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Toxoplasmosis Cerebri Pada HIV AIDS

Authors:

Abstract

Toxoplasmosis cerebri merupakan salah satu infeksi oportunistik yang paling sering pada sistem saraf pusat pasien HIV. Infeksi toxoplasma Gondii pada pasien HIV terutama terjadi jika pada kondisi CD4 yang rendah, penurunan produksi sitokin dan interferon gama, dan menurunnya fungsi sel limfosit T sitotoksik sehingga menyebabkan reaktivasi dari infeksi laten T. Gondii. Telah dilaporkan laki-laki 31 tahun menderita HIV AIDS dengan toxoplasmosis cerebri. Pasien dirawat dengan penurunan kesadaran dan hemiparese sinistra, riwayat sakit kepala hebat dan sering berulang, memiliki riwayat menggunakan narkotik suntik dan pemakaian jarum suntik bergantian, tidak ada riwayat hipertensi, tidak ada riwayat tuberkulosis. Dari pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan kesadran apati, pupil isokor, pada mulut terdapat candidiasis oral, tidak ada kaku kuduk, terdapat lateralisasi tungkai ke kiri serta Babinski yang positif pada tungkai kiri. Pada pemeriksaan penunjang didapatkan Rapid test HIV yang positif, CD4 35sel/ul, dan gambaran CT scan otak yang sesuai Toxoplasmosis cerebri. Pasien ditatalaksana dengan pemberian Pirimetamin dan klindamisin selama 6 minggu ditambah steroid sampai pasien sadar.
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Toxoplasmosis Cerebri Pada HIV AIDS
Yostila D1, Armen A2
Abstrak
Toxoplasmosis cerebri merupakan salah satu infeksi oportunistik yang paling sering pada sistem saraf pusat
pasien HIV. Infeksi toxoplasma Gondii pada pasien HIV terutama terjadi jika pada kondisi CD4 yang rendah, penurunan
produksi sitokin dan interferon gama, dan menurunnya fungsi sel limfosit T sitotoksik sehingga menyebabkan reaktivasi
dari infeksi laten T. Gondii. Telah dilaporkan laki-laki 31 tahun menderita HIV AIDS dengan toxoplasmosis cerebri.
Pasien dirawat dengan penurunan kesadaran dan hemiparese sinistra, riwayat sakit kepala hebat dan sering berulang,
memiliki riwayat menggunakan narkotik suntik dan pemakaian jarum suntik bergantian, tidak ada riwayat hipertensi,
tidak ada riwayat tuberkulosis. Dari pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan kesadran apati, pupil isokor, pada mulut terdapat
candidiasis oral, tidak ada kaku kuduk, terdapat lateralisasi tungkai ke kiri serta Babinski yang positif pada tungkai kiri.
Pada pemeriksaan penunjang didapatkan Rapid test HIV yang positif, CD4 35sel/ul, dan gambaran CT scan otak yang
sesuai Toxoplasmosis cerebri. Pasien ditatalaksana dengan pemberian Pirimetamin dan klindamisin selama 6 minggu
ditambah steroid sampai pasien sadar.
Kata kunci: HIV AIDS, Toxoplasmosis cerebri
Abstract
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis is one of commonest opportunistic infection of thr nervous system in HIV patient. In
HIV infected patient opportunistic infection by T. Gondii occurs due to depletion of CD4 cells, decreased production of
cytokine and interferon gamma and impaired cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte activity resulting in reactivation of latent infection.
Reported a case, male 31 years old HIV AIDS with cerebral toxoplasmosis. Patient admitted to hospital with decreased
of consciousness and left hemiparese, history of injecting drug used (IDU), no hypertension, no history of tuberculosis.
In physical examination level of consciousness is apathy, pupil was isochor. there is oral candidiasis, absebce of stiffness
of the neck, lateralitation to left lower extremity, and babinsky sign positif in left lower extremity. In laboratory found Rapid
tes HIV testing was positif, CD4 cell count was 35cell/ul, Ig G anti toxoplasma positif dan brain ct scan suitable for
cerebral toxoplasmosis. We treated patient with pyrimethamin, clindamycin for 6 weeks and steroid until conscious level
was compos mentis cooperative.
Keywords: HIV AIDS, Toxoplasmosis Cerebri
Affiliasi penulis: 1. Program Studi Pendidikan Profesi Dokter
Spesialis-1 Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK Unand/RSUP M Djamil
Padang 2. Subbagian Penyakit Tropik Dan Infeksi Bagian Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam FK U nand/RSUP M Djamil Padang
Korespondensi: pibipd@yahoo.com Telp: 0751-37771
PENDAHULUAN
Toxoplasma Gondii merupakan parasit obligat
intraseluler yang tersebar luas di seluruh dunia. Di
Indonesia prevalensi zat anti T gondii positif pada
manusia berkisar antara 2 % dan 63%. Pada pasien
HIV positif didapatkan sekitar 45% telah terinfeksi T.
gondii. Pada pasien dengan infeksi HIV, T. Gondii
menyebabkan infeksi oportunistik yang berat sehingga
diperlukan penatalaksanaan yang tepat dan sesegera
mungkin. Pada individu sehat (immunokompeten)
parasit ini menyebabkan infeksi kronik persisten yang
asimptomatik, namun pada immunocompromised akan
terjadi reaktivasi sehingga menimbulkan gejala
klinis.1,2,3
Penularan terhadap manusia terutama terjadi
apabila tertelan daging babi atau domba yang
mengandung kista jaringan atau apabila menelan
sayuran yang terkontaminasi dan dimasak tidak
matang. Jika kista jaringan yang mengandung bradizoit
atau ookista tertelan pejamu, maka parasit akan
terbebas dari kista dalam proses pencernaan. Bradizoit
ini resisten terhadap efek dari pepsin dan menginvasi
traktus gastrointestinal pejamu. Dalam eritrosit parasit
mengalami transformasi morfologi, akibatnya jumlah
takizoit invasif meningkat. Takizoit ini mencetuskan
respon IgA sekretorik spesifik parasit. Dari traktus
gastrointestinal, kemudian parasit menyebar ke
berbagai organ, terutama jaringan limfatik, otot lurik,
miokardium, retina, plasenta dan sistem saraf pusat
(SSP). Di tempat-tempat tersebut, parasit menginfeksi
sel pejamu, bereplikasi, dan menginvasi sel yang
berdekatan. Terjadilah proses yang khas yakni
kematian sel dan nekrosis fokal yang dikelilingi respon
inflamasi akut.3,4,5
Pada pasien immunocompromise seperti pada
pasien HIV/AIDS, terjadi suatu keadaan adanya
defisiensi imun yang disebabkan oleh defisiensi
kuantitatif dan kualitatif yang progresif dari limfosit T (T
helper). Subset sel T ini digambarkan secara fenotip
oleh ekspresi pada permukaan sel molekul CD4 yang
bekerja sebagai reseptor primer terhadap HIV. Pada
pasien HIV terjadi penurunan CD4 di bawah level kritis
(CD4<200/ul) sehingga pasien menjadi sangat rentan
terhadap infeksi oportunistik.4
Pada HIV, manifestasi klinis terjadi bila jumlah
limfosit CD4 < 100 sel/ml. Manifestasi tersering pada
HIV adalah ensefalitis. Ensefalitis terjadi pada sekitar
80% kasus. Rabaud et al menunjukkan bahwa selain
Laporan Kasus
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otak terdapat beberapa lokasi lain yang sering terkena
yaitu mata (50%), paru-paru(26%), darah tepi(3%),
jantung (3%), sumsum tulang(3%) dan kandung kemih
(1%).5
Ensefalitis toksoplasma (ET) dapat terjadi
pada 30 sampai 40% pasien yang tidak mendapat
profilaksis toxoplasmosis pada HIV. Studi di negara
barat melaporkan komplikasi pada sistim saraf terjadi
pada 30-70% penderita HIV, bahkan terdapat laporan
neuropatologik yang mendapat kelainan pada 90%
spesimen post mortem dari penderita HIV yang di
periksa.5
Pada pasien dengan ET gejala-gejala yang
sering terjadi adalah gangguan mental (75%), defisit
neurologik (70%), sakit kepala (50%), demam (45%),
tubuh terasa lemah serta gangguan nervus kranialis.
Gejala lain yang juga sering ditemukan yaitu parkinson,
focal dystonia, rubral tremor, hemikorea-hemibalismus,
dan gangguan batang otak. Medula spinalis juga dapat
terkena dengan gejala seperti gangguan motorik dan
sensorik di daerah tungkai, gangguan berkemih dan
defekasi. Predileksi infeksi terutama pada great white
junction, ganglia basal dan talamus. Onset dari gejala
ini biasanya subakut.2,4
Diagnosis toksoplasmosis dibuat berdasarkan
temuan klinis, laboratoris, dan radioimaging.
Pemeriksaan penunjang laboratorium toksoplasmosis
akut dibuat berdasarkan kultur, pemeriksaan serologis
dan PCR. Pemeriksaan laboratorium tidak ada yang
spesifik kecuali limfositosis, peningkatan LED dan
peningkatan transaminase. Pemeriksaan cairan
cerebrospinal pada meningoensefalitis menunjukkan
peningkatan tekanan intrakranial, pleidositosis
mononuklear (10-50 sel/ml), peningkatan kadar
protein.6
Diagnosis toxoplasmosis akut dapat
dipastikan bila menemukan takizoit dalam biopsi otak
atau sumsum tulang, cairan cerebrospinal dan
ventrikel. Dengan cara pulasan yang biasa takizoit
sukar ditemukan dalam spesimen ini. Isolasi parasit
dapat dilakukan dengan inokulasi pada mencit, tetapi
hal ini memerlukan waktu yang lama. Isolasi parasit dari
cairan tubuh menunjukkan adanya infeksi akut, tetapi
isolasi dari jaringan hanya menunjukkan adanya kista
dan tidak memastikan adanya infeksi akut.5,6
Tes serologi dapat menunjang diagnosis
toksoplasmosis. Tes yang dapat dipakai adalah tes
warna Sabin Feldman (Sabin-Feldman dye test) dan tes
hemaglutinasi tidak langsung (IHA), untuk deteksi
antibodi IgG, tes zat antifluoresen tidak langsung (IFA),
dan tes ELISA untuk deteksi antibodi IgM dan IgG. Ig G
anti toxoplasmosis meningkat setelah 1-2 minggu
infeksi dan meningkat mencapai puncaknya setelah 8-
8 minggu. Ini akan menurun secara perlahan dalam 1-
2 tahun, namun dalam beberapa kasus akan menetap
seumur hidup. Titer Ig G anti toxoplasma yang tinggi
dengan aviditas yang positif menandakan infeksi akut
atau reaktivasi dari infeksi laten atau kronik
toxoplasma.4
Pemeriksaan Brain CT Scan pada pasien
dengan ET menunjukkan gambaran menyerupai cincin
yang multipel pada 70-80% kasus. Pada pasien dengan
AIDS yang telah terdeteksi dengan IgG Toxoplasma
gondii dan gambaran cincin yang multipel pada CT
scan 85% merupakan ET. Lesi tersebut terutama
berada pada ganglia basal dan corticomedullary
junction.4
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
merupakan prosedur diagnostik yang lebih baik
daripada CT scan dan sering menunjukkan lesi-lesi
yang tidak terdeteksi dengan CT scan. Oleh karena itu
MRI merupakan prosedur baku jika memungkinkan
terutama bila CT scan menunjukkan gambaran lesi
tunggal.7
Toksoplasmosis cerebri merupakan slah satu
kasus emergensi neurologi pada HIV, oleh karena itu
memerlukan penatalaksanaan yang serius. Terapi
meliputi penatalaksanaan infeksi aktif diikuti dengan
terapi maintanance untuk mencegah rekuren pada
pasien dengan CD4 <200 sel/mm3. Terapi standar
diberikan primetamin loading dose 100 mg diikuti 50mg
maintanance dan sulfadiazin 100 mg/hari. Untuk pasien
yang intoleran dengan sulfadiazin dapat diberikan
klindamisin 600 mg setiap 6 jam.Terapi maintanance
diberikan minimal 6 minggu. Untuk mengurangi
toksisitas pirimetamin terhadap sumsum tulang dapat
diberikan asam folat 2 sampai 4 mg/hari.Untuk
mengurangi edem cerebri dapat diberikan steroid
intravena.8
LAPORAN KASUS
Seorang pasien laki-laki usia 31 tahun dirawat
di bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUP M Djamil Padang
dengan keluhan utama penurunan kesadaran sejak 10
hari sebelum masuk rumah sakit, sakit kepala hebat,
adanya bercak putih di mulut, penurunan nafsu makan,
demam hilang timbul, kejang serta adanya faktor resiko
HIV yaitu penggunaan jarum suntik secara bergantian.
Dari pemeriksaan fisik didapatkan kesadaran apati,
pada kulit ditemukan adanya bekas suntikan dan tatto,
pupil isokor, tidak ada kaku kuduk, adanya oral trush,
tes lateralisasi yang positif dimana terdapat lateralisasi
ke kiri serta refleks babinsky yang positif pada tungkai
kiri. Pada pemeriksaan penunjang didapatkan rapid test
HIV yang positif, CD4 35sel/mm3, Ig G anti toxoplasma
yang positf, serta CT scan kepala didapatkan gambaran
multiple abses cerebri yang mendukung adanya
toxoplasmosis cerebri. Pasien ini diberikan terapi
fluconazole, dexametason intravena, pirimetamin,
klindamisin, Hiviral, Tenofovir, dan Neviral.
Dexametason intravena diberikan sampai pasien sadar,
sedangkan klindamisin dan primetamin setelah
diberikan loading dose, terapi dilanjutkan selama 6
minggu. Setelah pemberian terapi 1 minggu pasien
mengalami perbaikan.
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Gambar 1. Foto Brain CT Scan
Gambar 2. Foto Rontgen thorax
PEMBAHASAN
Telah dirawat seorang laki-laki 31 tahun di
bangsal Penyakit Dalam RSUP M Djamil Padang
dengan Toxoplasmosis cerebri dengan HIV AIDS.
Diagnosis pada pasien ini ditegakkan
berdasarkan anamnesis, pemeriksaan fisik dan
pemeriksaan penunjang. Data yang menunjang dalam
anamnesis adalah adanya demam hilang timbul,
bercak-bercak putih di lidah dan rongga mulut. Pada
pasien juga didapatkan adanya faktor risiko tertularnya
HIV dari riwayat pemakaian narkoba suntik. Pada
pemeriksaan fisik ditemukan adanya kandidiasis oral,
bekas suntikan dilipat lengan kiri dan tato. Sedangkan
dari pemeriksaan laboratorium didukung dengan hasil
rapid tes yang positif serta jumlah CD4 yang sangat
rendah yaitu 35 sel/ul.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC) 2016, di Amerika Serikat tahun 2015 injection
drugs use (IDU) merupakan 10% penyebab penularan
HIV dimana 59% nya adalah laki-laki. Selain pemakaian
jarum suntik bergantian pada IDU, pemakaian jarum
pada pembuatan tato juga merupakan faktor resiko
penularan HIV. Shahri et al, 2016 meneliti 63 pasien
yang memiliki tattoo, didapatkan 7,9% diantaranya HIV
positif. Ini dapat terjadi karena prosedur yang tidak steril
serta pengguanaan jarum secara bergantian tanpa
melalui proses sterilisasi setelah penggunaan
sebelumnya pada pasien terinfeksi HIV.9,10
Yuliawati et al 2015 Pada pasien HIV resiko
infeksi sistem saraf pusat berhubungan dengan kadar
CD4, dimana resiko tinggi terjadi pada
CD4<200sel/mm3. Penelitian oleh Antinori et al (2004)
setiap penurunan CD4 50 sel/mm3 akan meningkatkan
resiko ET 30%.11
Secara klinis pada pasien ini ditemukan
adanya berbagai infeksi opportunistik yang sering
mengikuti infeksi HIV seperti kandidisis oral dan
toksoplasmosis serebri sehingga pasien sudah
termasuk kedalam stadium klinis IV berdasarkan
derajat beratnya infeksi HIV AIDS sesuai ketentuan
WHO. Sedangkan dari hasil CD4+ yang sangat rendah,
hal ini menunjukkan keadaan immuodefisiensi pasien
yang sangat berat.5
Toksoplasmosis serebri pada pasien ini
tergambar dari adanya keluhan penurunan kesadaran
yang bertahap mulai dari gejala sakit kepala,
perubahan perilaku, hingga terjadinya kejang pada
pasien ini. Selain itu, nilai CD4+ yang kecil dari 50
sel/mm3 juga merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya
reaktivasi kembali dari kista jaringan laten yang
mengandung parasit toxoplasma sebagai akibat dari
defiensi sistem imun yang berperan dalam timbulnya
infeksi T. gondii. Pada penderita HIV dengan ET hampir
sama positif dalam hasil serologis IgG anti
toksoplasmosis. IgM anti toksoplasma biasanya
negative.2,12,13
Lebih dari 50% manifestasi klinis
toksoplasmosis melibatkan kelainan intraserebral.
Kelainan ditandai lesi non fokal hingga disfungsi fokal.
Kelaianan pada system saraf pusat termasuk
ensefalopati, meningoensefalitis, dan lesi massa di
otak. Kelaian klinis yang sering terdapat adalah
gangguan status mental (75%), demam (10-72%),
kejang (33%), sakit kepala (56%), gangguan neurologis
fokal (60%). Gangguan neurologis fokal termasuk
deficit motoric, kelumpuhan saraf otak, gangguan
gerak, dismetria, penurunan visus dan afasia. Kondisi
ini bukan saja akibat ensefalitis necrotizing akibat invasi
langsung toksoplasma tetapi juga akibat dampak
sekunder akibat vasculitis, edema, dan perdarahan.6
Luma et al 2013, dari 97 pasien HIV dengan
ET yang diteliti didapatkan sakit kepala merupakan
keluhan tersering (92.8%) diikuti oleh demam (87,6)
dan kejang (57,7%). Penelitian oleh Goita et al (2012)
juga ditemukan hal yang sama yaitu kejang merupakan
gejala yang umum ditemukan pada toksoplasmosis
cerebri.14,15
Dari hasil CT scan didapatkan gambaran lesi
hipodens multiple dengan kesan suatu abses serebri.
Pada pasien HIV, gambaran toksoplasmosis serebri
sering muncul dalam bentuk abses serebri. Untuk
mendapatkan gambaran yang jelas dari suatu infeksi
toksoplasmosis serebri pada CT scan kepala tersebut
hendaknya dilakukan dengan memakai kontras, karena
dengan kontras pencitraan dapat menunjukkan
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gambaran ring enhancement. Pada pasien ODHA yang
telah terdeteksi dengan IgG T. gondii dan gambaran
cincin multiple pada CT scan sekitar 80% merupakan
ET. Pada pasien sudah dapat diberikan terapi
toksoplasmosis karena menurut literatur berdasarkan
diagnosis presumptive, terapi empiris toksoplasmosis
dapat dimulai.5
Toxoplasmosis cerebri menyebabkan lesi
unifokal, jarang lesi yang difus. Gejala klinis tergantung
pada lokasi dan jumlah lesi. Gejala yang paling sering
dikeluhkan meliputi: sakit kepala (49-63%), demam (41-
68%), deficit fokal (22-80%), kejang (19-29%),
kebingungan (15-52%), ataxia (15-25%), letargi (12-
44%), kelemahan saraf kranial (12-19%), dan
gangguan penglihatan (8-15%). Manifestasi lainnya
dapat bjuga berupa disartria, gangguan kognitif,
peningkatan tekanan intrakranial, dan gerakan
involunter.12
Pemberian terapi kombinasi pirimetamin,
klindamisin, steroid dan obat anti retroviral pada pasien
ini memperbaiki kondisi klinis. Pirimetamin merupakan
obat yang spesifik untuk toxoplasma stadium takizoit
dan dapat menembus parenkim otak. Pirimetamin
memiliki efek sinergis jika dikombinasikan dengan
klindamisin dan sulfadiazine. Kombinasi ini
direkomendasikan sebagai terapi lini pertama untuk
toksoplasmosis cerebri pada pasien HIV.16
Nasronudin 2011, terapi presumtif ensefalitis
toksoplasmosis dengan pirimetamin dan klindamisin
hasilnya cukup baik. Pda lebih dari 50% kasus dalam 3
hari sudah terlihat perbaikan. Bila terapi diberikan 7 hari
persentase yang membaik menjadi lebih tinggi (90%).6
Kematian terkait ET pada pasien HIV hampir
100% apabila terdapat keterlambatan terapi. Apabila
tidak tersedia pilihan terapi lini pertama ini, pemberian
terapi trimethoprim-sulfametoksazol direkomendasikan
sebagai terapi alternatif.16
SIMPULAN
Toxoplasmosis cerebri merupakan infeksi
oportunistik pada system saraf pusat yang paling sering
dijumpai pada pasien HIV. Infeksi ini terjadi akibat
terjadinya reaktivasi T. gondii pada kondisi
immunocompromised. Diagnosis yang cepat dan tepat
dapat memperbaiki outcome pasien.
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Rhee Y, Lewis PO, et al. Successful Treatment of
Cerebral Toxoplasmosis Using Pyrimethamine
Oral Solution Compounded from Inexpensive Bulk
Powder. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018; 5(4):1-3.
... Damage to the CNS will give a typical picture in the form of multiple lesions with extensive necrotic area on radiology, as well as clinical symptoms such as headache (49-63%), fever (41-68%), focal deficits (22-80%), seizures (19 -29%), confusion (15-52%), ataxia (15-25%), lethargy (12-44%), cranial nerve weakness (12-19%), and visual disturbances (8-15%). 5 The most common ocular symptoms of toxoplasmosis are blurred vision and decreased visual acuity, ocular pain, floaters, and photophobia may be present in some cases. HIV was found positive in tear, corneal, vitreous, and chorioretinal tissue samples with affected ocular structures including adnexa, anterior segment, posterior segment, and neuro-ophthalmic. ...
... In Indonesia, the prevalence of T. gondii seropositive in humans ranges from 2% to 63%. 5 This parasite causes asymptomatic persistent chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, but in immunocompromised individuals, reactivation will occur, causing clinical symptoms. 5 Cerebral toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection of the central nervous system that is most often found in HIV/AIDS patients, especially in HIV/AIDS patients with low CD4 cells. ...
... In Indonesia, the prevalence of T. gondii seropositive in humans ranges from 2% to 63%. 5 This parasite causes asymptomatic persistent chronic infection in immunocompetent individuals, but in immunocompromised individuals, reactivation will occur, causing clinical symptoms. 5 Cerebral toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection of the central nervous system that is most often found in HIV/AIDS patients, especially in HIV/AIDS patients with low CD4 cells. In patients with HIV infection, Toxoplasma gondii causes severe opportunistic infections that require appropriate management. ...
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Introduction: Cerebral toxoplasmosis is one of the opportunistic diseases that present in patients with HIV/AIDS. One of the rare symptoms is unilateral papilledema due to cerebral toxoplasmosis. Case report: A 26-year-old male patient came with complaints blurred vision for 2 months. The patient had a history of pouting lips, and weakness face, arm, and legs on the left side of the body. The patient has been diagnosed with the observation of space occupying lesion Cerebri in November 2020. Patient with HIV stage IV (WHO) infection and CD4 14 cells/uL and viral load 5.43 x 105 copies /mL. Visual acuity left eye 6/18 PH 6/12, contrast sensitivity examination in both eyes 1.65, and the results of FD-15 are within normal limits, but the results of perimetry was enlargement of blind spot, relative afferent pupillary defect in the left eye, with optic nerve head swelling in the left eye. An MRI showed the presence of intracerebral neurotoxoplasmosis. Discussion: Papilledema is the manifestation of optic nerve abnormality due to an increase in intracranial pressure. Cerebral toxoplasmosis leads to asymmetric target lesion present with ring enhancement image on MRI with contrast which causes SOL and manifests as papilledema. Bilateral papilledema is a hallmark of increasing cerebrospinal fluid pressure, but unilateral papilledema is a rare case with a 2% of prevalence among papilledema cases. Two proposed mechanisms of atypical papilledema were anatomical nerve sheath anomalies and unilateral axoplasmic blockage of the lamina cribrosa. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment have a very important role in determining the prognosis of patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis.
... Tampak abses serebri multipel. 15 Gambar 2. MRI non-kontras (A) sekuens T1; (B) FLAIR ( uid-attenuated inversion recovery); dan (C) sekuens T2. Tampak lesi dengan penyangatan tepi pada hemisfer serebelum kanan yang dikelilingi edema. ...
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p>Ensefalitis toksoplasma (toxoplasma encephalitis atau TE) adalah infeksi oportunistik intrakranial tersering pada penyandang HIV. Manifestasi TE akibat reaktivasi infeksi laten terjadi jika imunitas seluler menurun (CD4+ <100 sel/mm3). Diagnosis presumtif berdasarkan klinis (manifestasi lesi desak ruang dan defisit neurologis fokal progresif dengan awitan subakut), radiologis (lesi multipel fokal berbentuk cincin dengan edema di sekitarnya), dan respons klinis serta radiologis terhadap terapi empiris anti-toksoplasma dalam 2 minggu pertama. Terapi akut lini pertama adalah kombinasi pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, dan leucovorin selama minimal 6 minggu. Terapi ARV (anti-retrovirus) biasanya dimulai 2 - 3 minggu setelah terapi akut dimulai, harus dilanjutkan dengan terapi rumatan sebagai profilaksis sekunder hingga kriteria penghentian dicapai. Toxoplasma encephalitis is the most prevalent intracranial opportunistic infection amongst HIV population. TE manifestations are due to a reactivation of latent infection because of decreased cellular immunity (CD4+ <100 cells/mm3). Presumptive diagnosis is based on clinical syndrome (mass effect signs and symptoms and progressive focal neurological deficit with subacute onset), imaging (multiple focal ring-enhancing lesions with surrounding edema), and clinical and radiological response to anti-toxoplasma empiric therapy in the first 2 weeks of administration. The first line treatment for acute therapy is combination of pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and leucovorin for a minimum of 6 weeks. ART (anti-retroviral therapy) is usually started 2 - 3 weeks after acute therapy; followed by maintenance therapy as secondary prophylaxis until criteria for discontinuation it is fulfilled.</p
... [6][7][8] As many as 30-70% of PLWHA infected with T. gondii have central nervous system disorders. 9,10 Assessment of functional outcomes in cerebral toxoplasmosis patients is needed as an evaluation tool regarding management. To assess the success of a patient's treatment, it should not only be assessed whether the patient is still alive or dead, but there is a need for a measuring instrument that can better explain the condition of nerve function when the patient survives. ...
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Background: Cerebral toxoplasmosis is a Toxoplasma gondii infection affecting the brain. Assessment of the functional outcome after treatment is needed as an evaluation for therapeutic management. One of the instruments used is the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). This study aimed to assess the functional outcome of cerebral toxoplasmosis patients using GOS. Methods: A Cross-sectional descriptive study with total sampling method was conducted. Medical records were retrieved from patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis registered at the Department of Neurology, Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Bandung during year 2017–2019. Inclusion criteria were patients with cerebral toxoplasmosis aged >18 years and had a positive HIV serological test. The GOS was assessed and presented in frequency, using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software ver. 25.0. Results: Of 87 patients, 68% had somnolent on admission to the hospital, 51% had hemiparesis/hemiplegia, and 76% had GOS 3, indicating severe disability. Almost one third (28%) of patients died during hospitalization with non-neurological complications as the most common cause of death (63%). On discharge from the hospital, 82% of the survivors were fully alert, 40% had hemiparesis/hemiplegia, and 33% had GOS 4 (mild disability). Conclusions: Most of the cerebral toxoplasmosis patients come to the hospital with severe disability. During the treatment, one third of patients died, and those who survived had mild disability. GOS has improved after hospitalization, suggesting that GOS is useful for assessment of therapeutic management.
... Sebanyak 41% wanita usia subur di Puskesmas Simpang Kawat Jambi diketahui terinfeksi toksoplasmosis kronis karena memiliki nilai IgG yang positif. Selain itu prevalensi seropositif Toxoplasma gondii pada penderita HIV sekitar 45% (8). Tingkat prevalensi toksoplasmosis sangat bervariasi di berbagai daerah karena tergantung dari beberapa faktor seperti kepekaan spesies, perbedaan jumlah sampel, distribusi geografis, hingga metode diagnostik (9). ...
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Intoduction: The cat breeder every day began by feeding, bathing, cutting the nails and cleaning the cage. This activity presented a health risk for breeders to be infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This study aims to analyze the incidence of chronic toxoplasmosis infection in cat breeders in Surabaya. Method: This type of research was observational with a cross-sectional study design. A total of 19 respondents involved in this study came from members of the cat breeder organization. Sampling using a simple random sampling method. Respondent information data in the form of cat hygiene, cage sanitation, and personal hygiene were collected through an interview and observation process. Meanwhile, to find out toxoplasmosis infection, a blood sample serology test was performed at the Clinical Laboratory. Data were analyzed with qualitative descriptive methods to see a picture of each variable with a toxoplasmosis infection. Result and Discussion: Serological test results showed that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis infection was 58%. Chronic toxoplasmosis infection of 62% occurred in owners with poor hygiene of drums and 91% occurred in owners with poor personal hygiene. Conclusion: As a preventive measure against the risk of infection, breeders of cats need to always maintain the sanitation of the cage, such as frequent cleaning of the cage, cat feces and cleaning the floor around the cage so that infective oocysts do not multiply around the cage area. Also, must use personal protective equipment and wash your hands after contact with cats.
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A price increase of pyrimethamine tablets in the United States has made the life-saving drug difficult to acquire for hospitalized patients who need it most. We report the successful use of a pyrimethamine oral suspension compounded from an economical bulk powder in a patient with acute toxoplasmic encephalitis.
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Background: Tattoos are associated with blood-borne infections that result from viruses such as the hepatitis B virus (HBV), the hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This association is equally evident among people without major risk factors and among those with major risk factors like injected drug users (IDUs).
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Toxoplasmosis is caused by T. gondii infection in patients with AIDS accounting for 50 – 70% of all mass lesion in this population & is an important cause of focal lesion in this group. As HIV infection is becoming more prevalent, CNS complications of HIV are being encountered more and more in routine clinical practice. Toxoplasmosis associated with HIV infection is mainly caused by reactivation of a chronic infection and manifests as toxoplasmic encephalitis. Typically, toxoplasmic encephalitis has a subacute onset with focal neurological abnormalities characteristically accompanied by headache, altered mental status and fever. Rarely it can present as a rapidly fatal form of diffuse encephalitis. Extracerebral toxoplasmosis can also occur. The most commonly used serological tests detect the presence of anti T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. Neuroimaging modalities especially computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are also indispensable. The patient was started on Tab. Pyrimethamine 100mg daily and Sulphadiazine 1gm 6 hourly for 4 weeks with marked improvement at the end of 4 weeks.Bangladesh J Medicine Jul 2014; 25 (2) : 76-77
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Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite, with a worldwide distribution from 30%–75% seroprevalence in different countries. In patient with immunosuppression such as AIDS, the parasite can be reactivated and causes the disease. We report on the case of a 36–year–old man admitted to MadaniHospital with Imbalance and loss of consciousness. He has been suffering headache, impaired speech and inability to walk since two weeks ago. In magnetic resonance imaging multiple space occupying lesions in bilateral cerebral hemispheres with ring enhancement after contrast injection were seen. HIV test for HIV-1 was reactive, Toxoplasma serology was revealed raised immunoglobulin G antibody levels of 650 IU/mL. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in this patient leads to diagnosis of HIV infection at advanced stage. The patient treated successfully with alternative drug but we need more activity in education of high risk people to get tested for HIV in our country, Iran
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Background It is estimated that about a third of the world’s population is chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasma encephalitis (TE), which occurs as a reactivation of quiescent chronic infection, is one of the leading causes of central nervous system (CNS) infection in AIDS. Its diagnosis in most centres still remains difficult. We opted to describe the clinical and radiological features of TE as well as in-hospital outcome and its associated factors. Methods We carried out a cross sectional study on the clinical case notes of adult patients admitted and treated for TE at the Douala General Hospital, Cameroon between January 1st 2004 to December 31st 2009. Results Of 672 patients admitted during the study period, 14.4% (97/672) had TE. The mean age was 36.9 ± 14.1 years and the median CD4 cell count was 68/mm3 (IQR): 43 – 103). Headache and fever were the most common presenting symptoms in 92.8% (90/97) and 87.6% (85/97) of patients. Annular contrast enhanced lesions were the most common brain scan finding in 81.4% (79/97) of patients. In-hospital mortality was 29.9% (29/97). Altered sensorium, presence of focal signs, neck stiffness and low CD4 cell count were factors associated with mortality. Adjusting for low CD4 count, altered sensorium remained strongly associated with fatality, adjusted odd ratio (AOR) 3.5 (95% CI 1.2 – 10.5). Conclusion Toxoplasma encephalitis is common among AIDS patients in Douala. Its high case fatality warrants adequate and compliant prophylactic therapy in severely immune depressed patients as well as early initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients.
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Cerebral toxoplasmosis commonly affects patients with advanced HIV immunodeficiency. Toxoplasmosis in patients who are immunocompromised can be severe and debilitating in patients with Central Nervous System (CNS) involvement and the condition may be fatal. We report the case of a 40-year-old man who was a known case of HIV and presented with cerebral toxoplasmosis. His Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan showed multiple ring enhancing lesions with extensive surrounding oedema in supratentorial as well as infratentorial region. Lesions were mainly located in the periventricular region as well as at the grey-white matter junction and showed enhancement in the periphery as well as a tiny nodular enhancement in the centre. Patient was started on Septran DS, empirically for toxoplasmosis and steroids to reduce intracranial pressure. On follow up MRI scan after 10 days there was a reduction in size, number and enhancement of the masses with decrease in the surrounding oedema. Patient was clinically stable, oriented and his fever settled. He was discharged from hospital on same medication and advised to continue regular follow-up.
Article
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite presenting as a zoonotic infection distributed worldwide. In HIV-positive individuals, it causes severe opportunistic infections, which is of major public health concern as it results in physical and psychological disabilities. In healthy immunocompetent individuals, it causes asymptomatic chronic persistent infections, but in immunosuppressed patients, there is reactivation of the parasite if the CD4 counts fall below 200 cells/μl. The seroprevalence rates are variable in different geographic areas. The tissue cyst or oocyst is the infective form which enters by ingestion of contaminated meat and transform into tachyzoites and disseminate into blood stream. In immunocompetent persons due to cell-mediated immunity the parasite is transformed into tissue cyst resulting in life long chronic infection. In HIV-infected people opportunistic infection by T. gondii occurs due to depletion of CD4 cells, decreased production of cytokines and interferon gamma and impaired cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity resulting in reactivation of latent infection. The diagnosis can be done by clinical, serological, radiological, histological or molecular methods, or by the combination of these. There is various treatment regimen including acute treatment, maintenance therapy should be given as the current anti T. gondii therapy cannot eradicate tissue cysts. In HIV patients, CD4 counts <100; cotrimoxazole, alternately dapsone + pyrimethamine can be given for 6 months. Hence, early diagnosis of T. gondii antibodies is important in all HIV-positive individuals to prevent complications of cerebral toxoplasmosis.
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Cerebral toxoplasmosis is common opportunistic infections of central nervous system in AIDS. It occurs most often in case of severe immunosuppression. The aim of this study is to investigate the general characteristics of cerebral toxoplasmosis during HIV infection and AIDS in hospital area in Bamako. It is a retrospective study of 5 years (form January 2001 to December 2005), conducted in the infectious diseases department of Point G Teaching Hospital of Bamako. It concerned all patients infected with HIV, hospitalized for cerebral toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis was based on clinical, C T and therapeutic arguments. A total of 745 patients investigated, 26 met cerebral toxoplasmosis diagnostic criteria (14 men and 12 women). The rate of cerebral toxoplasmosis in the study population was 3.5%. The average age was 38.1 years (18-58 years). Focused neurological deficit (73.07%), intracranial hypertension signs (69.20%), meningeal syndrome (15.40%), seizures (57.69%) and consciousness disorders (30.80%) were the clinical characteristics. Hypodensity with or without peripheral enhancement images (93.75%) were found on CT. The average rate of CD4 T cells was 98.7cells/mm3 (5-473 cells/mm3). Oropharyngeal candidiasis in 61.53% of cases, intestinal cryptosporidiosis (11.53%), herpes zoster (3.84%) and Pott's disease (3.84%) were the opportunistic infections associated. Cotrimoxazole was used in 88.46% of patients and 3 patients (11.54%) received the standard treatment (Sulfadiazine-Pyrimethamine). Antitoxoplasmic treatment led to a clinical improvement in 84.61% and 4 deaths (15.39%). were recorded. The technical platform for etiological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis is not available at the Point-G Teaching Hospital, so in case of encephalitis signs in a HIV positive patient, CT should be urgently perform and a treatment trial must begin without delay.