Medicinal and Nutritional Perspective of Cinnamon: A Mini-review

Abstract

The present review establishes the medicinal and nutritional perspectives of Cinnamon. In today’s era, there are so many processed foods available in the market that saves time but processed foods have many adverse effects on health. Cinnamon has significant benefits for human health, particularly as an anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-hypertriglyceridemia agent, mainly due to its phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and volatile compounds. So, people are more aware of the usage of the natural herbal product in the diet. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is the most consumed spice in the world. Cinnamaldehyde is the bioactive component present in the cinnamon. The nutrient content found in cinnamon is in a good amount. Macro and micronutrients such as energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and C, calcium, iron, magnesium are present. Cinnamon is also known for its health benefits such as antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, immunomodulatory and metabolic syndrome. Thus, cinnamon is very beneficial to combat diseases. It is concluded that cinnamon is very useful and beneficial for the maintenance of health and it is helpful in the prevention of diseases.

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*Corresponding author: E-mail: Sunidhi.mishra69@gmail.com;
European Journal of Medicinal Plants
31(3): 10-16, 2020; Article no.EJMP.54333
ISSN: 2231-0894, NLM ID: 101583475
Medicinal and Nutritional Perspective of Cinnamon:
A Mini-review
Bharti Goel
1
and Sunidhi Mishra
2*
1
Department of Food and Nutrition, Home Science College, Punjab University, Chandigarh,
Punjab,
India.
2
Department of FSN, CCAS, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author SM designed the study,
wrote the protocol and first draft of the manuscript. Author BG managed the analyses of the study and
literature searches. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/EJMP/2020/v31i330218
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Patrizia Diana, University of Palermo, Italy.
(2)
Dr. Sonali More, Sciformix Covance Group of Company, India.
(3) Prof. Marcello Iriti, Milan State University, Italy.
Reviewers:
(1)
S. Danish Kadir, University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
(2)
Bagiu Radu-Vasile, Victor Babeş University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Romania.
Complete Peer review History:
http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/54333
Received 21 December 2019
Accepted 26 February 2020
Published 27 February 2020
ABSTRACT
The present review establishes the medicinal and nutritional perspectives of Cinnamon. In today’s
era, there are so many processed foods available in the market that saves time but processed
foods have many adverse effects on health. Cinnamon has significant benefits for human health,
particularly as an anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic and anti-
hypertriglyceridemia agent, mainly due to its phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and
volatile compounds. So, people are more aware of the usage of the natural herbal product in the
diet. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) is the most consumed spice in the world. Cinnamaldehyde
is the bioactive component present in the cinnamon. The nutrient content found in cinnamon is in a
good amount. Macro and micronutrients such as energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and C, calcium,
iron, magnesium are present. Cinnamon is also known for its health benefits such as antioxidant,
anticancer, antibacterial, immunomodulatory and metabolic syndrome. Thus, cinnamon is very
beneficial to combat diseases. It is concluded that cinnamon is very useful and beneficial for the
maintenance of health and it is helpful in the prevention of diseases.
Mini-review Article

Goel and Mishra; EJMP, 31(3): 10-16, 2020; Article no.EJMP.54333
11
Keywords: Cinnamon; metabolic syndrome; anti-diabetic; cardiovascular.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is well said that “health is wealth” because in
the present time people are more conscious
about their health and diet. Now the day’s people
are looking for natural and herbal products to
maintain their good health. Cinnamon is the bark
of the tree, which is good in nutritive value.
Cinnamon is the world’s most frequently
consumed spices and is used as a herbal
remedy. Cinnamon has been used for centuries,
as flavour modifiers to make food more
palatable. Its ingredients impart characteristic
flavour and spicy aroma to food.
Sri Lanka is the major Cinnamon growing country
along with Seychelles, Madagascar, and India.
De Guzman and Siemonsma [1]. It is indigenous
in Sri Lanka, which still produces the largest
quantity and best quality, mainly in the form of
quills. This genus contains evergreen trees or
shrubs belongs to the Lauracaceae family
contain around 250 species in tropical and
subtropical regions, mostly in Asia and some in
South and Central America, and Australia [2].
Cinnamon is a highly valued spice whose bark is
widely used as a spice. Various industries for
foodstuff, flavouring agent for fragrance and
essence perfumes, and medicinal products
mainly use it in cookery as a spice. In the past
few decades, consumers have chosen foods not
only for their nutritional values but also for their
additional health benefits [3].
Cinnamon has significant benefits for human
health, particularly as an anti-inflammatory,
antitumor, anticancer, antidiabetic, and anti-
hypertriglyceridemia agent, mainly due to its
phytochemical constituents such as phenolic and
volatile compounds [4].
2. METHODOLOGY
The current review was conducted using a
complete and organized search of the available
literature on the medicinal plant cinnamon. The
searches were performed using various
databases, including Scopus
(http://www.scopus.com/), PubMed
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed), Scirus
(http://www.scirus.com/), Science Direct
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/) and Google
Scholar (http://www.scholar.google.com/).
Cinnamon Cultivation: Cinnamon is produced
globally about 27,000-35,000 annual tons.
Cinnamon is mostly produced in Madagascar,
China, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and little scale in
Vietnam and India. It is a hardy plant mostly
cultivated in different weather conditions at the
optimal temperature of between 20 to 30ºC with
a range between 1250 to 2500 mm by dried seed
and vegetative propagation [5].
Chemical Constituents of Cinnamon:
Cinnamon consists of a variety of resinous
compounds, including cinnamaldehyde, cinna-
mate, cinnamic acid, and numerous essential oils
[6]. Singh et al. [7] reviewed that cinnamon has a
bitter taste and fragrance due to active
components cinnamaldehyde and oxygen
absorption. As cinnamon ages, it darkens in
color, improving the resinous compounds [7].
Nutritive Value of Cinnamon: Nutrients is very
important for the function and regulation of the
human body system. Cinnamon is one of the
major sources of spices used in the preparations
of the food items. Although it has good nutrient
content as shown in Tables 2,3,4. Cinnamon is a
good source of macro and micronutrients and
gives aroma and flavour in the foods. It is a good
source of energy, carbohydrate and vitamins,
and minerals.
2.1 Medicinal Properties of Cinnamon
Antioxidant Activity: Mancini Filho et al.
reported various antioxidant activities with the
different extracts of Cinnamon as aqueous, ether
and methanolic extracts [8]. The function of free
radicals inside the getting older process and
carcinogenesis is well established. Extracts from
cinnamon including ether, aqueous extracts, and
methanolic extracts have established antioxidant
pastime. The volatile oils of cinnamon display
widespread antioxidant assets at awareness
ranging from 100 to 200 elements according to
million. Jayaprakasha et al. [9] Cinnamon extract
has confirmed motion in reducing plasma lipid
peroxidation level that's a biomarker for oxidative
strain. Cinnamon extract has also located to
have a powerful loose radical scavenging
pastime. Given the confirmed antioxidant hobby
of cinnamon, extracts of the same should play a
tangible position inside the management of
doubtlessly malignant disorders plus improving
their long-term analysis.

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Table 1. Part of the plant and compound
Part of the plant
Compound
Leaves Cinnamaldehyde: 1.00 to 5.00% Eugenol: 70.00 to 95.00%
Bark Cinnamaldehyde: 65.00 to 80.00% Eugenol: 5.00 to 10.00%
Root bark Camphor: 60.00%
Fruit trans-Cinnamylacetate (42.00 to 54.00%) and caryophyllene (9.00 to
14.00%)
C. zeylanicumbuds
Terpene hydrocarbons: 78.00% alpha-Bergamotene: 27.38% alpha-
Copaene: 23.05% Oxygenated terpenoids: 9.00%
C. zeylanicumflowers
E)-Cinnamyl acetate: 41.98% trans-alpha-Bergamotene: 7.97%
Caryophyllene oxide: 7.20%
Antimicrobial Activity: Volatile oils from
cinnamon confirmed big activity in opposition to
Streptococcus faecalis [10]. C. zeylanicum is
discovered to be effective in opposition to C.
albicans and may be used in the control of oral
thrush [11]. C. zeylanicum was observed to
inhibit the boom of S. aureus, that's the aetiology
in angular cheilitis, parotitis, stomatitis and
cellulitis. Furthermore, consequently, C.
zeylanicum extract may want to have a beneficial
role in the control of these orofacial conditions
[12]. C. zeylanicum is likewise determined to be
effective in opposition to Candida glabrata,
Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, and
Candida tropicalis, which inside the beyond have
verified a few resistance to conventional
antifungal agents. Similarly to this, C. zeylanicum
is also validated to demonstrate antiparasitic
hobby [13].
Table 2. Macro nutrients- (per 100 gm)
Constituent
Value
Energy 247 kcal/ 1035 KJ
Protein 3.99 g
Total fat 1.24 g
Ash 3.6 g
Carbohydrate 80.59 g
Table 3. Nutritive value of minerals
Constituent
Value
Calcium 1002 mg
Iron 8.32 mg
Magnesium 60 mg
Phosphorus 60 mg
Potassium 431 mg
Zinc 1.83 mg
Copper 0.339 mg
Manganese 17.466 mg
In 2012, Guerra et al. reviewed the combination
of C. zeylanicum essential oil and antibiotics
antibacterial activity to see the synergistic and
additive effects [14]. Moreover, there is also
similar result reported by Yap et al. that the
combination of cinnamon bark essential oil and
piperacillin induced a decrease in the registered
MIC values against a clinical strain of beta-
lactamase-producing E. coli. The authors
concluded that reduced use of antibiotics could
be employed as a treatment strategy to decrease
the adverse effects and possibly to reverse the
beta-lactam antibiotic [15].
Table 4. Nutritive value of vitamins
Constituent
Value
Vitamin C 3.8 mg
Vitamin A 295 IU
Thiamine 0.002 mg
Riboflavin 0.041 mg
Niacin 1.332 mg
Pantothenic acid 0.558 mg
2.2 Antimicrobial
Immunomodulatory activity: C. tamala and C.
cassia, specifically, have sure
procyanidinoligomeric compounds that play a
widespread role in immunomodulatory motion.
Cinnamtannin D1, one of the pro-
cyanidinoligomeric compounds, reduces the
extent of interferon-γ and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and
suppresses the not on time hypersensitivity
reaction, thereby enhances immunomodulatory
motion [16]. This shows the beneficial position of
cinnamon in the management of autoimmune
illnesses together with pemphigus, lichen planus,
recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and lupus
erythematosus.
Anti Cancer Activity: One of the studies
reported that Cinnamon oil is a solution in the
treatment like cancer, Tumors, Gastric Cancers
and Melanomas. Cinnamaldehyde and Eugenol
the chemical constituents found good results in
leukemia and lymphoma cancer cells. These
have been used to develop nutraceuticals in this

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13
study that have been proven fairly effective in
fighting Human Colon Cancer Cells (Eugenol)
and Human hepatoma cells (Cinnamaldehyde)
[17].
Cinnamon and metabolic syndrome: Based on
recent scientific-based evidence and traditional
medicine, cinnamon and its active ingredients
such as cinnamic acid, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol
and cinnamate in the forms of alcoholic and
aqueous extracts have a variety of therapeutic
effects on metabolic syndrome. Cinnamon
extracts also ameliorated the Different aspects of
Metabolic syndrome such as dyslipidemia, high
blood glucose, obesity, and high blood pressure.
some research also reported that cinnamon and
its constituents have a potential effect and
cardiovascular protective effects in decreasing
metabolic syndrome such as anti-oxidant, anti-
diabetic, anti-inflammatory and helps in reducing
lipid profile [18-20].
Anti-diabetic Activity: The short intake of
cinnamon as 2 g in type 2 diabetes patients has
been helped to reduce blood pressure and levels
of hemoglobinA1C [21].
Verspohl et al. evaluated the outcomes of C.
cassia bark or its extracts on blood glucose and
plasma insulin tiers in rats underneath diverse
conditions. The cassia extract was slightly more
efficacious than an equivalent amount of cassia
bark. A decrease in blood glucose ranges turned
into observed in glucose tolerance check (GTT),
while it became not apparent in rats that were
now not challenged by way of a glucose load.
The elevation in plasma insulin turned into direct
considering that a stimulatory in vitro effect of
insulin release from INS‐1 cells (insulin-secreting
cellular line) changed into finding. Some of the
results recommended that the cassia extract has
an immediate anti-diabetic efficiency [22].
Cardiovascular Diseases: Cinnamon was found
to inhibit the atherosclerosis process by the
prevention of apoA-1 glycation and inhibition of
cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) in
hypercholesterolemic zebrafish. Cinnamon
extract treatment significantly reduced the rate of
dyslipidemia and aided in the maintenance of
the atherogenic index (total cholesterol—HDL-
C/HDL-C) compared to dexamethasone control
in atherosclerotic rats [23].
Fig. 1. Cinnamon in ameliorating metabolic syndrome [24]

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14
Antiobesity: Cinnamon species are abundant in
anti-obesogenic effects with Polyphenolic
compounds. In vitro studies showed that
polyphenolic compounds could inhibit differentia-
tion of adipocyte; also they inhibited lipolysis [25],
lipogenesis [26] or intestinal lipid absorption [27]
that they tend to lower weight. Polyphenolic
compounds are inducers of fatty acid oxidation
[26] or antagonist at cannabinoid receptors [28]
and attenuate the inflammatory changes [29].
Traditional uses: Cinnamon has been called
one of the maximum common spices and food
flavoring additives due to the fact ancient
instances [30]. For instance, it has been used as
a taste in chocolates and chewing gum because
of the fine and fresh impact that develops within
the mouth. It additionally suggests beneficial
consequences on oral fitness and is used for
toothaches, oral infections, and to eliminate bad
breath. Cinnamon has additionally been used to
deal with pimples and melisma [31]. Moreover, it
has been used for the remedy of gastrointestinal
and colonic [32]. Ayurvedic literature indicates
that cinnamon has effective antiemetic, anti-
diarrheal, anti-flatulent, and stimulant sports [33].
Cinnamon has a coagulant effect and
consequently, it may be used in opposition to
hemorrhaging [34]. Cinnamon vital oil could be
also used in aromatherapy, that's the healing use
of plant vital oils that may be absorbed into the
frame through the skin or the olfactory gadget. A
research article confirmed the advantages
deriving from the use of cinnamon oil in rubdown
for alleviating menstrual pain [35].
Adverse effects of Cinnamon: In therapeutic
doses, spices are generally considered as safe
that produces adverse effects in excessive
consumption and in long term usage. The most
common adverse effects reported with common
and cassia cinnamon were related to contact
irritation or allergic reaction with skin or mucous
membranes [36,37].
3. CONCLUSION
Cinnamon is mostly cultivated in different regions
of the world in different weather conditions.
Cinnamon and its active constituents like
cinnamaldehyde have various usage and limited
dose such as 2 g to improve the health effects.
Cinnamon can be inculcated in the diet in various
forms that help to make a healthy individual.
Cinnamon and its active constituents have
beneficial effects on diabetes, obesity, and
decrease lipid profile. Traditionally cinnamon is
used for various purposes such as flavour and
aroma. It is also used for the treatment of various
common health issues like toothache, oral
infection and bad breathe. Excess intake of
cinnamon can be adversely affected health.
Thus, it is concluded that cinnamon is very useful
and beneficial for the maintenance of health and
it is helpful in the prevention of diseases.
CONSENT
It is not applicable.
ETHICAL APPROVAL
It is not applicable.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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