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JSER 2019, 3(2), 90-94
JSER
Journal of Science Education Research
Journal homepage: www.journal.uny.ac.id/jser
Development of science assessment instruments based on entrepreneur
Indah Sukmawati 1 *, Sarjono Sarjono 2
1 Sekolah Menengah Pertama Negeri 3 Pemalang. Bojongbata, Pemalang, Jawa Tengah 52319, Indonesia
2 Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Pemalang. Jalan Tentara Pelajar No.12, Mulyoharjo, Pemalang, Jawa Tengah 52319, Indonesia
* Corresponding Author. Email: indahsukmawati354@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Keywords:
Science, interest in
entrepreneurship,
politomous
This study aims to produce (1) an instrument of assessment of learning outcomes for
entrepreneurship-based science and (2) a questionnaire of student entrepreneurial interest. This
study is a research and development (R&D) with reference to the modified Borg & Gall. The
research period was from August 2019 to November 2019 at SMP Negeri 3 Pemalang involving
a total of 307 students. The content validation index by experts with V'Aiken for the test
instrument for learning outcomes based on entrepreneurship and student questionnaire interest in
entrepreneurship are 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. The results show that at the trial stage based on
the MNSQ mean INFIT of 1.00 criteria and the standard deviation of 0.00, it is evident that both
the tests and questionnaires are both fit with the PCM 1 PL model. Based on the lowest and
highest thresholds of INFIT MNSQ, i.e.: 0.77 to 1.30, the instrument of the science-based
learning entrepreneurship and questionnaire interest in student entrepreneurship produce 16 and
8 valid items with reliabilities of 0.89 and 0.85, respectively. So it can be concluded that the
developed instrument has a high validity and reliability index, so it is ready to be used by
science teachers of SMP or MTs for assessment.
©2019 JSER. Yogyakarta State University
INTRODUCTION
The development of Entrepreneurship educa-
tion is one of the programs of the Ministry of
National Education which in essence is the develop-
ment of an educational methodology that aims to
build people who are creative, innovative, sports-
manlike, and entrepreneurial (Ministry of National
Education, 2010). Entrepreneurship education is a
life skill education. For students entrepreneurship
education is a very important program that needs to
be disseminated in the realm of formal education.
Considering that not all students are able to continue
their education because of costs or other reasons.
Along with the current globalization and the deve-
lopment of science and technology as well as the era
of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution, it is necessary to
have a new breakthrough in carrying out science
learning in class. Students need to be given high
motivation and an advanced and responsive attitude
to the surrounding environment in order to be able
to follow the development and progress of Science
and Technology. One of the effects of the develop-
ment and progress of science and technology is the
difficulty of getting decent jobs in accordance with
the field of expertise. Moreover, many students of
SMP or MTs who are unable to continue to a higher
level for some reason. Meanwhile, graduates of
SMP or os did not have enough provision to enter
the field of work or entrepreneurship. Therefore,
students of SMP or MTs need to be given an
understanding of entrepreneurship as a provision to
start or continue their activities properly when they
graduate, especially those who are unable to
continue their studies.
Students at the SMP or MTs level should be
introduced to finance entrepreneurship. One of the
proper introductions is through entrepreneurial-
based learning, thereby fostering interest in entre-
preneurship. According to Purnomo (2005, p. 122),
students' interest in entrepreneurship can be increas-
ed through education. It is not enough for students
to only master theories, but also be willing and able
to apply them in social life. Students are not only
able to apply the knowledge gained in school, but
also able to solve various problems encountered in
everyday life. This kind of education is oriented to
the formation of entrepreneurial interests. Entrepre-
neurial education, especially at the SMP or MTs
level can be applied to students through an integrat-
ed curriculum developed in schools. According to
Usman and Raharjo (2012, p. 142) there are three
competencies that must be possessed by a successful
Indah Sukmawati, Sarjono Sarjono/ JSER 2019, 3(2), 91
entrepreneur, i.e.: knowledge, skills, and the nature
of entrepreneurship.
Students' entrepreneurial spirit can be deve-
loped by the school environment through entrepre-
neurial-based learning. Many students have the
advantage of being a studentpreneur, meaning that a
student is also an entrepreneur. A studentpreneur is
a student who runs a business while still studying,
which not only develops the student's business but
also builds relationships with others from different
disciplines (Torenberg, 2012).
Based on the above considerations, planning
is needed to develop learning tools about education
that can increase student motivation and student
entrepreneurial interest. The availability of learning
tools is one of the factors that can support the learn-
ing process and improve the quality of education.
The learning model and learning tools are expected
to improve student motivation and student entre-
preneurial interest.
Entrepreneurship education can be applied
into the curriculum by identifying school activities
or subject matter that can be integrated with entre-
preneurship education. This is in accordance with
Mulyani (2010, pp. 58-65) which state that entrepre-
neurship education can be internalized through
several ways, including integrated entrepreneurship
education in subjects. Entrepreneurship education
integrated into subjects can become a habit of
entrepreneurial values in learning activities. This
can foster student entrepreneurial interest.
The step of integrating entrepreneurship edu-
cation into learning can be done when delivering
material through learning methods and assessment
systems. Of course, teachers must make prepara-
tions to make learning tools based on entrepreneur-
ship, such as making syllabus, lesson plans, teaching
materials, and assessment of learning outcomes
based on entrepreneurship.
This study aims to (1) produce a set of entre-
preneurial-based learning, (2) improve student
learning outcomes, and (3) foster entrepreneurial
interest in students. As for the formulation of the
problem in this study are (1) how to produce entre-
preneur-based learning tools? (2) How far is the
increase of student learning outcomes? (3) How
interested are the students in entrepreneurship?
METHOD
This study is a research and development (R
& D), which aims to solve practical, contextual, and
actual problems in SMP or MTs, namely the deve-
lopment of learning tools and assessment instru-
ments based on entrepreneurship. This study uses
two types of instruments, viz.: an instrument of
assessment of entrepreneurial-based learning
outcomes and questionnaire of students' interest in
entrepreneurship. This R & D research refers to the
development model according to Borg & Gall
(1983, p. 775) with the following steps: (1) research
and information collecting, (2) planning, (3) deve-
loping preliminary form of the product, (4) preli-
minary field testing, (5) main product revising, (6)
main field testing, (7) operational product revising,
(8) operational field testing, (9) final product
revising, and (10) disseminating and implementing
the product.
The choice of the R & D model mentioned
above is because the procedure is relatively more
complete and detailed so that it is easy to follow and
easy to modify. Broadly speaking, the development
steps mentioned above can be simplified into three
stages, namely: (1) the pre-development stage; (2)
the trial phase; and (3) the implementation phase.
The pre-development stage includes deter-
mining the purpose of the test, determining the
competency being tested, determining the material
being tested, compiling the test lattice, writing items
or statements based on the question indicators,
assembling the test, preparing guideline for scoring
(assessment rubric), content validating tests by seve-
ral experts; and improving the items and assembling
the test.
This study uses partial credit model (PCM) 1-
PL for testing the fit of instrument items. The trial
phase includes determining the test subjects of
junior high school students on a limited scale, deter-
mining the trial time, conducting the trials, analyz-
ing the trial data, revising items that do not fit,
assembling the test again, and implementing the
test. This research has not yet reached the imple-
mentation stage due to limited time, energy, and
cost. The research was conducted from August
2019 to November 2019. The research site was SMP
Negeri 3 Pemalang Indonesia. The subjects of this
study were all Grade IX students of SMP Negeri 3
Pemalang, Indonesia.
Procedure
The development steps of Borg & Gall (1983)
are explained as follows:
Need Analysis
The need analysis is done by reviewing the
curriculum and syllabus used in SMP Negeri 3
Pemalang. Then we identify the material students
used in learning as a basis for making the
instruments.
Develop the Initial Products
The initial stage of the initial product deve-
lopment is the making of a grid that refers to the
syllabus. Then determining the format of the test,
which is an instrument for evaluating cognitive
Indah Sukmawati, Sarjono Sarjono/ JSER 2019, 3(2), 92
aspects in the form of politomus scores which are
categorized in three categories, i.e.: 1, 2, and 3.
Expert validation and revision
Expert validation is carried out by seven
senior teachers in their fields.
Testing
The trial is carried out on 307 students of
Grade IX of SMP N 3 Pemalang.
Analysis technique
The data analysis technique of the trial results
includes several aspects, namely: (a) Goodness of fit
for PCM; (b) item validity; (c) instrument reliabi-
lity; and (d) information and SEM functions.
Goodness of fit for PCM
Fit testing on the overall test is based on mean
values and standard deviations from INFIT MNSQ.
If the MNSQ INFIT average is close to 1.00 and the
standard deviation is close to 0.00, then the overall
item is fit in the PCM model. This is done with the
help of the QUEST program.
Item validity
According to the rules of Adams and Khoo
(1996, p. 30) an item is fit to the model if the value
of INFIT MNSQ is in the range of 0.77 to 1.30.
Instrument reliability
According to Mardapi (2012) an instrument is
classified as good if it has a reliability coefficient or
a reliability index equal to or greater than 0.70. The
instrument reliability estimation can be seen based
on the output of the QUEST program analysis, both
the reliability for items and the reliability for the
tests.
Information and SEM functions
Estimation of information and SEM functions
is done with the help of the PARSCALE program.
Based on the information and SEM functions, the
test looks suitable with certain ability tests high,
medium, or low.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results of Instrument (Test) Assessment of
Learning Based on Entrepreneurship Science
Based on the Figure 1, it can be seen that
from the 17 items available, after analysis with
Quest, there are 16 valid items and 1 invalid item,
namely item number 12 which is outside the line.
Table 1. Estimated Test Points
No. Description Estimation
1. Reliability 0.89
2. INFIT MNSQ 0.88 – 1.21
3. Average INFIT MNSQ 1.01 ± 0.03
Based on Table 1, it can be seen that the
result of the reliability test is 0.89. The item validity
is shown in the MNSQ INFIT values in the range of
0.88 to 1.21 (which is in the range of 0.77 to 1.30).
The mean value and standard deviation of INFIT
MNSQ is 1.01 ± 0.03, thus it can be said that all
items are fit according to the PCM model.
Figure 1. MNSQ Infit Test Diagram
Indah Sukmawati, Sarjono Sarjono/ JSER 2019, 3(2), 93
Test information curv e: solid line Standard error curve: dotted line
The total test information for a specific scale score is read from the left vertical axis.
The standard error for a specific scale score is read from the right vertical axis.
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Scale Score
Information
Test Information Curve
0
0.21
0.43
0.64
0.85
1.06
Standard Error
Figure 2. Information Function and SEM Test for Assessment of Entrepreneurship Based Science Learning
Outcomes.
Figure 3. MNSQ Questionnaire INFIT Diagram
Based on Figure 2 of the graph of information
and SEM functions it can be seen that the higher
order thinking skills instrument is suitable for
capable students between -1.40 to 1.80. This wide
range of abilities is very appropriate to be applied to
SMP or MTs given the input of students having
diverse backgrounds.
Instrument (Questionnaire) Student
Entrepreneurial Interest
Based on Figure 3, it can be seen that out of
10 items, after analyzing the items with Quest, there
are 8 valid items and 2 invalid items, namely item
number 7 and number 8 which are outside the line.
Table 2. Estimated Item Questionnaire
No. Description Estimation
1. Reliability 0.85
2. INFIT MNSQ 0.97 – 1.14
3. Average INFIT MNSQ 1.02 ± 0.05
Based on Table 2, it can be seen that the
result of the reliability test is 0.85. The item validity
is shown in the MNSQ INFIT value in the range of
0.97 to 1.14 (which is in the range of 0.77 to 1.30),
which indicates that the item is valid. The mean
Indah Sukmawati, Sarjono Sarjono/ JSER 2019, 3(2), 94
value and standard deviation of the INFI MNSQ are
1.02 ± 0.05. Thus it can be said that all items are fit
according to the PCM model.
CONCLUSION
Based on the results and discussion above, it
can be concluded that the instrument for evaluating
the learning outcomes of entrepreneurship-based
science in the form of tests consists of 16 valid and
reliable items. The items have fulfilled content vali-
dity with expert judgment and have obtained empi-
rical evidence of fit on PCM based on three cate-
gories of politomus data. Moreover, the instrument
of student entrepreneurial interest in the form of a
questionnaire consists of 8 valid and reliable items.
The items have fulfilled content validity with expert
judgment and have obtained empirical evidence of
fit on PCM based on three categories of politomus
data. Hence, the test instruments and questionnaires
are ready to use by science teachers.
The results of this study are of great benefit to
researchers in the field of evaluating learning out-
comes and increasing student entrepreneurial inte-
rest. This study can be used as a guideline or
modelin developing entrepreneurship-based science
assessment instruments. Moreover, the results of
this study can be used as a reference or guide for
science teachers in junior high schools in
conducting science learning in their schools.
This study uses a sample of Grade IX students
at the junior high school level. Therefore it is re-
commended for researchers to use a broader sample
involving students of senior high school level.
Further research is needed to find out the difficulties
experienced by students and teachers while using
the developed instruments. Moreover, it is
recommended that SMP or MTs teachers use the
instruments that have been developed, so that teach-
ers need to train students before the instruments are
used for assessment. The teacher also needs to
adjust the learning method with the instruments
developed, so students are used to the instrument.
SMP or MTs teachers need to provide students with
an understanding of the importance of entrepreneur-
ial-based assessments that have received less atten-
tion. It is also helpful to hold a workshop related to
the procedure of developing entrepreneurial-based
instruments for SMP or MTs teachers, especially in
the natural science subjects, so that teachers
understand in carrying out learning and assessment
related to entrepreneurship. There should also be a
research and development institute in every district
that functions to provide enlightenment or consul-
tancy for SMP or MTs teachers who want to deve-
lop instruments related to entrepreneurship. Finally,
training should be held concerning programs used to
analyze research data, such as EXCEL, QUEST,
PARSCALE, and LISREL.
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