Reverse Logistics as a Trend of XXI Century – State of Art

Abstract

On the basis of legal, environmental, social, and economic factors, reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain issues have attracted attention among both academia and practitioners. A growing number of publications is an expression of reverse logistics trend in the literature which has been lasted for around 40 years. Hence, a comprehensive literature review of recent and state-of-the-art papers is vessential to draw a framework of the past, and to support researchers in their works by indicating journals or adequate references. The aim of this paper was to prepare appropriate literature review procedure and following it to review all papers whose main topis was reverse logistics. The papers were analyzed and categorized to construct a useful foundation of past research with respect to the scale of number of research on reverse logistics, considering stages of reverse logistics development, targeted journals, main research centres and leading countries. Moreover there were reccommended the most valuable papers as references.

Full text

Management Systems
in
Production Engineering
2020, Volume 28, Issue 1, pp. 9-14
Date of submission of the article to the Editor: 09/2018
Date of acceptance of the article by the Editor: 03/2019
DOI 10.2478/mspe-2020-0002
REVERSE LOGISTICS AS A TREND OF XXI CENTURY – STATE OF ART
Monika KOSACKA-OLEJNIK, Karolina WERNER-LEWANDOWSKA
Poznan Univeristy of Technology
Abstract:
On the basis of legal, environmental, social, and economic factors, reverse logistics and closed-loop supply
chain issues have attracted attention among both academia and practitioners. A growing number of publica-
tions is an expression of reverse logistics trend in the literature which has been lasted for around 40 years.
Hence, a comprehensive literature review of recent and state-of-the-art papers is vessential to draw a frame-
work of the past, and to support researchers in their works by indicating journals or adequate references. The
aim of this paper was to prepare appropriate literature review procedure and following it to review all papers
whose main topis was reverse logistics. The papers were analyzed and categorized to construct a useful foun-
dation of past research with respect to the scale of number of research on reverse logistics, considering stages
of reverse logistics development, targeted journals, main research centres and leading countries. Moreover
there were reccommended the most valuable papers as references.
Key words: literature review, reverse logistics, state of art
INTRODUCTION
The reverse logistics is a young concept, that has been of
particular interest to the academic community as well as
industry, since 1982
1
. Currently, it may be observed gro-
wing interest of the concept, owing to the fact that „linear
economy” model of „taking, making, consuming, dispo-
sing”, has become out of date. The significance of the
reverse logistics activities has been increased as there
have been many reasons for products’ returns what was
described in details by Gandolfo and Sbrana in [6].
The reverse logistics creates together with the sourcing,
production and distribution, the company’s logistics sys-
tem which has been reflected in the worldwide relevant
journals on production, operations management and logi-
stics. However, it took a while for reverse logistics in being
widely defined, there have been identified a few issues
requiring explaination. Firstly, the definition of the con-
cept including the process architecture of the reverse lo-
gistics subsystem. It was claimed that, there are few defi-
nitions of reverse logistics proposed by: Dowlatshahi [4],
Rogers and Tibben-Lembke [16], Stock [19], which are
commonly accepted. In the paper there was adopted the
proposal of the European Working Group on Reverse Lo-
gistics, REVLOG that has defined reverse logistics as the
process of planning, implementing and controlling bac-
kward flows of raw materials, in process inventory, packa-
ging and finished goods, from a manufacturing, distribu-
tion or use point, to a point of recovery or point of proper
disposal [3]. In the presented definition, the emphasis was
1
On the basis of searching results in databases: SCOPUS, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore Digital Library (access: 29.04.2018).
put into: processess of reverse logistics and material flow
between particular objects (actors).
With reference to previous studies on reverse logistics, it
was stated that the reverse logistics term may cause con-
fusion with issues that are related to it e. g. industrial eco-
logy, green supply chains, waste management, etc. The
presented research is focused on reverse logistics. Consi-
dering the fact, that reverse logistics is mature concept,
the main research topics in the filed of reverse logistics
and major research centers carrying out research on that
topic should be indentified.
The paper’s objective was to provide an overview on the
current state of art on reverse logistics. In order to achieve
specified main objective, there were determined the fol-
lowing partial objectives:
− O1: Review methodology development;
− O2: Literature review analysis;
− O3: Reporting results of conducted research.
In view of this interest, there was proposed to analyse the
main characteristics of the most valuable studies in order
to evaluate, what have been known in the area of reverse
logistics.
The paper was structured as follows: firstly, the review
methodology was desribed. Following review methodo-
logy in the Section 2, there was made a literature review
on the reverse logistics within the range, as specified in
research questions. In this section there were outlined the
main findings of conducted research. In the summary,
there were presented conclusions and final reflections.
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10 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2020, Volume 28, Issue 1
REVIEW METHODOLOGY
In the paper there was adopted an approach for analysis
of the literature determined by Kitchenham [9]. As a re-
sult, there was planned research consisted of three sta-
ges, presented in the Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 Review methodology
According to Fig. 1, in the first stage, the literature review
is being planned. At that stage there should be identified
a need for literature review as well as research questions
should be determined to propose the route to be taken in
the research. The last important issue at this stage is a
review protocol, which contains selection criteria, to de-
termine: works included in the review, the data sources,
search strategy and the search strings. Review protocol
affects the second stage of the procedure, owing to the
fact that there is made papers’ selection according to the
guidelines in the review protocol with the use of selected
databases. The initial search results should be analyzed
with respect to their relevancy applying the inclusion/ex-
clusion criteria (they may be specified or not).
Moreover, relevant studies which fulfill selected criteria
should answer the research questions. Finally, based on
the extracted data, the encountered studies should be
analyzed with respect to identified research questions,
and results should be synthesized in order to prepare
conclusions in a form of a report. To sum up, it was clai-
med that partial objective O1 was achieved and prepared
procedure (Fig. 1) was used in order to make a literature
review on the reverse logistics in Section 2.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE REVERSE LOGISTICS
Stage 1: Planning
Initally, according to procedure in the Fig. 1, the literature
review should be preceded by justification for that ac-
tivity. In authors’ opinion, the need for a systematic
review on the reverse logistics arose from the require-
ment of researchers to summarise all existing information
about that phenomenon in a thorough and unbiased man-
ner. It was made in order to draw more general conclu-
sions about reverse logistics, than it was possible from in-
dividual studies. It was also treated as a prelude to further
research activities on reverse logistics maturity model
development.
However, there have been idenftified some literature
reviews on reverse logistics, there is lack of comprehen-
sive approach which would answer the research questions
explained in the Table 1.
Table 1
Research questions in the conducted literature research
ID Research
question Description
RQ1
Is reverse
logistics
a subject
of research?
Determination the level
of interest of the reverse
Logistics in scientific journals
including diversification of the:
publication time, country,
journal type.
RQ2
Where
to publish
papers about
reverse
logistics issues?
Identification scientific journals
oriented on reverse logistics.
RQ3
What are the
most valuable
papers on
reverse logistics?
Identification of the most
valuable publication according
to the number of citations.
The objective of this review was to elicit the state of art
on reverse logistics. In this respect, it was aimed to obtain
an overview on the existing papers on reverse logistics. In
authors opinion, reverse logistics term requires verifica-
tion from the perspective of the level of its exploration in
the literature, what was expressed in the RQ1. In the RQ2
it was acknowledged that there is lack of guidelines rela-
ted to process of journals selection, for publishing works
on reverse logistics issues.
Finally, there was identified a need to find the most valu-
able works on reverse logistics to reccommend their use
as reference for future research.
In order to answer research questions presented in the
Table 1, there was determined the review protocol (Table
2).
According to data presented in the Table 2, a systematic
search began with the identification of keywords and their
synonyms. They were defined as a result of discussion
within the review team consisted of authors of the paper.
Using the main keywords (reverse logistics) and their sy-
nonyms with OR Boolean operator between keywords,
the following search string was defined: Title: „reverse lo-
gistics” OR „aftermarket logistics” OR „retrogistics” OR
„aftermarket supply chain”.
The search was limited to works in English with no time
restrictions and no limits according to paper type. The En-
glish language was chosen, since it has the largest number
of publications and hence more likely to offer essential
works on the reverse logistics topic.
Authors recommended to use different inclusion criteria
with respect to research questions RQ, in order to answer
them properly and to limit number of papers. However,
this search string did not guarantee returning only papers
focused on the research topic, forcing the creation of inc-
lusion criteria, excluding any work that did not address the
issue of reverse logistics within the industrial context,
what affected answering all research questions.
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M. KOSACKA-OLEJNIK, K. WERNER-LEWANDOWSKA – Reverse Logistics as a Trend of XXI Century…
11
Table 2
Review protocol
Item Description
Key words
Core con-
cept Synonyms
2
Reverse
logistics
Aftermarket Logistics, Retrogistics,
Aftermarket Supply Chain
Boolean
operators OR between keywords + synonyms
Search
fields Publication title
Time win-
dow No limit
Language English
Paper type
No limit
Inclusion
criteria
Criterion RQ
Major paper’s topic is reverse logistics
within the industrial context
RQ1-
RQ3
Top 10 worldwide journals with the hi-
ghest values of impact factor RQ2
Top 10 most frequently worldwide cited
papers RQ3
Stage 2: Collection & Selection
Two online databases with the highest coverage for the
research topic in authors’ opinion were selected for the
second stage of research (Fig. 1): Web of Science and SCO-
PUS. Keywords presented in the Table 2 were used in the
search string calibrated and adapted in conformance with
the specific syntax of each of the data sources. All sear-
ches were performed on 12 May 2018 by authors of the
paper. Although there is a striking similarity between the
search engines of the databases used, subtle differences
made it necessary to change the search string to adapt it
into each of the mechanisms. Table 3 shows the final se-
arch string used in each of the databases with the infor-
mation about number of results.
Table 3
Search strings used in databases utylized in the research
Data-
base
Application of search string
in database
Number
of results
SCOPUS
(TITLE ("Aftermarket Supply Chain") OR
TITLE ("reverse logistics") OR TITLE
("retrologistics") OR TITLE ("Aftermar-
ket Logistics")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LAN-
GUAGE, "English"))
1312
Web
of
Science
(((TITLE: ("reverse logistics") OR TITLE:
(retrognostics)) OR TITLE: ("Aftermar-
ket Logistics")) OR (TITLE: ("Aftermar-
ket Supply Chain") AND LANGUAGE:
(English)))
995
After submitting the search string in the databases (Table
3), there was obtained a considereble number of results,
what justifies that reverse logitics has been a relevant is-
sue in the literature.
Stage 3: Analysis & Conclusions
In the analysis phase, papers were considered according
to: the source, country, research institution and organized
by year of publication. This form of grouping was helpful
2
On the basis of definition presented by Reverse Logistics Association (RLA) [8].
in order to answer the RQ1 and to extract important in-
formation regarding the research trends in the study area.
Publication Years
Annual distribution of number of papers included in WoS
(grey curve) and SCOPUS (black curve) databases is pre-
sented in the Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Papers organized by the year of the publication in SCO-
PUS and WoS databases
According to chart presented in the Fig. 2, the papers
were published from 1982 in SCOPUS [1] and from 1992
in WoS [2] onwards. With reference to the diagram, au-
thors determined four phases of literature on the reverse
logistics development (P1-P4), presented in the Table 4.
Table 4
Stages of reverse logistics development
Id Phase Period of
time
Total number
of papers
WoS SCOPUS
P1 Initial ….-1999 13 11
P2 Introduction 2000-2004 38 56
P3 Growth 2005-2010 369 444
P4 Maturity 2011-….. 575 799
With reference to data presented in the Table 4 and Fig.
2, it was stated that till 1999, there was publiced very li-
mited number of works on reverse logistics.
The concept was fresh and initially recognized. A small in-
termittent peak appeard in 2001 when more than 10 pa-
pers were published in SCOPUS and WoS, before dropping
in 2004. It was Introduction phase, where there were ta-
ken efforts on more than general issues, because the level
of knowledge was higher. In the growth phase, from 2005,
the number of papers was considerably increasing rea-
ching a peak in 2010, when there were 137 works in SCO-
PUS database. However, there were differences in num-
ber of papers in compared databases, the trends were qu-
ite similar. In the last stage, number of works fluctuated
between 90-130 in SCOPUS and between 50-110 in WoS.
There was a clearly defined pattern, that the numer of pa-
pers have increased considerably in last few years, owing
to the fact that there was a growing interest of research
on reverse logistics topic. It may be caused by increasing
awareness of resources limitations. People are more fa-
miliar with the reverse logistics, but there has been still
perceived necessity of conducting research in mentioned
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12 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2020, Volume 28, Issue 1
area, as a feature of the maturity stage is maintaining a
high number of publications in the specific research area.
Country and organizations – enhanced
The identified papers were developed by researches from
various countries (Table 5), representing many organiza-
tions.
According to data presented in the Table 5, almost 90% of
all papers from each of considered databesases, where
prepared by reserachers from top 15 countries, however
the most productive countries have been: China, USA and
India. More than half of all works on reverse logistics have
been so far made by researchers from mentioned coun-
tries. It is interesting, that China, which is low-developed
country in the aspect of sustainability policy realization,
has become a source of around 30-40% of works on
reverse logistics. It was assumed, that China has been a
leading country in the research on reverse logistics, what
may convince to find an important research centres and
universities in China. Taking into consideration informa-
tion about organizations, there have been identified top 3
centres including: Syddansk Universitet from Dannmark,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in India and Wuhan
University of Technology from China.
Table 5
Papers organized by the country of the publication
– top 15 countries
Place
Country SCOPUS
%
share
Top 3
WOS
%
share
Top 3
1 China 414 31.55
52.8%
406
40.80
58.1%
2 United States
151 11.51
108
10.85
3 India 128 9.76
64 6.43
4 Brazil 70 5.34
51 5.13
5 Iran 56 4.27
41 4.12
6 Taiwan 46 3.51
29 2.91
7 United
Kingdom 44 3.35
30 3.02
8 Canada 39 2.97
26 2.61
9 Turkey 34 2.59
30 3.02
10 Malaysia 32 2.44
19 1.91
11 Spain 32 2.44
23 2.31
12 Denmark 31 2.36
19 1.91
13 Germany 30 2.29
18 1.81
14 South Korea 29 2.21
16 1.61
15 France 27 2.06
18 1.81
Total share of all 15
countries 88.6% 85.1%
In the case of all mentioned organizations, more than 5%
of all papers within considered databases, were prepared
by researchers representing those univeristies. The pre-
sented data may be useful for cooperation in the case of
research on the reverse logistics. What is more, it may be
also useful if someone considers internship or future re-
search work on reverse logistics.
Targeted journals
To comprehend the multi perspective view of the con-
cept, papers identified after application search strings (Ta-
ble 3) were selected from various scientific journals. The
3
Include volumes from international conference proceedings
vast majority of papers were journal papers or conference
proceedings. According to statistics, more than 98% in
WoS and more than 94% in SCOPUS were articles or pro-
ceedings papers. Consequently, it was stated, that reverse
logistics has become a subject of papers in scientific jour-
nals, as well as it has been a topic on many conferences.
As a result of analysis of sources, it was stated that there
was a significant dispersion of journals, where papers
were published. In WoS there were identified 500 various
journals and in SCOPUS there were identified 92 journals.
Considering the fact, that among significant number of jo-
urnals, only 3% of all sources in WoS and 14% sources in
SCOPUS had 10 and more publications in the analyzed pe-
riod of time, there should be taken into consideration to
publish paper in one of the most widely chosen journal,
according to staticstics presented in the Table 6.
Table 6
List of journals
Journal
WoS
SCOPUS
Impact
factor
(2016)
5 year
International Journal of Logistics Sys-
tems And Management
X 31
Advanced Materials Research
3
22 28 -
International Journal of Production Eco-
nomics 25 24 3.493
4.052
International Journal of Production Re-
search 24 24 2.325
2.388
Applied Mechanics and Materials
6
13 23
Journal of Cleaner Production 21 23 5.715
6.207
International Journal of Physical Distri-
bution And Logistics Management 12 22 2.577
3.98
Resources Conservation and Recycling 21 22 3.313
4.141
Computers and Industrial Engineering 15 15 2.623
2.859
International Journal of Logistics Mana-
gement 11 15 1.61 2.061
International Journal of Advanced Ma-
nufacturing Technology 12 13 2.209
2.298
IEEE International Symposium on Elec-
tronics and the Environment
6
10 11
European Journal of Operational Rese-
arch 9 10 3.297
3.582
International Conference on Industrial
Engineering and Engineering Manage-
ment IEEM
6
21 X
International Conference on Wireless
Communications Networking
and Mobile Computing
6
11 X
With reference to data presented in the Table 6, there
were included journals which have had so far at least 10
publications, in both databases used in this paper. Vast
majority of all journals were included in SCOPUS and WoS
together, except the International Journal of Logistics Sys-
tems and Management available in SCOPUS database. In
order to recommend journals for publishing works on
reverse logistics, there have been used information from
InCites Journal Citation Reports about impact factor from
2016 and average impact factor from 5 years.
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M. KOSACKA-OLEJNIK, K. WERNER-LEWANDOWSKA – Reverse Logistics as a Trend of XXI Century…
13
Considering data presented in the Table 6, it was recom-
mended to publish works in top five journals in the follo-
wing order: Journal of Cleaner Production, European Jour-
nal of Operational Research, International Journal of Pro-
duction Economics, Resources Conservation and Recyc-
ling, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Lo-
gistics Management. These actions will ensure in authors’
opinion, the best results in the citation and they will pro-
vide the highest value of work. As a result, there was ob-
tained answer for RQ2. Moreover, foregoing considera-
tions about: publication years, countries and organiza-
tions enhanced, targeted journals proved that RQ1 was
solved.
In order to answer the RQ3, there were selected 10 most
frequently cited works (top 10 citations in both databases
used in the research), which have been cited till 2018. The
above research results were presented in the Table 7.
In order to recommend other researchers some valuable
publications, there was made a citation report presented
in the Table 7. With reference to data included into the
Table 7, the most frequently cited work has been paper
prepared by Fleischmann et al. [5] which was developed
in the initial stage of research on reverse logistics accor-
ding to Table 4. Number of citations of the mentioned
study has been so far at least three times more than se-
cond publication, what confirms timeliness of issues pre-
sented in the first paper. The list of top 10 most cited ar-
ticles is the same in the case of both databases used in the
research, what confirms that selected papers have be-
come valuable sources of information during preparation
paper on reverse logistics issue. In the most frequently ci-
ted papers there were identified works on the following
issues: state of art on the reverse logistics, modelling ne-
twork for reverse logistics, theory of reverse logistics,
practical application of reverse logistics on the basis of
case studies. If there is prepared paper on one of the men-
tioned study, the paper from the list presented in the Ta-
ble 7 should be used as a reference.
In authors’ opinion, there should have been used always
as reference a valuable source according to those, from
citation report, but also timeliness publications. The most
up-to-date work from the Table 7, was developed in 2015
[7]. Considering the data presented in the Table 3, there
should be noticed, that the most frequently cited works
were from years 2005-2010 (phase 3). Moreover, accor-
ding to analysis of works cited 100 and more Times, in
both databases
4
, it was confirmed, that more than 70% in
WoS and around 60% in SCOPUS were publications highly
cited and developed in the phase 3.
As a result, it was claimed, that researchers do not use so
frequently references after 2011. It requires much time to
develop so valuable work as paper of Fleischmann et al.
[5]. With respect to presented information, authors re-
commend to use more actual references created after
2011.
SUMMARY
This article was authors’ own attempt to synthetically pre-
sent the state-of-the-art knowledge about the reverse Lo-
gistics. It was made with specially designed procedure of
making the literature review, according to objective O1.
Considering the guidelines presented in the Fig. 1, there
was made an analysis of papers on reverse logistics, which
includes various aspects of analysis: number of papers, le-
ading countries and research centres, targeted journals
and papers valuable as a source of information.
Table 7
List of the 10 most cited articles in the Web of Science
and SCOPUS
Title Authors Ref
Year
Phase
WoS
SCOPUS
Number
of citations
Quantitative models for reverse logistics: A review
Fleischmann, M; BloemhofRuwaard,
JM; Dekker, R; van der Laan, E; vanNu-
nen, JAEE; Van Wassenhove, LN
[5]
1997
P1 866
1119
Reverse logistics and closed-loop supply chain: A comprehen-
sive review to explore the future
Govindan, K., Soleimani, H.,
& Kannan, D. [7]
2015
P4 255
323
Developing a theory of reverse logistics Dowlatshahi, S [3]
2000
P2 251
341
An optimization model for the design of a capacitated multi-
product reverse logistics network with uncertainty
Salema, M. I. G., Barbosa-Povoa, A. P.,
& Novais, A. Q. [17]
2007
P3 246
304
Analysis of interactions among the barriers of reverse logistics Ravi, V; Shankar, R [14]
2005
P3 226
341
Network design for reverse logistics Srivastava, Samir K. [18]
2008
P3 207
281
A genetic algorithm-based heuristic for the dynamic integrated
forward/reverse logistics network for 3PLs Ko, Hyun Jeung; Evans, Gerald W. [10]
2007
P3 201
273
Analyzing alternatives in reverse logistics for end-of-life compu-
ters: ANP and balanced scorecard approach Ravi, V; Shankar, R; Tiwari, MK [15]
2005
P3 201
282
A genetic algorithm approach to developing the multi-echelon
reverse logistics network for product returns Min, H; Ko, HJ; Ko,CS [12]
2006
P3 183
247
Perspectives in reverse logistics: A review Pokharel, S., Mutha,A. [13]
2009
P3 169
226
4
Total number of works cited 100 and more Times in WoS was 29 papers, in SCOPUS – 54 papers.
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14 Management Systems in Production Engineering 2020, Volume 28, Issue 1
There have not been identified work which would inclu-
ded presented issues, what may be seen as an evidence
of research novelity. The essential results include guideli-
nes for researchers: where to publish and what paper to
cite? Effects of the analysis of the literature on reverse lo-
gistics were presented in the Section 3, what proves
achieving objective O2. What is more, it was stated that
prepared paper became a report of conducted research,
what is eqal with achieving goal O3. Moreover, there were
identified stages literature on reverse logistics deve-
lopment. Currently, publications on reverse logistics re-
present maturity stage, what results in decreasing num-
ber of papers. However, the number of works is declining,
while their value is rising.
The paper presents partial results of the research on the
reverse logistics. Future research directions include exten-
ded literature research, in order to prepare framework for
development a maturity model for reverse logistics.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper refers to the research conducted under Statu-
tory activity, financed by MNiSW/Poznan University of
Technology, project: Research on reverse logistics matu-
rity of enterprise (Project ID: 503227/11/140/
DSMK/4152).
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Monika Kosacka-Olejnik
ORCID ID: 0000-0001-6950-2728
Poznan Univeristy of Technology,
Faculty of Engineering Management
Jacka Rychlewskiego 2, 60-969 Poznan, Poland
e-mail: monika.kosacka@put.poznan.pl
Karolina Werner-Lewandowska
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9549-4511
Poznan Univeristy of Technology,
Faculty of Engineering Management
Jacka Rychlewskiego 2, 60-969 Poznan, Poland
e-mail: karolina.werner@put.poznan.pl
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