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Blockchain Art and Blockchain Facilitated Art Economy: Two Ways in Which Art and Blockchain Collide
... This impact has been studied by scholars from two perspectives: the transformative effect for IP industries and disruptive changes on IP law. In terms of the IP fields impacted by blockchain technology, the most explored area is copyright, with several works related to the music industry (Chalmers et al., 2021;Clark & Burstall, 2019;Lovett, 2020;O'Dair & Beaven, 2017;Sitonio & Nucciarelli, 2018), software and licensing (Di Francesco Maesa et al., 2021;Madine et al., 2023;Tietze & Granstrand, 2020;Tietze & Fletcher, 2021), digital art and collectibles (Bakan & Atabey, 2025;Bertucci, 2023;Bhowmik & Feng, 2017;Bhowmik et al., 2018;Li et al., 2024;Mereu, 2023;McConaghy et al., 2017;O'Dwyer, 2020;Pérez-Solà & Herrera-Joancomartí, 2020;Suvajdzic et al., 2019;Wang et al., 2019b;Whitaker & Kräussl, 2020;Zeilinger, 2018), multimedia (Bhowmik & Feng, 2017;Fujimura et al., 2016;Gipp et al., 2015;Herbaut et al., 2021;Kudumakis et al., 2020;Tsai et al., 2017;Yu et al., 2023), scientific publications (Bartling, 2019;Gipp et al., 2017;Hoffman et al., 2018;Mackey et al., 2019;Pãnescu & Manta, 2018;Ramachandran, 2018;Zanjanab et al., 2023), and generative artificial intelligence (Fuentes & Omarova, 2024). In reference to trademarks, industrial designs, or geographical indications, blockchain-based anti-counterfeiting has been studied in industries like luxury goods and pharmaceuticals (Alzahrani & Bulusu, 2018;Clark & Burstall, 2018;de Boissieu et al., 2021;Haq & Esuka, 2018;Malaurie-Vignal, 2020). ...
In this paper, the third part of a comprehensive study on blockchain’s role in intellectual property management, we interviewed 27 experts to explore blockchain’s impact on managing the intellectual property life cycle that is how copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and patents are created, protected, managed, enforced, and monetized. Semi-structured interviews provided insights into the benefits and limitations of blockchain in managing intellectual property. Attributes were clustered using a meta-matrix validated by expert feedback. Participants shared views on barriers to blockchain adoption in intellectual property and predicted its evolution over the next 5–10 years. Our findings highlight advantages such as proof of authenticity and ownership, smart contracts, tokenization (including non-fungible tokens or NFTs), and legal protection. However, challenges like scalability, interoperability, lack of a blockchain-intellectual property ecosystem, and limited use cases must be addressed to foster adoption. We summarized implications and recommendations for future research.
... The persuasive power of blockchain application, in essence, constitutes a response to the expanding composition of art investors. As suggested by Suvajdzic et al. (2019) study examining the impact of blockchain on the art ecosystem, art fans and followers are becoming art investors, replacing the "somewhat elitist" notion that art investors require years of training, education, and wealth. The expectations of these new investors differ from existing constituencies (Fisher et al., 2017). ...
The paper investigates how online platforms achieve legitimacy in the context of art securitization. Art securitization platforms are new ventures in the art market that leverage blockchain technology to enable fractional ownership of art, thereby increasing liquidity and accessibility for online investors. While traditional art market intermediaries, such as auction houses Sotheby’s and Christie’s, face legitimacy challenges like price-fixing issues, new intermediaries, such as art securitization platforms, require legitimacy with investors in order to secure a primary source of stability and survival in the art market. This study investigates how four leading art securitization platforms, Maecenas, Masterworks, Otis, and Artory achieve legitimacy with investors in the art market. We analyze both the art securitization platforms’ 6306 social media posts to decode their legitimacy-achieving approaches and draw on the positivity of 2510 post comments to measure how their legitimacy is perceived by investors. Our findings suggest that highlighting technological distinctiveness and entrepreneurial identity aids art platforms in achieving legitimacy, despite raising concerns among conservative investors. Positive legitimacy judgements are also awarded by investors to platforms that conform to stakeholders’ expected levels of return, transparency, and security.
... In the metaverse game application, the equipment in the game will also be gradually encrypted assets. How the encrypted game assets can be exchanged with the crypto-art assets will be a topic in the process of building the metaverse in the future [21][22][23][24]. ...
Liben Building, constructed in 1822 AD, is located in Xinnan Village, Hukeng Town, Yongding District, Longyan City, Fujian Province, China. This square earthen building covers an area of about 2100 square metres. In 1931 AD, the building was sacked and burned down by bandits during a war, leaving behind only the remnants of the walls of the main building. In the meta‐universe environment, firstly, this study adopted blockchain DAO technology to conduct a study on the digital collection, storage, processing, display and dissemination of Liben Building, revealing the problems with digital regeneration of cultural heritage. Then, the questionnaire with 20 questions was designed, and 158 valid completed copies of the questionnaire were collected. Combining influence relationship with sample clustering analysis methods, this paper explored the findings of a study of the historical sites under blockchain digital heritage preservation and protection in the metaverse.
... Teknoloji, boyamak için yeni pigmentler yaratmaktan şaşırtıcı bir hassasiyetle görüntüleri kaydedebilen fotoğraf kameraları gibi aygıtların icat edilmesine kadar sanatın sürekli olarak gelişmesinde etkili olmuştur. Teknoloji ile birlikte sanatta yeni ortamlar oluştu ve bu da mevcut ortamların ilerlemesine yardımcı oldu (Suvajdzic, Stojanovic & Appelbaum, 2019). ...
... In the fields of art and healthcare, BC technology embodies the advantages of promoting the art economy, protecting intellectual property (IP) rights, and enabling data sharing. First, since BC technology brings efficiency and transparency, and adds value to products and services in different fields, the art world has begun to utilize BC technology to promote the art economy [93]. Moreover, the development of BC technology and smart contracts provides artists with a form of digital copyright management and creates a new tradable digital asset; such a trend means that IP operates differently in digital culture [94]. ...
In the face of the health challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, healing and therapeutic design (HTD) as interventions can help with improving people’s health. It is considered to have great potential to promote health in the forms of art, architecture, landscape, space, and environment. However, there are insufficient design approaches to address the challenges during the HTD process. An increased number of studies have shown that emerging information modeling (IM) such as building information modeling (BIM), landscape information modeling (LIM), and city information modeling (CIM) coupled with blockchain (BC) functionalities have the potential to enhance designers’ HTD by considering important design elements, namely design variables, design knowledge, and design decision. It can also address challenges during the design process, such as design changes, conflicts in design requirements, the lack of design evaluation tools and frameworks, and incomplete design information. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a conceptual BC enhanced IM for HTD (BC-HTD) framework that addresses the challenges in the HTD and promotes health and well-being. The structure of BC-HTD framework is twofold: (1) a conceptual high-level framework comprising three levels: user; system; and information, (2) a conceptual low-level framework of detailed content at the system level, which has been constructed using a mixed quantitative and qualitative method of literature analysis, and validated via a pre-interview questionnaire survey and follow-up interviews with industry experts and academics. This paper analyzes the process of BC enhanced HTD and the knowledge management of HTD to aid design decisions in managing design information. This paper is the first attempt to apply the advantages of BC enabled IM to enhance the HTD process. The results of this study can foster and propel new research pathways and knowledge on the value of design in the form of non-fungible token (NFT) based on the extended advantages of BC in the field of design, which can fully mobilize the healing and therapeutic behaviors of designers and the advantage potential of HTD to promote health, and realize the vision of Health Metaverse in the context of sustainable development.
... The creative affordances and array of possibilities of the blockchain technology have seen the birth of a type of art that (1) either reflects the nature of encrypted distributed databases or (2) art that uses blockchain as a specific tool for creative endeavors [6]. The first type can be seen in a practice known as 'Cryptograffiti', or images stored as digital detritus on the blockchain, similar to attached messages of apparently redundant data value [7]. ...
In the last decade, blockchain has been established as a transformative technology that is beginning to impact the key sectors of finance, health, energy, administration, and agriculture, among many others. In relation to arts, much of the current research focuses on the problems of the protection, dissemination, and monetization of art and music, which is created by conventional means. In this paper, we take a more experimental approach and propose a blockchain system for collaborative electroacoustic music composition that achieves consensus by measuring a contribution value. The main advantage of such an approach is having secure documentation that promotes trust and guarantees the integrity of the whole process while supporting a collaborative ecosystem for the creation of new music. We introduce a Proof of Creative Contribution (PoCC) consensus protocol, which measures a contribution value and assigns the composer with the highest value to record the composition data on the blockchain. In addition, we document a simulated compositional process that demonstrates the diversification of the block creator whose contributions have been well received by the network. The system supports a compositional process that is based on modular units, enabling multiple electroacoustic music pieces to be composed simultaneously, asynchronously, and non-linearly.
... In order for this to happen, artists should have a voice in how this technology might be applied to the field they act in, but to be able to gain this voice, they would have to say yes to technology, and to research the ways it could work for their ideas, and not against them. All the different artworks of emerging blockchain artists already show this, and they successfully overcome duality between human and machine factor, as well as between materiality and immateriality of the artwork (see Figure 1 as an example, also [23]). As innovations in art are always linked to innovations in technology and vice versa, and as making of art, in its quality of technē is always in the same time a knowledge creation, the authors of this text will propose a model of technology research in art, or, differently said, of art research in technology. ...
... The second phase expanded various business processes driven by smart contracts where a third party representing the arbitrator is not required [15][16][17]. The third phase of blockchain technology covered several nonfinancial fields such as art [18], [19], e-commerce [20][21][22], certifications [23], and public health [24], [25]. The fourth stage of the development of blockchain technology is the integration with artificial intelligence and the use of IoT. ...
Contemporary times always pose a challenge for theoreticians who try to map it and encode it. Nevertheless, it is more than important to grapple with present times and bring out the topics that can engage understanding of present discourses, potentials, and possibilities. It is even more true with art and humanities that, each on its side, faced significant challenges from the rise of technology-driven reality. As for the art, it seems that technology gives more opportunities and options than ever, but it is not without questions of value, authenticity, ownership, commodification, or artivist practices. As for the humanities, they already faced the alleged “crisis” due to the new wave of technocracy. New technology offers new media, new languages, and new discourses. But is it all good news? Should art and humanities form a kind of a (trans)tactical (im)pact and adopt the technology language, or would such a turn create more slippery points than easy-going practices? This paper will try to examine transdisciplinary and transtechnological coordinates of art and humanities taking the case study of cryptoart and blockchain system usage in contemporary artistic practices. This will also engage the discussion about digital humanities, which might be one of the next transdisciplinary steps to continue the fierce line of experimentation, and to combat the trend of going back to disciplinary frameworks. Article received: December 18, 2021; Article accepted: February 1, 2022; Published online: April 15, 2022; Original scholarly article
Following recent technological changes, the archival profession will reach
the moment of surpassing previously dominant mediaspheres, in which sounds
and images were stored in traditionally located archives. This is not to say
that traditional archives are not needed anymore - on the contrary. In this
article, I will try to bring out the possibilities of upgrading traditional
archives with the help of blockchain technology and to analyse the complex
navigation between online market and commodification in the world of
contemporary ethnomusicological contribution to sound heritage archiving.
In an increasingly global, connected, and digital world, the management, protection, enforcement and monetization of intellectual property has never been so challenging and critical at the same time. Challenging because intellectual property, especially in a digital form, can be easily copied, deployed, stolen or misappropriated. Critical because nowadays intellectual property is everywhere, it is present in all areas of economic activities, it enables companies to create competitive moat and its attached monetary value is material. Knowledge should also be openly available; therefore, intellectual property law is basically about finding the right balance between authors´ interests (protection, enforcement, monetization) and users' interests (usage, access). Blockchain and its underlying technology of distributed ledgers has the potential to disrupt the way intellectual properties are managed, protected and monetized. Where the access and distribution of content has been revolutionized by the internet, distributed ledger technology might offer an alternative path helping intellectual property law enter the digital age and address its original intent which is at its core to protect and reward creators, enable open access to knowledge in order to foster innovation. In this paper we conduct a PRISMA guided systematic literature review of 176 scientific publications in the field of blockchain-based management of intellectual property. We use a PESTEL framework to investigate the benefits as well as the limitations of using distributed ledger technology to manage intellectual property. Additionally, we provide recommendations on how the identified challenges can be addressed, as well as future research directions.
In this exploratory text the authors review different ways in which Blockchain technology intersects with Artificial Intelligence (AI), and with art, and how it connects to a more and more frequently mentioned area such as contemporary art industries. These intersections are pointing at the two aspects worth exploring – the first one being a way in which technology (here Blockchain and AI) can be used in various fields and industries, and the other one following art as it opens its world to the new technological possibilities, enriching its forms, topics and manifestations, and questioning the status of the author as well. The art examples and case studies exhibited here will illustrate a couple of problems that can be solved and/or improved with Blockchain and AI technology. These include transparency, art data authenticity, art data monetization, smart contracts with artists, investment opportunities of NFT (non-fungible tokens), roles and activities of curators, psychology of aesthetics, and exploration of creativity.
The bitcoin was originally conceived as an electronic decentralized system for capital transactions. Each node (user) has the same opportunities to get a reward when validating a collection of transactions (block). In the last years, this system has triggered a competitive struggle in which computing power is the most important variable for earning bitcoins. This involves the use of large computers farms spending physical and environmental resources, a struggle that benefits only the owner of the most powerful and efficient technology. This text examines different examples of artworks based on blockchain technology, in particularly how artistic practices are able to explore critically bitcoin mining processes and which are the factors provoking the bitcoin being suspicious to be dangerous for society. The objective is to connect aesthetic experiences, creative practices and artistic products analyzing four different spheres; technical, ideological, ecological, and economical. Practically introduces three artworks Bittercoin, the worst miner ever, Bitcoin of things (BoTs) and Bitcoin traces, developed between 2015 to 2017, examples helping to expand frontiers opening a dialog, tracing their historical influences in contemporary and critical art.
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