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Division, result and score margin alter the physical and technical performance of elite wheelchair tennis players
Abstract
This study determined the physical and technical demands of elite wheelchair tennis (WT) match-play, how the demands differed between divisions (Men, Women, Quad) and the effect that set result and score margin had on these demands. Seventeen WT players were monitored during a singles competition. Physical measures of performance were analysed using an indoor tracking system and inertial measurement units. Technical measures of performance were examined using video analysis. Physical measures of performance differed by division (Men > Women > Quad) for most parameters. Rallies were longer during Men’s (P = 0.027) and Women’s (P = 0.004) matches compared to Quad’s and fewer shots were hit off 2 bounces in Men’s matches compared to Women’s and Quad’s (P ≤ 0.026). High-speed activity (HSA) increased during losing sets (P = 0.043). Most physical measures of performance increased by moderate to large effects during sets with a small score margin (≤3 games differential). Mean speed and HSA were similar during losing sets, regardless of margin, but decreased (large effects) when winning by a large margin. This study demonstrated the physical and technical demands that elite WT players need to be prepared for and how situational factors can influence these demands.
... A high-level WT match lasts 60-70 min [9,[11][12][13], while of recreational players, or medium level, have a slightly shorter duration [14]. More recent studies [15] have found differences between the Open category (male or female) and the Quad category, with set durations lower than those with greater functional limitation (39 min male > 34 min female > 28 min Quad). A point lasts 5-7 s [9,11], with three strokes per rally [9,11,15]. ...
... More recent studies [15] have found differences between the Open category (male or female) and the Quad category, with set durations lower than those with greater functional limitation (39 min male > 34 min female > 28 min Quad). A point lasts 5-7 s [9,11], with three strokes per rally [9,11,15]. Outdate study found values close to 10 s in the finals of the Paralympic Games [16], while more recent studies show lower values between 5 and 6 s in high-level players [9] and slightly higher in recreational players [17]. In addition, players hit the ball most of the time after the first bounce (81-85%) and volleys represent less than 5% of total shots [15,18]. ...
... Outdate study found values close to 10 s in the finals of the Paralympic Games [16], while more recent studies show lower values between 5 and 6 s in high-level players [9] and slightly higher in recreational players [17]. In addition, players hit the ball most of the time after the first bounce (81-85%) and volleys represent less than 5% of total shots [15,18]. In general, the disparity of values presented above could be explained by the difference in levels and the evolution over the time. ...
The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the activity pattern and technical-tactical parameters of men’s wheelchair tennis matches from the Paralympic Games (PG) in Athens 2004 (A), Beijing 2008 (B), London 2012 (L) and Rio 2016 (R). A total of 5702 shots from twelve final round matches were analysed. Activity patterns (e.g., rally duration, shots per rally…) and technical effectivity (e.g., errors, winners…) were recorded. An ANOVA test with post hoc pairwise comparisons was conducted to compare the mean differences among matches of different PG. Game duration, points and shots per game differed according to the PG (R and L > B and A). Rally duration (p < 0.001) and shots per rally (p < 0.001) were longer at R and L than B and A. The effectivity of the last shots was different, the errors have been increasing and the winners have been decreasing. The main finding indicates that activity patterns and technical parameters have evolved mainly between A and B to L and R. This study gives an overview of the development of the sport over time, and coaches can use this information to adapt their training sessions to the current needs of the competition.
... A large variety of sports were investigated, including team sports, cyclic sports and other sports ( Table 2). The most common were wheelchair sports, with studies on wheelchair basketball [41,42,49,64,71,73], rugby [36,[43][44][45]51,66], racing [40,47,53,54,67], tennis [50,63] and curling [48] covering almost 50% of the analyzed papers. The other half included cyclic sports (running [60][61][62]72], handcycling [57][58][59]70], swimming [37][38][39], cycling [52,65], rowing [46]) and other sports (weightlifting [69], boccia [55], cross-country sit-skiing [56,68] and downhill skiing [74]). ...
... The experimental setting was in the laboratory in 13 studies [40,46,47,52-55,57-59, 68,70,71], while in 23 studies testing was performed in the field [36][37][38][39][41][42][43][44][45][49][50][51][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]69,[72][73][74]. Both laboratory and in-field setting were observed in one study comparing cross-country sit-skiing performance in the laboratory and in a skiing tunnel [56], whereas information about the setting was not clearly retrievable from two studies [48,67]. ...
... [48]; WB = Wheelchair basketball [64]; Ru = Running [72]; SS = Sitskiing [68]; Ro = Rowing [46]; Sw = Swimming [37][38][39]. [41,42,49,64,73]; WR = Wheelchair rugby [43][44][45]66]; WT = Wheelchair tennis [50,63]; Wrac = Wheelchair racing [40]; SS = Sit-skiing [56,68]; Cy = Cycling [65]. ...
The interest and competitiveness in sports for persons with disabilities has increased significantly in the recent years, creating a demand for technological tools supporting practice. Wearable sensors offer non-invasive, portable and overall convenient ways to monitor sports practice. This systematic review aims at providing current evidence on the application of wearable sensors in sports for persons with disability. A search for articles published in English before May 2020 was performed on Scopus, Web-Of-Science, PubMed and EBSCO databases, searching titles, abstracts and keywords with a search string involving terms regarding wearable sensors, sports and disability. After full paper screening, 39 studies were included. Inertial and EMG sensors were the most commonly adopted wearable technologies, while wheelchair sports were the most investigated. Four main target applications of wearable sensors relevant to sports for people with disability were identified and discussed: athlete classification, injury prevention, performance characterization for training optimization and equipment customization. The collected evidence provides an overview on the application of wearable sensors in sports for persons with disability, providing useful indication for researchers, coaches and trainers. Several gaps in the different target applications are highlighted altogether with recommendation on future directions.
... Based on the used thresholds, a division was made in 0-0.5 m/s; 0.5-1.5 m/s; 1.5-2.5 m/s and over 2.5 m/s, and additionally negative speeds were included as a separate speed zone. The WMPM also measures rotational speeds, so time spent in rotational speed zones could also be calculated [16]. Absolute (disregarding left or right turning) rotational speeds were classified in 0-25 • /s; 25-50 • /s; 50-100 • /s; and 100+ • /s. ...
... This finding is in line with van der Slikke et al. [2], who concluded that there was a steep wheelchair mobility performance drop in athletes with low classification (class < 2) compared to the remaining athletes (class 2+). In a study comparing different divisions in elite wheelchair tennis players, Mason et al. [16] concluded that most performance characteristics are significantly lower for the quad class, compared to the open class athletes. Given those results, it is assumable that the quad class players will also perform less than the "high-class" wheelchair rugby players. ...
... Apart from the proven sensitivity for quantifying performance differences between competition and impairment level [10,16,18,22], this study also shows its applicability across wheelchair court sports. The WMPM could support individual athletes in performance enhancement within a match or within a season, it could support coaches in monitoring players and selecting the best team composition, it could support wheelchair specialist in tuning the wheelchair configuration for best possible performance and, finally, it could aid sport governing bodies in optimizing classification guidelines. ...
Athlete impairment level is an important factor in wheelchair mobility performance (WMP) in sports. Classification systems, aimed to compensate impairment level effects on performance, vary between sports. Improved understanding of resemblances and differences in WMP between sports could aid in optimizing the classification methodology. Furthermore, increased performance insight could be applied in training and wheelchair optimization. The wearable sensor-based wheelchair mobility performance monitor (WMPM) was used to measure WMP of wheelchair basketball, rugby and tennis athletes of (inter-)national level during match-play. As hypothesized, wheelchair basketball athletes show the highest average WMP levels and wheelchair rugby the lowest, whereas wheelchair tennis athletes range in between for most outcomes. Based on WMP profiles, wheelchair basketball requires the highest performance intensity, whereas in wheelchair tennis, maneuverability is the key performance factor. In wheelchair rugby, WMP levels show the highest variation comparable to the high variation in athletes' impairment levels. These insights could be used to direct classification and training guidelines, with more emphasis on intensity for wheelchair basketball, focus on maneuverability for wheelchair tennis and impairment-level based training programs for wheelchair rugby. Wearable technology use seems a prerequisite for further development of wheelchair sports, on the sports level (classification) and on individual level (training and wheelchair configuration).
... WT matches are always played to the best of three tie-break sets, and the ball can bounce twice before it is hit [1]. A high-level WT match lasts 60-70 min [2][3][4][5], with rallies of 5-7 s [2,3] and three strokes per rally [2,3,6,7]. A WT tennis match is intermittent, multidirectional and non-random, which challenges the participant to change direction many times [5]. ...
... Overall, the players covered an average distance of 3622 m per match ( Figure 2). These values are similar to those found in previous studies, ranging between 3000 and 4500 m per match on hard courts [6,33,34]. The results of this study show that tennis players covered similar distances over 4 consecutive days, and no significant differences were found between matches (Figure 2). ...
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on upper strength in high-level male players playing four successive wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. Eight international WT players took part in a competition, playing one match per day over four consecutive tournament days. Before and after the match, the maximal isometric handgrip strength was measured on the dominant and non-dominant hand. Additionally, each player was equipped with one radiofrequency and IMU device on their wheelchair to control his activity profile (distance). The results showed significant differences between successive matches, with decreasing dominant handgrip strength (p = 0.02, η2 = 0.043), and there was a significant interaction between successive matches and the accumulated distance (p = 0.013, η2 = 0.049). The pre- and post-match strength values of the dominant hand decreased throughout the matches over a number of days, and post hoc analysis showed differences between the first and fourth matches only in pre-match strength (49.06 ± 6.96 vs. 45.94 ± 7.1; p = 0.045; ES: 1.04) but not in the non-dominant hand. Successive matches caused a decrease in the strength values of the WT players, mainly in the dominant hand. These results should be taken into account in the recovery and prevention of injuries in competitions with successive matches.
... At the higher velocity and sprinting tasks, the limits of the inexperience group of novices were clearly visible. Sprinting is a key component during wheelchair tennis (Mason et al., 2020;Sánchez-Pay et al., 2017;, which indicates the benefit of testing a group of wheelchair tennis players after a few months of training with the new hand rim, since acquiring a new skill remains difficult (De Koning et al., 2000). The current innovation might give wheelchair tennis players an advantage in a sport which is rising in popularity and professionalism (Sánchez-Pay and Sanz-Rivas, 2020). ...
... Wheelchair tennis consists of more components than solely wheelchair propulsion while holding a racket. More specific wheelchair tennis activities would be turning, sprinting, as well as hitting a tennis ball over the net (Mason et al., 2020;Sánchez-Pay et al., 2017;Van der Slikke et al., 2020). The new hand rim could also be investigated with a more field focused approach, measuring wheelchair tennis players in their natural environment: the wheelchair tennis field (Goosey-Tolfrey and Leicht, 2013; Van der Slikke et al., 2015;Vanlandewijck et al., 2001). ...
A new wheelchair tennis hand rim was developed, having a larger contact area and higher friction. How does this new hand rim compare to a regular hand rim regarding submaximal propulsion with a tennis racket during practice in novices? Twenty-four able-bodied novices (12 Regular Rim, 12 New Rim) completed a one-day experiment: pre-test, three practice-sessions and a post-test of 3 × 4 min each on a wheelchair ergometer (1.11 m/s, 7W). The New Rim group compared to the Regular Rim group, had a lower negative work per cycle (− 0.83J vs. − 2.06J, p = 0.01) at the post-test. There was a significantly larger increase in mechanical efficiency between the pre-and post-test in the New Rim group (2.3-3.4% vs. 2.1-2.5%, p = 0.02) compared to the Regular Rim group. The new rim led to a more ergonomic propulsion technique, with a reduction in negative power and higher mechanical efficiency between the pre-and post-test at submaximal propulsion.
... There are studies that show the differences between winners and losers based on match statistics (Sánchez-Pay, Torres-Luque, Cabello Manrique, Sanz-Rivas, & Palao, 2015), physiological parameters (Sindall et al., 2013), as well as speeds and distances during a match (Mason, van der Slikke, Hutchinson, & Goosey-Tolfrey, 2020). However, there is no related information on the physical parameters of the athlete that better identify the ranking of the players. ...
The objective of this research was to identify the most determining physical factors in the ranking position of wheelchair tennis players (WT). In a national camp, the nine best nationally ranked Spanish male WT players (38.35 ± 11.28 years, 63.77 ± 7.01 kg. weight) completed a test battery. Significantly higher correlations were observed in medicine ball throws, 5 and 20-metres sprints with racquet and in an agility test without racquet. In addition, the regression analysis identified two predictor models of the player's ranking position that included both the serve throw and the 5-metre racquet sprint. In conclusion, it is recommended that coaches and physical trainers include in their training programmes medicine ball exercises as well as acceleration drills over short distances.
... Training preparation must be progressive, and endurance training must begin with warming up to increase heart rate, increase metabolic productivity, which can be done gradually in a short 3 to 5 minutes (Alver, Sell & Deuster, 2017). Besides that, wheelchair tennis athletes are categorized with permanent lower extremity disorders such as amputations and spinal disorders (Mason et al., 2020(Mason et al., ). al, 2013. ...
Background: "Exercise is an activity to improve technical and physical competence of athletes", most sports require an excellent physical aspect to win. Aerobic endurance is an essential point in the preparation of a wheelchair tennis training program. Aim: This research is to validate the circuit training program and test the exercise program on the aerobic endurance of wheelchair tennis athletes. Method: This research is development research with qualitative and quantitative approaches. Participants are wheelchair tennis athletes with ten males and four females, height 156-167± cm, weight 50-70± kg, age 31-35. Participants in the program validation were seven nationally licensed physical fitness trainers. The first stage qualitatively examines documents in articles, ebooks, textbooks to design the program. The second stage quantitatively applies the Delphi technique to assess the prepared training program. The third stage analyzes the assessment results with the content validity ratio formula and, the fourth stage tests the exercise program for six weeks. The instrument used is a multistage fitness test. Results: It has been found that the assessment items from seven experts show the content validity ratio value is 1.00, so it can be categorized as having good content validity. It has been found the mean posttest (N=14, M=249.14, SD=16.033) and posttest (N=14, M=241.71, SD=17.166). It has been found that hypothesis testing using paired samples t-test analysis (p=0.000<0.05). Conclusion: the circuit training exercise program has good validity, then based on the effectiveness test, there is an increase in the aerobic endurance of wheelchair tennis athletes.
... From a theoretical perspective, the athlete probably had to produce more power to get to the same overall sprint results. Cumulatively over a match, this could lead to higher external loads for the athlete and impact endurance and fatigue, since male wheelchair-tennis athletes cover 2200 m per set, reaching peak velocities of 4 m/s (Mason et al., 2020). For court type, an effect on sprint times is present, but this was only investigated for one athlete. ...
The purpose of this study was to describe and explore an inertial measurement unit-based method to analyse drag forces and external power loss in wheelchair tennis, using standardised coast-down and 10 m sprint tests. Drag forces and power output were explored among different wheelchair-athlete combinations and playing conditions (tyre pressure, court-surface). Eight highly trained wheelchair tennis players participated in this study. Three inertial measurement units (IMUs) were placed on the frame and axes of the wheels of their wheelchair. All players completed a set of three standardised coast-down trials and two 10 m sprints with different tyre pressures on hardcourt surface. One athlete completed additional tests on a clay/grass tennis-court. Coast-down based drag forces of 4.8-7.2 N and an external power loss of 9.6-14.4 W at a theoretical speed of 2 m/s were measured on hardcourt surface. A higher tyre pressure led to lower drag forces during coast-down tests on hardcourt surface (Fr (4) = 10.7, p = 0.03). For the single athlete, there was an external power loss of 10.4, 15.6 and 49.4 W, respectively, for the hardcourt, clay and grass. The current prediction of power output was implemented during coast-down testing; unfortunately, the power prediction during 10 m sprints was difficult to accomplish.
... Most of the studies conducted on WT match analysis have focused on the Open category. These research have concluded that WT rally length has been shown to last between six to ten seconds, with three to four shots per rally [6,7]. Serve and return of serve seem to be the most important strokes in a WT match. ...
The aim of this study was to identify the physical factors related to serve speed in male professional wheelchair tennis players (WT). Nine best nationally-ranked Spanish male wheelchair tennis players (38.35 ± 11.28 years, 63.77 ± 7.01 kg.) completed a neuromuscular test battery consisting of: isometric handgrip strength; serve velocity; 5, 10 and 20 m sprint (with and without racket); agility (with and without racket); medicine ball throw (serve, forehand and backhand movements); and an incremental endurance test specific to WT. Significantly higher correlations were observed in serve (r = 0.921), forehand (r = 0.810) and backhand (r = 0.791) medicine ball throws showing a positive correlation with serve velocity. A regression analysis identified a single model with the medicine ball throw serve as the main predictor of serve velocity (r2 = 0.847, p < 0.001). In conclusion, it is recommended that coaches and physical trainers include medicine ball throw workouts in the training programs of WT tennis players due to the transfer benefits to the serve speed.
The assessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) is imperative to ensure appropriate fuelling during competition and training, although the current lack of TEE research in para sport make the prescription of nutritional strategies challenging. This study aimed to assess TEE of an elite wheelchair tennis (WT) player during training and competition of the highest level. One male WT player (age 23.6 years; career high World No. 1; body mass 65.7 kg; VO2max, 45.3 ml.kg−1.min−1) participated. Prior to the assessment, VO2max and maximum heart rate, resting metabolic rate, 10 m sprint speed and upper body skinfold measurements were made. Doubly labelled water assessed TEE during a 19-day period which included the Wimbledon Championships (5 days-3 matches), training (8 days) and the British Open (BO) (6 days-7 matches). Throughout data collection, the participant continued their usual training and preparation. During Wimbledon, TEE was 3118 kcal·d−1: 60.3 kcal·kg−1 FFM: PAL 2.0 and during BO was 3368 kcal·day−1: 65.1 kcal·kg−1 FFM: PAL 2.2. Mean daily activity was 124 mins and 132 mins, respectively. During training, TEE was 3177kcal·day-1: 61.4kcal·kg-1 FFM: PAL 2.0: mean daily activity was 138 mins. These findings show the TEE of an elite WT player captured during a period of training and high-level competition, alongside data outlining the physiological profile of a world-class para-athlete.
Quantifying measures of physical loading has been an essential part of performance monitoring within elite able-bodied sport, facilitated through advancing innovative technology. In wheelchair court sports (WCS) the inter-individual variability of physical impairments in the athletes increases the necessity for accurate load and performance measurements, while at the same time standard load monitoring methods (e.g. heart-rate) often fail in this group and dedicated WCS performance measurement methods are scarce.
The objective of this review was to provide practitioners and researchers with an overview and recommendations to underpin the selection of suitable technologies for a variety of load and performance monitoring purposes specific to WCS.
This review explored the different technologies that have been used for load and performance monitoring in WCS. During structured field testing, magnetic switch-based devices, optical encoders and laser systems have all been used to monitor linear aspects of performance. However, movement in WCS is multidirectional, hence accelerations, decelerations and rotational performance and their impact on physiological responses and determination of skill level, is also of interest. Subsequently both for structured field testing as well as match-play and training, inertial measurement units mounted on wheels and frame have emerged as an accurate and practical option for quantifying linear and non-linear movements.
In conclusion, each method has its place in load and performance measurement, yet inertial sensors seem most versatile and accurate. However, to add context to load and performance metrics, position-based acquisition devices such as automated image-based processing or local positioning systems are required.
This study analysed and compared the physical and technical demands of professional wheelchair tennis (WT) on different surfaces (clay [C], hard [H] and grass [G] courts). A total of 6,720 shots from thirteen matches played by the best ten professional WT players was analysed. Physical demands (e.g., working time, resting time, shots per point …) and technical and tactical parameters (e.g., serve, effectivity, winner stroke, shots with two bounces …) were recorded and analysed. Most physical parameters (points, shots, duration) differed according to the surface (H > C > G). Point length and shot per point were longer on H, and lower on C and G surfaces (p < 0.001). Differences in technical performance were found mainly between C and G courts, with a high use of volleys on G but fewer winners (p < 0.01). The main finding indicates that the physical and technical demands facing professional WT players differed by surface, showing that the H surface involves a higher external load than the other surfaces. Coaches can use this information to adapt their players’ style depending on the playing surface as well as to design specific training drills according to the surface of play.
The number of wheelchair tennis players is rising internationally, yet from a scientific perspective little is known about wheelchair tennis performance. Wheelchair tennis is more complex compared to other wheelchair court sports, due to the wheelchair/racket interaction. The purpose of this narrative review was to gain insight into the influence of wheelchair configuration, i.e., the individual set-up of a wheelchair, on wheelchair tennis performance, more specifically on wheelchair mobility performance and propulsion technique. Wheelchair propulsion while holding a racket has had little attention in both the wheelchair mobility performance and wheelchair propulsion technique area. It is shown that the propulsion technique and wheelchair mobility performance are negatively affected by the racket. Based on the current literature, the influence of wheelchair configuration on wheeling performance in wheelchair tennis can mainly be described from a broader wheelchair court sport perspective, due to the lack of specific publications about wheelchair tennis. In the future more research should be conducted on wheeling performance and wheelchair configuration in wheelchair tennis, to attain a more proper scientific foundation for optimising wheelchair tennis performance.
Data on the physical and performance characteristics of female wheelchair basketball (WB) players are scarce. In several countries female WB players train and compete with male players on mixed teams due to the limited total population of players, which would otherwise lead to large territorial spread for each team. Any differences in terms of physical characteristics and/or WB skill proficiency between male and female WB players would be relevant to team performance in mixed teams. This work examined anthropometry, body composition, and performance in a set of sport-specific field tests in a sample of 13 female WB players representing about 40% of the eligible population in Italy across a range of functional point scores (Point). Point is assigned on an ordinal scale from 1.0 (i.e., players with minimal functional potential) through to 4.5 (players with maximum functional potential). Our female sample was then compared against twice as many (n = 26) Point-matched (±0.5 points) male players. The two groups were similar for age (P = 0.191; effect size [d] = 0.2), self-reported duration of injury (P = 0.144, d = 0.6), WB experience (P = 0.178, d = 0.5), and volume of training (P = 0.293, d = 0.4). The large majority of measured linear anthropometric variables (10/13) were lower in female players than males (0.001 < P ≤ 0.041). Skinfold-estimated percent body fat was higher (+7.6%) in females (30.7 ± 6.0%; P < 0.001, d = 1.3). Mean performance was worse in female than in males in six out of seven sport-specific field tests, scores being significantly lower in females for the maximal pass (7.5 ± 2.0 m for females vs. 10.4 ± 2.8 m for males; P = 0.002, d = 1.2) and suicide tests (55.8 ± 6.4 s for females vs. 45.4 ± 6.7 s for males; P < 0.001, d = 1.6). When performance in subgroups of females (n = 9) chosen across a range of Point was compared with that of males assigned 1.0 or 1.5 Point less (each n = 9), performance differences between male and female WB players were partially and completely eliminated, respectively. This work contributed new data for characterizing the physique and performance of female WB players. Further, the results suggested that when male and female athletes compete together in mixed teams, a 1.5 points subtraction from female players is needed to match the real gender difference in performance.
The aim of this study was to analyse time characteristics in wheelchair tennis. In 2006 data was obtained from 22 singles tennis matches, played on a hard surface. With computer-vision-based software application called the SAGIT/TENNIS tracking system which had been developed at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering in Ljubljana, time characteristics were analysed accordingly. This programme was used to obtain automatically players' motion data from the digitized video recordings of a tennis match. Within the time characteristics it has been established that the active part represented 19.68% of the playing time, while the passive one represented 80.32%. The average time of an individual rally lasted 4.16 seconds and in each rally 2.23 strokes were played. 70% of all the rallies was finished in the first time class. Each half of the tennis court was divided into 14 regions in order to measure the average time spent in each region. It was discovered that most of the active time was spent in regions I and 4, representing the base position in wheelchair tennis. There were no statistically significant differences between the winners and the losers in the percentage of the time spent in a particular region.
Purpose:
To investigate differences in running activities between adolescent and adult tennis players during match play. Differences between winning and losing players within each age group were also examined.
Methods:
Forty well-trained male players (adolescent: N=20, 13±1 years; adult: N=20, 25±4 years) played a simulated single-match against an opponent of similar age and ability. Running activities were assessed using portable devices that sampled global positioning system (10 Hz) and inertial sensor (accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer; 100 Hz) data. Recorded data were examined in terms of velocity, acceleration, deceleration, metabolic power, PlayerLoad™, and number of accelerations toward the net and the forehand and backhand corners.
Results:
Adult players spent more time at high velocity (≥4 m·s-1), acceleration (≥4 m·s-2), deceleration (≤-4 m·s-2), and metabolic power (≥20 W·kg-1) (P≤0.009, ES=0.9-1.5) and performed more accelerations (≥2 m·s-2) toward the backhand corner (P<0.001, ES=2.6-2.7). No differences between adolescent winning and losing players were evident overall (P≥0.198, ES=0.0-0.6). Adult winning players performed more accelerations (2 to <4 m·s-2) toward the forehand corner (P=0.026, ES=1.2), whereas adult losing players completed more accelerations (≥2 m·s-2) toward the backhand corner (P≤0.042, ES=0.9).
Conclusion:
This study shows that differences in running activities between adolescent and adult tennis players exist in high-intensity measures during simulated match play. Further, differences between adolescent and adult players, and also between adult winning and losing players, are present in terms of movement directions. Our findings may be helpful for coaches to design different training drills for both age groups of players.
The aim of the current study was to establish which indicators of mobility are associated with successful wheelchair rugby performance and determine whether these indicators differed across classification. Data were collected from 11 international teams during 30 matches (353 match observations) using a radio-frequency based, indoor tracking system across two tournaments. Players (n = 111) were first grouped by team rank as determined by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation (IWRF) world ranking (LOW, MID, HIGH) and then into one of four groups based on their IWRF classification: group I (0.5), II (1.0-1.5), III (2.0-2.5), IV (3.0-3.5). The volume of activity (relative distance and mean speed), peak speed, and time spent within classification-specific arbitrary speed zones were calculated for each individual. Although no differences were identified in the volume of activity, playing time was significantly reduced in LOW (34:51 ± 8:35) compared to MID (48:54 ± 0:51) and HIGH (45:38 ± 9:53), which was further supported by the greater number of substitutions performed by LOW. HIGH achieved greater peak speeds (3.55 ± 0.40 m·sˉ¹) than LOW (3.27 ± 0.42 m·sˉ¹) and MID (3.45 ± 0.41 m·sˉ¹). Peak speed was further shown to be classification-dependent (P ≤ 0.005), whereby HIGH groups III and IV players achieved greater peak speeds than LOW and MID. The time spent performing high-intensity activities was also greater in HIGH compared to LOW and MID, whilst further influenced by classification (P ≤ 0.0005). To conclude, peak speed and the ability to perform a greater number of high-intensity activities were associated with successful performance in wheelchair rugby.
Abstract The aim of the current study was to investigate the validity and reliability of a radio frequency-based system for accurately tracking athlete movement within wheelchair court sports. Four wheelchair-specific tests were devised to assess the system during (i) static measurements; (ii) incremental fixed speeds; (iii) peak speeds; and (iv) multidirectional movements. During each test, three sampling frequencies (4, 8 and 16 Hz) were compared to a criterion method for distance, mean and peak speeds. Absolute static error remained between 0.19 and 0.32 m across the session. Distance values (test (ii)) showed greatest relative error in 4 Hz tags (1.3%), with significantly lower errors seen in higher frequency tags (<1.0%). Relative peak speed errors of <2.0% (test (iii)) were revealed across all sampling frequencies in relation to the criterion (4.00 ± 0.09 m · s-(1)). Results showed 8 and 16 Hz sampling frequencies displayed the closest-to-criterion values, whilst intra-tag reliability never exceeded 2.0% coefficient of variation (% CV) during peak speed detection. Minimal relative distance errors (<0.2%) were also seen across sampling frequencies (test (iv)). To conclude, the indoor tracking system is deemed an acceptable tool for tracking wheelchair court match play using a tag frequency of 8 or 16 Hz.
To compare the criterion validity and accuracy of a 1 Hz non-differential global positioning system (GPS) and data logger device (DL) for the measurement of wheelchair tennis court movement variables.
Initial validation of the DL device was performed. GPS and DL were fitted to the wheelchair and used to record distance (m) and speed (m/second) during (a) tennis field (b) linear track, and (c) match-play test scenarios. Fifteen participants were monitored at the Wheelchair British Tennis Open.
Data logging validation showed underestimations for distance in right (DLR) and left (DLL) logging devices at speeds >2.5 m/second. In tennis-field tests, GPS underestimated distance in five drills. DLL was lower than both (a) criterion and (b) DLR in drills moving forward. Reversing drill direction showed that DLR was lower than (a) criterion and (b) DLL. GPS values for distance and average speed for match play were significantly lower than equivalent values obtained by DL (distance: 2816 (844) vs. 3952 (1109) m, P = 0.0001; average speed: 0.7 (0.2) vs. 1.0 (0.2) m/second, P = 0.0001). Higher peak speeds were observed in DL (3.4 (0.4) vs. 3.1 (0.5) m/second, P = 0.004) during tennis match play.
Sampling frequencies of 1 Hz are too low to accurately measure distance and speed during wheelchair tennis. GPS units with a higher sampling rate should be advocated in further studies. Modifications to existing DL devices may be required to increase measurement precision. Further research into the validity of movement devices during match play will further inform the demands and movement patterns associated with wheelchair tennis.
An activity profile of competitive 3 × 2-min novice-level amateur boxing was created based on video footage and postbout blood [La] in 32 male boxers (mean ± SD) age 19.3 ± 1.4 y, body mass 62.6 ± 4.1 kg. Winners landed 18 ± 11 more punches than losers by applying more lead-hand punches in round 1 (34.2 ± 10.9 vs 26.5 ± 9.4), total punches to the head (121.3 ± 10.2 vs 96.0 ± 9.8), and block and counterpunch combinations (2.8 ± 1.1 vs. 0.1 ± 0.2) over all 3 rounds and punching combinations (44.3 ± 6.4 vs 28.8 ± 6.7) in rounds 1 and 3 (all P < .05). In 16 boxers, peak postbout blood [La] was 11.8 ± 1.6 mmol/L irrespective of winning or losing. The results suggest that landing punches requires the ability to maintain a high frequency of attacking movements, in particular the lead-hand straight punch to the head together with punching combinations. Defensive movements must initiate a counterattack. Postbout blood [La] suggests that boxers must be able to tolerate a lactate production rate of 1.8 mmol · L-1 · min-1 and maintain skillful techniques at a sufficient activity rate.
Erratum in: Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013
This study investigated the influence of playing standard, and winning and losing on the physical demands of elite rugby league match-play. Twenty-two elite rugby league players participated in this study. Global positioning system data was collected during 16 rugby league matches. Players covered significantly greater (P≤0.05) absolute and relative distance at high speeds when playing against Bottom 4 teams than when competing against Top 4 teams. The total distance per minute of match-play, and relative distance at low speeds were greater when matches were won. In addition, a greater absolute and relative number of maximal accelerations, and repeated high-intensity effort bouts were performed when players were competing in winning teams than when competing in losing teams. The mean and maximum number of efforts in a repeated high-intensity effort bout was also higher in winning teams, although the recovery between efforts was shorter in losing teams. Moderate (7-17 points) and large (≥18 points) winning margins were associated with greater relative distances covered and distances covered at low speeds than small winning margins. No meaningful differences were found in the physical demands between small, moderate, and large losing margins. The results of this study demonstrate that the physical demands of rugby league are greater when winning than when losing, and when competing against lower-ranked teams. Furthermore, larger winning margins are associated with greater physical demands than small and moderate winning margins, with these physical demands in turn, greater than losing margins of any magnitude. These findings suggest that the competitive advantage of successful elite rugby league teams is closely linked to their ability to maintain a higher playing intensity than their less successful counterparts.
The purpose of this study was (1) to examine the value of a verification phase (VER) in a peak testing protocol and (2) to assess the reliability of peak physiological variables in wheelchair athletes. On two separate days, eight tetraplegic (TETRA), eight paraplegic (PARA) and eight non-spinal cord-injured (NON-SCI) athletes performed treadmill ergometry, consisting of a graded exercise test to exhaustion (GXT) followed by a VER. Peak oxygen uptake [Formula: see text] was compared (1) between GXT and VER and (2) between test days. [Formula: see text] did not differ between GXT and VER (P = 0.27), and coefficients of variation between GXT and VER were in the range of 2.9 and 6.4 % for all subgroups. Coefficients of variation of [Formula: see text] between test days were 9.3 % (TETRA), 4.5 % (PARA) and 3.3 % (NON-SCI). It is therefore concluded that whilst a VER can be used for a more robust determination of [Formula: see text], a deviation of up to ~6 % between GXT and VER should be considered as acceptable. For between-day analyses, relatively large changes in [Formula: see text] are required to confirm "true" differences, especially in TETRA athletes. This may be due to their lower aerobic capacity, which results in a larger relative variation compared with the other subgroups.
A study of a sample provides only an estimate of the true (population) value of an outcome statistic. A report of the study therefore usually includes an inference about the true value. Traditionally, a researcher makes an inference by declaring the value of the statistic statistically significant or nonsignificant on the basis of a P value derived from a null-hypothesis test. This approach is confusing and can be misleading, depending on the magnitude of the statistic, error of measurement, and sample size. The authors use a more intuitive and practical approach based directly on uncertainty in the true value of the statistic. First they express the uncertainty as confidence limits, which define the likely range of the true value. They then deal with the real-world relevance of this uncertainty by taking into account values of the statistic that are substantial in some positive and negative sense, such as beneficial or harmful. If the likely range overlaps substantially positive and negative values, they infer that the outcome is unclear; otherwise, they infer that the true value has the magnitude of the observed value: substantially positive, trivial, or substantially negative. They refine this crude inference by stating qualitatively the likelihood that the true value will have the observed magnitude (eg, very likely beneficial). Quantitative or qualitative probabilities that the true value has the other 2 magnitudes or more finely graded magnitudes (such as trivial, small, moderate, and large) can also be estimated to guide a decision about the utility of the outcome.
We reanalyzed data from five studies with similar or identical methodology performed by our laboratory to define normative values and determinants of physical capacity in individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia. Each study consisted of a graded wheelchair exercise test to determine peak oxygen uptake and maximal power output and could additionally include a wheelchair sprint test to determine short-term (anaerobic) power output and/or an isometric strength test. The combined subject population included 166 individuals (20 women), varying considerably for age, body mass, lesion level, time since injury, and activity level. Ranges in physical capacity parameters were extensive and normative values for individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia were established. These physical capacity norms could be used for evaluation of fitness status and training or therapeutic interventions. Multiple regression procedures indicated that 48-80% of the variance in physical capacity could be explained by lesion level and completeness, activity level, gender, age, body mass, and time since injury. Although physical capacity is largely determined by factors that cannot be altered, such as lesion level, age, and gender, changeable factors such as activity level and body mass play an additional role.
Purpose::
To determine the effect of trunk and arm impairment on physical and technical performance during wheelchair rugby (WR) competition.
Methods::
Thirty-one highly trained WR players grouped according to their trunk (no trunk [NT]; some trunk [T] function) and arm impairment (poor [PAF]; moderate [MAF]; good [GAF] arm function) participated in 5 WR matches. Player's physical (wheelchair mobility) and technical (ball handling) activities were analysed using an indoor tracking system and video analysis respectively.
Results::
Trunk impairment explained some of the variance in physical (10.6-23.5%) and technical (16.2-33.0%) performance. T covered more distance, had more possession, scored more goals, received and made more passes, yet spent less time at low speeds and performed fewer inbounds than NT (≤ 0.05). Arm impairment explained some of the variance in all physical (16.7-47.0%) and the majority of technical (13.1-53.3%) performance measures. MAF and GAF covered more distance, reached higher peak speeds, spent more time in higher speed zones, scored more goals, had more possession, received and made more passes, with a higher percentage of one-handed and long passes than PAF. GAF also received more passes and made a higher percentage of one-handed passes and defensive blocks than MAF (P ≤ 0.05).
Conclusions::
Arm impairment impacts a greater number of physical and technical measures of performance specific to WR than trunk impairment during competition. Having active finger function (GAF) yielded no further improvements in physical performance but positively influenced a small number of technical skills.
Purpose:
To examine effects of different small-sided games (SSG) on physical and technical aspects of performance in wheelchair basketball (WB) players.
Design:
Observational cohort study.
Methods:
Fifteen highly trained WB players participated in a single 5v5 (24-sec shot-clock) match and three 3v3 SSGs (18-sec shot-clock) on a: i) full (FC); ii) half (HC) and; iii) modified length court (MOD). During all formats, player's activity profiles were monitored using an indoor tracking system and inertial measurement units. Physiological responses were monitored via heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Technical performance i.e. ball handling was monitored using video analysis. Repeated measures ANOVA and effect sizes (ES) were calculated to determine the statistical significance and magnitude of any differences between game formats.
Results:
Players covered less distance and reached lower peak speeds during HC (P ≤ 0.0005; ES ≥ very large) compared to all other formats. Greater distances were covered and more time was spent performing moderate and high speed activity (P ≤ 0.008; ES ≥ moderate) during FC compared to all other formats. Game format had little bearing on physiological responses and the only differences in technical performance observed were in relation to 5v5. Players spent more time in possession, took more shots and performed more rebounds in all 3v3 formats compared to 5v5 (P ≤ 0.028; ES ≥ moderate).
Conclusions:
Court dimensions affect the activity profiles of WB players during 3v3 SSG, yet had little bearing on technical performance when time pressures (shot-clocks) were constant. These findings have important implications for coaches to understand which SSG format may be most suitable for physically and technically preparing WB players.
Wheelchair mobility performance is an important aspect in most wheelchair court sports, commonly measured with an indoor tracking system or wheelchair bound inertial sensors. Both methods provide key wheelchair mobility performance outcomes regarding speed. In this study, we compared speed profiles of both methods to gain insight into the level of agreement, for recommendations regarding future performance measurement.
Data were obtained from 5 male highly trained wheelchair basketball players during match play. Players were equipped simultaneously with a tag on the footplate for the indoor tracking system (∼8 Hz) and inertial sensors on both wheels and frame (199.8 Hz). Being part of a larger study on 3 vs 3 player game formats, data were collected in several matches with varying field sizes, but activity profiles closely resembled regular match play. Both systems provide similar outcomes regarding distance covered and average speed. Due to differences in sampling frequency and sensor location (reference point) on the wheelchair (for speed calculation), minor differences were revealed at low speeds (<2.5 m/s). Since both systems provide complementary features, a hybrid solution as proved feasible in this study, could possibly serve as the new gold standard for mobility performance measurement in wheelchair basketball or wheelchair court sports in general.
The aim of this study was to compare activity patterns between male and female wheelchair tennis (WT) matches. Sixteen singles international WT matches (eight male and eight female) were analysed. Each match was recorded and analysed according to the following variables: total match time (minutes), total set time (minutes), effective playing time (%), total resting time (%), working time:resting time ratio (W:R), resting time between points (seconds), rally duration (seconds), points per set, shots per set, shots per rally, bounces per point, and time between shots (seconds). Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare between the genders and Wilcoxon test was used to compare variables with the type of point (non-game point opportunity – NGO, and game point opportunity – GO). Female matches showed higher values (p<.05) in rally duration, bounces per point, and frequency of shots than male matches. Both genders spent more time between points in GO than in NGO situation. The findings indicate that male and female players play in a different way, and these differences should be taken into consideration by the WT coaches. © 2017, University of Zagreb - Faculty of Kinesiology. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.08.022
Free available until december 6th 2016 via: http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1TuqD4-6-EZQ5
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of an athlete's individual wheelchair mobility performance is one prerequisite needed to evaluate game performance, improve wheelchair settings and optimize training routines. Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) based methods can be used to perform such quantitative assessment, providing a large number of kinematic data. The goal of this research was to reduce that large amount of data to a set of key features best describing wheelchair mobility performance in match play and present them in meaningful way for both scientists and athletes. To test the discriminative power, wheelchair mobility characteristics of athletes with different performance levels were compared.
The wheelchair kinematics of 29 (inter-)national level athletes were measured during a match using three inertial sensors mounted on the wheelchair. Principal component analysis was used to reduce 22 kinematic outcomes to a set of six outcomes regarding linear and rotational movement; speed and acceleration; average and best performance. In addition, it was explored whether groups of athletes with known performance differences based on their impairment classification also differed with respect to these key outcomes using univariate general linear models. For all six key outcomes classification showed to be a significant factor (p<0.05).
We composed a set of six key kinematic outcomes that accurately describe wheelchair mobility performance in match play. The key kinematic outcomes were displayed in an easy to interpret way, usable for athletes, coaches and scientist. This standardized representation enables comparison of different wheelchair sports regarding wheelchair mobility, but also evaluation at the level of an individual athlete. By this means, the tool could enhance further development of wheelchair sports in general.
The purpose of this study was to probe the sex-based differences in the stroke and movement dynamics of Grand Slam hard-court tennis. Player and ball tracking data were collated for 102 male and 95 female players during the 2012-2014 Australian Open tournaments. Serve, serve return, groundstroke and movement data were compared between sexes. Serve statistics were the subject of the largest differences, with males achieving significantly faster speeds, aces and unreturned serves while also winning a greater percentage of service points. When returning serve, women contacted the ball closer to the net, lower to the ground and achieved flatter ball trajectories than males. Groundstroke frequencies were similar between sexes, although males hit with greater speed, flatter trajectories and impacted more shots inside the baseline. Distance covered per set or during points won or lost was not sex dependent, yet men exhibited faster average movement speeds. These findings highlight the need for sex-specific training and practice designs that cater to the different stroke dynamics, particularly in relation to the first serve and serve-return, as well as movement speeds.
There is a lack of information about the physiological and psychological parameters in competition that shows a comprehensive profile of the demands of the game situation.
The aim of the present study was to examine the activity patterns and physiological-perceptual responses (heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentrations (LA) and the rate of perceived exertion (RPE), respectively, during singles wheelchair tennis (WT) matches.
A total of four WT players played three matches each. HR, LA and RPE were measured during each match. An activity pattern analysis was performed during all matches. Furthermore, LA and RPE were compared between service and return games.
The results show a mean (s.d.) total match time of 69.04 (2.3) minutes, an effective playing time of 17.65% (0.03%), a work:rest (W:R) time ratio of 1:4.6 (0.48) and a rally length of 7.04 (4.44) seconds. Most of the points end in three or fewer shots. The mean (s.d.) physiological load during the matches were as follows: HR 124.25 (24.7) beats per minute, %HRmax 66.31% (4.5%), LA 1.41 (0.43) mmol l(-)(1) and RPE 12.45 (1.91). No significant differences were found in LA and RPE between service and return games (P>0.05).
In this descriptive study, match activity and physiological load in WT are described. Match activities are similar to conventional tennis, although the physiological load is lower. Service and return situations show similar physiological and perceptual responses. These results might be used to develop specific interval training protocols for a male WT player.Spinal Cord advance online publication, 30 June 2015; doi:10.1038/sc.2015.107.
Objectives:
To examine the influence of quarter outcome and the margin of the score differential on both the physical activity profile and skill performance of players during professional Australian Football matches.
Design:
Prospective, longitudinal.
Methods:
Physical activity profiles were assessed via microtechnology (Global Positioning System and accelerometer) from 40 professional AF players from the same team during 15 Australian Football League games. Skill performance measures (involvement and effectiveness) and player rank scores (Champion Data(©) Rank) were provided by a commercial statistical provider. The physical performance variables, skill involvements and individual player performance scores were expressed relative to playing time for each quarter. The influence of the quarter result (i.e. win vs. loss) and score margin (i.e. small: <9 points, moderate: 10-18 points, and large: >19 points) on activity profile and skill involvements and skill efficiency performance of players were examined.
Results:
Skill involvements (total disposals/min, long kicks/min, marks/min, running bounces/min and player rank/min) were greater in quarters won (all p<0.01). In contrast, the players high speed running distance per minute (>14.5 km h(-1), HSR/min), sprints/min and peak speed were higher in losing quarters (all p<0.01). Smaller score margins were associated with increased physical activity (m/min, HSR/min, and body load/min, all p<0.05) and decreased skill efficiency (handball clangers/min and player rank/min, all p<0.05).
Conclusions:
Professional AF players are likely to have an increased physical activity profile and decreased skill involvement and proficiency when their team is less successful.
This study aimed to compare the technical and tactical aspects between winning and losing teams in close (i.e., 1-3 goals of difference) and unbalanced (i.e., > 3 goals of difference) elite women's water polo games. A notational analysis was performed on 45 games to evaluate: occurrence of action, mean duration, action outcome, origin and execution of shot, offensive and defensive role and arrangement ofEven, Counterattack, Power-play, and Transition situations. Independent 2-sided t-tests were applied to show differences (p < 0.05) between teams. Regarding close games, effects emerged for action outcome (Counterattack: lost possessions; Power-play: goals, no goal shots), origin (Even: zone 1, zone 4; Counterattack: zone 1, zone 5) and execution (Even: off-the-water shots; Counterattack: shots after > than 2 fakes; Power-play: drive shots) of shots, Offensive Even arrangements (6vs6/5vs5; 2vs2/1vs1) and role. Regarding unbalanced games, differences emerged for the occurrence of action (Even; Counterattack), duration (Even; Power-play), action outcome (Even: goals, penalties; Counterattack: goals, no goal shots, penalties; Power-play: goals, no goal shots;Transition: lost possessions), origin (Even: zone 2, zone 4; Counterattack: zone 5) and execution (Even: free throws, drive shots; Counterattack: drive shots,shots after > 2 fakes; Power-play: drive shots,shots after 1 fake) of shots; Offensive Even arrangements (2vs2/1vs1) and role; and Defensive Even arrangements (pressing, zone 1-2, zone M, zone 2-3-4). Differences between close and unbalanced games underline that water polo performance should be analyzed in relation to specific margins of victory. Therefore, water polo coaches and physical trainers can plan a sound training sessions according to the most important aspects of close (opponent's exclusion, centre forward play, Power-play actions) and unbalanced (defensive skills) games.
To examine the heart-rate (HR) response and court-movement variables during wheelchair tennis match play for high- (HIGH) and low- (LOW) performance-ranked players. Analysis of physiological and movement-based responses during match play offers an insight into the demands of tennis, allowing practical recommendations to be made.
Fourteen male open-class players were monitored during tournament match play. A data logger was used to record distance and speed. HR was recorded during match play.
Significant rank-by-result interactions revealed that HIGH winners covered more forward distance than HIGH losers (P < .05) and had higher average (P < .05) and minimum (P < .01) HRs than LOW winners. LOW losers had higher average (P < .01) and minimum (P < .001) HRs than LOW winners. Independent of result, a significant main effect for rank was identified for maximum (P < .001) and average (P < .001) speed and total (P < .001), reverse (P < .001), and forward-to-reverse (P < .001) distance, with higher values for HIGH. Independent of rank, losing players experienced higher minimum HRs (P < .05). Main effects for maximum HR and actual playing time were not significant. Average playing time was 52.0 (9.1) min.
These data suggest that independent of rank, tennis players were active for sufficient time to confer health-enhancing effects. While the relative playing intensity is similar, HIGH players push faster and farther than LOW players. HIGH players are therefore more capable of responding to ball movement and the challenges of competitive match play. Adjustments to the sport may be required to encourage skill developmental in LOW players, who move at significantly lower speeds and cover less distance.
van der Woude LHV, Bouten C, Veeger HEJ, Gwinn T: Aerobic work capacity in elite wheelchair athletes: A cross-sectional analysis. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2002;81:261–271. Objective: To give a descriptive analysis of aerobic capacity among elite wheelchair athletes in association with various personal characteristics and sprint or anaerobic capacity. Design: Sixty-eight wheelchair athletes who participated in the World Games and Championships for the Disabled were included. Parameters for aerobic capacity were evaluated in a standardized wheelchair exercise test on a computer-controlled wheelchair ergometer at the games. The ergometer setting was individually tuned according to standardized procedures. Results: Mean maximum power output was 72.2 ± 36.7 W. Peak oxygen uptake showed similar strong variations among different subject groups. High values were seen in a group of six subjects with amputations. Results stressed that, apart from sex, functionality and training status had a strong influence on aerobic capacity. Anaerobic and aerobic capacity were strongly associated. Conclusions: Functionality, training status, and sex are important determinants of aerobic capacity. The functional classification used at international sports events is represented in the data, and further study into the possible contribution of standardized exercise tests within the issue of classification must be considered. The use of standardized exercise tests for the evaluation of training and for rehabilitation progress must be advocated, with power output being an important outcome measure at the level of ability, whereas oxygen uptake represents outcome at the level of organ systems.
It remains unclear whether similar exercise prescription, based on physiological markers, can be applied to subgroups of wheelchair athletes with different disabilities. Therefore, 25 wheelchair athletes, divided into three subgroups [eight tetraplegic (TETRA), nine paraplegic (PARA) and eight non spinal cord injured (NON-SCI)], performed an exercise test consisting of incremental submaximal stages, covering a range from 40% to 80% peak oxygen uptake (%V̇O(2peak) ). Oxygen uptake (V̇O(2) ), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLa) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were obtained for each stage. Expressed as a function of BLa, no differences were found between subgroups with respect to %V̇O(2peak) (group mean ± SD: 1.0 mmol/L: 53.9 ± 9.9%; 2.0 mmol/L: 70.7 ± 7.5%; 3.0 mmol/L: 78.5 ± 7.7%) and RPE [group mean (lower and upper quartile): 1.0 mmol/L: 10.8 (9.9, 12.2); 2.0 mmol/L: 13.6 (12.7, 14.3); 3.0 mmol/L: 14.9 (13.7, 16.5)]. Furthermore, no differences were found in the coefficient of determination (R(2) ) of the HR-V̇O(2) relationship in any of the subgroups (TETRA: 0.90 ± 0.12; PARA: 0.97 ± 0.02; NON-SCI: 0.96 ± 0.04). These results suggest that exercise prescription using measurements of V̇O(2) , BLa or RPE can be based on the same recommendations in all the subgroups studied. This finding has added value for TETRA athletes, as it offers alternatives to HR monitoring.
To examine the physiological profiles of wheelchair basketball and tennis and specifically to: (a) identify if there are differences in the physiological profiles of wheelchair basketball and tennis players of a similar playing standard, (b) to determine whether the competitive physiological demands of these sports differed (c) and to explore the relationship between the blood lactate [Bla-] response to exercise and to identify the sport specific heart rate (HR) training zones.
Six elite athletes (4 male, 2 female) from each sport performed a submaximal and VO2peak test in their sport specific wheelchair. Heart rate, VO2, and [Bla-] were measured. Heart rate was monitored during international competitions and VO2 was calculated from this using linear regression equations. Individual HR training zones were identified from the [Bla-] profile and time spent within these zones was calculated for each match.
Despite no differences in the laboratory assessment of HRpeak, the VO2peak was higher for the basketball players when compared with the tennis players (2.98 ± 0.91 vs 2.06 ± 0.71; P = .08). Average match HR (163 ± 11 vs 146 ± 16 beats x min(-1); P = .06) and average VO2 (2.26 ± 0.06 vs 1.36 ± 0.42 L x min(-1); P = .02) were higher during actual playing time of basketball when compared with whole tennis play. Consequently, differences in the time spent in the different training zones within and between the two sports existed (P < .05).
Wheelchair basketball requires predominately high-intensity training, whereas tennis training requires training across the exercise intensity spectrum.
To examine wheelchair athletes' perceptions of wheelchair configuration in relation to aspects of mobility performance.
Nine elite wheelchair athletes from wheelchair basketball, wheelchair rugby and wheelchair tennis were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Interview transcripts were analysed using an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, whereby emergent themes with common connections were identified and clustered into 3 superordinate themes: (i) performance indicators; (ii) principal areas of wheelchair configuration; and (iii) supplementary areas of wheelchair configuration.
Participants revealed that stability was the most important contributor towards successful performance. Whilst there was some agreement amongst participants on how manipulating most areas of wheelchair configuration influenced performance, opinions were divided as to whether camber had a positive or negative effect on straight line performance.
Experienced athletes seemed to display a good understanding of how modifying wheelchair configurations can affect sports performance, yet the methods offered for identifying optimal settings were extremely subjective. Therefore, future quantitative research into specific areas of configuration is imperative to identify these optimums and to inform athletes about the decisions they make when configuring a new sports wheelchair.
To give a descriptive analysis of aerobic capacity among elite wheelchair athletes in association with various personal characteristics and sprint or anaerobic capacity.
Sixty-eight wheelchair athletes who participated in the World Games and Championships for the Disabled were included. Parameters for aerobic capacity were evaluated in a standardized wheelchair exercise test on a computer-controlled wheelchair ergometer at the games. The ergometer setting was individually tuned according to standardized procedures.
Mean maximum power output was 72.2 +/- 36.7 W. Peak oxygen uptake showed similar strong variations among different subject groups. High values were seen in a group of six subjects with amputations. Results stressed that, apart from sex, functionality and training status had a strong influence on aerobic capacity. Anaerobic and aerobic capacity were strongly associated.
Functionality, training status, and sex are important determinants of aerobic capacity. The functional classification used at international sports events is represented in the data, and further study into the possible contribution of standardized exercise tests within the issue of classification must be considered. The use of standardized exercise tests for the evaluation of training and for rehabilitation progress must be advocated, with power output being an important outcome measure at the level of ability, whereas oxygen uptake represents outcome at the level of organ systems.
The purpose of this study was to determine heart rate (HR, b.min(-1)) response during competitive match play of 6 men who were skilled wheelchair (WC) tennis players. Each participant completed an arm crank ergometer test that measured HR via a telemetry device and O2 via open circuit spirometry from rest until fatigue (.V(O2)peak). Each athlete participated in 2 competitive singles matches during which HRs were recorded in 5-second intervals and O2 was estimated using the corresponding HR values recorded during the arm ergometer tests. Data analysis revealed an average playing intensity of 69.4 +/- 8.9% of HRpeak and 49.9 +/-14.5% of .V(O2)peak. In conclusion, it is recommended that skilled adult WC tennis players perform off-court aerobic conditioning as part of their training program, because the intensity of a competitive WC tennis match is sufficiently high enough to stress the cardiovascular system.
A new approach to monitoring exercise intensity
- C Foster
- J A Florhaug
- J Frankin
- L Gottschall
- L A Hrovatin
- S Parker