, p<or=0.01). This was the only exercise to elicit RA muscle activity commensurate with a strength training effect. The remainder of the exercises elicited abdominal activity that would require a higher number of repetitions to be performed for an endurance training adaptation. Although this study has provided evidence for one advanced Swiss ball exercise providing a significant whole-body stimulus, the practical difficulty and risks of performing these more complicated Swiss ball exercises may outweigh potential benefits.
Stability ball training (SBT) is believed to improve spinal stability (SS) and could reduce the risk of back pain in sedentary individuals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of SBT on SS. Twenty sedentary individuals were randomly assigned to either an experimental group that performed SBT twice per week for 10 weeks or to a control group. Differences between groups were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures. The experimental group improved significantly (p < 0.05) on the static back-endurance test from pretest (149.3 +/- 72.3 seconds) to posttest (194.6 +/- 56.7 seconds) and the side bridge test from pretest (45.4 +/- 39.4 seconds) to posttest (71.3 +/- 59.7 seconds). Back endurance for the control group did not change from pretest (123.4 +/- 64.9 seconds) to posttest (87.5 +/- 40.2 seconds), nor did the results of the side bridge test change for this group from pretest (41.8 +/- 26.4 seconds) to posttest (51.6 +/- 35.9 seconds). These findings illustrate that SBT may provide improvements in SS within this population. Practitioners might use SBT exercises where the position of the spine is maintained during the early phases of back-pain prevention programs. This type of programming might be beneficial to individuals who spend a good deal of time sitting (i.e., in corporate fitness programs) or for individuals who are prone to back pain and have been cleared to exercise. Also, the side bridge and static back endurance assessments may be good choices for measuring SS in field settings.
Surface instability is a common addition to traditional rehabilitation and strength exercises with the aim of increasing muscle activity, increasing exercise difficulty and improving joint proprioception. The aim of the current study was to determine if performing upper body closed kinetic chain exercises on a labile surface (Swiss ball) influences myoelectric amplitude when compared with a stable surface.
Thirteen males were recruited from a convenience sample of college students. Surface electromyograms were recorded from the triceps, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and external oblique while performing push up exercises with the feet or hands placed on a bench and separately on a Swiss ball. A push up plus exercise was also evaluated with hands on the support surface.
Not all muscles responded with an increase in muscle activity. The pectoralis major muscle was not influenced by surface stability. The triceps and rectus abdominis muscles showed increases in muscle activity only when the hands were on the unstable surface. The external oblique muscle was only influenced by surface stability during the performance of the push up plus exercise. No muscle showed a change in activation level when the legs were supported by the Swiss ball instead of the bench.
Muscle activity can be influenced by the addition of surface instability however an increase in muscle activity does not influence all muscles in all conditions. The relationship between the participant's center of mass, the location of the unstable surface and the body part contacting the Swiss ball may be important factors in determining the muscle activation changes following changes in surface stability.
Objective
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between frontal plane kinematics of the single leg squat and strength of the trunk and hip in females.
Participants
Forty healthy females participated in this study.
Methods
An isometric “make” test using a dynamometer was used to assess peak force normalized to body weight for hip abduction, hip extension, hip external rotation, and a sidelying plank test. Two-dimensional software was used to analyze the frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) and pelvic angle during a single leg squat to 60°.
Results
All 4 strength factors were significantly correlated with the FPPA, ranging from r=0.396 to r=0.466. During multiple regression analysis, hip abduction strength was the greatest predictor of the variation in FPPA at r2=0.22, p =0.002. Thus, hip abduction strength accounted for 22% of the variation in the FPPA during the single leg squat. The only strength factor demonstrating a significant correlation with the pelvic angle was hip extension strength (r=0.550, p<0.001).
Conclusion
Clinicians should consider the role of the hip abductors, hip external rotators, hip extensors and core musculature on the impact on the FPPA during a single squat, with focus on the hip abductors.
Despite the wide variety of exercises that are prescribed for the low back, the scientific foundation to justify their choice is not as complete as one may think, or expect. Thus, the clinician must often call upon "clinical opinion" when selecting exercise. Given that low back tissues may need stressing to enhance their health but too much loading can be detrimental, choosing the optimal exercise requires judgment based on clinical experience and scientific evidence. To assist in developing better exercise programs, this review documents some recent biomechanical evidence from my laboratory and from laboratories of other researchers that has been reported in various publications in an attempt to update clinicians on issues of low back exercise. Among the issues examined are mechanisms of injury; the relative importance of "strength" (ie, maximum force a muscle can produce during a single exertion to create joint torque), "flexibility," and "endurance"; and training to enhance stability. Finally, some specific exercises are described that have been shown to challenge muscle and enhance performance but that are performed in such a way as to minimize loading of the spine to reduce the risk of injury exacerbation. These exercises form a basic program for rehabilitation and maintenance of low back health.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a short-term Swiss ball training on core stability and running economy. Eighteen young male athletes (15.5 +/- 1.4 years; 62.5 +/- 4.7 kg; sigma9 skinfolds 78.9 +/- 28.2 mm; VO2max 55.3 +/- 5.7 ml.kg(-1).min(-1)) were divided into a control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 8) groups. Athletes were assessed before and after the training program for stature, body mass, core stability, electromyographic activity of the abdominal and back muscles, treadmill VO2max, running economy, and running posture. The experimental group performed 2 Swiss ball training sessions per week for 6 weeks. Data analysis revealed a significant effect of Swiss ball training on core stability in the experimental group (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed for myoelectric activity of the abdominal and back muscles, treadmill VO2max, running economy, or running posture in either group. It appears Swiss ball training may positively affect core stability without concomitant improvements in physical performance in young athletes. Specificity of exercise selection should be considered.
Muscles of the trunk, hip, and knee influence the orientation of the lower extremity during weight bearing activities. The purpose of this study was threefold: first, to compare the orientation of the lower extremity during a single leg (SL) squat among male and female athletes; second, to compare the strength of muscle groups in the trunk, hips, and knees between these individuals; and third, to evaluate the association between trunk, hip, and knee strength and the orientation of the knee joint during this activity.
Twenty-four male and 22 female athletes participated in this study. Peak isometric torque was determined for the following muscle actions: trunk flexion, extension, and lateral flexion, hip abduction and external rotation, and knee flexion and extension. The frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) of the knee during a 45 degrees SL squat was determined using photo editing software.
Males and females moved in opposite directions during the SL squat test (F(1,42) = 5.05, P = 0.03). Females typically moved toward more extreme FPPA during SL squats (P = 0.056), while males tended to move toward more neutral alignment (P = 0.066). Females also generated less torque in all muscle groups, with the exception of trunk extension. The projection angle of the knee during the SL squat test was most closely associated with hip external rotation strength.
Using instruments suitable for a clinical setting, females were found to have greater FPPA and generally decreased trunk, hip, and knee isometric torque. Hip external rotation strength was most closely associated with the frontal plane projection angle.
Swiss Ball: For Strength, Tone and Posture
- Maureen Flett
Flett, Maureen (2003). Swiss Ball: For Strength, Tone and Posture. Sterling Publishing Company Inn. ISBN 1-85648-663-X.