Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots

Full text

Vulnerable
Water Resources
in Jordan
I
Hot Spots
January, 2020
Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
SPONSORED BY THE

Published

Vulnerable Water Resources
in Jordan | Hot Spots
January, 2020

ii
Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI)
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
Vulnerable Water Resources
in Jordan | Hot Spots
Amman | Leipzig | Hannover, January 2020
Publisher
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
P.O. Box 2412-5012
Amman | 11181 | Jordan
T: +962 6 5652265 / +962 6 5652267
F: +962 6 5652287
I: www.mwi.gov.jo
Supported by
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
Permoserstr. 15
04318 | Leipzig | Germany
info@ufz.de | www.ufz.de
and
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR)
Stilleweg 2
30655 | Hannover | Germany
www.bgr.bund.de
This report should be cited as follows:
Breulmann M., Brückner F., Toll M., van Afferden M., Becker M.-Y., Al-Subeh A., Subah A.; Müller R.A.
(2019) Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan: Hot Spots. Published by the Ministry of Water and
Irrigation with support from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ and the Federal
Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR); Amman – Leipzig – Hannover.

iii
Copyright © 2020
By the Ministry of Water and Irrigation (MWI) in Jordan, the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental
Research – UFZ and the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR).
All rights reserved under International Copyright Conventions. No part of this report may be reproduced
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or
any information storage and retrieval system without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Disclaimer
The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the
expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Ministry of Water and Irrigation,
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ or the Federal Institute for Geosciences and
Natural Resources (BGR) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or of its authorities, or
concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
This report was mainly written using information currently available in the database of the Ministry of
Water and Irrigation as well as in the Water Authority of Jordan or provided by third parties. No guarantee
can be given for the accuracy or veracity of the data as well as the analysis derived from it and
represented in this report.
ISBN: 978-3-944280-09-7
Cover design and printed by: magic line
Acknowledgements
This report was compiled by the NICE Technical Committee on Groundwater Protection for the National
Implementation Committee for Integrated Wastewater Management in Jordan – NICE and was assisted
by the Implementation Office in Amman, Jordan (NICE-Office). The work was supported by a grant from
the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: FKZ: 02WM1458 – “Implementation Office
Amman).

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
iv
Contents
List of Tables ........................................................................................ v
List of Figures ...................................................................................... v
Abbreviations ...................................................................................... vi
Summary ............................................................................................. vii
اﻟﻣﻠﺧص ..................................................................................................... viii
1. Introduction .................................................................................... 1
2. Principles of Groundwater Protection Zone................................ 2
3. Concept of Groundwater Vulnerability Maps .............................. 4
4. Prioritization of Hot Spots ............................................................. 8
4.1 Hot Spot definition criteria ........................................................................ 8
5. Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan: Hot Spots .................... 9
5.1 Irbid Governorate ................................................................................... 11
— Hareema wellfield ....................................................................................... 12
— Kufr Asad wellfield ...................................................................................... 12
— Pella wellfield .............................................................................................. 12
5.2 Ajloun Governorate ................................................................................ 13
— El-Beida spring ........................................................................................... 14
— Tannur/ Rasun and El-Beida springs .......................................................... 15
5.3 Balqa Governorate ................................................................................. 16
— Al-Echraiah, Hazzir, Azraq and Baqouriyyeh springs .................................. 17
— Baq'a wellfield............................................................................................. 17
— Yazidyya wellfield ....................................................................................... 17
5.4 Zarqa Governorate ................................................................................. 18
— Awajan wellfield .......................................................................................... 19
— Ruseifa wellfield ......................................................................................... 19
5.5 Madaba Governorate ............................................................................. 20
— Heedan wellfield ......................................................................................... 20
5.6 Karak Governorate ................................................................................. 22
— Mujib Dam .................................................................................................. 23
6. Recommendations ....................................................................... 25
اﻟﺗوﺻﯾﺎت ..................................................................................................... 30

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
v
7. References .................................................................................... 34
8. Participating Organizations ........................................................ 36
9. Photo Credits ............................................................................... 36
10. Appendices ................................................................................... 37
10.1 Microbiological Guideline for the Quality of Drinking Water ..................... 37
List of Tables
Table 1 Criteria that were considered for the classification of the Hot Spots. ........... 8
Table 2 Identified Hot Spots in Jordan for the year 2019. ......................................... 9
Table 3 Classification of water resources according to the Jordanian Microbial
Guideline. ............................................................................................................... 39
List of Figures
Figure 1 Signpost marking the boundary of a Groundwater Protection Zone 1 in
Jordan (© BGR). ...................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2 Signpost marking the boundary of a Groundwater Protection Zone 2 in
Jordan (© BGR). ...................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3 C-Factor of the COP-Method (© BGR). ..................................................... 4
Figure 4 O-Factor of the COP-Method (© BGR). ..................................................... 5
Figure 5 P-Factor of the COP-Method (© BGR). ..................................................... 6
Figure 6 Locations of the sixteen Hot Spots identified in Jordan. ........................... 10
Figure 7 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Irbid Governorate. ......................... 11
Figure 8 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Ajloun Governorate. ...................... 13
Figure 9 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Balqa Governorate. ....................... 16
Figure 10 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Zarqa Governorate...................... 18
Figure 11 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Madaba Governorate. ................. 20
Figure 12 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Karak Governorate...................... 22

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
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Abbreviations
Abbreviation
Specification
ALLOWS
Assessment of Local Lowest-Cost Wastewater Solutions’
APC
Arab Potash Company
BGR
German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources
BMBF
Federal Ministry of Education and Research
E. coli
Escherichia coli
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
GIS
Geographical Information System
JS
Jordanian Standard
JVA
Jordan Valley Authority
MCM
Million Cubic Meter
MoH
Ministry of Health
MPN
Most Probable Number
MWI
Ministry of Water and Irrigation
NICE
National Implementation Committee for Effective Integrated Wastewater
Management
RSS
Royal Scientific Society
UFZ
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ
UV
Ultraviolet Radiation
WAJ
Water Authority of Jordan
WHO
World Health Organisation
WWTP
Waste Water Treatment Plant

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
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Summary
Groundwater is an invaluable resource
in Jordan. It contributes to about 70% of
the domestic water supply and is the
major source of drinking water in the
country. Thus, its protection is of the
highest priority for the Ministry of Water
and Irrigation (MWI). Over the last two
decades, the MWI has taken a series of
proactive measures to protect
groundwater resources. In 2011, the
MWI, in collaboration with the German
Federal Institute for Geosciences and
Natural Resources (BGR), implemented
Groundwater Protection Zones in
Jordan, in which the watershed of each
groundwater well was divided into three
zones, delineated using GIS maps. In
Groundwater Protection Zone 1, no
industrial or human activities are
permitted, whereas in Zone 2 domestic
and agricultural activities are allowed,
but with strict limitations and frequent
monitoring. Zone 3 covers the rest of the
groundwater catchment area and it is
assumed that human activities herein
are less likely to contaminate the
groundwater within the watershed. The
concept of Groundwater Protection
Zones was followed by the development
of Groundwater Vulnerability Maps.
Mapping the vulnerability of groundwater
aquifers through spatial hydrogeological
assessments can pave the way for an
enhanced understanding of the
sensitivity of natural systems to
anthropogenic activities. These maps
are an important decision support tool
that should be considered for land
management planning. Groundwater
Protection Zones along with
Groundwater Vulnerability Maps are
becoming essential in Jordan particularly
in areas that are not served with a
sewage network.
The main aim of this study originated
from a request by the National
Implementation Committee for Effective
Integrated Wastewater Management –
NICE to review and update the
previously developed list of Hot Spots.
Hot Spots are defined as areas where
groundwater resources, through leakage
of domestic wastewater from cesspools,
septic tanks, or sewage networks or
through inappropriate handling of
wastewater, have been contaminated or
are expected to be contaminated. Based
on multi-dimensional criteria i.e. people
served, level of pollution, frequency of
pollution and the presence of on-site
treatment, 16 Hot Spots were identified.
The identified Hot Spots, in combination
with the Groundwater Protection Zones
and Groundwater Vulnerability Maps,
can be seen as an important decision
support tool for stakeholders and
decision makers when deciding where
wastewater treatment plants will have
the biggest impact for groundwater
protection.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
viii
اﻟﻣﻠﺧص
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
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 .

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
1
1. Introduction
The protection of water resources of an
appropriate quality is of utmost national
importance, and the optimal
management and use of the scarce
water resources is essential.
Groundwater and surface water
resources need to be protected in order
to restrict pollutants affecting these
resources. The majority of water
resources in Jordan are contaminated
with coliform bacteria originating from
leakage of domestic wastewater from
cesspools, septic tanks, sewage
networks or through inappropriate
handling of wastewater.
In the National Framework for
Decentralized Wastewater Management
(MWI, 2015) and in the Decentralized
Wastewater Management Policy (MWI,
2016) various Hot Spots of groundwater
contamination from domestic
wastewater were identified. Both
documents, included a chapter on
“Groundwater Protection”, defining
groundwater risk sites as well as a
selection of wastewater treatment and
reuse sites within groundwater
protection zones. The identification of
such Hot Spots was based on the
Jordanian “Microbiological Guideline for
the Quality of Drinking Water” issued by
the Higher Committee for Water Quality
(WAJ et al., 2017). For the impact of
domestic wastewater on groundwater,
biological agents such as Escherichia
coli (E. coli), were the main indicator of
contamination.
The main aim of this study, based on a
request from the National
Implementation Committee for Effective
Integrated Wastewater Management –
NICE, was to update the chapter from
the above-mentioned documents
including the list of Hot Spots (MWI,
2015; MWI, 2016). In addition to
improving public health and reducing
environmental pollution, wastewater
management is most beneficial where it
supports the protection of groundwater
and, in particular, where it facilitates the
implementation of groundwater
protection zones (MWI, 2016).
To realize these benefits, priority should
be given to locations where
decentralized wastewater management
supports the remediation of groundwater
pollution from wastewater or the
prevention of groundwater risks
associated with wastewater (MWI,
2016).
Through technical cooperation between
the Ministry of Water and Irrigation and
the German Federal Institute for
Geosciences and Natural Resources
(BGR), a guideline has issued in 2006,
which was updated in 2019, for the
protection of water resources, in which a
total of twenty-one Groundwater
Protection Zones were delineated.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
2
2. Principles of Groundwater
Protection Zone
Groundwater Protection Zones indicate
areas where groundwater is at risk from
potentially polluting activities and
accidental releases of pollutants.
According to the Water Resources
Protection Guideline, the Groundwater
Protection Zone 1 of a spring has to
extend at least 50 m upstream of the
well, 10 m downstream and 15 m to
each side. The perimeter should be
completely fenced and locked, allowing
only authorized personnel to access the
area. Furthermore, there must be signs
indicating restrictions and the
significance of Zone 1 (Figure 1).
Figure 1 Signpost marking the boundary of a
Groundwater Protection Zone 1 in Jordan
(© BGR).
Protection Zone 2 starts at the outer
boundary of Zone 1 and ends at the line
from which groundwater will,
theoretically, take 50-days to reach the
well. The 50-day line assumes that most
pathogenic bacteria die within a period
of 40 – 60 days while moving towards
the groundwater. By preventing
bacteriological contamination entering
the groundwater within this 50-day line,
it can be assumed that the water arriving
at the wells is free of any bacterial
contamination. Signs should also be
installed to clearly show the most
important restrictions (Figure 2).
Figure 2 Signpost marking the boundary of a
Groundwater Protection Zone 2 in Jordan
(© BGR).
Activities that are allowed within Zone 2
are:
(i) Residential areas with a connection
to a local sewerage system or
installation of a properly managed
cesspit;
(ii) Agricultural activity: Organic
agriculture;

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
3
(iii) Existing industries: Those that
produce wastewater have an obligation
to implement all necessary
environmentally sound practices and
(iv) Other activities: New
establishments, extensions or changes
are not licensed unless the responsible
organization gives permission,
referencing Jordanian legislation and
related studies.
Protection Zone 3 comprises all the
remaining groundwater recharge area for
the well or spring.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
4
3. Concept of Groundwater
Vulnerability Maps
In comparison to the aforementioned
Groundwater Protection Zones –
Groundwater Vulnerability Maps provide
an easy to understand tool for decision
makers and stakeholders, showing how
quickly pollution can reach the
groundwater in a given area. While
Groundwater Protection Zones focus on
water sources (wells/ springs/ dams),
vulnerability maps consider groundwater
resources as a whole.
They are an important decision support
tool that should be considered for land
management planning. Activities that
cause or might cause contamination
should not be allowed in highly
vulnerable areas. The overall aim is to
provide an indication of whether a
proposed development or activity is
likely to be acceptable or of potential
concern.
Various methods have been developed
for different geological settings and
available data. For the current study in
Jordan, Groundwater Vulnerability Maps
were produced using the COP-Method
(Vías et al., 2006). In contrast to other
methods frequently used in Jordan, this
approach is able to describe the rapid
infiltration of water through karst
features (Brückner et al., 2018).
Parameters considered in this method
are:
§ Surface features (e.g. karst,
slope, vegetation - Concentration
of Flow). The C-Factor represents
the infiltration conditions of
surface water into the aquifers. In
karst environments, water
infiltrates rapidly, bypassing the
protective cover.
Figure 3 C-Factor of the COP-Method (© BGR).
C – Factor (Concentration of Flow)
Surface Features Slope & Vegetation C –Factor

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
5
§ Texture and thickness of the soil
cover; thickness and lithology of the
geological layers above the
groundwater table (Overlying Layer).
The overlying layers are the basis for
the assessment of groundwater
vulnerability. The O-Factor is a
combination of the vertical distance
that contaminated water has to
traverse to reach the groundwater
table and the retention potential of
the soil and rocks.
Figure 4 O-Factor of the COP-Method (© BGR).
§ Quantity of rainfall as well as
rainfall intensity (Precipitation).
The average value of wet years
during a 30-year period
(1984/1985 – 2013/2014) was
considered. Recharge is
considered indirectly with the
precipitation factor. Variability is
considered to some degree by
using a “worst case scenario”
(rainfall for wet years only,
defined as yearly precipitation
that is at least 15% above
average).
O – Factor (Overlying Layer)
Texture (Soil) Thickness & Lithology Confining Conditions

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
6
Figure 5 P-Factor of the COP-Method (© BGR).
A detailed description of the data and
procedure for producing the maps can
be found in Brückner et al. (2018). The
groundwater vulnerability maps
presented in this study (see Figures
7 – 12) show the vulnerability of the
aquifer that is closest to the surface –
B4/5, A7/B2, A4 or A1/2 – independent
of whether it is exploited or not. Also due
to geological conditions, the maps can
show the vulnerability of different
aquifers. The aquifer which the
groundwater vulnerability map refers to
at any point, is shown on the inlay map.
This can help to identify pollution
pathways, especially by including
potential hazards and groundwater flow
direction. They also show where
establishing a sewage network should
be prioritized from a water quality
perspective.
The overall data were not sufficient to
calculate the vulnerability of the deeper
Kurnub and Ram sandstone aquifers
which outcrop along the Dead Sea rift in
the southern parts of Jordan. The maps
show five categories of groundwater
vulnerability (Very High, High, Moderate,
Low and Very Low), which are defined
as follows:
§ very high: groundwater
resources that have very limited
natural protection
à very high sensitivity to
groundwater pollution from
surface activities.
§ high: groundwater resources
that have limited natural
protection
à high overall pollution risk to
groundwater from surface
activities.
§ moderate: groundwater
resources that have some natural
protection resulting in a moderate
overall groundwater risk.
P – Factor (Precipitation)
Quantity Intensity P –Factor

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
7
§ low: groundwater resources that
have some natural protection
resulting in low overall
groundwater pollution risk.
§ very low: groundwater resources
that have a high degree of
natural protection. This reduces
their overall risk of pollution from
surface activities. However,
activities in these areas may be a
risk to surface water due to
increased run-off from lower
permeability soils and near-
surface deposits.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
8
4. Prioritization of Hot Spots
4.1 Hot Spot definition criteria
In order to decide where wastewater
treatment plants have the biggest
impact, hot spots were defined. These
Hot Spots are defined as areas where
groundwater has been contaminated or
is expected to be contaminated from
untreated wastewater through (i) e.g.
leakage of domestic wastewater from
cesspools, septic tanks, or sewage
networks or (ii) inappropriate handling of
wastewater. As a decisive parameter,
the coliform bacterium concentration of
E. coli, measured as the most probable
number (MPN/100 mL), is used for the
classification of the level of pollution.
The identification is based on the
Jordanian Microbiological Guideline for
the Quality of Raw Water for Drinking
Water issued by the Higher Committee
for Water (Table 3). In order to identify
the source of contamination, the
provenances of contamination, as
mentioned in the Decentralized
Wastewater Management Policy (MWI,
2016), need to be considered: (i) source
of pollution such as feces and other
pollutants that may directly impact the
water resource, (ii) entry point of
pollutants to the water supply path and
(iii) entry of pollutants due to lack of
control measures. Water resources
(springs, dams and wells/wellfields) in
Jordan were classified into three
contamination categories: High,
Moderate and Low (see Table 1), where
principles such as the population served,
level of pollution, frequency of pollution
and availability of treatment of the water
resource were considered. Each
criterion was evaluated separately for
each water resource. Water resources
that were placed in the High category
were considered to represent a Hot
Spot.
Table 1 Criteria that were considered for the classification of the Hot Spots.
Criteria
High Moderat Low
Peop le served* > 50.000 10.000 - 50.000 < 10.000
Level of pollution$
E. co li conc.
2.000 - 20.000
E. co li conc.
200 - 2.000
E. co li conc.
20 - 200
Frequency of pollution per year&Daily to weekly Mont hly t o qu aterly Yearly or above
Treatment at water resource Not available -Available
* Population that c an theoretically be s erved; calc ulated on a daily water consumption bas is of 70 l / inhabitant.
$ Only wastewater induced pollution is cons idered. As a decisive par ameter the E. c oli concentration (Most
probable number (MPN) /100 ml) is us ed for the c lassification of the level of pollution. The identification is based on
the Jordanian Microbiological Guideline for the Quality of Raw Water for Drinking Water.
& According to the classifcation of WAJ.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
9
5. Vulnerable Water Resources in
Jordan: Hot Spots
Based on the description in:
1. Prioritization of Hot Spots, various
water resources in Jordan were
considered and classified according to
the criteria presented in Table 1. In total
sixteen water resources can be
considered as Hot Spots (Table 2;
Figure 6).
Of these, the following were ranked
highest by MWI/WAJ for the
implementation of wastewater
management solutions:
1. El-Qantara spring
2. Tannur & Rasun spring
Table 2 Identified Hot Spots in Jordan for the year 2019.
Governorate
Spring Well/ Wellfield
Hareema 1.113.375 15.905
n.a.
Pella 3.082.526 44.036 √
Kufr Asad 2.359.280 33.704
n.a.
Ajloun El-Qantara 473.879 6.770
n.a.
El-Beida
Tannur; Rasun
Shore'a & √
Hazzir √
Azraq 1.389.844 19.855 √
Baqouriyyeh 2.673.537 38.193 √
Baq'a 1.632.283 23.318 n.a.
Yazidyya 392.040 5.600 n.a.
Awajan
3.153.600 45.051 n.a.
Ruseifa 2.124.016 30.343 n.a.
Madaba Heedan 11.149.269 159.275 √
Karak Mujib Dam
15.027.780 214.683 √
GW-Protect.
Zone
Water Re sourc e
Abstrac tion
Volume m3/y&
Population
served*
Irbid
Zarqa
n.a.: not available; *calculated on a daily water consumption basis of 70 L/inhabitant;
& for the year 2018.
944.137
13.488
n.a.
Balqa
1.295.350
18.505

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
10
Figure 6 Locations of the sixteen Hot Spots identified in Jordan.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
11
5.1 Irbid Governorate
The Irbid Governorate is located in the
north of Jordan. It has an area of
1571.7 km2 and is characterized by a
moderate climate in the summer and a
cool and rainy winter. It is the second
largest governorate in terms of
population, after Amman. Its population
was 1,867,000 in 2017 and it has the
highest population density in the
Kingdom. A significant population
increase has been caused by the Syrian
crisis: about 133,000 Syrian refuges
have moved to the governorate,
increasing pressure on the scarce water
resources.
Six centralized wastewater treatment
plants are located in Irbid Governorate:
(i) North Shouna; (ii) Wadi Al-Arab,
(iii) Central Irbid, (iv) Wadi Shallala,
(v) Ar-Ramtha and (vi) Wadi Hassan.
Groundwater vulnerability
The vulnerability in the Irbid Governorate
is mostly classified as moderate
(Figure 7). In the south and west of
Irbid, the A7/B2 aquifer outcrops and
exhibits very high vulnerability in the
incised wadis, where distance to the
groundwater is lower. Vulnerability is
very low in areas where the B3 aquifer
outcrops and moderate to very high in
the north and east of the governorate
where the B4/5 aquifer outcrops, again
strongly influenced by the occurrence of
wadis.
Figure 7 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Irbid Governorate.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
12
— Hareema wellfield
Located in the northern part of the Irbid
Governorate. Approximately 171 m3/h of
water is extracted providing water for the
network including Kharja, Bawakis,
Hareema, Khair, Qaseef, Sila, Kharib,
Yarmouk Hospital, Sama Al-Rousan –
all located in the district of Bani Kinanah
– and Kafr Jays.
§ Treatment at the wellfield:
Chlorination.
§ A7/B2 aquifer, covered by B3.
§ May be contaminated with
Molybdenum, Nickel and Arsenic.
— Kufr Asad wellfield
Located in the west of the Irbid
Governorate. Approximately 281 m3/h of
water is extracted providing water for the
network including Kufr Asad, Sidour, Al-
Kharaj, Malakah, Mansoura, Hatem,
Abder, Umm Qais – all located in the
district of Bani Kinanah – and Qumim.
§ Treatment at the wellfield:
Chlorination.
§ A7/B2 aquifer.
§ Contamination from the Wadi
Arab WWTP as a result of by-
pass or overflow due to
overloading.
— Pella wellfield
Pella wellfield (also known as Tabaqat
Fahl) is located in the central Jordan
Valley. The water has been used since
Roman times, and is pumped from five
shallow wells in the alluvium of Wadi
Jurum. Although the water originates
from the A7/B2 limestone aquifer, the
deeper wells are causing problems and
are contaminating the shallow wells.
Groundwater Protection Zones for the
spring were delineated by (Hobler et al.,
1999).
Approximately 650 m3/h are pumped
and directed to the network including
Fahl, Wadi al-Rayyan, Tall al-Arbaeen,
Qal'at al-Sheikh Muhammad and al-
Zamiliya.
§ Treatment at the wellfield: The
raw water is passed through
sand filters to reduce turbidity
and to achieve low levels of
suspended solids. Next, it is
pumped through reverse osmosis
units to reduce the relatively high
concentration of soluble salts.
The water is then pumped
through a ventilation tower to
reduce the high concentrations of
sulfur.
Treatment is only required because of
the deeper wells, about 3 km north of
the spring, which have high salt
concentrations and flow into the shallow
wells.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
13
5.2 Ajloun Governorate
The Ajloun Governorate is located in the
north western part of Jordan, with an
area of 419,636 km2. It is the second
smallest governorate in Jordan after
Jarash.
This is one of the governorates in which
karst features are frequent due to the
steep topography and relatively high
amounts of rainfall.
Various springs, streams and artesian
wells are present in Ajloun, and these
are an important source for drinking
water and irrigation.
One central wastewater treatment plant
– Kufranjah WWTP – is located in the
governorate.
Groundwater vulnerability
Groundwater vulnerability in Ajloun
Governorate is mostly moderate to low.
In the depressions around and south of
Kufranjah, vulnerabilities are very high
because the aquifer outcrops directly.
The A7/B2 aquifer outcrops in the
northwest of the governorate (Figure 8).
Figure 8 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Ajloun Governorate.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
14
— El-Beida spring
Initially pumping at a rate of 35 –
120 m3/h as this rate is needed to feed
the Kufranjah tank and network.
§ Treatment at the spring: UV-;
filtration and chlorination unit.
Currently the spring is not connected to
the main drinking water network and no
treatment is applied. Water is taken
directly from the spring by tankers.
— El-Qantara spring
Pumping at a rate 80 – 200 m3/h to feed
the Rasun and Abu Al Hawa network, as
well as the Baun reservoir.
§ Treatment at the spring:
Chlorination.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
15
— Tannur/ Rasun and El-Beida
springs
Rasun and El-Beida springs are both
located within the catchment of the
Tannur spring and are of particular
importance since about 20% of the
population is supplied with water from
them. The adjacent villages are the main
recipients, however excess water is
distributed to Ajloun, Anjara and Ain
Janna via the Ba’oon and Ishtafeina
reservoirs.
Investigations for the delineation of
groundwater protection zones, as
described by (Brückner et al., 2015) and
Hamdan (2016) showed abundant karst
features and a short spring flow
response time to rainfall events.
Contamination events have obliged the
WAJ directorate in Ajloun to stop
pumping water from the springs for
periods between several days to a few
weeks. The majority of the
contamination events occurred during
the rainy season, which usually extends
from October to April (Brückner et al.,
2015).
Olive oil extraction represents one of the
major agricultural industries in Ajloun.
This produces large amounts of
wastewater as a by-product of the
milling process, so called “zeebar”, with
a high pollution load (high concentration
of toxic organic compounds like
polyphenols). It cannot be treated in
conventional wastewater treatment
plants and requires collection in isolated
pools and transportation to special
disposal sites by tanker trucks. The
Tannur spring, in particular, is affected.
Rasun spring is contaminated with
E. coli. The contamination is highly
correlated with precipitation and thus
usually occurs during the rainy season.
The most probable sources of this kind
of contamination are the cesspools of
the houses in the surrounding villages,
which are apparently not sealed properly
and leak into the groundwater (Brückner
et al., 2015). In summary, the main
source of contamination occurs from
coliform bacteria after rainfall and illegal
dumping of olive oil wastewater.
The Tannur and Rasun springs are
protected by a fence, both have a guard
on duty at all times and the water is
chlorinated before distribution to the
water supply system, whereas at the
smaller El-Beida spring there is no
spring capture or treatment and water is
only collected by tanker trucks.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
16
5.3 Balqa Governorate
Balqa is located in the western part of
the Kingdom, with an area of 1120.4 km2
and a population of about 518,600
inhabitants. The governorate is
characterized by varied climate and
terrain reaching from 224 m below sea
level in the area of the Jordan Valley to
1130 m in the highlands.
Five centralized wastewater treatment
plants are located in Balqa Governorate:
(i) As-Salt, (ii) Baqa’a, (iii) Fuheis-
Mahes, (iv) Tal Mantah and (v) Al-
Echraiah.
Groundwater vulnerability
South and east of Salt, the A7/B2
aquifer outcrops and is highly vulnerable
because of the absence of a protective
cover. Vulnerabilities are also high along
Wadi Shuayb, where several springs
that are used for water supply emerge.
Vulnerabilities in the rest of the area are
mostly low. In the Baqa’a wellfield, water
is extracted from the Kurnub Sandstone
– data for this aquifer are quite limited so
it was not possible to calculate
vulnerability in that area (Figure 9).
Figure 9 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Balqa Governorate.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
17
— Al-Echraiah, Hazzir, Azraq and
Baqouriyyeh springs
All springs are located in Wadi Shuayb
and are used for the water supply of As-
Salt and Fuheis-Mahes; they have been
affected by bacteriological contamination
for many years.
Margane et al. (2010) delineated
groundwater protection zones for the
springs and found that leaking cesspools
are most likely the source of frequent
bacteriological contamination.
Grimmeisen et al. (2016) showed that
the discharge at the Hazzir spring is
influenced by a leaking water supply
line, showing a rapid connection
between the shallow subsurface and the
spring.
The water from all wells is treated at Al-
Echraiah and then pumped to Naqab Al-
Dabour, Batneh and the reservoir of the
Azraq spring.
§ Treatment at Al-Echraiah spring:
UV, membrane micro-filtration
and chlorination with a total
capacity of 22,000 m3/d.
The following approximate amount of
water is extracted:
§ Al-Echraiah spring: 75 –
150 m3/h.
§ Hazzir spring: 120 m3/h.
§ Azraq spring: 160 m3/h.
§ Baqouriyyeh spring:
200 – 400 m3/h.
Due to an increase in bacterial
concentrations in the Azraq spring, the
water can no longer be pumped directly
into the Fuheis reservoir.
— Baq'a wellfield
Located in the north eastern part of the
Balqa Governorate. Approximately
383 m3/h of water is extracted providing
water for the Baqa’a Camp network.
§ Contamination with E. coli.
§ Treatment at Baq’a wellfield:
Chlorination
— Yazidyya wellfield
Located in the eastern part of the Balqa
Governarote. Approximately 540 m3/h of
water is extracted, providing water for
the Yazidyya, El-Masri, Al- Hadeeb,
Sahlooliyyeh, Al- wasiya, Al-Rmamen,
Um Sobhiya network.
§ Contamination with E. coli.
§ Treatment at Yazidyya wellfield:
Chlorination

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
18
5.4 Zarqa Governorate
The Zarqa Governorate is located east
of Amman. Its desert climate is dry in the
summer with little rain in winter and it
has a total population of about
1,439,500. Two centralized wastewater
treatment plants are located in the Zarqa
Governorate:
(i) Azraq Camp and
(ii) Khribit As Samra.
Groundwater vulnerability
Groundwater vulnerability is mostly low
to very low, with the exception of areas
around Zarqa city that predominantly
have moderate vulnerability (Figure 10).
Figure 10 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Zarqa Governorate.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
19
— Awajan wellfield
A total of about 410 m3/h is pumped to
feed the network of Awajan (Western
Region) and Upper Awajan Reservoir.
Treatment at Awajan wellfield:
Chlorination.
— Ruseifa wellfield
Located in the south west of the Zarqa
Governarate. Approximately 465 m3/h of
water is extracted providing water for the
network including Jreba, Jabal Faisal
and the Ruseifa tanks.
The hydrogeological conditions are
disturbed by leakage from the water
supply networks as well as leakage from
the wastewater network.
The groundwater vulnerability map
above does not give the right
impression. Contamination can pass
from the A7/B2 to the A4 aquifer due to
cross-formation screening.
The wells are contaminated because of
the leaking wastewater collection pipes
in Seil Zarqa.
§ Contamination with E. coli.
§ Treatment at Ruseifa wellfield:
Chlorination.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
20
5.5 Madaba Governorate
Madaba a is one of the central
governorates and is characterized by a
semi-wet, drought-prone climate. It has
a population of about 199,500
inhabitants.
One centralized wastewater treatment
plant is located in the Madaba
Governorate: (i) Madaba WWTP.
Groundwater Vulnerability Map
Groundwater vulnerability along Wadi
Wala is moderate to very high because
most of the protective cover has been
eroded. In the highlands, vulnerability is
mostly low to very low (Figure 11).
Figure 11 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Madaba Governorate.
— Heedan wellfield
The well field is located in Wadi Heedan
and its tributary Wadi Wala, downstream
of Wala Dam; it is the only source of
drinking water for the city of Madaba.
Heedan wellfield receives water from
managed aquifer recharge at Wala dam,
which has been in operation since
approximately 2004. Water is mainly
extracted from the A7 aquifer (but also
from the deeper A4 as well from the
A1/2 aquifer), a karstic limestone aquifer
with high permeability (Gassen et al.,
2016), which has to be shut down
regularly due to turbidity and

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
21
bacteriological contamination.
Contamination can be correlated to
rainfall events, which flush liquid and
solid waste from human septic tanks and
animal manure into the wadi. This
contaminated floodwater easily infiltrates
the aquifer and arrives shortly after at
the wellfield (Gassen et al., 2016).
Groundwater protection zones have
been delineated by (Gassen et al.,
2016).
Approximately 10 MCM/year is extracted
from the A7 limestone aquifer and
directed to:
§ Cement reservoir.
§ The Hamaydah network.
§ Theban reservoir.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
22
5.6 Karak Governorate
The Karak Governorate is located in the
south of Jordan, dominated by a desert
climate and with an overall population of
about 348,180.
Three centralized wastewater treatment
plants are located in the Karak
Governorate: (i) Lajjoun, (ii) Karak and
(iii) Mu'tah (Adnanieh) WWTP.
Groundwater vulnerability
Groundwater vulnerability is mostly low
to moderate with some areas of high
vulnerability in the wadis, and at aquifer
outcrops, for example in the immediate
vicinity of Mujib Dam (Figure 12).
Figure 12 Groundwater vulnerability map of the Karak Governorate.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
23
— Mujib Dam
The following information is based on
(Margane et al., 2008).
The dam is located in the Karak
Governorate, close to the border with
the Madaba and Amman Governorates.
It was constructed between 1999 and
2003 and started to fill up in the winter of
2003/2004.
Mujib Dam has a maximum storage
capacity of 31.2 MCM. In the south it is
used to supply the mining and
processing industries, such as the Arab
Potash Company (APC), the Salt
Factory, the Magnesium Factory and the
Bromine Factory (altogether demanding
approx.10 MCM/year), and provide
additional water for irrigation to the Ghor
Mazra’a area (approx. 2 MCM/year). It is
also intended to be used for water
supply to the villages south of the Mujib
Dam (Jebel Shihan area, Al Qasr),
however water quality problems hinder
such use.
The surface water from the Mujib Dam is
released whenever needed and flows in
the lower Wadi Mujib towards the Dead
Sea. Before entering the Dead Sea it is
collected and transferred north and
south. Since a large proportion of the
water will ultimately be used for drinking
purposes, the entire lower Wadi Mujib
from the dam to the Dead Sea needs to
be protected from pollution.
Water quality in the Mujib reservoir is
monitored regularly by the WAJ
laboratory, Ministry of Health and
Environment and parallel to that by the
Royal Scientific Society (RSS). The
measurements of RSS are carried out
on behalf of JVA. Since changes in the
main hydro-chemical components are
minor, monthly measurements are
sufficient to assess the general quality of
the surface water.
The most significant aquifers in the
vicinity of the Mujib Dam are the A7/B2
aquifer, the A1/2 aquifer and the
Kurnub/Disi aquifer. Over most of the
western part of the Mujib dam surface
water catchment, the A7/B2 aquifer
outcrops and thus receives groundwater
recharge. The westernmost part the
A7/B2 aquifer is overlain by basalt,
which acts as an aquifer as well, so that
basalt and A7/B2 essentially form a
combined aquifer.
Generally, groundwater flow in the
Kurnub/Disi aquifer is directed towards
Wadi Mujib, which acts as the main
collector of its outflow to the Dead Sea.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
24
Hazards inside Groundwater Protection
Zones
Protection Zones 1 and 2
§ Agriculture: oil contamination
from the operation of generators,
washout of pesticides and
fertilizers (mainly from olive
groves); chicken farms, with the
potential risk of bacteriological
contamination in manure.
§ Residential buildings/stables:
contamination by sewage water
or animal dung/manure. Disposal
of wastewater in cesspits (absent
municipal sewage collection and
treatment system in all villages
and scattered residential areas in
Protection Zones 1, 2 & 3).
Potential risk: leaking and/or
overflowing cesspits and/or
absence of cesspits - infiltration
into groundwater, flushing with
surface water runoff to reservoir.
§ Gypsum mines: contamination by
hydrocarbons; landslides;
increased amount of sulphates in
the reservoir - transfer of
sulphates by wind and soil
leaching.
Potential Hazards inside Protection
Zone 3
§ The main hazard to the water
resources arises from
uncollected and untreated
wastewater. There is a high risk
that wastewater is flushed out
from cesspits during heavy
rainfall events. Analyses of the
reservoir show contamination
with E. coli.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
25
6. Recommendations
The development of recommendations
for the protection of the identified Hot
Spots needs to include a careful
assessment of risks and benefits of
wastewater treatment in Groundwater
Protection Zones, including: site
selection criteria accounting specifically
for hydrological and geological
characteristics of the protection zone,
and safety considerations for the
selection of sites for wastewater
collection, treatment and discharge
facilities, treatment technologies, reuse
of treated wastewater, and sludge
management (MWI, 2015).
Due the prevalent karstic geology and
ensuing high vulnerability to pollution,
the establishment of wastewater
treatment systems is confined to
Protection Zone 3, assuming that
additional requirements are fulfilled, i.e.
selecting the least vulnerable location
within Protection Zone 3. Furthermore,
treated effluents should not be
discharged into wadis leading to
Protection Zone 2 (JS 893, 2006) or
areas of high groundwater vulnerability.
Individual groundwater vulnerability and
hazards maps for areas with rapid urban
growth and contamination risks reflect
the natural protection of the aquifers and
the risks prevailing at the time, which
can be integrated into land use planning
and for land use licensing decisions. In
addition, land stability, flooding risk and
potential negative impacts of georisks
need to be considered. Wastewater
collection systems traversing Protection
Zone 2 must be designed in such a way
that they cannot cause pollution, e.g.
through damage by georisks (rockfalls,
landslides, earthquakes, tectonic
movements). Specific guidelines for
EIAs of wastewater systems in karst
areas have been developed by BGR and
should be applied here.
When reusing treated wastewater, e.g.
in agriculture, the Jordanian Standard
for Reuse (JS 893, 2006), is to be
complied with.
The open discharge of treated
wastewater to the valleys adjacent to
Protection Zones 1 and 2 is prohibited
by Article 30 A/3 of the Water Authority
Law No. 18 of 1988 and amendments
thereof.
It is permissible to use treated
wastewater for the purposes of artificial
recharge, provided that the water in the
aquifer is used for irrigation purposes
only. Technical studies must be
performed before using reclaimed water
to verify that there is no effect on
aquifers used for drinking purposes (JS
893, 2006).

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
26
For aquifers used for drinking water
supply, managed recharge of treated
wastewater is prohibited in Protection
Zones 2 and 3, due to its negative
impact on water resources. However, in
view of the extreme and increasing
water scarcity in Jordan, it is worthwhile
examining each case separately and
establishing exceptional cases, e.g. in
Protection Zone 3, where feasible. For
this, a feasibility study with a detailed
analysis of the hydrogeological situation
must include an investigation of
groundwater travel times.
General Measures
In order to put into effect groundwater
protection from domestic wastewater the
following measures shall be taken:
Measure 1: To establish, with urgency,
treatment systems for the identified Hot
Spots as well as wastewater treatment
systems in the surrounding region in
order to protect vital groundwater
resources from pollution by domestic
wastewater.
Measure 2: To connect all houses
with impermeable cesspools to a sewer
wherever new wastewater collection
systems are established.
Measure 3: To establish a strategy for
cooperation between the municipalities
and the Water Authority for the
enforcement of wastewater regulations.
Measure 4: To make groundwater
protection from domestic wastewater
possible, a wastewater regulation that
solves the issue of ”permeable
cesspools” in Jordan, and in particular
the revision of Article 8 (A) of the
National Wastewater Regulation
66/1994 shall be implemented.
Article 8 (A) states that "If a private
wastewater sewer cannot be connected
to the public wastewater sewer for any
reason whatsoever, the owner shall
construct at his own expense within the
boundaries of his property an absorption
pit and/or septic pit in accordance with
such instructions and standards as shall
be determined by the local council in
certain areas in coordination with the
Authority." In the National Wastewater
Regulation 66/1994, Article 2 the item
"Absorption Pit" is defined as "A pit set
aside for all the water extracted from
liquid waste and for the drainage thereof
through soil cracks and pores".
Irbid Governorate
Hareema, Kufr Asad and Pella-wellfields
Hareema and Kufr Asad wellfields both
serve as drinking water reservoirs for the
municipality of Banin Kinana. The
installation of impermeable cesspools at
all houses, as well as the
implementation of decentralized
wastewater treatment systems will
significantly positively impact both
wellfields. Furthermore, the Wadi Al

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
27
Arab WWTP currently does not meet the
effluent limits according to the Jordan
Standard (JS 893, 2006) and therefore
potentially threatens the Kufr Asad
wellfield through leakage of the treated
wastewater from the transfer pipeline.
The WWTP is currently being upgraded.
Pella wellfields: Preliminary
recommendations have already been
presented by (Hobler et al., 1999),
including that solids, as well as the
wastewater, from all tourist facilities be
directed outside the groundwater
protection area. The wastewater should
be treated using decentralized
wastewater management solutions.
The vulnerability of groundwater to
pollution in the catchment of the Pella
wellfield is high to very high in some
parts, because the A7/B2 aquifer
outcrops in parts of the wadi. It is
therefore urgently recommended that
the enforcement of existing regulations
is strengthened in order to reduce
pollution.
Ajloun Governorate
El-Beida, Tannur and Rasun:
Preliminary recommendations have
already been presented by (Brückner et
al., 2015). Untreated wastewater is the
most likely cause of pollution. Because
of the remote location and relatively low
population, the connection to a
centralized wastewater treatment
system is not a high priority. Approaches
to the disposal of wastewater based on
decentralized wastewater management
options in the region are necessary.
In order to stop the pollution of the
springs with olive oil wastewater,
environmental laws have to
implemented. This should include
systematic control, but also allow the
olive mill owners to dispose of
wastewater at an acceptable cost. In
reality, it is often not economically
feasible to bring all of the wastewater to
Al-Ekeeder landfill.
Qantara spring: Giving citizens
incentives (e.g. financial) to have their
houses connected to the sewer network.
Balqa Governorate
Al-Echraiah, Hazzir, Azraq and
Baqouriyyeh springs: Preliminary
recommendations have been presented
by Margane et al. (2010) to avoid
contamination of the drinking water
source and reduce the health risk to the
local population.
Rehabilitation of the sewer network at
As-Salt city to protect the Hazzir spring
from pollution.
Baq'a a and Yazidyya wellfields:
Connection of the eastern areas of
Balqa: Baqa’a, Yazidyya and Um Al-
Dananer to the new, currently planned,
WWTP.

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
28
Zarqa Governorate
Awajan- and Ruseifa wellfields:
Expanding the transfer pipeline and
installation of new pipelines to avoid
overflow of manholes.
Madaba Governorate
Heedan wellfield: Preliminary
recommendations were presented by
Gassen et al. (2016). The production of
the Heedan wellfield is severely reduced
by temporary contamination of the
groundwater. Such events occur during
heavy rainfall events and are
characterized by high faecal
bacteriological pollution, which leads to
the shutdown of the wellfield. A
shutdown results in a tremendous
shortfall in the water supply to Madaba.
It is recommended that a new wellfield
east of Madaba shall be opened and
connected to Madaba via the Disi
pipeline.
Karak Governorate
Mujib Dam: Preliminary
recommendations were put forward by
Margane et al. (2008). It is
recommended that only one central
outtake at the dam itself be established
and the irrigation water be distributed
from there via pipelines. Agricultural
fields inside Zone 1 have to be
abandoned and pesticides should not be
applied in protection Zone 2, with
organic farming methods employed
instead of using chemical fertilizer.
Fishing in the lake using rowboats
should only be allowed by a limited
number of persons. Existing residential
sites should be connected to an
appropriate sewerage network or
impermeable cesspools.
It is recommended that a wastewater
collection system be established as well
as a wastewater treatment system for all
villages (either a decentralized or cluster
solution, see (MWI, 2015; MWI, 2016).
Decision-Support Tool ”ALLOWS”
As suggested in the National Framework
for Decentralized Wastewater
Management and the Policy for
Decentralized Wastewater Management
in Jordan (MWI, 2015; MWI, 2016), it is
recommended that the ALLOWS
decision-support tool (‘Assessment of
Local Lowest-Cost Wastewater
Solutions’) shall be used for the
development of all wastewater
management solutions in Jordan in
order to assess whether a centralized or
decentralized approach is more feasible
at a specific location. ALLOWS is a GIS-
based tool that enables the stakeholder
and decision-makers to develop different
wastewater management scenarios and
carry out the cost assessment of each
scenario based on the dynamic cost
comparison method. This makes the

Vulnerable Water Resources in Jordan | Hot Spots
29
ALLOWS tool a valuable decision
support instrument for decision-makers
and stakeholders to choose the most
suitable wastewater management
solution (van Afferden et al., 2015).
Depending on the desired result of the
assessment, the ALLOWS tool can be
fed with data of any type and any range.
While the analysis can be carried out as
detailed planning for the scenarios, the
data required for the assessment must
be accordingly of high resolution and
exact. With global data (terrain,
infrastructure, and international and
national benchmarking cost data) the
tool can be used preliminary planning
and decision support instrument.
Generally, the following data are
required for the ALLOWS tool:
(i) Primary geo-database provides
information on the land surface (relief,
terrain), physical infrastructure (streets,
buildings, etc.), water bodies, and land
use (agricultural, residential, industrial,
municipal, etc.); (ii) Socio-economic
database, which provides information on
total population and population growth
rates, average household size, land
ownership (parcel index), and
international and national benchmark
prices for all costs associated with
wastewater infrastructure (treatment
unit, network construction, pump and
lifting stations, operation and
maintenance of the treatment unit and
conveyance, labor, electricity, water,
sludge disposal, etc.); (iii) Water
database provides information on water
supply and conveyance, water
consumption, connection degree to
piped water supply and wastewater
disposal, individual wastewater
production, wastewater composition
(e.g. organic load) and is derived from
data from the local Water Authority and
verified by field visits or through
authorities at the Governorate level and
(iv) Secondary geo-database, which
provides detailed information about the
physical infrastructure (built environment
including individual buildings and
streets) and wastewater infrastructure
already in place (network, septic tanks,
etc.). The scenario development relies
on spatial analysis and designing
wastewater infrastructures visualized in
GIS; it then generates site-specific
financial indicators for different
wastewater management scenarios and
thus enables planners and decision-
makers to identify and select the best
solutions for any given local wastewater
management problem.
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0 0.1 0.2 0.30.05
Kilometers
Legend
")Buildings
Sewer network
Sewer Buffer 30m
Non-occupied Lots
®
Zayy Wadi An-Naqah
Al Yazidiyah
Fuheis
As-Salt
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