Article

A Blockchain-Based Secure Healthcare Scheme with the Assistance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Internet of Things

March 2020
Computers & Electrical Engineering 84:1

DOI:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2020.106627

Authors:

Anik Islam Abhi

Kumoh National Institute of Technology

Soo Young Shin

Kumoh National Institute of Technology

This paper introduces a blockchain-based secure healthcare scheme in which health data (HD) are collected from users via an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and stored on the nearest server. In the proposed scheme, a UAV first establishes a relation with body sensor hives (BSHs) via a token and then shares a shared key with BSHs to enable low-power secure communication. After retrieving the HD, the UAV decrypts the encrypted HD (encrypted by a BSH) using the shared key and exercises a two-phase authentication mechanism. Upon successful validation, the UAV transmits the HD to the nearest server to store it securely in blockchain. A security analysis is discussed to show the feasibility of the proposed secure healthcare scheme. Finally, the performance of the proposed scheme is investigated through simulation and implementation. The security and the performance analysis demonstrate that the proposed scheme supports better assistance to BSHs while maintaining security.

A systematic review of IoT in healthcare: Applications, techniques, and trends

Article

Jul 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) is an ever-expanding ecosystem that integrates software, hardware, physical objects, and computing devices to communicate, collect, and exchange data. The IoT provides a seamless platform to facilitate interactions between humans and a variety of physical and virtual things, including personalized healthcare domains. Lack of access to medical resources, growth of the elderly population with chronic diseases and their needs for remote monitoring, an increase in medical costs, and the desire for telemedicine in developing countries, make the IoT an interesting subject in healthcare systems. The IoT has a potential to decrease the strain on sanitary systems besides providing tailored health services to improve the quality of life. Therefore, this paper aims to identify, compare systematically, and classify existing investigations taxonomically in the Healthcare IoT (HIoT) systems by reviewing 146 articles between 2015 and 2020. Additionally, we present a comprehensive taxonomy in the HIoT, analyze the articles technically, and classify them into five categories, including sensor-based, resource-based, communication-based, application-based, and security-based approaches. Furthermore, the benefits and limitations of the selected methods, with a comprehensive comparison in terms of evaluation techniques, evaluation tools, and evaluation metrics, are included. Finally, based on the reviewed studies, power management, trust and privacy, fog computing, and resource management as leading open issues; tactile Internet, social networks, big data analytics, SDN/NFV, Internet of nano things, and blockchain as important future trends; and interoperability, real-testbed implementation, scalability, and mobility as challenges are worth more studying and researching in HIoT systems.

A blockchain-based secure data-sharing framework for Software Defined Wireless Body Area Networks

Article

Jul 2022
COMPUT NETW

In the past few years, blockchain has proven its necessity and unprecedented prospects in providing a secure environment for information exchange between two parties. The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with blockchain has enabled a digital transformation in many areas such as healthcare, supply chain, and financial services. Like blockchain, the programmable Software-Defined Network (SDN) is also achieving popularity due to its ability to reduce network management complexity. It is evident that incorporating SDNs with IoT-based healthcare systems can significantly improve healthcare management services. However, there are a number of challenges such as data confidentiality, user-centric design, integrity and privacy that makes it difficult to share sensitive information among different parties in a healthcare system. To overcome these challenges, we propose an architectural framework that incorporates blockchain with Software-Defined Wireless Body Area Networks (SDWBANs) to facilitate secure data sharing. We have also designed and integrated a smart contract based fine-grained access control policy to ensure that only data owners will have full control over their health data. The experimental outcomes show that the proposed model achieves good throughput and incurs a very low overhead in terms of latency compared to traditional cloud-based systems.

Blockchain-Envisioned Secure Authentication Approach in AIoT: Applications, Challenges, and Future Research

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021
WIREL COMMUN MOB COM

The Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) is the amalgamation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods and the Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure, which are deployed there to improve the overall performance of the system. AIoT can be deployed to achieve more efficient IoT operations; thereby can improve human-machine interactions and provide better data analysis. AI methods can be used to transform IoT data into useful information for the better decision-making processes, and it further increases the overall usability of the system. AIoT frameworks are very useful and applicable in a variety of applications, like security and surveillance system, smart home, intelligent transportation system, smart farming, secure and safe healthcare monitoring, industrial automation and control, eCommerce, logistics operations and control, and many more. However, AIoT frameworks may have issues related to data security and privacy as they are vulnerable to various types of information security-related attacks. These issues further cause the serious consequences, like the unauthorized data leakage and data update. Blockchain is a specific type of database. It is a digital ledger of transactions, which is duplicated and distributed across the entire network of computer systems. It stores data in the form of some blocks, which are then chained together. Blockchain is tamper proof and provides more security as compared to the traditional security mechanisms. Hence, blockchain can be integrated in various AIoT applications to provide more security. A generalized blockchain-envisioned secure authentication framework for AIoT has been proposed. The adversary model of blockchain-envisioned secure authentication framework for AIoT is also highlighted that covers most of the potential threats of a kind of communication environment. Various applications of the proposed framework are also discussed. Furthermore, different issues and challenges of the proposed framework are highlighted. In the end, we also provide some future research directions relevant to the proposed framework. 1. Introduction AIoT is the combination of Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods and Internet of Things (IoT) infrastructure. As we know, IoT is about different “Things” (i.e., smart IoT devices), which are connected to various users through the Internet [1–3]. AI provides methods to train the devices so that they can understand the novel data based on the training procedure that they have completed. AIoT works for a common goal, which is the generation of useful data about the world through IoT devices and drawing of useful insights from the collected data through some AI methods [4–9]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) refers to any human-like intelligence manifested by a machine, i.e., a computer and a robot. It is the ability of a machine, which mimics like the learning capabilities of the human, i.e., learning from the experience, object recognition, decision-making, and problem solving. It is an interdisciplinary science with multiple methods and tools, especially the advancements, which happen due to machine learning and deep learning creating a paradigm shift in various sectors of the tech industry [10–14]. 1.1. Common AI Technologies The following are the common AI technologies [1–3, 15–19]: (i)Speech recognition: speech recognition mechanism is used to convert and transform human speech in some useful format so that a computer application can process it. The “transcription and transformation of human language” into some useful format is in demand these days.(ii)Natural language processing (NLP): it focuses on the interactions between computers and human languages. Text analysis methods are used to analyse the structure of sentences and their interpretation through the ML algorithms. NLP is also helpful for the fraud detection systems. Automated assistants and applications derive unstructured data through NLP.(iii)Image recognition: it is the process of identification and detection of features in a video or an image file. It further facilitates the process of image searches for example, detecting license plates and diagnosis of diseases.(iv)Machine learning platforms: it is a subdiscipline of computer science and the important part of AI. The motive is to develop new mechanisms to enable the learning of computer systems to make them more intelligent. With the deployment of various algorithms, application programming interface (APIs), training tools, big data analytics, and machine learning platforms become popular these days, which are used for the purpose of categorization and predictions. The organizations like Amazon, Fractal Analytics, Google, and Microsoft provide various ML platforms as per the requirements of the customers.(v)Decision management: due to the AI logic and capabilities, machines can be used for training and maintenance. For adding value to the business and to make it more profitable, decision management system is being used. With the deployment of ML-based mechanisms, these systems execute automated decision.(vi)Deep learning platforms: the deep learning (DL) techniques use artificial neural networks. DL is another form of ML, which duplicates the neural network of human brain to process the data and draw patterns from this. These patterns are further used in the decision-making process. Some of the applications of DL are speech recognition system, image recognition system, and prediction system, which can predict about any phenomena of the digital sphere. Some of the DL platforms providers are Deep Instinct, Ersatz Labs, Fluid AI, and MathWorks.(vii)Robotic process automation: robotic process automation depicts the functioning of corporate processes, which automate the process through the mimicking of human activities and tasks. However, it is essential to mention that AI is not there to replace the humans, but to support and complement their skills and associated tasks. The organizations like automation anywhere, blue prism, and WorkFusion are working in this domain(viii)Cyber security: it is a computer defense mechanism, which detects and defends the various information security-related attacks happening in the cyber space. Neural networks, which have the ability to process sequences, can be deployed with ML techniques to create learning technologies for the mitigation of cyber attacks.(ix)Marketing automation: these days, AI is also going famous for marketing automation, especially to predict about the market trends, offers, and customers’ mood. That happens because of the advantages it put into the domain.(x)Virtual agents: a virtual agent can be a computer agent or a program, which has the ability of interaction with humans. It is used in customer service’s system via chat bots. The organizations like Apple, Google, Amazon, and Microsoft provide support through virtual agents. 1.2. Categories of Machine Learning Algorithms The different categories of machine learning algorithms are given below. 1.2.1. Supervised Learning Algorithms This class of algorithm uses labeled data to learn (training). There is a mapping function that turns input variables into the output variable . In other words, it solves function as per the following equation: Supervised learning algorithms are further divided into three categories, i.e., classification, regression, and ensembling. (1)Classification: in this method, variables are in the form of certain categories, and then, there is a prediction about the outcome of the given sample. A classification model might look at the input data and try to predict labels for example, in case of cyber attack detection, threat, or normal flow.(2)Regression: there are another categories of algorithms, which come under regression, which is used to predict the outcome of the given sample, in case when output variables are in the form of real values. A regression method may be used to process input data for the prediction of amount of rainfall and temperature in a specific week of a month.(3)Ensembling: for this particular category, a combination of different algorithms is used to produce better results, i.e., “Bagging with Random Forests” and “Boosting with AdaBoost.” “Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, CART, Naive-Bayes, and -Nearest Neighbors (KNN)” are examples of supervised learning algorithms. 1.2.2. Unsupervised Learning Algorithms These algorithms are used when only one input variable () is there and no corresponding output variables. The unlabeled training data is used to model the underlying structure of the data. Unsupervised learning algorithms are further divide into three categories, i.e., association, clustering, and dimensionality reduction. Their details are as follows: (1)Association: this method is used to find out the “probability of the cooccurrence of items in a collection.” Most of the time this technique is used in market-basket analysis. For example, it can be used to find out if a customer purchases shirt, he/she is 80% likely to also purchase trouser.(2)Clustering: this method is used to group samples such that objects in a cluster are more similar to each other than to the objects in the other clusters, i.e., K-means and clustering algorithm.(3)Dimensionality reduction: in unsupervised learning, there is another approach called as dimensionality reduction, which is used to reduce the number of variables of a dataset without omitting the important information. This can be done through “feature extraction methods” and “feature selection methods.” Feature selection mechanism selects a subset of the original variables whereas feature extraction does data transformation from a “high-dimensional space” to a “low-dimensional space.” Algorithm Principal Component Analysis (PCA) comes under feature extraction approach. Algorithms like Apriori, -means, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are examples of unsupervised learning. 1.2.3. Reinforcement Learning It is the another category of ML algorithms, which allows an agent to decide the next best action to be performed on the basis of its current state via learning behaviors, which will maximize a reward. These methods learn optimal actions in a trial and error way, for example, a video game in which the player has to move to certain places at certain times to earn more points. The player may correct his/her move on the basis of previous loses attempts. Examples of reinforcement learning algorithms are Q-Learning and State-Action-Reward-State-Action (SARSA). 1.2.4. Deep Learning Deep learning is another category of ML algorithms, which are inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. They are based on artificial neural networks and representation learning. They are concerned with building much larger and more complex neural networks. Deep learning algorithms are concerned with very large datasets of labelled analog data, i.e., image, text, audio, and video. Some of the popular deep learning algorithms are Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), and Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTMs). Here, learning can be performed in a supervised or unsupervised way. The different categories of machine learning along with algorithms are also depicted in Figure 1.

Current Research Trends in IoT Security: A Systematic Mapping Study

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Full-text available

Mar 2021

The smart mobile Internet-of-things (IoT) network lays the foundation of the fourth industrial revolution, the era of hyperconnectivity, hyperintelligence, and hyperconvergence. As this revolution gains momentum, the security of smart mobile IoT networks becomes an essential research topic. This study aimed to provide comprehensive insights on IoT security. To this end, we conducted a systematic mapping study of the literature to identify evolving trends in IoT security and determine research subjects. We reviewed the literature from January 2009 to August 2020 to identify influential researchers and trends of keywords. We additionally performed structural topic modeling to identify current research topics and the most promising ones via topic trend estimation. We synthesized and interpreted the results of the systematic mapping study to devise future research directions. The results obtained from this study are useful to understand current trends in IoT security and provide insights into research and development of IoT security.

Blockchain for Decentralized Multi-Drone to Combat COVID-19

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Feb 2021

Currently, drones represent a promising technology for combating Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the transport of goods, medical supplies to a given target location in the quarantine areas experiencing an epidemic outbreak. Drone missions will increasingly rely on drone collaboration, which requires the drones to reduce communication complexity and be controlled in a decentralized fashion. Blockchain technology becomes a must in industrial applications because it provides decentralized data, accessibility, immutability, and irreversibility. Therefore, Blockchain makes data public for all drones and enables drones to log information concerning world states, time, location, resources, delivery data, and drone relation to all neighbors drones. This paper introduces decentralized independent multi-drones to accomplish the task collaboratively. Improving blockchain with a consensus algorithm can improve network partitioning and scalability in order to combat COVID-19. The multi-drones task is to combat COVID-19 via monitoring and detecting, social distancing, sanitization, data analysis, delivering goods and medical supplies, and announcement while avoiding collisions with one another. We discuss End to End (E2E) delivery application of combination blockchain and multi-drone in combating COVID-19 and beyond future pandemics. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of our proposed framework are highlighted.

Blockchain for securing aerial communications: Potentials, solutions, and research directions

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Jun 2021

Most natural disasters are consequences of hurricanes, floods, volcano eruptions, and earthquakes, and can severely disturb traditional communications networks and interrupt infrastructure of physical interconnection. After a disaster, communication failures are one of the essential causes of sufferers. To deal with this problem, offering “connectivity from the sky” is a novel and creative development. Aerial communications have been examined through the assessment and the design of the stratospheric platform capable of providing numerous types of wireless services. Drones, low and high-altitude platforms, airships, aircraft, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are regarded as applicants for organizing aerial communications supplementing the infrastructure of global interaction. Aerial communication devices are vulnerable to being physically hijacked, destroyed, or lost. Therefore, security is a crucial issue in aerial communication networks. The blockchain technology is a potential solution candidate to tackle this issue. Blockchain is a decentralized and disseminated ledger, guards the distributed information using methods of cryptography, for example, public-key encryption and hash functions. It can use for guaranteeing the reliability of the data stored and for enhancing the transparency and security of aerial communication networks. This paper presents a survey on the integration of Blockchain with Aerial Communications (BAC). First, we study aerial communication networks and their current security issues, blockchain and its advantages, the feasibility and opportunity of applying the blockchain to resolve the current security issue in aerial communication networks. Next, we discuss current related solutions for applying the blockchain to resolve the current security issue in aerial communication networks in detail. We classify the solutions, compare and analyze their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we recommend some research directions for future investigations.

Blockchain for Edge of Things: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges

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In recent years, blockchain networks have attracted significant attention in many research areas beyond cryptocur-rency, one of them being the Edge of Things (EoT) that is enabled by the combination of edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this context, blockchain networks enabled with unique features such as decentralization, immutability, and traceability, have the potential to reshape and transform the conventional EoT systems with higher security levels. Particularly, the convergence of blockchain and EoT leads to a new paradigm, called BEoT that has been regarded as a promising enabler for future services and applications. In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art review of recent developments in BEoT technology and discover its great opportunities in many application domains. We start our survey by providing an updated introduction to blockchain and EoT along with their recent advances. Subsequently, we discuss the use of BEoT in a wide range of industrial applications, from smart transportation, smart city, smart healthcare to smart home and smart grid. Security challenges in BEoT paradigm are also discussed and analyzed, with some key services such as access authentication, data privacy preservation, attack detection, and trust management. Finally, some key research challenges and future directions are also highlighted to instigate further research in this promising area.

Blockchain‐enabled secure communication mechanism for IoT‐driven personal health records

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The information system of healthcare operates through various frameworks, like wireless body area network, telecare medical information system, and mobile or electronic healthcare. All these systems need to maintain the personal health records (PHRs) for various users (ie, patients, doctors, and nurses). In such systems, we need to process and store the health related sensitive data (ie, PHRs). In this article, we aim to provide a robust security mechanism to secure exchange and storage of healthcare data, especially PHRs. We present a generic architecture of blockchain-enabled secure communication mechanism for Internet of Things-driven personal health records (BIPHRS). We then discuss various threats and security attacks of healthcare system along with different available security mechanisms. The conducted security analysis and detailed comparative study of the state of art blockchain enabled security schemes for PHR systems show that the proposed BIPHRS provides a better security and more functionality features as compared to other similar existing approaches.

Blockchain for Edge of Things: Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges

Preprint

Full-text available

Oct 2021

In recent years, blockchain networks have attracted significant attention in many research areas beyond cryptocurrency, one of them being the Edge of Things (EoT) that is enabled by the combination of edge computing and the Internet of Things (IoT). In this context, blockchain networks enabled with unique features such as decentralization, immutability, and traceability, have the potential to reshape and transform the conventional EoT systems with higher security levels. Particularly, the convergence of blockchain and EoT leads to a new paradigm, called BEoT that has been regarded as a promising enabler for future services and applications. In this paper, we present a state-of-the-art review of recent developments in BEoT technology and discover its great opportunities in many application domains. We start our survey by providing an updated introduction to blockchain and EoT along with their recent advances. Subsequently, we discuss the use of BEoT in a wide range of industrial applications, from smart transportation, smart city, smart healthcare to smart home and smart grid. Security challenges in BEoT paradigm are also discussed and analyzed, with some key services such as access authentication, data privacy preservation, attack detection, and trust management. Finally, some key research challenges and future directions are also highlighted to instigate further research in this promising area.

Blockchain for Decentralized Multi-Drone to Combat COVID-19

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Blockchain for Decentralized Multi-Drone to Combat COVID-19

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Blockchain for Decentralized Multi-Drone to Fight COVID-19 and Future Pandemics: Framework and Proposed Solutions

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A Federated Learning-Based Blockchain-Assisted Anomaly Detection Scheme to Prevent Road Accidents in Internet of Vehicles

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Mar 2022

In the modern era, the internet of vehicles (IoV) is being utilized in commercial applications and extensively explored in research. However, internal fault in IoV can cause accidents on the road. Moreover, privacy concerns can hamper the internal data sharing to build a model to detect the anomaly. Federated learning (FL) and blockchain are emerging technologies that can assist in mitigating these challenges. FL-based anomaly detection is introduced to prevent road accidents with the help of blockchain. An environment is built to conduct experiments to prove the feasibility of the proposed scheme. The performance analysis demonstrates that our presented scheme outperforms the traditional scheme while having privacy concerns.

A Blockchain-based Home Edge Computing-assisted Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery Scheme using Unmanned Any Vehicle

Conference Paper

Jun 2021

Natural disasters visited countries every year more or less and left devastating situations behind, which affect both the economy and health. However, instantaneous actions can lessen casualties in the affected areas. Unmanned any vehicle (UxV) is a concept where unmanned vehicles come together and perform missions cooperatively. UxV can assist in rehabilitating the affected area. Multi-access edge computing (MEC) can assist UxVs in real-time. However, disaster might jeopardize MEC structure. Home edge computing (HEC) is a paradigm that stays closer to the end devices and enables an offline computation environment. HEC can fill up the gap and assist in maintaining the mission. Besides, networks and data are surrounded by security and privacy issues. This paper introduces a blockchain-based HEC assisted disaster rehabilitation and recovery scheme to restore everyday life using UxV. A proof of concept is considered for proving the feasibility.

UAV-Based MEC-Assisted Automated Traffic Management Scheme using Blockchain

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Apr 2022
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In this paper, an automated real-time traffic management scheme is proposed by using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in an effective and secured way. However, owing to the low computational capability and limited battery capacity of a UAV, multi-access edge computing (MEC) is applied to enhance the performance of an automated UAV-based traffic management scheme. Additionally, blockchain technology is introduced in the automated traffic management scheme to store the traffic record for providing network repudiation and avoiding any third-party interference with the network. An algorithm is developed based on the concept of a pairwise compatibility graph for the UAV-assisted automated traffic management scheme wherein a deep learning (DL) model is used for vehicle detection. Moreover, a two-phase authentication mechanism is proposed for a faster and secure verification process of the registered devices in the proposed scheme. Finally, a result analysis is conducted based on the security analysis and performance analysis to verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A Systematic Analysis on Blockchain Integration With Healthcare Domain: Scope and Challenges

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Full-text available

Jun 2021

A secure, smart and peer-to-peer transactions framework can be developed by Blockchain. Blockchain has enormous potential to turn health care systems as a horizontal technology, which has changed many fields of industry. The aim of this article is to critically review 50 papers published between 2015 and 2020 on blockchain-based health systems. 36 of these were journal papers; 7 were from conferences, 4 were from various symposiums; 3 were from seminars and 1 chapter was written in the book. Three key questions will be answered in this report. Firstly, what are the emerging trends of blockchain application development in healthcare from a technical perspective? Secondly, in what ways will the systematic analysis presented here contribute to a better understanding of the potential for incorporating blockchain-based technologies into the healthcare domain? Third, what are the important challenges in adopting blockchain as a solution in the healthcare domain? The descriptive analysis contains in this article shows the statistical statistics on the strategies of these 50 papers reveal that many of the blockchain systems proposed are using privately held blockchain and Ethereum platforms. We also address possible emerging trends of blockchain application such as blockchain integration with artificial intelligence, cloud based solutions and parallel block chain architecture.

UAVs in Disaster Management: Application of Integrated Aerial Imagery and Convolutional Neural Network for Flood Detection

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Jul 2021

Floods have been a major cause of destruction, instigating fatalities and massive damage to the infrastructure and overall economy of the affected country. Flood-related devastation results in the loss of homes, buildings, and critical infrastructure leaving no means of communication or travel for the people stuck in such disasters. Thus, it is essential to develop systems that can detect floods in a region to provide timely aid and relief to stranded people, save their livelihoods, homes, and buildings, and protect key city infrastructure. Flood prediction and warning systems have been implemented in developed countries, but the manufacturing cost of such systems is too high for developing countries. Remote sensing, satellite imagery, global positioning system, and geographical information systems are currently used for flood detection to assess the flood-related damages. These techniques use neural networks, machine learning, or deep learning methods. However, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) coupled with convolution neural networks have not been explored in these contexts to instigate a swift disaster management response to minimize damage to infrastructure. Accordingly, this paper uses UAV-based aerial imagery as a flood detection method based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to extract flood-related features from the images of the disaster zone. This method is effective in assessing the damage to local infrastructures in the disaster zones. The study area is based on a flood-prone region of the Indus River in Pakistan, where both pre-and post-disaster images are collected through UAVs. For the training phase,2150 image patches are created by resizing and cropping the source images. These patches in the training dataset train the CNN model to detect and extract the regions where a flood-related change has occurred. The model is tested against both pre-and post-disaster images to validate it, which has positive flood detection results with an accuracy of 91%. Disaster management organizations can use this model to assess the damages to critical city infrastructure and other assets worldwide to instigate proper disaster responses and minimize the damages. This can help with the smart governance of the cities where all emergent disasters are addressed promptly.

Amalgamation of Blockchain and IoT for Smart Cities underlying 6G Communication: A Comprehensive Review

Article

Mar 2021
COMPUT COMMUN

Nowadays, increasing urbanization has necessitated the social, environmental, and economic development of cities to enhance the Quality of Life (QoL) significantly and introduces the ``Smart City" concept. It integrates Information and Communication Tools (ICT), Internet of Things (IoT), and other technologies to resolve urban challenges. The key goal is to make the most acceptable use of available resources and technologies to develop smart cities. An IoT-enabled application plays a crucial role here, but it has various security, privacy, latency, and reliability issues with a single-point-of-failure problem. The evolving technology blockchain can handle the aforementioned security and privacy issues and provide high-quality services due to several features like transparency, trust-free, decentralization, immutability, and others. The 6G communication network takes care of latency and reliability issues in the smart city with their unique characteristics such as latency ($10-100 \mu s$) and reliability (99.99999\%). Motivated by these facts, in this paper, we presented a comprehensive review for blockchain technology and IoT together functional to smart cities. First, state-of-art-the works and contextual information are introduced. Then, we proposed a blockchain-based decentralized architecture for IoT-integrated smart cities covering different application perspectives, such as smart grid, Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), and healthcare 5.0 underlying 6G communication networks. Next, we describe the challenges of the proposed architecture respective to each application, as mentioned above. Finally, we collated the open research issues and future direction to efficiently integrate blockchain into IoT-envisioned smart cities.

Analysis of the Effect of Applying Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Block Anesthesia to Fracture Patients in the Context of Internet-Based Blockchain

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Apr 2022

In the process of surgical treatment, the introduction of ultrasound technology to implement nerve block anesthesia can make the operations of patients with fractures under visualization and it can also significantly improve the anesthesia effect. With this technology, it is possible to minimize the anesthesia operation causing accidental injury and lay a good foundation for the smooth operation of surgical treatment. Blockchain technology is a new decentralized infrastructure and distributed computing paradigm. This technology has great development opportunities in the medical field and is expected to play an important role in the construction of Internet medical ecology. This study aims to investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided nerve block anesthesia on fracture treatment in the context of blockchain. This method has high application value and potential in medical data sharing, reducing treatment costs, improving the medical claims system, strengthening medical management, and optimizing medical decision-making using blockchain technology. This study also addresses the uniqueness and complexity of ultrasound-guided nerve block anesthesia itself and analyzes the effect of the proposed method. The analysis shows that using the internet-based blockchain ultrasound-guided subacromial nerve block anesthesia for fracture patients is effective, and the patient's vital signs are stable, and the block is effective.

SEDIBLOFRA: A blockchain-based, secure framework for remote data transfer in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

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Full-text available

Aug 2021

Security attacks on Cyber-Physical Systems with operations that involve Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are a matter of great concern due to their major impact in the deployed systems, and a deal-breaker for their utilization; if a system is not perceived as secure, either it will not be used or its capabilities will be underutilized, regardless of how good they could be. This happens with particular intensity in missions with UAVs, as they can be hacked to tamper with their collected data or taken away by unauthorized parties. Development of security countermeasures is extensive both in theoretical and practical implementations, but the integration of these measures can be difficult, and performance might be affected because of it. This manuscript puts forward a SEDIBLOFRA (Secure, Distributed, Blockchain-based Framework) for remote maneuvering of UAVs, based on several distributed systems technologies that pile up to provide complementary functionalities. Asymmetric cryptography encrypts the data. Publish/Subscribe communications offer a way to enhance data delivery. Finally, blockchain provides a way to keep all the transferred data in a redundant and immutable manner. The proposed framework is also extensible to other kinds of unmanned vehicles, like Unmanned Ground Vehicles or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles.

IoT Solution for AI-Enabled PRIVACY-PREServing with Big Data Transferring: An Application for Healthcare Using Blockchain

Article

Full-text available

Aug 2021

Internet of Things (IoT) performs a vital role in providing connectivity between computing devices, processes, and things. It significantly increases the communication facilities and giving up-to-date information to distributed networks. On the other hand, the techniques of artificial intelligence offer numerous and valuable services in emerging fields. An IoT-based healthcare solution facilitates patients, hospitals, and professionals to observe real-time and critical data. In the literature, most of the solution suffers from data intermission, high ethical standards, and trustworthiness communication. Moreover, network interruption with recurrent expose of sensitive and personal health data decreases the reliance on network systems. Therefore, this paper intends to propose an IoT solution for AI-enabled privacy-preserving with big data transferring using blockchain. Firstly, the proposed algorithm uses a graph-modeling to develop a scalable and reliable system for gathering and transmitting data. In addition, it extracts the subset of nodes using the artificial intelligence approach and achieves efficient services for the healthcare system. Secondly, symmetric based digital certificates are utilized to offer authentic and confidential transmission with communication resources using blockchain. The proposed algorithm is explored with existing solutions through multiple simulations and proved improvement in terms of realistic parameters.

A Blockchain Framework to Secure Personal Health Record (PHR) in IBM Cloud-Based Data Lake

Article

Full-text available

Apr 2022
Comput Intell Neurosci

The health system in today’s real world is significant but difficult and overcrowded. These hurdles can be diminished using improved health record management and blockchain technology. These technologies can handle medical data to provide security by monitoring and maintaining patient records. The processing of medical data and patient records is essential to analyze the earlier prescribed medicines and to understand the severity of diseases. Blockchain technology can improve the security, performance, and transparency of sharing the medical records of the current healthcare system. This paper proposed a novel framework for personal health record (PHR) management using IBM cloud data lake and blockchain platform for an effective healthcare management process. The problem in the blockchain-based healthcare management system can be minimized with the utilization of the proposed technique. Significantly, the traditional blockchain system usually decreases the latency. Therefore, the proposed technique focuses on improving latency and throughput. The result of the proposed system is calculated based on various matrices, such as F1 Score, Recall, and Confusion matrices. Therefore, the proposed work scored high accuracy and provided better results than existing techniques.

A Certificateless Pairing-Free Authentication Scheme for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks

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Full-text available

Sep 2021

In unmanned aerial vehicle networks (UAVNs), unmanned aerial vehicles with restricted computing and communication capabilities can perform tasks in collaborative manner. However, communications in UAVN confront many security issues, for example, malicious entities may launch impersonate attacks. In UAVN, the command center (CMC) needs to perform mutual authentication with unmanned aerial vehicles in clusters. The aggregator (AGT) can verify the authenticity of authentication request from CMC; then, the attested authentication request is broadcasted to the reconnaissance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in the same cluster. The authentication responses from UAVs can be verified and aggregated by AGT before being sent to CMC for validation. Also, existing solutions cannot resist malicious key generation center (KGC). To address these issues, this paper proposes a pairing-free authentication scheme (CLAS) for UAVNs based on the certificateless signature technology, which supports batch verification at both AGT and CMC sides so that the verification efficiency can be improved greatly. Security analysis shows that our CLAS scheme can guarantee the unforgeability for (attested) authentication request and (aggregate) responses in all phases. Performance analysis indicates that our CLAS scheme enjoys practical efficiency.

Blockchain technology applications in healthcare: An overview

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Full-text available

Sep 2021

Blockchain is an emerging technology being applied for creating innovative solutions in various sectors, including healthcare. A Blockchain network is used in the healthcare system to preserve and exchange patient data through hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacy firms, and physicians. Blockchain applications can accurately identify severe mistakes and even dangerous ones in the medical field. Thus, it can improve the performance, security, and transparency of sharing medical data in the health care system. This technology is helpful to medical institutions to gain insight and enhance the analysis of medical records. In this paper, we studied Blockchain technology and its significant benefits in healthcare. Various Capabilities, Enablers, and Unified Work-Flow Process of Blockchain Technology to support healthcare globally are discussed diagrammatically. Finally, the paper identifies and debates fourteen significant applications of Blockchain for healthcare. Blockchain plays a decisive part in handling deception in clinical trials; here, the potential of this technology offer is to improve data efficiency for healthcare. It can help avoid the fear of data manipulation in healthcare and supports a unique data storage pattern at the highest level of security. It provides versatility, interconnection, accountability, and authentication for data access. For different purposes, health records must be kept safe and confidential. Blockchain helps for the decentralised protection of data in healthcare and avoids specific threats.

FedRC: A Federated Learning-Based Roadside Computing Paradigm Through the Facilitation of Internet of Drones

Conference Paper

Oct 2021

The modern era is filled with smart entities (e.g., smart vehicles) that have both sense and actuate capabilities. These entities can collect lots of data during their functional period and these data can be utilized for the wellbeing of citizens. However, these data are very sensitive raising issues like privacy. Moreover, network scarcity, bandwidth consumption, etc. can worsen the circumstance. Federated learning (FL), internet of drones (IoD), and dew computing (DC) are revolutionary technologies that can be engaged to mitigate the aforementioned challenges. An FL-based computing paradigm is initiated over the dew computing to process road-related data to bring efficiency in the applications (e.g., finding parking locations) utilizing IoD. An experimental environment is established containing a traffic dataset as a proof of concept. The experimental results exhibit the feasibility of the proposed scheme.

Study on IoT for SARS-CoV-2 with Healthcare: Present and Future Perspective

Preprint

Nov 2021

The ever-evolving and contagious nature of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) has immobilized the world around us. As the daily number of infected cases increases, the containment of the spread of this virus is proving to be an overwhelming task. Healthcare facilities around the world are over-burdened with an ominous responsibility to combat an ever-worsening scenario. To aid the healthcare system, Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides a better solution-tracing, testing of COVID patients efficiently is gaining rapid pace. This study discusses the role of IoT technology in health-care during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. The study overviews different research, platforms, services, products where IoT is used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, we intelligently integrate IoT and healthcare for COVID-19 related applications. Again, we focus on a wide range of IoT applications in regards to SARS-CoV-2 tracing, testing, and treatment. Finally, we effectively consider further challenges, issues, and some direction regarding IoT in order to uplift the healthcare system during COVID-19 and future pandemics.

Study on IoT for SARS-CoV-2 with healthcare: present and future perspective

Article

Full-text available

Nov 2021

The ever-evolving and contagious nature of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) has immobilized the world around us. As the daily number of infected cases increases, the containment of the spread of this virus is proving to be an overwhelming task. Healthcare facilities around the world are overburdened with an ominous responsibility to combat an ever-worsening scenario. To aid the healthcare system, Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides a better solution—tracing, testing of COVID patients efficiently is gaining rapid pace. This study discusses the role of IoT technology in healthcare during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics. The study overviews different research, platforms, services, products where IoT is used to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, we intelligently integrate IoT and healthcare for COVID-19 related applications. Again, we focus on a wide range of IoT applications in regards to SARS-CoV-2 tracing, testing, and treatment. Finally, we effectively consider further challenges, issues, and some direction regarding IoT in order to uplift the healthcare system during COVID-19 and future pandemics.

A Survey on Securing Medical Data in Cloud Using Blockchain

Chapter

Full-text available

Nov 2021

Security is a major concern in every technology that is introduced newly to facilitate the existing mechanism for better maintenance and handling. This is also the case in electronic health records. The data of the hospitals and the associated patients gets digital in the past few decades. The data is stored in the cloud for various reasons such as convenience of the participating entities to access it, easy maintenance. But, with this there also arises various security concerns. It has been observed from the reason studies that blockchain is used as the means of securing the healthcare data in the cloud environment.This study discusses the following. 1) Applications of blockchain in cloud environment, 2) Applications of blockchain in securing healthcare data 3) General issues and security concerns in blockchain technology and what features of block chain makes it suitable for securing health care a nd what features restricts it from using.This work helps the future researchers in getting a deep understanding of the in and out of applying blockchain in cloud and healthcare environment.

Blockchain for IoV in 6G environment: Review Solutions and Challenges

Article

Full-text available

Jun 2022
CLUSTER COMPUT

In this era of modern digital technologies, the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) is omnipresent and can be used for varied purposes. However , these devices have scalability, security, and connection issues. To address the IoV security issues, BC technology is a viable solution. BC offers decentralization, transparency, immutability, and privacy, which can be useful to IoVs. The 5G technologies have not been fully commercialized and the researchers have started exploring the 6G technologies. The 6G technologies can help provide ultra-low latency communication between the devices. It also supports communication in heterogeneous networks like IoVs in various application scenarios such as healthcare, smart city, and traffic management. Motivated from the above discussion, we present a survey on the adoption of BC in IoVs underlying 6G communication. We have also explored various privacy and security concerns in IoVs, which can be perfectly addressed via BC technology. The 6G communication takes care of latency, reliability, and connectivity issues. We have categorized the existing literature based on the taxonomy and presented a comparative study of all the existing state-of-the-art approaches based on their merits and demerits. Finally, we have highlighted some of the open issues and research challenges that opens the doors for beginners who are willing to start work in this amazing area.

Dynamic Models and Control Techniques for Drone Delivery of Medications and Other Healthcare Items in COVID-19 Hotspots

Chapter

Feb 2021

Drone-based dynamic model and control techniques vary from classical linear proportional integral derivative (CPID) to complex non-linear multiconstrained and multi-objective schemes such as backstepping, sliding window mode, size-based models and operation-based models etc. These approaches can be classified as per their usage. Thus, some will be efficient for indoor operations and others will be useful for outdoor operations. The performance of both types of drone-based smart healthcare systems can be measured in terms of stabilizing the attitude for both indoor and outdoor operations as per requirements. Further, gain-based drone-scheduling is commonly used in flight controllers. In COIVD19 pandemic situations, the gains can be measured using an alternative way. Here, different parameters like medication advantage to COVID-19 pandemic areas, identifying the COVID-19 hotspots, sanitizing requirements and potentials, finding the COVID-19 chain etc. could be considered in gain measurement for the deployment of drone-based COVID-19’s smart healthcare. This work proposes a multi-constraint and multi-objective gain-based simulation-optimization approach for scheduling the linear and non-linear dynamic and controllable drone-movement models. The proposed model considered the identity-based lower and upper limits of control interface Further, this interface is having the provision to include some human factors in its execution. The performance of the overall system is measured using performance and security metrics. In performance, drone-based smart healthcare systems’ efficiency, accuracy, and effectiveness are measured. The measurements are analyzed by varying optimizationparameters. In the security, lightweight cryptography primitives and protocols are analyzed for performance measurements. These lightweight cryptography primitives and protocols ensure secure data storage, transmission and processing at any device. Further, the scope of centralized and distributed systems of dronescooperations for COVID-19 monitoring, sanitization, cleaning, and control room will be explored to have time-saving and autonomous drone-based smart healthcare systems.

A Secure Blockchain Platform for Supporting AI-Enabled IoT Applications at the Edge Layer

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

In this study, a new blockchain protocol and a novel architecture that integrate the advantages offered by edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI), IoT end-devices, and blockchain were designed, developed, and validated. This new architecture has the ability to monitor the environment, collect data, analyze it, process it using an AI-expert engine, provide predictions and actionable outcomes, and finally share it on a public blockchain platform. For the use-case implementation, the pandemic caused by the wide and rapid spread of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 was used to test and evaluate the proposed system. Recently, various authors traced the spread of viruses in sewage water and studied how it can be used as a tracking system. Early warning notifications can allow governments and organizations to take appropriate actions at the earliest stages possible. The system was validated experimentally using 14 Raspberry Pis, and the results and analyses proved that the system is able to utilize low-cost and low-power flexible IoT hardware at the processing layer to detect COVID-19 and predict its spread using the AI engine, with an accuracy of 95%, and share the outcome over the blockchain platform. This is accomplished when the platform is secured by the honesty-based distributed proof of authority (HDPoA) and without any substantial impact on the devices’ power sources, as there was only a power consumption increase of 7% when the Raspberry Pi was used for blockchain mining and 14% when used to produce an AI prediction.

Quantum Cryptography-as-a-Service for Secure UAV Communication: Applications, Challenges, and Case Study

Article

Full-text available

Dec 2021

The sudden demand rises in security made researchers come up with solutions that provide instantaneous safety better than the state of the art solutions. The quest for securing data began in the Spartan era. People are now looking to expand this field of research by attacking the existing paradigms and inventing new algorithms that prove to be better than their vulnerable counterparts. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are very much prevailing due to their sleek design and flexible mobility in many sectors such as agriculture, army, healthcare, monitoring and surveillance, and many more. We discuss the growth and demand of drone technology along with its importance in this article. The paper also throws some light on the ongoing security issues in real-time scenarios and the role of quantum cryptography in securing the information over the traditional solutions. Motivated by this, we present a survey on quantum cryptography's importance, role, and benefits in securing UAV communications underlying beyond 5G networks. A novel quantum cryptography-based layered architectural solution is also proposed to achieve high data security and efficient transmission. This paper also presents a case study on the battlefield application on the Internet of military things. The performance of the proposed case study system is evaluated by considering the latency, security, and reliability. INDEX TERMS Unmanned aerial vehicle, quantum computing, quantum cryptography, military, blockchain.

A Taxonomy on Smart Healthcare Technologies: Security Framework, Case Study, and Future Directions

Article

Jun 2022

There is a massive transformation in the traditional healthcare system from the specialist-centric approach to the patient-centric approach by adopting modern and intelligent healthcare solutions to build a smart healthcare system. It permits patients to directly share their medical data with the specialist for remote diagnosis without any human intervention. Furthermore, the remote monitoring of patients utilizing wearable sensors, Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made the treatment readily accessible and affordable. However, the advancement also brings several security and privacy concerns that poorly maneuvered the effective performance of the smart healthcare system. An attacker can exploit the IoT infrastructure, perform an adversarial attack on AI models, and proliferate resource starvation attacks in a smart healthcare system. To overcome the aforementioned issues, in this survey, we extensively reviewed and created a comprehensive taxonomy of various smart healthcare technologies such as wearable devices, digital healthcare, and Body Area Networks (BANs), along with their security aspects and solutions for the smart healthcare system. ore-over, we propose an AI-based architecture with the 6G

Blockchain for decentralized multi-drone to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics: Framework and proposed solutions

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2021

Currently, drones represent a promising technology for combating Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the transport of goods, medical supplies to a given target location in the quarantine areas experiencing an epidemic outbreak. Drone missions will increasingly rely on drone collaboration, which requires the drones to reduce communication complexity and be controlled in a decentralized fashion. Blockchain technology becomes a must in industrial applications because it provides decentralized data, accessibility, immutability, and irre-versibility. Therefore, Blockchain makes data public for all drones and enables drones to log information concerning world states, time, location, resources, delivery data, and drone relation to all neighbors drones. This paper introduces decentralized independent multi-drones to accomplish the task collaboratively. Improving blockchain with a consensus algorithm can improve network partitioning and scalability in order to combat COVID-19. The multi-drones task is to combat COVID-19 via monitoring and detecting, social distancing, sanitiza-tion, data analysis, delivering goods and medical supplies, and announcement while avoiding collisions with one another. We discuss End to End (E2E) delivery application of combination blockchain and multi-drone in combat-ing COVID-19 and beyond future pandemics. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of our proposed framework are highlighted.

Drone-Based Social Distancing, Sanitization, Inspection, Monitoring, and Control Room for COVID-19

Chapter

Feb 2021

This chapter is dedicated to addressing the major challenges in fighting COVID-19 using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) – from cost and complexity to availability and accuracy. The aim of this book is to focus on both the design and implementation of AI-based approaches in proposed COVID-19 solutions that are enabled and supported by sensor networks, cloud computing, and 5G and beyond. This book presents research that contributes to the application of ML techniques to the problem of computer communication-assisted diagnosis of COVID-19 and similar diseases. The authors present the latest theoretical developments, real-world applications, and future perspectives on this topic. This book brings together a broad multidisciplinary community, aiming to integrate ideas, theories, models, and techniques from across different disciplines on intelligent solutions/systems, and to inform how cognitive systems in Next Generation Networks (NGN) should be designed, developed, and evaluated while exchanging and processing critical health information. Targeted readers are from varying disciplines who are interested in implementing the smart planet/environments vision via wireless/wired enabling technologies.

A Review on COVID-19

Chapter

Full-text available

Feb 2021

Background: Coronavirus is a family of viruses, and they are named coronavirus based on the crown-like spikes they have on their surface. The word “Corona” is a Latin word that means “crown.” Recently a virus of the corona family emerged in Wuhan, Hubei, China. On December 31, China informed WHO about some patients having unidentified pneumonia. It was initially named novel coronavirus because of its uniqueness. But later the coronavirus study group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses designated it as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 has affected the entire world, infected more than a million people till now, and claimed more than 235,288 lives so far. Objective: This study aimed to present a case study of the recent research related to the coronavirus and proposed technology related to coronavirus. Its focus is on how infections can be caught as early as possible and what control measure should be taken to stop the virus from further spreading. Only scientific and mathematical models have been considered. Method: This study refers to the WHO website for credible information regarding the coronavirus. Many research papers and medical articles were studied before proceeding with this paper. The methodology proposed by the researchers has been mentioned in this paper.

Technologies and Applications of Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare

Chapter

Mar 2021

Imran Aslan

Developments in technology have opened new doors for healthcare to improve the treatment methods and prevent illnesses as a proactive method. Internet of things (IoT) technologies have also improved the self-management of care and provided more useful data and decisions to doctors with data analytics. Unnecessary visits, utilizing better quality resources, and improving allocation and planning are main advantages of IoT in healthcare. Moreover, governments and private institutions have become a part of this new state-of-the-art development for decreasing costs and getting more benefits over the management of services. In this chapter, IoT technologies and applications are explained with some examples. Furthermore, deep learning and artificial intelligence (AI) usage in healthcare and their benefits are stated that artificial neural networks (ANN) can monitor, learn, and predict, and the overall health severity for preventing serious health loss can be estimated and prevented. ................................................................................................. Link: https://www.igi-global.com/chapter/technologies-and-applications-of-internet-of-things-iot-in-healthcare/273934

QoS-aware 6G-enabled ultra low latency edge-assisted Internet of Drone Things for real-time stride analysis

Article

Oct 2021
COMPUT ELECTR ENG

Internet of Things (IoT) concepts constitute a predominant area of research in e-healthcare applications, owing to the plethora of opportunities in medical diagnosis. In this work, a ubiquitous computing and communication architecture is proposed through the amalgamation of Internet of Healthcare and Internet of Drone things by leveraging a 5G/6G communication framework. Gait information is aggregated via a smart shoe and the processing is carried out on a set of edge-enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). To transfer the data within the edge and cloud layers, a Software Defined Network (SDN) is modeled. Further, a classifier is designed to analyze the records and make predictions on possible neurological disorders at the edge level. Experimental results suggest a 98% classification accuracy for abnormal gait diagnosis at 20% CPU utilization. The findings further reveal a latency of 335 ms. at QoS 2, and 50 msg/s bandwidth utilization with a Connected Client Ratio and SDN Coverage Ratio of 0.99 and 0.95, respectively.

Blockchain for decentralized multi-drone to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics: Framework and proposed solutions

Article

Mar 2021

Currently, drones represent a promising technology for combating Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to the transport of goods, medical supplies to a given target location in the quarantine areas experiencing an epidemic outbreak. Drone missions will increasingly rely on drone collaboration, which requires the drones to reduce communication complexity and be controlled in a decentralized fashion. Blockchain technology becomes a must in industrial applications because it provides decentralized data, accessibility, immutability, and irre-versibility. Therefore, Blockchain makes data public for all drones and enables drones to log information concerning world states, time, location, resources, delivery data, and drone relation to all neighbors drones. This paper introduces decentralized independent multi-drones to accomplish the task collaboratively. Improving blockchain with a consensus algorithm can improve network partitioning and scalability in order to combat COVID-19. The multi-drones task is to combat COVID-19 via monitoring and detecting, social distancing, sanitiza-tion, data analysis, delivering goods and medical supplies, and announcement while avoiding collisions with one another. We discuss End to End (E2E) delivery application of combination blockchain and multi-drone in combat-ing COVID-19 and beyond future pandemics. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities of our proposed framework are highlighted.

Intelligent Decision Support During Hospitalization in a Pandemic: Methodology and Process Model

Conference Paper

Jan 2021

Smart Secure Telerehabilitation Apps for Personalized Autism Home Intervention Using Blockchain System

Chapter

Apr 2021

Security concerns on data transfer and data transactions arise when the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and other automatic health monitoring apps rise in popularity. Therefore, this chapter aims to develop a Protected Health Information (PHI), using blockchain-based smart contracts to assist safe data analysis, data sharing, data transfer, and data management to handle the secured health information of the smart telerehabilitation app. The app called Autism Telerehabilitation App (ATA) uses a private blockchain based on the Ethereum protocol to write history and records of all the electronic health records (EHRs) of patients from the smart device. Furthermore, this ATA would provide medical interventions and real-time patient observing by sending alerts to the patient and medical specialists. Besides, it can secure and maintain the record of who has initiated these activities. This proposed blockchain with ATA offers high data security taken and undertakes many safety susceptibilities related with patient notifications and patient monitoring to all involved parties.

Efficient deployment of UAVs for disaster management: A multi-criterion optimization approach

Article

Jul 2021
COMPUT COMMUN

Recently different information and communication technologies are investigated to manage disasters. Acknowledging disaster resilience, many efforts are commenced to monitor, forecast, and assess the situation in time. Response time and situational awareness is the key to save lives in disaster situations. These issues motivate the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in emergency conditions where a lack of communication and support services are core objectives to control. This paper has addressed UAV-assisted wireless networks’ situational awareness deployment in disaster management as a mobile helping unit. In this regard, we have to efficiently place UAVs in emergency situations where infrastructure is devastated and diffused with features of minimum distance, cost, and number of UAVs. To this end, we optimize a multi-objective problem of UAV placement, users-UAV connectivity, distance, and cost. The formulated problem is a integer linear optimization problem (ILP). To solve it, we first propose a high complexity branch and bound (B&B) algorithm to find an optimal solution. Then, we develop a low complexity heuristic to conquer the objectives efficiently. Finally, simulation results show that our proposed approach can maximize the number of users with a minimum number of UAVs efficiently.

A comprehensive review on blockchain and Internet of Things in healthcare

Article

Full-text available

Oct 2021

Blockchain Technology, the fundamental technology behind Bitcoin, has drawn considerable recognition ever since its origin. Its potential has gained significant interest in various applications, varying from the music industry, financial services, Internet-of-Things (IoT), smart grid, edge computing, cybersecurity, and the healthcare industry. However, the information is divided amongst several intermediaries involved with adverse impacts on data quality in the healthcare domain. In the near future, blockchain technology can reshape the way the healthcare industry works by providing personalized and reliable patient data management, reforming the traditional healthcare practices, secure mechanisms for data sharing, efficient pharmaceutical supply chain management, and drug traceability and many more. In this study, an extensive literature review has been provided that includes the different prospects of using blockchain technology in healthcare. The review investigates the work done to enable the amalgamation of IoT and Blockchain in the health ecosystem. Significant blockchain-based healthcare use cases such as data storage, data sharing, drug traceability, clinical trials, and remote patient monitoring are investigated. Further, the Internet of Things and blockchain technology-based SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat) analysis and the challenges linked in the healthcare domain because of the enactment of IoT and blockchain technology are discussed to support advanced studies in this domain.

Bibliometric Analysis of Technology Blockchain with IoT in Vehicle

Conference Paper

Sep 2021

Review of 3D reconstruction technology of UAV aerial image

Article

Apr 2021

Zhiping Zhang

The construction of “smart city” is the development direction of major cities. It is an important part of the construction of “smart city” to reconstruct urban buildings, land and roads into three-dimensional models through three-dimensional reconstruction technology. In this paper, the image-based three-dimensional reconstruction technology and UAV path planning technology are described, hoping to use UAV aerial images for three-dimensional reconstruction, and carry out relevant research on the three-dimensional reconstruction of outdoor large-scale scenes.

Blockchain Technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Systematic Literature Review

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2022

The use of Blockchain technology has recently become widespread. It has emerged as an essential tool in various academic and industrial fields, such as healthcare, transportation, finance, cybersecurity, and supply chain management. It is regarded as a decentralized, trustworthy, secure, transparent, and immutable solution that innovates data sharing and management. This survey aims to provide a systematic review of Blockchain application to intelligent transportation systems in general and the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in particular. The survey is divided into four main parts. First, the Blockchain technology including its opportunities, relative taxonomies, and applications is introduced; basic cryptography is also discussed. Next, the evolution of Blockchain is presented, starting from the primary phase of pre-Bitcoin (fundamentally characterized by classic cryptography systems), followed by the Blockchain 1.0 phase, (characterized by Bitcoin implementation and common consensus protocols), and finally, the Blockchain 2.0 phase (characterized by the implementation of smart contracts, Ethereum, and Hyperledger). We compared and identified the strengths and limitations of each of these implementations. Then, the state of the art of Blockchain-based IoV solutions (BIoV) is explored by referring to a large and trusted source database from the Scopus data bank. For a well-structured and clear discussion, the reviewed literature is classified according to the research direction and implemented IoV layer. Useful tables, statistics, and analysis are also presented. Finally, the open problems and future directions in BIoV research are summarized.

Blockchain for the Internet of Vehicles: A Decentralized IoT Solution For Vehicles Communication and Payment using Ethereum

Thesis

Full-text available

Feb 2022

Rateb Jabbar

The concept of smart cities is increasingly gaining prominence in modern metropolises due to the emergence and spread of embedded and connected smart devices, systems, and technologies in everyday lives, which have created an opportunity to connect every ‘thing’ to the Internet. In the upcoming era of the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles (IOV) will play a crucial role in constructing a smart city. In fact, the IOV has a potential to solve various traffic problems effectively. It is critical for enhancing road utilization, reducing energy consumption and pollution, and improving road safety. Nevertheless, the primary issue regarding the IoV, and in particular to Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), is establishing secure and instant payments and communications. To respond to this challenge, this work proposes a Blockchain-based solution for establishing secure payment and communication in order to study the use of Blockchain as middle-ware between different participants of intelligent transportation systems. The proposed framework employs Ethereum to develop a solution aimed at facilitating Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications and payments. Moreover, this work qualitatively test the performance and resilience of the proposed systems against common security attacks. Computational tests showed that the proposed solution solved the main challenges of Vehicle-to-X (V2X) communications such as security and centralization.

Implementation analysis of reliable unmanned aerial vehicles models for security against cyber-crimes: Attacks, tracebacks, forensics and solutions

Article

May 2022
COMPUT ELECTR ENG

Hemaid Alsulami

This paper focuses on the major challenges that organizations and sectors face, such as cyber-attacks and crimes. With the advancement of technology for applications and services in businesses, homes, healthcare, and other areas, there has been an increase in cyber-crime. The quality and security of information have been compromised as a result of the attacks, and space optimization of these applications and services has become more challenging as a result of the migration to Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The UAVs are gaining popularity to provide civilian and military applications, but due to the current Internet environment, it is more vulnerable to malicious attacks. Forensics is the practice of gathering evidence to identify attacks. Cyber forensics collects evidence from cyber-attacks. Digital footprints are particularly significant in cyber forensics. UAVs contain real-time data, and users access it directly, exposing the solution to cyber-attacks. This study focuses on the function of UAVs in various applications and the issues faced in terms of cyber security and privacy. The current research also examines several security models for controlling quality and reliability in UAV applications, with the results discussed. The current research describes future challenges and research prospects in UAVs.

Blockchain pour l'Internet des véhicules : une solution IoT décentralisée pour la communication et le paiement des véhicules en utilisant Ethereum

Thesis

Full-text available

Jul 2021

Rateb Jabbar

Le concept de villes intelligentes gagne de plus en plus en importance dans les métropoles modernes en raison de l’émergence et de la diffusion d’appareils, de systèmes et de technologies intelligents embarqués et connectés dans la vie quotidienne, qui ont créé l’opportunité de connecter chaque “chose" à Internet. Dans l'ère à venir de l'Internet des objets, l'Internet des véhicules (IoV) jouera un rôle crucial dans la construction d'une ville intelligente. En fait, l'IoV a le potentiel de résoudre efficacement divers problèmes de trafic. Il est essentiel pour améliorer l'utilisation des routes, réduire la consommation d'énergie et la pollution et améliorer la sécurité routière. Néanmoins, le principal problème concernant l'IoV, et en particulier le Véhicule-à-Véhicule (V2V) et le Véhicule-à-infrastructure (V2I), est l'établissement de paiements et de communications sécurisés et instantanés. Pour répondre à ce défi, ce travail propose une solution basée sur la Blockchain pour mettre en place un paiement et une communication sécurisés afin d'étudier l'utilisation de la Blockchain comme middleware entre différents acteurs des systèmes de transport intelligents.Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué les propriétés les plus importantes de la solution développée, à savoir la consommation de la mémoire et de l’énergie, l’immutabilité, la confidentialité, la cohérence, l’intégrité, le temps d’exécution et le coût. L’objet de cette évaluation est de vérifier la capacité de la plateforme basée sur la Blockchain à assurer une communication efficace et un paiement sécurisé avec l’IoV. Selon les résultats, cette plateforme peut contribuer à résoudre les défis les plus critiques de la communication véhicule-à-tout (V2X) en améliorant la sécurité et l’évolutivité.

Designing a GDPR compliant blockchain-based IoV distributed information tracking system

Article

Jan 2021
INFORM PROCESS MANAG

Blockchain technologies and distributed ledgers enable the design and implementation of trustable data logging systems that can be used by multiple parties to produce a non-repudiable database. The case of Internet of Vehicles may greatly benefit of such a possibility to track the chain of responsibility in case of accidents or damages due to bad or omitted maintenance, improving the safety of circulation and helping granting a correct handling of related legal issues. However, there are privacy issues that have to be considered, as tracked information potentially include data about private persons (position, personal habits), commercially relevant information (state of the fleet of a company, freight movement and related planning, logistic strategies), or even more critical knowledge (e.g., considering vehicles belonging to police, public authorities, governments or officers in sensible positions). In the European Union, all this information is covered by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). In this paper we propose a reference model for a system that manages relevant information to show how blockchain can support GDPR compliant solutions for Internet of Vehicles, taking as a reference an integrated scenario based on Italy, and analyze a subset of its use cases to show its viability with reference to privacy issues.

Blockchain based Efficient and Robust Fair Payment for Outsourcing Services in Cloud Computing

Article

Full-text available

Sep 2018
INFORM SCIENCES

As an attractive business model of cloud computing, outsourcing services usually involve online payment and security issues. The mutual distrust between users and outsourcing service providers may severely impede the wide adoption of cloud computing. Nevertheless, most existing payment solutions only consider a specific type of outsourcing service and rely on a trusted third-party to realize fairness. In this paper, in order to realize secure and fair payment of outsourcing services in general without relying on any third-party, trusted or not, we introduce BCPay, a blockchain based fair payment framework for outsourcing services in cloud computing. We first present the system architecture, specifications and adversary model of BCPay, then describe in detail its design. Our security analysis indicates that BCPay achieves Soundness and what we call Robust Fairness, where the fairness is resilient to eavesdropping and malleability attacks. Furthermore, our performance evaluation shows that BCPay is very efficient in terms of the number of transactions and computation cost. As illustrative applications of BCPay, we further construct a blockchain-based provable data possession scheme in cloud computing and a blockchain-based outsourcing computation protocol in fog computing.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs): A Survey on Civil Applications and Key Research Challenges

Preprint

Full-text available

Apr 2019

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is growing rapidly across many civil application domains including real-time monitoring, providing wireless coverage, remote sensing, search and rescue, delivery of goods, security and surveillance, precision agriculture, and civil infrastructure inspection. Smart UAVs are the next big revolution in UAV technology promising to provide new opportunities in different applications, especially in civil infrastructure in terms of reduced risks and lower cost. Civil infrastructure is expected to dominate the more that $45 Billion market value of UAV usage. In this survey, we present UAV civil applications and their challenges. We also discuss current research trends and provide future insights for potential UAV uses. Furthermore, we present the key challenges for UAV civil applications, including: charging challenges, collision avoidance and swarming challenges, and networking and security related challenges. Based on our review of the recent literature, we discuss open research challenges and draw high-level insights on how these challenges might be approached.

Fog Assisted-IoT Enabled Patient Health Monitoring in Smart Homes

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2018

Internet of Things (IoT) technology provides a competent and structured approach to handle service deliverance aspects of healthcare in terms of mobile health and remote patient monitoring. IoT generates an unprecedented amount of data that can be processed using cloud computing. But for real-time remote health monitoring applications, the delay caused by transferring data to the cloud and back to the application is unacceptable. Relative to this context, we proposed the remote patient health monitoring in smart homes by using the concept of fog computing at the smart gateway. The proposed model uses advanced techniques and services such as embedded data mining, distributed storage, and notification services at the edge of the network. Event triggering based data transmission methodology is adopted to process the patient’s real-time data at Fog Layer. Temporal mining concept is used to analyze the events adversity by calculating the temporal health index (THI) of the patient. In order to determine the validity of the system, health data of 67 patients in IoT based smart home environment was systematically generated for 30 days. Results depict that the proposed BBN classifier based model has high accuracy and response time in determining the state of an event when compared with other classification algorithms. Moreover, decision making based on real-time healthcare data further enhances the utility of the proposed system.

Exploiting Smart E-Health Gateways at the Edge of Healthcare Internet-of-Things: A Fog Computing Approach

Article

Full-text available

Feb 2017
FUTURE GENER COMP SY

Current developments in ICTs such as in Internet-of-Things (IoT) and Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) allow us to develop healthcare solutions with more intelligent and prediction capabilities both for daily life (home/office) and in-hospitals. In most of IoT-based healthcare systems, especially at smart homes or hospitals, a bridging point (i.e., gateway) is needed between sensor infrastructure network and the Internet. The gateway at the edge of the network often just performs basic functions such as translating between the protocols used in the Internet and sensor networks. These gateways have beneficial knowledge and constructive control over both the sensor network and the data to be transmitted through the Internet. In this paper, we exploit the strategic position of such gateways at the edge of the network to offer several higher-level services such as local storage, real-time local data processing, embedded data mining, etc., presenting thus a Smart e-Health Gateway. We then propose to exploit the concept of Fog Computing in Healthcare IoT systems by forming a Geo-distributed intermediary layer of intelligence between sensor nodes and Cloud. By taking responsibility for handling some burdens of the sensor network and a remote healthcare center, our Fog-assisted system architecture can cope with many challenges in ubiquitous healthcare systems such as mobility, energy efficiency, scalability, and reliability issues. A successful implementation of Smart e-Health Gateways can enable massive deployment of ubiquitous health monitoring systems especially in clinical environments. We also present a prototype of a Smart e-Health Gateway called UT-GATE where some of the discussed higher-level features have been implemented. We also implement an IoT-based Early Warning Score (EWS) health monitoring to practically show the efficiency and relevance of our system on addressing a medical case study. Our proof-of-concept design demonstrates an IoT-based health monitoring system with enhanced overall system intelligence, energy efficiency, mobility, performance, interoperability, security, and reliability.

Cryptanalysis of a novel ultra-lightweight mutual authentication protocol for IoT devices using RFID tags

Article

Full-text available

Mar 2017
J SUPERCOMPUT

Internet of Things (IoT) is an evolving architecture which connects multiple devices to Internet for communication or receiving updates from a cloud or a server. In future, the number of these connected devices will increase immensely making them an indistinguishable part of our daily lives. Although these devices make our lives more comfortable, they also put our personal information at risk. Therefore, security of these devices is also a major concern today. In this paper, we propose an ultra-lightweight mutual authentication protocol which uses only bitwise operation and thus is very efficient in terms of storage and communication cost. In addition, the computation overhead is very low. We have also compared our proposed work with the existing ones which verifies the strength of our protocol, as obtained results are promising. A brief cryptanalysis of our protocol that ensures untraceability is also presented.

Smart Health Monitoring System through IOT

Conference Paper

Apr 2019

Blockchain in Industries: A Survey

Article

Mar 2019

Blockchain technologies have recently come to the forefront of the research and industrial communities as they bring potential benefits for many industries. This is due to their practical capabilities in solving many issues currently inhibiting further advances in various industrial domains. Securely recording and sharing transactional data, establishing automated and efficient supply chain processes, and enhancing transparency across the whole value chain are some examples of these issues. Blockchain offers an effective way to tackle these issues using distributed, shared, secure, and permissioned transactional ledgers. The employment of blockchain technologies and the possibility of applying them in different situations enables many industrial applications through increased efficiency and security; enhanced traceability and transparency and reduced costs. In this paper, different industrial application domains where the use of blockchain technologies has been proposed are reviewed. The paper explores the opportunities, benefits, and challenges of incorporating blockchain in different industry applications. Furthermore, the paper attempts to identify the requirements that support the implementation of blockchain for different industry applications. The review reveals that several opportunities are available for utilizing blockchain in various industry sectors; however, there are still some challenges to be addressed to achieve better utilization of this technology.

UAV-enabled healthcare architecture: Issues and challenges

Article

Aug 2019
FUTURE GENER COMP SY

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have great potential to revolutionize the future of automotive, energy, and healthcare sectors by working as wireless relays to improve connectivity with ground networks. They are able to collect and process real-time information by connecting existing network infrastructures including Internet of Medical Things (e.g., Body Area Networks (BANs)) and Internet of Vehicles with clouds or remote servers. In this article, we advocate and promote the notion of employing UAVs as data collectors. To demonstrate practicality of the idea, we propose a UAV-based architecture to communicate with BANs in a reliable and power-efficient manner. The proposed architecture adopts the concept of wakeup-radio based communication between a UAV and multiple BANs. We analyze the performance of the proposed protocol in terms of throughput and delay by allocating different priorities to the hubs or gateways. The proposed architecture may be useful in remote or disaster areas, where BANs have poor or no access to conventional wireless communication infrastructure, and may even assist vehicular networks by monitoring driver's physiological conditions through BANs. We further highlight open research issues and challenges that are important for developing efficient protocols for UAV-based data collection in smart healthcare systems.

IoT Enabled UAV: Network Architecture and Routing Algorithm

Article

Apr 2019

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be deployed efficiently to provide high quality of service for Internet of Things (IoT). By using cooperative communication and relay technologies, a large swarm of UAVs can enlarge the effective coverage area of IoT services via multiple relay nodes. However, the low latency service requirement and the dynamic topology of UAV network bring in new challenges for the effective routing optimization among UAVs. In this paper, a layered UAV swarm network architecture is proposed and an optimal number of UAVs is analyzed. Furthermore, a low latency routing algorithm (LLRA) is designed based on the partial location information and the connectivity of the network architecture. Finally, the performance of the proposed LLRA is verified by numerical results, which can decrease the link average delay and improve the packet delivery ratio in contrast to traditional routing algorithms without layered architecture.

Computer and Cyber Security: Principles, Algorithm, Applications, and Perspectives

Book

Dec 2018

This is a monumental reference for the theory and practice of computer security. Comprehensive in scope, this text covers applied and practical elements, theory, and the reasons for the design of applications and security techniques. It covers both the management and the engineering issues of computer security. It provides excellent examples of ideas and mechanisms that demonstrate how disparate techniques and principles are combined in widely-used systems. This book is acclaimed for its scope, clear and lucid writing, and its combination of formal and theoretical aspects with real systems, technologies, techniques, and policies.

UAV-aided MIMO communications for 5g internet of things

Article

Oct 2018

The unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is a promising enabler of the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, due to its agile maneuverability. In this paper, we explore the potential gain of UAV-aided data collection in a generalized IoT scenario. Particularly, a composite channel model including both large-scale and small-scale fading is used to depict typical propagation environments. Moreover, rigorous energy constraints are considered to characterize IoT devices as practically as possible. A multi-antenna UAV is employed, which can communicate with a cluster of single-antenna IoT devices to form a virtual MIMO link. We formulate a whole-trajectory-oriented optimization problem, where the transmission duration and the transmit power of all devices are jointly designed to maximize the data collection efficiency for the whole flight. Different from previous studies, only the slowly-varying large-scale channel state information (CSI) is assumed available, to coincide with the fact that practically it is quite difficult to predictively acquire the random small-scale channel fading prior to the UAV flight. We propose an iterative scheme to overcome the non-convexity of the formulated problem. The presented scheme can provide a significant performance gain over traditional schemes and converges quickly.

An overview of Internet of Things (IoT): Architectural aspects, challenges, and protocols

Article

Sep 2018

Understanding of any computing environment requires familiarity with its underlying technologies. Internet of Things (IoT), being a new era of computing in the digital world, aims for the development of large number of smart devices that would support a variety of applications and services. These devices are resource‐constrained, and the services they would provide are going to impose specific requirements, among which security is the most prominent one. Therefore, in order to comprehend and conform these requirements, there is a need to illuminate the underlying architecture of IoT and its associated elements. This comprehensive survey focuses on the security architecture of IoT and provides a detailed taxonomy of major challenges associated with the field and the key technologies, including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), that are enabling factors in the development of IoT. The paper also discusses some of the protocols suitable for IoT infrastructure and open source tools and platforms for its development. Finally, a brief outline of major open issues, along with their potential solutions and future research directions, is given.

Secured Data Collection With Hardware-Based Ciphers for IoT-Based Healthcare

Article

Jul 2018

Secure integration of IoT and Cloud Computing

Article

Dec 2016
FUTURE GENER COMP SY

Mobile Cloud Computing is a new technology which refers to an infrastructure where both data storage and data processing operate outside of the mobile device. Another recent technology is Internet of Things. Internet of Things is a new technology which is growing rapidly in the field of telecommunications. More specifically, IoT related with wireless telecommunications. The main goal of the interaction and cooperation between things and objects which sent through the wireless networks is to fulfill the objective set to them as a combined entity. In addition, there is a rapid development of both technologies, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things, regard the field of wireless communications. In this paper, we present a survey of IoT and Cloud Computing with a focus on the security issues of both technologies. Specifically, we combine the two aforementioned technologies (i.e Cloud Computing and IoT) in order to examine the common features, and in order to discover the benefits of their integration. Concluding, we present the contribution of Cloud Computing to the IoT technology. Thus, it shows how the Cloud Computing technology improves the function of the IoT. Finally, we survey the security challenges of the integration of IoT and Cloud Computing.

Handbook of Research on Modern Cryptographic Solutions for Computer and Cyber Security

Book

May 2016

Internet usage has become a facet of everyday life, especially as more technological advances have made it easier to connect to the web from virtually anywhere in the developed world. However, with this increased usage comes heightened threats to security within digital environments. The Handbook of Research on Modern Cryptographic Solutions for Computer and Cyber Security identifies emergent research and techniques being utilized in the field of cryptology and cyber threat prevention. Featuring theoretical perspectives, best practices, and future research directions, this handbook of research is a vital resource for professionals, researchers, faculty members, scientists, graduate students, scholars, and software developers interested in threat identification and prevention.

IoT based remote health monitoring system for patients and elderly people

Jan 2019
533-538

M Hamim
S Paul
S I Hoque
M N Rahman
I Baqee

Hamim M, Paul S, Hoque SI, Rahman MN, Baqee I. IoT based remote health monitoring system for patients and elderly people. In: Proceedings of the international conference on robotics, electrical and signal processing techniques (ICREST); 2019. p. 533-8. doi: 10.1109/ICREST.2019.8644514.

Real-time secure health surveillance for smarter health communities

Jan 2019
IEEE COMMUN MAG
122-129

A Alabdulatif
I Khalil
Arm Forkan
M Atiquzzaman

Alabdulatif A, Khalil I, Forkan ARM, Atiquzzaman M. Real-time secure health surveillance for smarter health communities. IEEE Commun Mag 2019;57(1):122-9. doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2017.1700547.

A Blockchain-Based Secure Healthcare Scheme with the Assistance of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle in Internet of Things

Abstract

No full-text available

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