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The Effects of Moringa oleifera on blood glucose levels: A scoping review of the literature
Abstract
Diabetes is an increasingly problematic health concern in the United States. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) has been suggested as medication in the prevention or treatment of diabetes, but there is no convincing evidence of a causal relation between moringa and decreased blood sugar levels in humans. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine the effects of Moringa oleifera on blood glucose levels in rats and humans. A search of Scopus, Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, IPA, and Web of Science and manual searching of bibliographies were performed for peer-reviewed English articles published between May 1, 2008 and May 1, 2018. This review included thirty studies. Out of seven human studies, five found that M. oleifera significantly reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. Out of twenty-three animal studies, twenty-one found that administration of M. oleifera led to a statistically significant decrease in animal blood glucose levels. In human studies, moringa was mostly administered in a powdered leaf form, while in animal studies it was frequently administered to as an aqueous or ethanol-based extract. The review found statistical evidence that moringa decreased blood glucose; the evidence is not strong enough to recommend it as the default treatment for people with diabetes.
... Moringa oleifera is used in folk medicine to treat diabetes (Dieye et al. 2008;Nku-Ekpang et al. 2015;Frederick et al. 2020), as well as in the treatment of rheumatism, venom and microbial infections (Rajnish et al. 2012). It is a rich source of antioxidant phytochemicals such as phenolic acids and flavonoids which play important roles in the defence against free radicals (Xu et al. 2019;Olaoye et al. 2021). ...
... It has been reported that high glucose concentration in patients with diabetes affect neurons through osmotic insults, oxidative stress and continued chronic hyperglycaemia, which leads to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). The AGE coupled with free radicals can cause oxidative damage, which can, in turn, lead to neuronal injury (Umegaki 2013;Frederick et al. 2020). From the histology results, it is evident that interventions with M. oleifera (500 mg/kg), V. amygdalina (400 mg/kg) and combination of M. oleifera and V. amygdalina could prevent this damage. ...
This study investigated the ameliorative effects of Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera on cogni-tive impairment in alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in male Wistar rats. The animals were allotted into eight groups of five. Group 1 were not induced nor treated. Diabetes was induced with alloxan (135 mg/kg body weight) in groups 2-8. Group 2 which served as diabetic control received distilled water (10 mL/kg). Groups 3-8 were administered ethanol extracts of V. amygdalina (200 mg), M. oleifera (500 mg), V. amygdalina (400 mg), M. oleifera (1,500 mg), V. amygdalina (300 mg) + M. oleifera (1,000) mg, and Metformin (14.29 mg) per kg body weights respectively, for 28 days starting 72 h post induction of diabetes. Novel object recognition, T-maze simple alternation, transfer latency and neurohistology were assessed. Rats in diabetic control had negative discrimination ratio and scored less than 50% in simple alternation. These memory deficits were reversed in the treated groups. The nootropic effect was higher in M. oleifera 1,500 mg/kg than any other group. Severe neuronal degeneration, shrinkage and clumping observed in the diabetic group were ameliorated with administration of V. amygdalina and M. oleifera extracts individually and in combination. Histological findings showed decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. V. amygdalina (400 mg/kg) and M. oleifera (500 mg/kg) were the most effective in ameliorating neuronal damage. The neuroprotective effects of both plants are attributed to their constituent antioxidants, and appear not to be synergistic.
... A study showed that the Albino rats who consumed 500 mg/kg of dry seed of Moringa peregrina had a significant decrease in blood glucose compared with rats who consumed 0, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of dry M. peregrina seed (EL-Hak et al., 2018). However, a review study concluded that there are no enough evidences on moringa that is strong enough to recommend it as a treatment for diabetes (Owens et al., 2020). A study assessed the impact of Moringa peregrina seed oil on obesity in rats fed a highfat diet. ...
Background: Residents of Saudi Arabia believe that Moringa peregrina seeds oil has a positive health effect on blood cholesterol and blood glucose. In this study, Moringa peregrina seeds oil (MPO) was compared with corn oil on plasma lipids, blood glucose and adipose tissues to study their influence on plasma parameters and obesity. Methods: Fifteen male albino rats were divided into three groups, each group containing five rats. The control group consumed a normal diet, the MPO group consumed a normal diet and 20% Moringa oil and the CO group consumed a normal diet and 20% corn oil for 8 weeks. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with (p less than 0.05). Result: According to results, no significant differences between MPO and CO on the plasma lipids. While there are no significant differences in blood glucose levels between the control group 75.36±8.05 mg/dl and the MPO group 90.62±0.88 mg/dl and there is a significant increase in the CO group 107.28±3.90 mg/dl. No significant differences between all groups in BMI and final weight. While, the highest total percentage of adipose tissues was in the MPO group compared to CO, which was 1.72±0.13 in the MPO group and 1.36±0.12 in the CO group. Moringa peregrina seed oil does not lower blood glucose levels as it is a popular belief but does reduce the blood glucose spikes compared to corn oil. Additionally, substituting it for corn oil does not alter plasma lipid levels and it increases obesity factors (adipose tissues).
... Furthermore, Khattak et al. [93] evaluated the antidiabetic activity of a polyherbal formulation in patients with T2D, demonstrating a significant reduction in HbA1c concentration after 60 days of administration. The majority of the ingredients in the DiabetEaze formulation have already been reported to improve glucose metabolism, stabilize blood sugar levels, and control hunger cues [94][95][96]. These parameters can help manage appetites and cravings and further resulted in substantial improvements in QOLID scores following DiabetEaze powder supplementation. ...
Background and aims
Recently Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has been associated with heightened susceptibility to malnutrition, suggesting that augmenting nutritional intake stands out as a potent therapeutic strategy for addressing malnutrition in individuals with DM. The aim of this clinical investigation was to evaluate the effect of DiabetEaze powder, a polyherbal nutritional formulation developed by us for nutritional management and glycaemic control, on patients with diabetic and prediabetic conditions.
Methods
A total of 143 type II diabetic (T2D) patients who were managing their diabetic condition through modern medicine, AYUSH medicine, lifestyle modification and 68 pre-diabetic patients, aged between 40 and 65 years, were randomly assigned into six groups: control, modern, AYUSH, lifestyle, prediabetic control and prediabetic trial. The treatment groups were administered 5 g of DiabetEaze powder two times a day after food for 6 months. Microminerals, vitamins, glycaemic parameters, Quality of Life (QoL), hematology, lipid profiles, Renal Function Test (RFT) and Liver Function Test (LFL) parameters, and electrolytes were evaluated at Day 0, Day 90, and Day 180.
Results
Out of 211 enrolled patients, 189 individuals successfully completed the entire 180-day duration of the study, indicating a retention rate of approximately 89.6 %. In our study, we observed a statistically significant elevation in the levels of vitamin D, B2, and B6 across all treatment groups. Besides, the treatment groups displayed a notable increase in zinc and manganese levels compared to the other minerals tested. Notably, the treatment groups demonstrated distinct mineral and vitamin profiles. In terms of metabolic markers, significant reductions in Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)/Post Prandial Blood Sugar (PPBS) were observed across the modern, AYUSH, and lifestyle groups, while the modern group also showed a marked decrease in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Furthermore, overall QoL among the tested groups was also statistically significant. The consistent maintenance of normal LFT and RFT parameters and electrolyte levels across trial groups throughout the study duration indicates that the supplement does not induce liver toxicity or negatively impact hepatic function.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the nutrients present in the DiabetEaze powder contribute to the effective management of nutritional status in diabetic people and thus effectively reduce sugar spikes by regulating PPBS and HbA1c levels, which is a critical aspect of its role in diabetes management. These properties benefit in managing diabetes-related outcomes and overall quality of life.
Clinical trial registry of India under registration no
CTRI/2021/04/032956 on 20/04/2021.
... Habibian et al. [60] found that elevated ambient temperatures raised cholesterol and plasma glucose levels. When compared to the heat-stressed group, heat-stressed birds fed a basal diet supplemented with MOL had lower glucose levels, according to Owens et al. [61]. ...
... As an example for human intervention studies, Kushwaha et al. (13) showed a significant decrease of fasting blood glucose levels in postmenopausal women from 107 ± 7 to 92 ± 3 mg/dL after consuming 7 g of Moringa oleifera leaf powder over a period of 3 months. Nonetheless, a comprehensive literature search conducted by Owens III et al. (14) emphasizes that in order to build upon these first promising results on the prevention or treatment of Type 2 diabetes in humans, more studies with standardized approaches, e.g., standardized Moringa preparations as well as treatment durations and doses, are required. ...
The tree Moringa oleifera Lam. provides its leaves, pods, flowers and seeds for human nutrition. The chemical profile of all these Moringa products varies substantially, not only among the different parts of the plants used. Cultivating, processing as well as storage conditions chiefly determine the contents of nutrients and anti-nutritive constituents. Anti-nutrients, e.g., phytic acid or tannins, are present in notable amounts and may affect micronutrient bioavailability. Although Moringa oleifera products have been promoted for several health benefits and are discussed as an alternative treatment in various diseases, risk assessment studies evaluating contamination levels are scarce. Recent investigations have demonstrated alarming contents of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons and mycotoxins in Moringa oleifera products, indicating the need for a
comprehensive risk assessment and contingent legal regulation of these products. In this mini review, we briefly outline pivotal, food chemistry and nutrition related data on Moringa preparations in order to stimulate in-depth research to close the presented knowledge gaps
... These findings align with previous research highlighting the role of physical activity in enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing HbA1c (11,12). Additionally, moringa's antidiabetic properties, attributed to its bioactive compounds that enhance insulin secretion and glucose uptake (13,14), complement the benefits of exercise. ...
Background: The action of aerobic exercise and Moringa Oleifera supplementation on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been individually documented, but their combination remains unclear. This study evaluates the synergistic effects of a 12-week aerobic exercise program and Moringa supplementation on metabolic and inflammatory markers in T2DM patients. Methods: A total of 120 T2DM patients were randomly assigned to four groups: control, aerobic exercise, moringa supplementation (250mg/kg/day), and a combination. BMI, blood glucose, serum insulin, serum C-peptide, renal function tests, HbA1c, adiponectin, IL-6, and lipid profile, were assessed before and after the intervention. Blood glucose levels were monitored weekly. Results: All intervention groups showed significant improvements in HbA1c levels compared to the control group, with the combination group demonstrating the greatest reduction. Blood glucose levels decreased significantly in the exercise and combination groups, with the aerobic exercise group outperforming moringa alone. Serum insulin levels significantly decreased in the moringa and combination groups, while serum C-peptide levels decreased in all groups. Lipid profile improvements were noted in all intervention groups, with the combination treatment showing superior results in reducing total cholesterol and BMI. Both adiponectin levels increased and IL-6 levels decreased significantly in all intervention groups, particularly in the combination group. Renal function tests showed no adverse changes, with a significant reduction in BUN levels observed only in the combination group. Conclusion: The combination of aerobic exercise and moringa supplementation provides a synergistic therapeutic effect, significantly improving glycemic control, lipid profile, adiponectin levels in T2DM patients.
... The different parts of the Moringa plant, their preparations, and the clinical evidence supporting their usesClinical trials have shown Moringa leaf powder to significantly reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. It also improved lipid profiles and reduced inflammation markers in various studies(Owens et al., 2020). ...
Moringa oleifera, an arboreal member of the Moringaceae family native to the Indian subcontinent, has emerged recently as a promising source of bioactive metabolites with diverse functional activities. M. oleifera is not only a rich source of protein and many of the trace elements like calcium, iron and Vitamin A and C and the bioactive metabolites present in M. oleifera include flavonoids, alkaloids, glucosinolates, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Additionally, the secondary metabolites of M. oleifera, exhibit various therapeutic potentials like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. These findings underscore the importance of further research to fully harness the medicinal potential of these bioactive compounds, emphasizing the need to explore their molecular pathways and synergistic effects.
... For instance, Moringa leaf is shown to lower blood glucose in some animal studies and limited clinical studies. [17][18][19] Bitter leaf is demonstrated to have promising antidiabetic effects in animal studies. [20]. ...
In Nigeria, the use of herbal medicines to complement diabetes treatment is common, though their impact on treatment outcomes is not well understood. This cross-sectional questionnaire study, conducted in Jos metropolis, Nigeria, assessed the prevalence of herbal medicines use among 141 diabetes patients and its relationship with treatment outcomes. Most of the study participants were females (60.3%) with a family history of diabetes (70%). The findings showed that 58.9% of participants used herbal remedies like Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina and Allium sativum to complement treatment for diabetes mellitus without guidance from conventional clinicians. There were higher incidences of hospitalizations and hypoglycemia in the group that complemented their treatments with herbal medicines (P <0.05). However, fasting blood glucose levels remained unaffected (P > 0.05). The study highlights the common use of herbal medicines in Nigeria and underscores both the prospect for herbal medicine integration and the challenges of poor clinical data to inform ration use.
... Previous studies have demonstrated that the glucose and lipid content of humans and various animal models is significantly reduced by the inclusion of moringa in the host diet [21,22]. Many of these studies have focused only on changes to the metabolite profiles and/or gut microbial communities in response to dietary supplementation with moringa. ...
Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa) is a plant native to India, used as a nutritional and medicinal supplement in many cultures around the world. Moringa has been linked to maintaining metabolic homeostasis and is often marketed as a weight loss supplement and a potential remedy for diseases such as diabetes. Here, we investigate how moringa, a ‘superfood’ with predicted protective effects against chronic diseases such as diabetes, influences the nutritional physiology and microbiome composition of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We administered moringa as a dietary supplement to Drosophila, and quantified key nutritional indices: glucose, triacylglyceride, and protein levels, and fly weight. We showed that dietary moringa supplementation significantly reduced fly glucose levels by up to ~30% and resulted in substantial restructuring of Drosophila microbiota composition, altering both gut and intracellular bacterial populations. The effect of moringa on fly glucose levels is specific because other nutritional indices, namely, triacylglyceride and protein levels and fly weight, were not significantly affected by dietary moringa supplementation. This study highlights the importance of moringa as a modulator of host glucose metabolism.
... Black cumin seeds with the main active substance thymoquinone are proven to have anti-inflammatory [16], immunostimulatory [17], antidiabetic [18], antihypertensive-cardioprotector [19], and antioxidant [20] effects. Moringa leaves and Gotu kola, with the main content of flavonoids and polyphenols, have been shown to have biological activity as antioxidant [21], hypoglycemic [22], antiinflammatory [23], antidyslipidemic [11], and immunomodulatory [24]. Herbal honey preparations containing Moringa extract, Gotu kola extract, and black cumin oil (MMPK) have been developed as nutritional supplements for hypoglycemic antioxidants. ...
... Hasil penelitian literature reviuw untuk mengetahui efek moringga oleifera terhadap akdar glukosa darah pada tikus dan manusia menunjukkan bahwa dari tujuh penelitian pada manusia, lima penelitian menemukan bahwa M.oleifera secara signifikan menurunkan kadar glukosa darah pada pasien diabetes sedangakan dari dua puluh tiga penelitian pada hewan coba diperoleh dua puluh satu penelitian bahwa pemberian M.olifiera menurunkan signifikan kadar glukosa darah pada hewan coba melalui uji statistic. Pada penelitian manusia, kelor sebagian besar diberikan dalam bentuk daun bubuk sedangkan pada hewan coba diberikan berupa ekstrak berbasis air atau etanol (Owens et al., 2020). ...
Diabetes merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang mengancam kualitas hidup masyarakatnya, namun keberadaan daun kelor di tengah masyarakat dapat berfungsi sebagai antioksidan alami karena meiliki jumlah vitamin dan mineral. Tujuan pengabdian ini adalah untuk memberikan pelatihan pembuatan teh kelor untuk pencegahan diabetes mellitus. Metode yang digunakan dalam penyuluhan ini yaitu dengan metode ceramah dan praktek langsung serta dilakukan evaluasi capaian kegiatan dengan menggunakan alat ukur ketercapaian. di rumah ketua RK 1 dan RK 2 Dusun Lembang Tumbu. Hasil pengabdian ini menunjukkan perbedaan yang sangat signifikan pada pengetahuan sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan. Penyuluhan pengendalian diabetes mellitus memberi pengaruh terhadap pengetahuan masyarakat yang menjadi responden. Program penyuluhan pembuatan the ini dapat dijadikan strategi yang efektif untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat dalam upaya mengatasi penyakit diabetes mellitus.
... Moringa contains compounds, such as chlorogenic acid and quercetin, which have been found to inhibit the enzymes responsible for breaking down carbohydrates into glucose. By inhibiting these enzymes, Moringa can reduce the absorption of glucose from the digestive system, leading to lower blood sugar levels [38]. ...
Moringa, scientifically known as (Moringa oleifera Lam.), is a multipurpose tree that has gained considerable attention due to its exceptional nutritional and medicinal properties. Native to the Indian subcontinent, Moringa is now cultivated in various tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. This article provides an overview of the nutritional composition and potential health benefits of Moringa, highlighting its role as a valuable resource for combating malnutrition and addressing various health conditions. The information presented here is based on a review of relevant research articles available on Google Scholar.
... oleifera) is a plant that is indigenous to northern India and has been utilized as a food supplement and herbal remedy by people all over the world. M. oleifera, often known as the drumstick tree, has a wide range of applications and is thought to have a number of health advantages, including nutritional and therapeutic effects [20]. The phenolics and flavonoids found in moringa seed, which have a scavenging impact on free radicals, are what give the powder its antioxidant properties [1]. ...
This study investigated the effect of combined seeds of Sesemum indicum (SI) and Moringa oleifera (MO) on liver function markers in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. 54 albino rats were divided into 9 groups of 6 animals each. Group 1 served as the normal control and received standard feed diet, Group 2 (Diabetic control) received intraperitoneal injection of 140mg/kg of Alloxan, Group 3 (Positive control) received 5mg/kg of glibenclamide, Group 4; diabetic rats fed diet containing 15% of SI. Group 5; diabetic rat fed with 15% of MO diet, Group 6; diabetic rat fed with combination of 15% SI and 15% MO compounded diet. Group 7; diabetic rat fed with 30% of SI diet. Group 8; diabetic rat fed with 30% of MO diet. Group 9; diabetic rat fed with combination of 30% MO and 30% SI diet. The Feed was compounded and was given daily for 14 days. Serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, albumin, and bilirubin were estimated to assess hepatic function using spectrophotometric method. Results showed a significant decrease in ALT, ALP, AST, and bilirubin levels when fed with compounded feeds at (p<0.05). Also feeding of diet with combined seeds significantly (P<0.05) increased the total protein and albumin in induced rats. Overall, compounded feed with combined seeds of SI and MO exhibited a promising anti-diabetic activity and normalized the liver enzyme activities which appeared comparable to the control glibenclamide in alloxan-induced diabetes hence, may be recommended for treatment/management of diabetes mellitus.
... They later found out its nutritional and medical benefits, and now it is grown in almost all tropical and subtropical areas [32]. A systematic review covering the studies between 2008 and 2018 and found that moringa leaf powder intake showed statistical evidence of reduced plasma glucose concentration [33]. ...
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is increasingly used by patients nowadays. The pooled prevalence of CAM use is about 51%. Many types of CAM have been practiced by patients with diabetes. Some of them showed promising results on blood glucose and other cardiometabolic parameters such as blood pressure, body mass, and lipid profile. This chapter explores two main types of CAM: Herbs and mind–body therapy. Different types of mind–body therapy and plants, plant extracts, and herbal substances have been utilized for an extended period and are sometimes favored by many individuals with T2D. Those practices and compounds found in these natural remedies are believed to have the potential to benefit the body in several ways, including the reduction of symptoms, alleviation of pain, and promotion of overall health. This chapter includes a summary of the findings of the available systematic reviews and meta-analyses regarding the most used medicinal herbs and body–mind therapies. In conclusion, as some of these interventions are promising, it is unclear to what extent glucose metabolism and certain substances can help mitigate complications in late-stage diabetes. Healthcare providers should be aware about them.
... In animal studies, 90% of publications reported that ethanol and aqueous extracts of the plants suppressed high blood glucose associated with diabetes mellitus. Using a quasi-experimental design, Siska et al., (2021) [93] showed that extract of Moringa olifera administered once per day for a period of seven days caused decline in high blood glucose associated with type II diabetes mellitus in patients. In the study, the leave of Moringa olifera was utilized. ...
Physical stress remains an integral and inevitable phenomenon in human life. As a non-specific response, stress involves secretion of barrage of chemical messengers including catecholamine which orchestrate changes in functional markers causing rise in blood glucose, increase in blood pressure and increased pain perception. Worldwide, the use of herbs for the management of ailments and maintenance of health continues to increase. The study reviewed twelve analgesic medicinal plants locally consumed in West Africa which can also alleviate some non-specific stress markers such as blood pressure and blood glucose. Beyond pain regulation, medicinal plants such as Allium sativum, Citrullus lanatus, Abelmoschus esculentus L, Passiflora species, Tamarindus indica, Persea Americana, Carica papaya, Aloe vera, Tridax Procumbens, Moringa olifera, Cassia alata and Ananias comosus were found to be capable of decreasing blood pressure and blood glucose. The blood pressure-reducing and glucose-lowering tendencies were due to the phytochemical constituent of the respective medicinal plants. The study indicated that the indigenous medicinal plants exhibited potentials of alleviating stress.
... In the current study, the glucose and urea values were decreased (p<0.05) due to M. oleifera supplementation as indicated in several studies (Owens et al., 2020;Nova et al., 2020;Yasoob et al., 2022). The significant improvement in nutrient digestibility and body weight gain (Abdel-Raheem and Hassan, 2021) could be the reason for consuming glucose in metabolism and urea in protein synthesis. ...
Recent attention has been grown to investigate ing Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) effects on productive and reproductive performances in mammals. The aims of the current study were designed to explore the effects of Moringa oleifera leaves given to ewes during prepartum and postpartum periods on thermo-tolerance responses, body weight gain, ovarian structures growth, blood and metabolic profiles of ewes and resulting lambs in subtropics. Fifteen ewes of body weight 49.1 ± 1.86 kg/head and 2.50 years old were allotted using complete random design to control and
two M. oleifera groups (50.0 and 100.0 g/day). Relative humidity and ambient temperature were recorded and the temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. Body weights of ewes and resulting lambs (kg) were recorded
during the prepartum and postpartum periods. The small, medium and large ovarian follicles were recoded postpartum on day 18, and corpora lutea (CL) were recorded on day 21. Collection of blood samples from ewes and lambs were performed at -8 weeks and -4 weeks pre-partum, parturition, +4weeks, and +8weeks postpartum. The blood samples were analyzed for blood and metabolic profiles, liver enzymes, and minerals. The results indicated that ewes suffered from thermal stress during the study and the stress was alleviated due to M. oleifera supplementation. The body weight of ewes (p<0.05) and lambs (p>0.05) were higher in M. oleifera group compared to the control one. Ovarian structures’ development was higher in M. oleifera groups if compared to the control group. M. oleifera supplementation resulted in significant improvement in hematological (RBCs, Hb, Ht, WBCs, neutrophils, and lymphocytes) and plasma parameters (total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, urea, and minerals) of ewes and lambs. It could be concluded that
M. oleifera leaves supplementation to pregnant ewes from eight weeks prepartum to eight weeks postpartum might be ameliorative for both productive and reproductive performances of ewes through modulating thermo-tolerance responses, blood and plasma parameters in subtropics.
... It is possible that six weeks of treatment were insufficient for achieving weight loss in young, fit physical education students. Moreover, the effect of Moringa on body weight could be related to its effect on blood glucose levels, as a recent review indicates that Moringa lowers blood glucose levels in diabetic humans (Owens et al., 2020). These effects of Moringa on blood glucose in healthy populations should therefore be further investigated. ...
Background. The Moringa oleifera (Moringa) nutritional supplement is often used for medicinal purposes due to its acclaimed healing abilities. Indeed, research indicates that Moringa possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and has the potential of being an ergogenic substance by enhancing energy metabolism. Yet, despite numerous manufacturers producing Moringa-based supplements, little scientific research has been conducted on humans. Aims. The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of Moringa as an ergogenic aid in improving aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in healthy young fit subjects. Methods. A randomized, double-blind controlled study was performed to evaluate Moringa supplement compared to placebo. The study included 16 healthy young male and female, age 26.6 ± 3.0 years physical education college students. Participants were evaluated before and after six weeks of intervention of Moringa (310 mg x 2) or placebo capsules. Participants were measured for body composition, resting blood pressure (BP), resting heart rate (HR), graded cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill until reaching maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and maximal anaerobic Wingate bicycle test. Results. There were no differences in physiological or physical performances between the two groups before and after the intervention. Conclusions. Despite promising indications of positive effects of Moringa plant on physiological processes, there was no effect on physical activity performance. As such, the administering of Moringa for improving athletic performance should be taken with caution. Further studies should be conducted to examine the effects of the Moringa plant on human performance in other populations.
... Moringa oleifera constitute many pharmacological properties such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antihypertensive, antioxidant and anti-tumour activities. It has been reported that there is a relation between Moringa and decreased blood sugar levels in humans, when moringa leaf powder was administered to diabetic patients, a significant reduction in blood glucose levels was recorded [35]. The presence of larger amounts of flavonoids which are known for potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant in Moringa oleifera have attracted great interest as chemotherapeutic modality due to its edible potential [36]. ...
Food security is a concern for developing countries, especially for countries in sub-Saharan Africa. There is a need to investigate and promote the indigenous and emerging plant resources (climate smart emerging crops) which have been neglected by research, policy and decision-makers and consumers, but have the potential to contribute to food and nutrition security, income generation and combat the effects of climate change. This chapter discusses selected climate smart emerging crops: morama bean (Tylosema esculentum (Burch.) A.Schreib.), mungongo (Schinziophyton rautanenii (Schinz) Radcl.-Sm.), mosukujane (Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng), moringa (Moringa olifera Lam), Kgengwe (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) and mahupu (Kalaharituber pfeilii Trappe), with a focus on their unique chemical and medicinal properties, and explores how the indigenous communities have used them towards food security. To contextualize this, research projects that have been carried out in Botswana and Namibia are discussed and the lessons learned highlighted. The success of these projects has been dependent on symbiotic relationship, especially in terms of knowledge sharing, between researchers and communities where the plant species are abundant and used. These communities have demonstrated high levels of indigenous knowledge on conservation, sustainable collection, processing and utilization. It is within this context that appropriation of knowledge related to these climate smart emerging crops, through intellectual property protocols and guidelines, is found to be critical so that these communities can be protected and derive commercial benefits if any. Within the broad aim of promoting these climate smart emerging crops towards food security and food scarcity, there is a need for operational policy framework and strategy on domestication and cultivation of these that could lead to adequate research and development on domestication, cultivation and value chains to improve and promote the production, value adding and marketing of these species.
... 34 Another study suggested Moringa oleifera could also be of benefit for the treatment of various metabolic and neurological conditions, including diabetes. 35,36 TNF-α is one of the aspirant molecules responsible for causing insulin resistance. 37 TNF-α expression is important in stimulating, proliferating, and steroidogenesis in ovarian follicular theca cells. ...
Background:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a syndrome characterized by ovulation disorders accompanied by hyperandrogens. Women with PCOS are prone to develop insulin resistance which has metabolic characteristics similar to type 2 diabetes and leads to disturbance of follicular formation. PCOS is also known to increase the concentration of proinflammatory cytokines, namely TNF-α. Moringa oleifera leaves have been shown to have compounds that can reduce insulin levels and glucose levels in diabetes mellitus and should be able to reduce TNF-α and follicle count.
Purpose:
This study aims to prove the effectiveness of Moringa oleifera leaf in reducing insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS.
Methods:
The three-month-old white rats Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) 150-170 grams were divided into four groups (n = 10), namely normal rats, PCOS model rats, PCOS model rats given metformin, and PCOS rats given 500mg of Moringa oleifera. The method of this study is taking PCOS model rats by injecting the 100mg/kg BW hormone testosterone propionate for 21 days. After 21 days of therapy, we analyzed insulin, glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count.
Results:
The PCOS control group showed an increase in insulin level, glucose levels, TNF-α expression, and a decrease in the follicle count compared to the normal control group. The insulin level, glucose level, TNF-α and follicle count in the Moringa oleifera 500 mg/kg BW treatment group were significantly lower than in the PCOS control group.
Conclusion:
Moringa oleifera leaves have the potential in reducing insulin levels, blood glucose levels, TNF-α and follicle count in PCOS patients.
... No escopo dessa pesquisa, percebeu-se que dos 43 estudos não clínicos (12 -in vitro e 31 -in vivo), o uso da M. oleifera apresentou duas vertentes principais [43][44][45] : uma com ênfase nas propriedades nutracêuticas, com uso das folhas in natura [14] ou na forma de droga vegetal [46][47][48][49][50] ; e outra com foco nas propriedades farmacoterapêuticas, com o uso das folhas em apresentações como comprimidos [51] , contendo o pó das folhas secas (TABELAS 1 -2). Cabe ressaltar que para uso terapêutico o ideal seria utilizar extrato vegetal seco padronizado ou quantificado, cujo controle é relacionado ao teor de marcadores terapêuticos e ativos, respectivamente ou "outros extratos", cujo controle é por é por meio de um teor referência de marcadores analíticos, como forma de garantir a segurança, eficácia e qualidade [18] . ...
A espécie Moringa oleifera Lamarck (Moringaceae) vem se destacando no Brasil, devido ao seu elevado teor nutricional, sendo amplamente utilizada na complementação alimentar. Muitos estudos têm sido publicados sobre sua ação no tratamento de diabetes mellitus, bem como sobre diversas outras propriedades, como antioxidante, protetor de tecidos, efeito anti-hipertensivo e imunomodulador. Porém, seu crescente uso irracional, por parte da população, desencadeou a proibição do uso e da comercialização de produtos à base de moringa no Brasil pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Nesse cenário, este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura para avaliar a potencial ação antidiabética das folhas de M. oleifera. Para tanto, foram analisados 43 estudos não clínicos (12 - in vitro; 31 - in vivo). Os estudos analisados apontaram uma promissora atividade antidiabética para as folhas. Todavia, a ausência de padronização no processo de obtenção e na caracterização química nos produtos de moringa avaliados e alguns vieses metodológicos nos modelos, enfraquecem as evidências científicas e o entendimento do seu mecanismo de ação.
... In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats, Gupta et al. (2012) found that the methanolic pods extract of M. oleifera has antidiabetic properties. Moringa seed powder effectively lowered fasting blood sugar in STZ-induced diabetic rats in a similar study by Owens et al. (2020). ...
Moringa oleifera is a medicinally important plant of the family Moringaceae, which is highly valued because of its enormous nutritional and therapeutic potential. Each part of M. oleifera is said to contain medicinal properties, which contributes to its diversity and value as a medicinal herb. Literature has revealed that the plant possesses anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antifertility, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, and other important pharmacological attributes. Most of these biological activities of the plant are due to its high content of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, glucosides, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, and steroids. Aside from the plant’s exceptional phytochemicals and therapeutic potentials, it is also rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, beta-carotene, fiber, and fatty acids. This systematic review aims at providing updated and categorized scientific data on phytochemicals, nutritional composition, and pharmacological potentials of M. oleifera. The information compiled in this present review would be crucial for developing novel therapeutic medicines and pharmaceutical formulations, which are more effective with great curative actions.
... As an example for human intervention studies, Kushwaha et al. (13) showed a significant decrease of fasting blood glucose levels in postmenopausal women from 107 ± 7 to 92 ± 3 mg/dL after consuming 7 g of Moringa oleifera leaf powder over a period of 3 months. Nonetheless, a comprehensive literature search conducted by Owens III et al. (14) emphasizes that in order to build upon these first promising results on the prevention or treatment of Type 2 diabetes in humans, more studies with standardized approaches, e.g., standardized Moringa preparations as well as treatment durations and doses, are required. ...
The tree Moringa oleifera Lam. provides its leaves, pods, flowers and seeds for human nutrition. The chemical profile of all these Moringa products varies substantially, not only among the different parts of the plants used. Cultivating, processing as well as storage conditions chiefly determine the contents of nutrients and anti-nutritive constituents. Anti-nutrients, e.g., phytic acid or tannins, are present in notable amounts and may affect micronutrient bioavailability. Although Moringa oleifera products have been promoted for several health benefits and are discussed as an alternative treatment in various diseases, risk assessment studies evaluating contamination levels are scarce. Recent investigations have demonstrated alarming contents of heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and mycotoxins in Moringa oleifera products, indicating the need for a comprehensive risk assessment and contingent legal regulation of these products. In this mini review, we briefly outline pivotal, food chemistry and nutrition related data on Moringa preparations in order to stimulate in-depth research to close the presented knowledge gaps.
... In MO, 54 members (MoWRKY1-MoWRKY54) were identified and categorized into Group I, II, and III, and qRT-PCR analysis exhibited differential expression levels in response to different abiotic (cold, drought, heat, H 2 O 2 , and salinity) stress responses (Zhang et al., 2019). Metabolites in different tissues (stem and leaf) of MO were quantified by employing NMR spectroscopy, which revealed 30 metabolites of which Table 1 Reviews on the various applications of M.oleifera published in 2020 (Badwaik et al., 2020;Biswas et al., 2020;Bridgemohan et al., 2020;Chhikara et al., 2020;Lopez-Rodriguez et al., 2020;Meireles et al., 2020;Nova et al., 2020;Omonhinmin et al., 2020;Owens et al., 2020;Padayachee and Baijnath, 2020;Pagadala and Shankar, 2020;Popoola et al., 2020;Reetu et al., 2020;Sagona et al., 2020;Singh et al., 2020;Sodvadiya et al., 2020;Su and Chen, 2020;Subramonie et al., 2020;Valdivié-Navarro et al., 2020;Yaseen and Hájos, 2020). 22 were present in both the stem and leaf, while a few of them were found to be present specifically in the leaf (adenosine, 4-aminobutyrate, p-cresol, guanosine, and tyrosine) and stem (tryptophan, glutamate, and glutamine) (Mahmud et al., 2014). ...
Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO), a fast-growing medium-sized tree, is extensively grown in many countries in Asia, North and South America, Africa, Europe, and Australia/Oceania with a semi-arid climate. The miracle MO has a wide range of culinary, nutraceutical, pharmacological and phytochemical properties and is one of the most extensively researched tree species. Largely, the pharmacological applications of various bioactive phytochemicals from M. oleifera have been based on anecdotes and the mechanistic details governing their activities have been elusive. Therefore, there has been a much-needed paradigm shift from anecdotes to empirical evidence. The draft genome sequence of MO in 2015 was a significant development and a prelude for various basic and applied studies by employing state-of-the-art biotechnological interventions. This review presents a critical analysis of the emerging biotechnological advances made in MO comprising studies on the whole genome and chloroplast genome, identification of transcription factors (TFs), genes involved in metabolic pathways, miRNAs, and novel proteins. These studies provided a fillip for the improvement of commercially viable traits and elucidation of the intricate molecular mechanisms governing a vast repertoire of pharmacological and other attributes in MO.
... Studies have also shown M. oleifera leaf extracts to have an antihypertensive effect (Acuram and Hernandez, 2019;Okorie et al., 2019). Additionally, Owens et al. (2020) conducted a literature review on the effect of M. oleifera on blood glucose levels. They found strong evidence that M. oleifera extracts and powdered leaves reduced blood glucose levels. ...
Multifunctional crops can simultaneously contribute to multiple societal objectives. As a result, they represent an attractive means for improving rural livelihoods. Moringa oleifera is an example of a multifunctional crop that produces nutritious leaves with uses as food, fodder, and a biostimulant to enhance crop growth. It yields seeds containing a water purifying coagulant and oil with cosmetic uses and possible biofuel feedstock. Despite moringa oleifera’s (and other multifunctional crops’) various Food- Energy-Water uses, optimizing the benefits of its multiple uses and livelihood improvements remains challenging. There is a need for holistic approaches capable of assessing the multifunctionality of agriculture and livelihood impacts. Therefore, this paper critically evaluates moringa oleifera’s Food-Energy-Water-Livelihood nexus applications to gain insight into the tradeoffs and synergies among its various applications using a systems thinking approach. A systems approach is proposed as a holistic thinking framework that can help navigate the complexity of a crop’s multifunctionality. The “Success to the Successful”systems archetype was adopted to capture the competition between the need for leaf yields and seed yields. In areas where there is energy and water insecurity, moringa oleifera seed production is recommended for its potential to coproduce oil, the water purifying coagulant, and a residue that can be applied as a fertilizer. In areas where food insecurity is an issue, focusing on leaf production would be beneficial due to its significance in augmenting food for human consumption, animal feed, and its use as a biostimulant to increase crop yields. A causal loop diagram was found to effectively map the interconnections among the various uses of moringa oleifera and associated livelihood improvements. This framework provides stakeholders with a conceptual decision-making tool that can help maximize positive livelihood outcomes. This approach can also be applied for improved management of other multifunctional crops.
... Besides, the meaning of conventional medicine is an animal and mineral medicine, spiritual healing, exercise and manual technique, applied singly and or in combination to treat, prevent illness, maintaining body health and wellbeing [3]. In recent years, especially in developing countries, the uses of traditional medicines has increased and had become a significant source of healthcare [4]. ...
Moringa oleifera, commonly known as the drumstick tree, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its impressive array of nutritional and medicinal properties. This research paper provides an in-depth review of the therapeutic potential of M. oleifera leaves, emphasizing their health benefits and diverse applications. The bioactive compounds found in Moringa leaves, including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and phytochemicals, play crucial roles in their efficacy for treating and preventing a wide range of health conditions. Specifically, the leaves exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-cancer properties, making them valuable in combating chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancers. Additionally, Moringa leaves are effective in addressing malnutrition and have been extensively used in traditional medicine for various ailments. This review also explores the integration of Moringa leaves into modern medical and nutritional practices, highlighting their potential as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and functional foods. Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and to harness the therapeutic potential of M. oleifera leaves for improving public health on a global scale.
Background
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a severe complication in patients with diabetes mellitus, which is mainly characterized by glomerular podocyte injury. Ferroptosis is crucial in the pathogenesis of DN. Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE) has attracted attention due to its multiple pharmacological activities, but it is unclear whether it can delay the progression of DN by inhibiting ferroptosis.
Purpose
To investigate whether MOLE can alleviate podocyte injury and delay the progression of DN by inhibiting ferroptosis.
Methods
DN model cells were established using rat podocytes induced by high glucose (HG); the cells were processed with MOLE, dapagliflozin (DAPA, positive control), and acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) overexpression plasmids. Cell viability, Fe ²⁺ concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels were monitored by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and corresponding kits.
Results
MOLE treatment markedly enhanced HG-induced rat podocyte viability, decreased intracellular Fe ²⁺ concentration, ROS level, MDA concentration, and elevated GSH concentration. ACSL4 overexpression reversed the protective effect of MOLE on podocytes.
Conclusion
MOLE ameliorates rat podocyte injury and delays DN progression by inhibiting ACSL4-mediated ferroptosis. This finding provides a theoretical basis for further developing MOLE-based therapeutic agents for DN treatment.
Moringa oleifera Lam. (horseradish tree) leaves demonstrate high nutritional value, are rich in proteins, and are widely used in folk medicine and food. This study investigated the presence of secondary metabolites and antinutritional proteins in leaf extract (LE) and the protein-rich fraction (PRF) derived from M. oleifera leaves, as well as the cytotoxicity to human cells, hemolytic activity, and in vivo acute toxicity and genotoxicity in mice. The flavonoids rutin and vitexin as well as trypsin inhibitors and lectins were detected in LE and PRF. Neither sample demonstrated toxicity against human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and both showed low hemolytic action. In vivo, LE and PRF did not show antinutritional effects and caused no death. The hematological parameters of the animals in the treated group were similar to those of the control. A significant increase in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and a discrete leukocyte infiltration with cytoplasmic vacuolization of the hepatocytes in the liver were detected in LE-treated animals. The preparations were not genotoxic or mutagenic. This study shows that LE and PRF are not antinutritional agents and presented low acute toxicity and no genotoxicity or mutagenicity. The present study contributes to the determination of the safety of using M. oleifera leaf proteins.
Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting millions worldwide, characterized by inadequate insulin production or malfunctioning insulin action, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. Its prevalence is escalating globally, with estimates projecting a rise from 2.8% to over 5.4% of the world's population by 2025. In India, diabetes poses a significant health challenge, especially in urban areas. While conventional medications are widely available, herbal remedies have gained popularity due to their potential for fewer side effects and lower costs. Herbal remedies have been employed for centuries in diabetes management and have been extensively studied for their blood sugar regulatory properties. Prominent herbs studied for their potential to manage diabetes include gymnema, cinnamon, fenugreek, and bitter melon. These herbs are believed to enhance insulin sensitivity, reduce glucose absorption in the intestines, and improve glucose metabolism. This review highlights emerging alternative treatment options, such as stem cell therapy and gene therapy, in the field of diabetes management. Stem cell therapy aims to regenerate insulin-producing cells or enhance their function, while gene therapy targets the underlying genetic factors contributing to diabetes. These innovative approaches hold promise for more effective and personalized treatments in the future. It is essential to emphasize that any diabetes treatment or remedy should be discussed with a healthcare professional. Diabetes management requires a personalized approach based on individual needs and medical history. The integration of herbal remedies and alternative treatment options into conventional diabetes management warrants further research to determine their efficacy, safety, and potential for widespread implementation
Plants could be used for multiple medicinal purposes. Moringa oleifera (MO) is considered the most famous plant used for this purpose. The present review aimed to spot the light on the recent medicinal, biochemical, and nutritional applications of MO. The plant contains a huge number of nutrients such as fatty acids, amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, minerals, and vitamins. It has been used to control glucose, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins, hormones, and antioxidants in many animals and human models. Its medicinal applications are also varied and wide; it could be used to control and manage lots of disorders. Extracts and isolated ingredients from the plant open the way for many researchers all over the world to study its biochemical and medicinal impact on many experimental and clinical models. The present review spots the light on the recent medicinal and biochemical significance of MO opening the discussion and demonstrating the strengths and weaknesses in the MO research area. Regardless of the contrary concept, we considered MO a promising plant that could be studied for its medicinal applications on both biochemical and molecular levels. We recommended further research on the molecular effects of MO in healthy and diseased models.
A member of the Moringaceae family, Moringa Oleifera Lam is a perennial deciduous tropical tree known as the 'Miracle Tree' for its medicinal and nutritional benefits. Food and nutrition are crucial aspects of the development and maintenance of healthy health. Moringa oleifera is a multi-purpose herbal bush that is used as both human food and a medical alternative all over the world. Various parts of the tree are used to treat chronic diseases such as hypertension, heart disease, inflammation, oxidative stress, diabetes, and cancer. Moringa is an excellent source of essential nutrients and has been found to have a significant impact on improving nutritional deficiencies in populations with limited access to food. Moringa oleifera contains essential amino acids, carotenoids, minerals, fats, carbohydrates, proteins, phytochemicals, vitamins, and fibre. Moringa offers nutritional and economic advantages, medicinal and therapeutic uses, and future biological potential for human well-being.
Background and Objective: Amid global agricultural sustainability concerns, Moringa oleifera's potential in Southern Tunisia is explored. The region's challenges include aridity, limited land and water scarcity, hindering farmers. This study evaluates the suitability of the exotic plant for local cultivation to address these issues and enhance regional agriculture's resilience and productivity. Materials and Methods: Ethnonutritional data were gathered via a modified questionnaire shared online, yielding 450 responses. Proximate analysis and mineral quantification were conducted using standard methods. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed on M. oleifera leaf extracts obtained via methanol, ethanol, hexane and water. Results: As 69% of respondents were aware of M. oleifera, with 40% using it. Leaves (88%), seeds (24%) and flowers (14%) were commonly used. Infusion was prevalent (67%) for cancer, digestive disorders and inflammation. Leavesrichness: 28.65% fiber, 46.87% dry matter, 18.17% protein, 20.73% minerals and 79.14% organic matter. Phytochemical screening identified alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, diterpenes, triterpenes, phenols, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids and quinones. Conclusion: This study showed that M. oleifera retained its nutritional values and its rich compositional with the new planting conditions in an arid environment.
The main objectives of this research work are to isolate, identify, and characterized the Enteric organisms isolated from Patient's Fecal Samples, to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of various brands of green tea extracts on the isolated enteric organism, and to determine the killing kinetics/Death dynamics of the green tea extracts using Visible (Vis) UltraViolet Spectro photometric Protocol. Enteric organisms, such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica, are a major cause of foodborne illnesses and health challenges worldwide. Antibiotic resistance among these organisms is increasing, making it difficult to treat nosocomial infections. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial agents are needed, to control infections caused by these organisms. Green tea extract has been an alternative source of antimicrobial agents, The enteric bacteria used in this study were obtained from Patient's Fecal Samples obtained from the University's Health Centre Adekunle Ajasin Unversity, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, using the pour plate method and they were identified and characterize base on the cultural and biochemical characteristics. The following bacteria were isolated Escherichia coli (T4), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (OK3), Escherichia coli (T10), Serratia odorifera (IK4), Klebsiella terrigena (IK16), Moraxella bovis (T3), Enterobacter agglomerans (IK1), Pasteurella multocida (T19), Burkholderia pseudomallei (T31), and Mannheimia haemolytica (T22). In this study, the antimicrobial efficacy of different green tea brand extracts against enteric bacteria was investigated using the agar well diffusion method at different concentrations of 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, and 12.5 mg/ml. The results of this study showed that green tea extract has antimicrobial activity against all tested enteric organisms. The zone of inhibition ranged from 2mm to 30 mm. Killing time/Death dynamics assay were done via Visible (Vis) UltraViolet spectrophotometry protocol against the enteric organisms showing that green tea can inhibit the growth rate of the enteric organisms at Wavelength 620λ and the death dynamics with the addition of Green tea at 48 th Hour interval at Wavelength 620λ. Serratia odorifera and Pasteurella multocida showed significant inhibition of growth in the presence of green tea. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that green tea may be a potential natural alternative for the control of enteric organisms.
Diabetes mellitus is a long term, diverse metabolic illness with a complex pathophysiology. Hyperglycemia, which stems from anomalies in either insulin secretion or insulin action or both, is its defining feature. Metabolic dysfunctions involving proteins, carbohydrates, and fats originate from hyperglycemia, which can express itself in a variety of ways. The main cause of diabetes related morbidity and mortality is long term hyperglycemia, which frequently results in a variety of microvascular and macro vascular diabetic complications. The main biomarker for determining diabetes diagnosis is hyperglycemia. The increase in prevalence rate, high expense of treatment, common side effects of oral antidiabetic medications is a global health challenge. Therefore, medicinal plants could be a viable ways to maximize its utilization in both food and medicine for management of diabetes and its complications. This review discussed the classification of diabetes, its pathophysiology, approved drugs and several medicinal plants that are used to manage diabetes.
Diseases such as Covid-19 pose an inescapable challenge to the world. There is an undeniable link between nutrition, water quality, and many diseases. With poverty and recurrent food shortages as an unpleasant fact in Africa, alternative cost-effective, accessible, and affordable therapies can improve health and well-being, and prolong the lives of people especially those with underlying health problems. To lead a healthier life, all people, irrespective of their health condition, need to meet their daily energy, protein, and micronutrient requirements by eating a variety of foods. Maintaining good nutritional status helps to build and support the immune system, allowing the body to fight infection. Clean water is not only needed to provide nourishment, keep the house environment clean, in agriculture and food production, and to take medicines but also for a wide range of other uses such as the prevention and transmission of water-borne diseases (diarrhoea, cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A and typhoid) particularly in infants and HIV-positive mothers who cannot breastfeed their babies for fear of infecting them, etc. A massive effort is needed to cushion the impact of the pandemic, and nutritional care and support should be integral elements of any action taken. An evidence-based response is required to alleviate the overall burden of malnutrition and to reduce the severity and complexity of the impact of Covid-19 and malnutrition have on each other. Good nutrition is important in tackling Covid-19. As the sayings go, ‘’an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure’’ and ‘’prevention is better than cure’’. The cultivation and utilization of Moringa is being advocated for as a sustainable solution to the above-mentioned challenges. This review is aimed at showing the potential of the Moringa in terms of cultivation, agroforestry, food fortification for tackling malnutrition, disease prevention and provision of safe-drinking water.
This study investigated the effects of Moringa oleifera polysaccharide (MOP) on serum immune indices, immune organ indices, colonic microflora and immune repertoire of mice. Forty male SPF C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups and subjected to gavage of 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg MOP for 28 days. Mice were sacrificed on the last day of the experiment and their thymus, spleen, blood and colon contents were collected for further detection. Our findings suggested that MOP could significantly increase the thymus index (P < 0.01) and spleen index (P < 0.05), and significantly decrease the levels of interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α in mice (P < 0.05). And MOP could regulate the proportion of colonic microflora of mice, significantly increase the abundance of Muribaculaceae and significantly decrease the abundance values of Proteobacteria, Helicobacter, Stenotrophomonas, etc (P < 0.05). In addition, MOP could regulate the usage frequencies of TRBV15 (P = 0.06) and TRBV9 (P = 0.10) on the TCRα chain and 9 V–J pairs were found to have remarkable usage frequency changes. These results implied that MOP exerted positive effects on the immune performance and intestinal health of mice.
Background
: Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) seeds are widely used in traditional folk medicine and as nutritional supplements in the Middle East, Africa, and other regions. Published research showed that M. oleifera seeds (MOS) have pharmacological activities such as blood glucose-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. However, experimental evidence on the use of MOS to treat diabetic nephropathy and its underlying mechanisms were rarely reported.
Purpose
: To evaluate the therapeutic effects of MOS extract on the kidneys of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and reveal its underlying mechanisms.
Study design
: HFD-fed rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy and high-glucose induced Human Renal Mesangial Cells (HRMC) were used to explore the protective effect of MOS on diabetic nephropathy in vivo and in vitro.
Methods
: HRMC were used to preliminarily evaluate the effect of MOS extract under high glucose conditions. For the in vivo study, rats were divided into the following 6 groups (n=5): normal control group (NC), diabetic nephropathy model group (DN), high dose of MOS-treatment group (DN+MOS-H, 200 mg/kg/d); medium dose of MOS-treatment group (DN+MOS-M, 100 mg/kg/d); low dose of MOS-treatment group (DN+MOS-L, 50 mg/kg/d), and metformin-treatment group (DN+MET, 200 mg/kg/d). After 4 weeks of treatment, the damage caused by DN was assessed based on the related parameters of urine and blood. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining were used to assess pathological tissue damage. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (P-GSK-3β) levels, whereas western blotting was used to detect Nrf2, HO-1, nephrin, GSK-3β, and p-GSK-3β levels.
Results
: MOS extract could inhibit the proliferation of HRMCs induced by high glucose levels. Compared with the rats in the DN group, MOS not only significantly reduced blood glucose levels and oxidative stress in the experimental rats but also improved their kidney function and reduced kidney tissue damage. Additionally, MOS extract increased GSK-3β activity and the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1.
Conclusions
: This study showed that MOS could activate GSK-3β and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways to exert antioxidant and anti-renal fibrosis activities, and delay the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Objective:
Health care professionals and governmental agencies are in consensus regarding contact and droplet transmission of infectious diseases. However, personal protective equipment (PPE) efficacy is not considered for aerosol or airborne transmission of infectious diseases. This review discusses the inhalation of virus-laden aerosols as a viable mechanism of transmission of various respiratory infectious diseases and PPE efficacy.
Methods:
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews, and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines was used.
Results:
The transmission of infectious disease is of concern for all respirable diseases discussed (SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, MERS, influenza, and tuberculosis), and the effectiveness of facemasks is dependent on the efficiency of the filter, fit, and proper use.
Conclusion:
PPE should be the last resort in preventing the spread of infectious disease and should only be used for protection and not to control the transmission.
Scoping reviews, a type of knowledge synthesis, follow a systematic approach to map evidence on a topic and identify main concepts, theories, sources, and knowledge gaps. Although more scoping reviews are being done, their methodological and reporting quality need improvement. This document presents the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist and explanation. The checklist was developed by a 24-member expert panel and 2 research leads following published guidance from the EQUATOR (Enhancing the QUAlity and Transparency Of health Research) Network. The final checklist contains 20 essential reporting items and 2 optional items. The authors provide a rationale and an example of good reporting for each item. The intent of the PRISMA-ScR is to help readers (including researchers, publishers, commissioners, policymakers, health care providers, guideline developers, and patients or consumers) develop a greater understanding of relevant terminology, core concepts, and key items to report for scoping reviews.
Objective:
This study updates previous estimates of the economic burden of diagnosed diabetes and quantifies the increased health resource use and lost productivity associated with diabetes in 2017.
Research design and methods:
We use a prevalence-based approach that combines the demographics of the U.S. population in 2017 with diabetes prevalence, epidemiological data, health care cost, and economic data into a Cost of Diabetes Model. Health resource use and associated medical costs are analyzed by age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance coverage, medical condition, and health service category. Data sources include national surveys, Medicare standard analytical files, and one of the largest claims databases for the commercially insured population in the U.S.
Results:
The total estimated cost of diagnosed diabetes in 2017 is 237 billion in direct medical costs and 16,750 per year, of which ∼3.3 billion) and reduced productivity while at work (2.3 billion), inability to work because of disease-related disability (19.9 billion).
Conclusions:
After adjusting for inflation, economic costs of diabetes increased by 26% from 2012 to 2017 due to the increased prevalence of diabetes and the increased cost per person with diabetes. The growth in diabetes prevalence and medical costs is primarily among the population aged 65 years and older, contributing to a growing economic cost to the Medicare program. The estimates in this article highlight the substantial financial burden that diabetes imposes on society, in addition to intangible costs from pain and suffering, resources from care provided by nonpaid caregivers, and costs associated with undiagnosed diabetes.
Background:
Therapeutic use of leaves of M. oleifera has been evaluated in diabetes because of its possible capacity to decrease blood glucose and lipids concentration after ingestion, as result of the polyphenols content and others compounds. Nevertheless most results have been obtain from leaf extract, therefore this study would use leaf powder as the regular way of consumption of population to know effects over toxicity glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, corporal weight, and predominant groups of microbiota.
Methods:
Powdered leaf was administrated in different doses to know toxicity and genotoxicity using LD50 and micronuclei assay. Hyperglycemia was induced by alloxan on Sprague Dawley rats. Glucose and body weight were measured once a week meanwhile cholesterol and triglycerides were analyzed at the end of the study by commercial kits. Different organs were examined by hematoxylin-eosin technique. Lactic acid bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated from stool samples.
Results:
The tested doses revealed no lethal dose and no significant differences in genotoxicity parameter. The consumption of the leaves showed a hypoglycemic effect (< 250 mg/dL in diabetic M. oleifera treated group), however in corporal weight showed an increased (> 30 g over no M. oleifera treated groups). There was no change in enumeration of lactic acid bacteria (8.4 CFU/g) but there were differences in the predominance of type of lactobacillus and enterobacteria enumeration.
Conclusions:
These results help to increase information over the most popular use of M. oleifera and its safety. However there are needed more studies over the hypoglycemic mechanisms and effects over intestinal microbiota.
Moringa oleifera
Lam. (M. oleifera), which belongs to the Moringaceae family, is a perennial deciduous tropical tree, and native to the south of the Himalayan Mountains in northern India.M. oleiferais rich in proteins, vitamin A, minerals, essential amino acids, antioxidants, and flavonoids, as well as isothiocyanates. The extracts fromM. oleiferaexhibit multiple nutraceutical or pharmacological functions including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and blood lipid-reducing functions. The beneficial functions ofM. oleiferaare strongly associated with its phytochemicals such as flavonoids or isothiocyanates with bioactivity. In this review, we summarize the research progress related to the bioactivity and pharmacological mechanisms ofM. oleiferain the prevention and treatment of a series of chronic diseases-including inflammatory diseases, neuro-dysfunctional diseases, diabetes, and cancers-which will provide a reference for its potential application in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases or health promotion.
The anti-diabetic activity of extracts, fractions and compounds of Moringa oleifera have been reported; however, several constituents from this well known medicinal plant are not yet screened for bio-perspecting role for diabetes. Current studies demonstrated the anti-diabetic properties of five chemical constituents of the plant viz, 4-hydroxyphenylacetonitrite (1), fluoropyrazine (3), methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (4), vanillin (5), and 4-α-L-rhamnopyranosyloxybenzyl isothiocyanate (6) along with one related compound 3,4-dihydroxy benzonitrile (2) for the first time in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the mechanism of action of compounds was predicted by utilizing molecular docking with protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac2A). The structure of compounds was elucidated by UV, IR, MS, and ¹H NMR. The compounds 1, 3–5 induced significant insulin secretion at stimulatory (16.7 mM) glucose, but not at basal (3 mM) glucose concentration, and compound 3 seems to be the most active. Compounds 1, 3–5 showed dose-dependent insulin secretory activity with optimum response at 200 μM. In silico studies revealed that compound 3 has a noticeable electrostatic and hydrophobic interaction with protein kinase A (PKA). In vitro studies also showed that there was significant reduction of compounds 1–3 mediated insulin secretion in the presence of PKA inhibitor suggesting that there is a possible role of PKA signaling pathway on insulin secretion. Upon oral administration of 1, 3–5 to diabetic rats, compounds 1 and 3 significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The oral glucose tolerance test in diabetic rats showed that compound 3 significantly enhanced plasma insulin and improved beta-cell function. In cytotoxicity assay, compounds 1, 3–5 did not show any toxic effect upto 200 μM. The insulin releasing characteristic of different constituents from M. oleifera conceivably correlate the lowering of blood glucose in in vivo diabetic rats by triggering glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreatic islets possibly by PKA-mediated insulin secretory pathway.
Background
Studies showed effects of Moringa oleifera (MO) on lowering blood sugar levels in animal and diabetes patients. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of MO leaf capsules on glucose control in therapy-naïve type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to evaluate its safety.
Method
This was a prospective randomized placebo controlled study. Therapy-naïve T2DM was randomly assigned to receive either 8 grams per day of MO leaf capsules (MO leaf group) or placebo for 4 weeks. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were recorded at screening and at the end of 4-week study. 9-point plasma glucose was obtained before and every week during the study.
Results
Thirty-two T2DM patients were enrolled. The mean age was 55 years and the mean HbA1C was 7.0%. There was no significant difference in FPG and HbA1C between groups. MO leaf group had SBP reduction by 5 mmHg as compared to baseline but this difference had no statistical significance. There were no adverse effects of MO leaf.
Conclusions
Moringa oleifera leaf had no effect on glycemic control and no adverse effects in T2DM. Interestingly, this study demonstrated that MO leaf had a tendency on blood pressure reduction in T2DM, and this result needs further investigation.
Moringa oleifera Lam. (family; Moringaceae), commonly known as drumstick, have been used for centuries as a part of the Ayurvedic system for several diseases without having any scientific data. Demineralized water was used to prepare aqueous extract by maceration for 24 h and complete metabolic profiling was performed using GC-MS and HPLC. Hypoglycemic properties of extract have been tested on carbohydrate digesting enzyme activity, yeast cell uptake, muscle glucose uptake, and intestinal glucose absorption. Type 2 diabetes was induced by feeding high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks and a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 45 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) was used for the induction of type 1 diabetes. Aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaf was given orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg to STZ-induced rats and 200 mg/kg in HFD mice for 3 weeks after diabetes induction. Aqueous extract remarkably inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase and it displayed improved antioxidant capacity, glucose tolerance and rate of glucose uptake in yeast cell. In STZ-induced diabetic rats, it produces a maximum fall up to 47.86% in acute effect whereas, in chronic effect, it was 44.5% as compared to control. The fasting blood glucose, lipid profile, liver marker enzyme level were significantly (p < 0.05) restored in both HFD and STZ experimental model. Multivariate principal component analysis on polar and lipophilic metabolites revealed clear distinctions in the metabolite pattern in extract and in blood after its oral administration. Thus, the aqueous extract can be used as phytopharmaceuticals for the management of diabetes by using as adjuvants or alone.
Metabolic diseases, such as glucose intolerance and nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease (NAFLD), are primary risk factors for life-threatening conditions such as diabetes, heart attack, stroke, and hepatic cancer. Extracts from the tropical tree Moringa oleifera show antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. Fermentation can further improve the safety and nutritional value of certain foods. We investigated the efficacy of fermented M. oleifera extract (FM) against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced glucose intolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation and investigated the underlying mechanisms by analyzing expression of proteins and genes involved in glucose and lipid regulation. C57BL/6 mice were fed with normal chow diet (ND) or HFD supplemented with distilled water (DW, control), nonfermented M. oleifera extract (NFM), or FM for 10 weeks. Although body weights were similar among HFD-fed treatment groups, liver weight was decreased, and glucose tolerance test (GTT) results improved in the FM group compared with DW and NFM groups. Hepatic lipid accumulation was also lower in the FM group, and expressions of genes involved in liver lipid metabolism were upregulated. In addition, HFD-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity in quadriceps muscles were decreased by FM. Finally, proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression was decreased by FM in the liver, epididymal adipose tissue, and quadriceps of HFD-fed mice. FMs may decrease glucose intolerance and NAFLD under HFD-induced obesity by decreasing ER stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
Background: Moringa oleifera has potential anti-hyperglycemic effects that are reported earlier by the different scientific group using animal diabetic models. We aimed to explore the possible mechanism of action of M. oleifera extract through the different method. Methods: Primarily we measured Fasting Blood Glucose and performed Glucose Tolerance Test, in type 2 diabetic rats. Further, we studied the effect of extracts on pancreatic insulin concentration. Extracts effect on carbohydrate breakdown was assayed using α-amylase inhibition assays and assay of GI tracts six different segments. An in situ intestinal perfusion model and a glucose fiber assay was performed to see the potentiality of M. oleifera on glucose absorption. Results: M. oleifera showed no significant change in insulin secretion in vivo Additionally, the substantial effect of the extract was seen on retarded glucose absorption and in the in situ perfusion study of rat intestinal model. the α-amylase action was inhibited by the extract, yet again, these findings were further confirmed via the Six Segment assay, where sucrose digestion was found to be inhibited throughout the length of the GI Tract. Conclusion: A combined in vitro, in vivo, and in situ tests justified that the anti-hyperglycemic activity of M. oleifera is potential and its tissue level mechanism is also justified.
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease of multiple aetiologies in insulin secretion. A deficiency in insulin results in hyperglycemia with metabolic disturbances of biomolecules. Moringa oleifera (MO) is endemic in the tropics with a variety of ethnomedicinal importance. The leaf of this plant has been reported to possess antioxidant and medicinal properties that may be helpful in the treatment and management of diabetes and its associated complications. Diabetes was induced intraperitoneally in rats by a single dose of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and treated with methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera (250 mg/kg b.wt) for six weeks. Forty-eight (48) adult male Wistar strain rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (NC), Moringa oleifera treated control rats (NC + MO), diabetic rats (DM) and Moringa oleifera treated diabetic rats (DM + MO). Estimation of antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols, flavonoids and flavonols content of Moringa oleifera extract was performed and serum biochemical markers were evaluated. Antioxidants such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, glutathione (GSH) and inflammatory biomarkers were determined in the kidney. Results showed high antioxidant capacities of MO extract and improved serum biochemical markers, whilst lipid peroxidation (MDA) levels were reduced in non-diabetic and diabetic rats after MO treatment when compared to normal control. Subsequent administration of MO led to an increased concentration of serum albumin, globulin and total protein with a decrease in the level of MDA, and improvements in CAT, SOD, GSH, GPx, (tumour necrosis factor-alpha)TNF-α and (interleukin-6)IL-6. MO contains potent phytochemical constituents that offer protective action against diabetic-induced renal damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation and could therefore play a role in reducing diabetic complications, particularly in developing countries such as in Africa where the majority cannot afford orthodox medicine.
Moringa oleifera has been used in traditional medicine to treat diabetes. However, few studies have been conducted to relate its antidiabetic properties to proteins. In this study, a leaf protein isolate was obtained from M. oleifera leaves, named Mo-LPI, and the hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects on alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assessed. Mo-LPI was obtained by aqueous extraction, ammonium sulphate precipitation and dialysis. The electrophoresis profile and proteolytic hydrolysis confirmed its protein nature. Mo-LPI showed hemagglutinating activity, cross-reaction with anti-insulin antibodies and precipitation after zinc addition. Single-dose intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Mo-LPI (500 mg/kg·bw) reduced the blood glucose level (reductions of 34.3%, 60.9% and 66.4% after 1, 3 and 5 h, respectively). The effect of Mo-LPI was also evidenced in the repeated dose test with a 56.2% reduction in the blood glucose level on the 7th day after i.p. administration. Mo-LPI did not stimulate insulin secretion in diabetic mice. Mo-LPI was also effective in reducing the oxidative stress in diabetic mice by a decrease in malondialdehyde level and increase in catalase activity. Mo-LPI (2500 mg/kg·bw) did not cause acute toxicity to mice. Mo-LPI is a promising alternative or complementary agent to treat diabetes.
This study was undertaken to determine the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleiferaflower on stretozotocin-induced diabetic rats at 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg b.w.
Thirty (30) male experimental albino rats were grouped randomly into six groups: groups A, B, and F are the control, diabetic control and reference drug groups, while C-E received 100, 200, and 300mg/kg b.w of the extract, respectively. Blood samples and organs were collected to assay for blood glucose level and antioxidant enzymes.
Levels of blood glucose, serum lipids and lipid peroxidation as well as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats orally administered ethanolic extract of M. oleifera flower. However, the body weight; catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were significantly increased (p < 0.05) when compared with the controls.
M. oleifera flower ethanolic extract administered orally therefore exhibited improved lipid metabolism, glucose-lowering potential and is hence beneficial in preventing diabetic complications as a result of lipid peroxidation and oxidative systems in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. It could thus be employed therapeutically in managing diabetes mellitus.
Objective:
There is a lack of knowledge regarding the underlying mechanisms of the antidiabetic activity of Moringa oleifera. This study investigates the antidiabetic effect of M. oleifera and its impact on the immune tolerance.
Methods:
Alloxan-induced diabetes model for mice was used. A dose of 100 mg/kg of Moringa extract was orally administered to diabetic treated mice. Glucose and insulin levels were evaluated to calculate insulin resistance. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured. The relative percentage of CD44, CD69, and IFN-γ was investigated by flow cytometry.
Results:
In diabetic mice, insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was increased 4.5-fold than in the control group, and HOMA-IR was decreased 1.3-fold in the Moringa treatment group. The level of TAC was declined 1.94-fold in diabetic mice, and increased 1.67-fold in diabetic treated group. In diabetic mice, creatinine and BUN levels were significantly reduced 1.42- and 1.2-fold, respectively, in Moringa treatment mice. The relative percentage of CD44 was not changed in diabetic mice, but the relative percentage of CD69 was found to be increased. INF-γ was decreased 2.4-fold in diabetic mice and elevated in treated groups.
Conclusion:
Moringa may ameliorate insulin resistance, increase TAC, and improve immune tolerance.
Herbs are often co-administered with orthodox drugs, raising the potential for herb-drug interactions. This study investigated the pharmacological interaction between ethanol extract of Moringa oleifera (MOE) leaves and metformin co-administered to diabetic Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced in rats by administration of 150 mg alloxan/kg body weight intraperitoneally. A dose-response study for MOE at doses of 100-2000 mg/kg body wt. was carried out. A plot of percentage glycaemic reduction at 4h postesti mate the median effective dose (ED 50 ). Nine (9) groups of rats were used for the interaction study. Groups I and II served as normoglycaemic and diabetic controls respectively and received 1ml Normal saline. Diabetic Groups III-V received 375, 750 and 1500 mg/kg MOE respectively. Groups VI-VIII also diabetic received the same doses of MOE respectively but co-administered with a fixed dose of metformin (150 mg/kg). Group IX received metformin (150 mg/kg) alone. Fasting blood sugar (FBS) was monitored weekly and blood samples collected on day 28 for protein and lipid profile assay. The MOE/metformin co-administered groups showed greater antihyperglycaemic activity (p< treatment versus log dose was used to 0.001) than the MOE and metformin alone groups. Significant increases in serum levels of cholesterol, TG and LDLC with the decrease in HDLC levels in the alloxan induced diabetic rats were reversed in MOE (p<0.01) and MOE/metformin (p<0.001) administered groups. These findings indicate that MOE/Metformin co-administration produced additive anti-hyperglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects compared to either MOE or Metformin alone and may be useful in the therapeutic management of diabetes mellitus that is associated with dyslipidaemia.
The present study was designed to evaluate comparative antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities of 10 herbal samples referred in Indian system of medicine by using alloxan induced diabetic albino rats.The 80% alcoholic extracts of Casearia esculenta, Coccinia indica, Tragia involucrate, Moringa oleifera, Tinospora cordifolia, Ficus benghalensis, Murraya koenigii, Sesbania aegyptiaca, Mucuna prurita and Zingiber officinale were separately suspended with 1% gum acacia and employed for assessing anti-diabetic activity at a dose of 200mg/kg for 21 days and glibenclamide tablet was used as a standard drug. DNA nicking assay was performed by using supercoiled pUC 18 DNA and analyzed on 1% agarose gel. T. cordifolia was found to be most potent and showed blood glucose lowering effect from 298 to 235 mg/dl, 186 mg/dl and 95 mg/dl after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of treatment respectively. The effect after 3 weeks in terms of hypoglycemic activity in increasing order was M. prurita, S. aegyptiaca, M. koenigii, Z. officinale, F. benghalensis, C. esculenta, M. oleifera, T. involucrate, C. indica and T. cordifolia. The total phenolic contents showed variation from 10.2 (Zingiber officinale) to 45.6 mg GAE/g extract (Muraya koenigii) and antioxidant activity from 28.9 (Coccinia indica) to 75.6% (Moringa oleifera) in the extracts of different plants. In the protection of DNA damage experiment Moringa oleifera and Tinospora cordifolia showed significant reduction in the formation of nicked DNA and increased native DNA.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder throughout the world. This disorder could be treated with herbal plants. Medicinal plants are exploited for many drugs to treat various ailments. The drugs derived from the plants promote health, augmented the resistance of the body against disease. Plants such as Moringa oleifera, Solanum nigrum have hypoglycemic properties and other beneficial properties. The objective of the study was to analyze and compare anti diabetic and hypolipidemic effect of Moringa oleifera and Solanum nigrum on known diabetic and hyperlipidemic patients. The aqueous extract of these plants were assessed for their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Presence of primary and secondary metabolites was also screened. Patients in the age group of 35 - 60 years were selected for the study. Only male patients were selected and the study was carried out for 90 days. The level of glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL- cholesterol was reduced to 23, 12.5, 40, 18% and HDL- cholesterol was increased to 20% on treatment with Moringa oleifera and while on treatment with Solanum nigrum the level was reduced to 19,10,17,8% and increased to 2% respectively. Among these two extract treatment Moringa oleifera was found to be more effective than Solanum nigrum. Presence of primary and secondary metabolites played a significant role in hypoglycemic activity. The preliminary screening results indicated that the plants possessed various constituents like tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids and carotenoids.
Glucose-lowering effects of Moringa oleifera extracts have been reported. However, the mechanism for its hypoglycemic effects is not yet understood. This study investigated the effect of oral administration of methanolic extracts of M. oleifera (MOLE) on glucose tolerance, glycogen synthesis, and lipid metabolism in rats with alloxan-induced diabetes.
MOLE was screened for key phytochemicals and its total flavonoids and phenolic contents were quantified. Diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 120 mg/kg BW alloxan. Normal and diabetic control rats received saline, while rats in other groups received 300 or 600 mg/kg body weight of MOLE or metformin (100 mg/kg body weight of metformin) for 6 weeks. Food intake and body weight were monitored throughout the experiment. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance was assessed and serum glucose, insulin, and lipids were measured at the end of the experiment. Liver and muscle glycogen synthase activities, glycogen content, and glucose uptake were determined.
Administration of MOLE did not affect food intake but inhibited weight loss, significantly (p<0.01) improved glucose tolerance, and increased serum insulin levels by 1.3-1.7-fold (p<0.01). MOLE treatment significantly (p<0.001) reduced serum concentrations of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and enhanced serum level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 2.4- to 3.2-fold (p<0.001). Glycogen synthase activities and glycogen contents were higher in MOLE-treated rats compared with rats receiving metformin or saline and the extract improved glucose uptake by 49%-59% (p<0.01).
These results showed that hypoglycemic effects of MOLE might be mediated through the stimulation of insulin release leading to enhanced glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis.
Moringa oleifera leaves, seeds, bark, roots, sap, and flowers are widely used in traditional medicine, and the leaves and immature seed pods are used as food products in human nutrition. Leaf extracts exhibit the greatest antioxidant activity, and various safety studies in animals involving aqueous leaf extracts indicate a high degree of safety. No adverse effects were reported in association with human studies. Five human studies using powdered whole leaf preparations of M. oleifera have been published, which have demonstrated anti-hyperglycemic (antidiabetic) and anti-dyslipidemic activities. These activities have been confirmed using extracts as well as leaf powders in animal studies. A rapidly growing number of published studies have shown that aqueous, hydroalcohol, or alcohol extracts of M. oleifera leaves possess a wide range of additional biological activities including antioxidant, tissue protective (liver, kidneys, heart, testes, and lungs), analgesic, antiulcer, antihypertensive, radioprotective, and immunomodulatory actions. A wide variety of polyphenols and phenolic acids as well as flavonoids, glucosinolates, and possibly alkaloids is believed to be responsible for the observed effects. Standardization of products is an issue. However, the results of published studies to date involving M. oleifera are very promising. Additional human studies using standardized extracts are highly desirable. © 2015 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
© 2015 The Authors Phytotherapy Research Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The antidiabetic activity of two low doses of Moringa seed powder (50 and 100mg/kg body weight, in the diet) on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetes male rats was investigated. Forty rats were divided into four groups. The diabetic positive control (STZ treated) group showed increased lipid peroxide, increased IL-6, and decreased antioxidant enzyme in the serum and kidney tissue homogenate compared with that of the negative control group. Immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG), fasting blood sugar, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) were also increased as a result of diabetes in G2 rats. Moreover albumin was decreased, and liver enzymes and 𝛼-amylase were not affected. In addition, the renal functions and potassium and sodium levels in G2 were increased as a sign of diabetic nephropathy. Urine analysis showed also glucosuria and increased potassium, sodium, creatinine, uric acid, and albumin levels. Kidney and pancreas tissues showed also pathological alteration compared to the negative control group. Treating the diabetic rats with 50 or 100mg Moringa seeds powder/kg body weight in G3 and G4, respectively, ameliorated the levels of all these parameters approaching the negative control values and restored the normal histology of both kidney and pancreas compared with that of the diabetic positive control group.
Moringa oleifera Lam. contains many active ingredients with nutritional and medicinal values. It is commonly used in folk medicine as an antidiabetic agent. The present study was designed to investigate how an aqueous extract from the leaves of M. oleifera reveals hypoglycemia in diabetic rats. M. oleifera leaf extract counteracted the alloxan-induced diabetic effects in rats as it normalized the elevated serum levels of glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde, and normalized mRNA expression of the gluconeogenic enzyme pyruvate carboxylase in hepatic tissues. It also increased live body weight gain and normalized the reduced mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver of diabetic rats. Moreover, it restored the normal histological structure of the liver and pancreas damaged by alloxan in diabetic rats. This study revealed that the aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves possesses potent hypoglycemic effects through the normalization of elevated hepatic pyruvate carboxylase enzyme and regeneration of damaged hepatocytes and pancreatic β cells via its antioxidant properties.
Background
The scoping review has become an increasingly popular approach for synthesizing research evidence. It is a relatively new approach for which a universal study definition or definitive procedure has not been established. The purpose of this scoping review was to provide an overview of scoping reviews in the literature.MethodsA scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O'Malley framework. A search was conducted in four bibliographic databases and the gray literature to identify scoping review studies. Review selection and characterization were performed by two independent reviewers using pretested forms.ResultsThe search identified 344 scoping reviews published from 1999 to October 2012. The reviews varied in terms of purpose, methodology, and detail of reporting. Nearly three-quarter of reviews (74.1%) addressed a health topic. Study completion times varied from 2 weeks to 20 months, and 51% utilized a published methodological framework. Quality assessment of included studies was infrequently performed (22.38%).Conclusions
Scoping reviews are a relatively new but increasingly common approach for mapping broad topics. Because of variability in their conduct, there is a need for their methodological standardization to ensure the utility and strength of evidence. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) is an angiosperm plant, native of the Indian subcontinent, where its various parts have been utilized throughout history as food and medicine. It is now cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. The nutritional, prophylactic, and therapeutic virtues of this plant are being extolled on the Internet. Dietary consumption of its part is therein promoted as a strategy of personal health preservation and self-medication in various diseases. The enthusiasm for the health benefits of M. oleifera is in dire contrast with the scarcity of strong experimental and clinical evidence supporting them. Fortunately, the chasm is slowly being filled. In this article, I review current scientific data on the corrective potential of M. oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, as symptoms of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Reported studies in experimental animals and humans, although limited in number and variable in design, seem concordant in their support for this potential. However, before M. oleifera leaf formulations can be recommended as medication in the prevention or treatment of diabetes and CVD, it is necessary that the scientific basis of their efficacy, the therapeutic modalities of their administration and their possible side effects be more rigorously determined.
Moringa oleifera, a widely cultivated species in India, is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable with a variety of potential uses in treating rheumatism, venomous bites, and microbial infections. In the present study, we investigated the antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of methanol extracts of M. oleifera pods (MOMtE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats.
Diabetic rats were treated with 150 or 300 mg/kg MOMtE for 21 days and the antidiabetic effects of the extract were evaluated by measuring changes in biochemical parameters in the serum and pancreatic tissue. Two phytoconstituents, namely quercetin and kaempferol, were isolated from the MOMtE extract and their structures were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy.
The progression of diabetes was significantly reduced after MOMtE treatment. In treated rats, both doses of MOMtE induced a significant reduction in serum glucose and nitric oxide, with concomitant increases in serum insulin and protein levels. Furthermore, MOMtE treatment increased antioxidant levels in pancreatic tissue, with concomitant decreases in levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Histologic examination of the pancreas from diabetic rats showed degenerative changes in β-cells; MOMtE treatment significantly reversed the histoarchitectural damage to the islets cells.
In conclusion, M. oleifera exerts protective effects against STZ-induced diabetes. The MOMtE exhibited significant antidiabetic and antioxidant activity and active constituents may be isolated from the extract for evaluation in future clinical studies.
People with diabetes can suffer from diverse complications that seriously erode quality of life. Diabetes, costing the United States more than $174 billion per year in 2007, is expected to take an increasingly large financial toll in subsequent years. Accurate projections of diabetes burden are essential to policymakers planning for future health care needs and costs.
Using data on prediabetes and diabetes prevalence in the United States, forecasted incidence, and current US Census projections of mortality and migration, the authors constructed a series of dynamic models employing systems of difference equations to project the future burden of diabetes among US adults. A three-state model partitions the US population into no diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes, and diagnosed diabetes. A four-state model divides the state of "no diabetes" into high-risk (prediabetes) and low-risk (normal glucose) states. A five-state model incorporates an intervention designed to prevent or delay diabetes in adults at high risk.
The authors project that annual diagnosed diabetes incidence (new cases) will increase from about 8 cases per 1,000 in 2008 to about 15 in 2050. Assuming low incidence and relatively high diabetes mortality, total diabetes prevalence (diagnosed and undiagnosed cases) is projected to increase from 14% in 2010 to 21% of the US adult population by 2050. However, if recent increases in diabetes incidence continue and diabetes mortality is relatively low, prevalence will increase to 33% by 2050. A middle-ground scenario projects a prevalence of 25% to 28% by 2050. Intervention can reduce, but not eliminate, increases in diabetes prevalence.
These projected increases are largely attributable to the aging of the US population, increasing numbers of members of higher-risk minority groups in the population, and people with diabetes living longer. Effective strategies will need to be undertaken to moderate the impact of these factors on national diabetes burden. Our analysis suggests that widespread implementation of reasonably effective preventive interventions focused on high-risk subgroups of the population can considerably reduce, but not eliminate, future increases in diabetes prevalence.
Introduction: The study was conducted to determine the glucose lowering effect of horseradish tree leaf decoction (HTLD) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Methods: The leaves of the Institute of Plant Breeding Moringa 3 (IPBM3) strain of horseradish tree were used in this study. The median effective dose (ED50) of IPBM3 HTLD was determined using normal Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice for 14 days and the computed ED50 was administered once, twice and thrice per day for 28 days via gavage in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Fasting blood glucose level (FBGL), body weight, feed intake and water intake were determined weekly. Thin layer chromatography and in vitro glucose lowering activity experiments were also done to determine the major polyphenol found in IPBM3 HTL with glucose lowering activity. Results: Administration of the ED50, 417 mg/20 mL/ kgbw, once, twice and thrice per day for 28 days significantly reduced the mean FBGL of diabetic mice by more than 50% and the reduction was statistically comparable with the metformin-treated group. Mean body weights and feed intakes were normal and statistically comparable for all groups. Mean water intakes were slightly higher than in the non-diabetic control group. The major polyphenol in IPBM3 HTLD was found to be quercetin. The in vitro glucose lowering activity experiment showed that both petroleum ether and water extracts of IPBM3 HTL have glucose lowering activity similar to standard quercetin. Conclusion: The present results show that IPBM3 HTLD possesses glucose lowering activity and offers potential for use in the management of diabetes mellitus.
We investigated the antidiabetic effect of Moringa olifeira Lam. in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Six mice were randomly selected as normal controls. Moringa olifeira Lam. leaf extract at a dose of 200, 400 or 600 mg/kg body weight, glibenclamide (Glib) at the dose of 10 mg/kg (positive control) and distilled water at 10 ml/kg (control group) were administered orally by gastric intubation, and each group consisted of six mice. Insulinsensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle) were collected to investigate antidiabetic effects and examine the plant's molecular mechanisms. Moringa olifeira Lam. leaf extract prevented weight gain. It also reduced blood glucose in DIO mice. Glib and Moringa olifeira Lam. leaf extract, 400 mg/kg, treatments restored insulin levels towards normal values (P < 0.05 versus diabetic control group). Western immunoblot analysis of different tissues, collected at the end of the study, demonstrated that Moringa olifeira Lam. stimulated activation of the insulin-dependent Akt pathway and increased the protein content of Glut 4 in skeletal muscle. The improvement of hepatic steatosis observed in DIO-treated mice was associated with a decrease in the hepatic content of SREBP-1, a transcription factor involved in de novo lipogenesis. The hepatic PPARα protein content in the plant extract- treated mice remained significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study provides the first evidence for direct action of Moringa olifeira Lam. on pancreatic β-cells, enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. This correlated with hypoglycaemic effects in diabetic mice associated with restored levels of plasma insulin.
Recent reports have shown the antidiabetic effect of Moringa oleifera from various parts of the world. However, M. oleifera from Cambodia has never determined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the antidiabetic effect of M. oleifera extract from Cambodia. The leaf ethanolic extract contained flavonoids (31.90 mg/mL), polyphenols (53.03 mg/mL), lycopene (0.042 mg/mL), and ß-carotene (0.170 mg/mL), and possessed 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of 92.40, 99.25, and 83.57 TE/μM at 1 mg/mL, respectively. Db/db mice were orally administered the leaf extract (150 mg/kg/day) for 5 weeks. M. oleifera treatment significantly ameliorated the altered fasting plasma glucose (from 483 to 312 mg/dL), triglyceride (from 42.12 to 23.00 mg/dL), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (from 107.21 to 64.25 mg/dL) compared to control group, and increased the insulin levels from 946 ± 92 to 1678 ± 268 pg/mL. The histopathological damage and expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in renal tissue decreased. These results indicate the potential antidiabetic benefits of M. oleifera ethanolic leaf extract.
This study was undertaken to determine the hypoglycemic effect of Moringa oleifera leaves water extract in normal (normoglycemic) and induced diabetic rats. Hyperglycemia was induced in rats using alloxan (120 mg/kg body weight). Healthy and Diabetic rats were treated with 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg/kg b.wt.) Moringa oleifera water extract, 3 times a week over a period of 4 weeks, and the antidiabetic effects of the extracts were evaluated by measuring changes in the biochemical parameters within the blood serum. Results illustrated that all doses of the extract provided a significant reduction in serum glucose where, the aqueous extracts (100, 200, 300 and 400 mg) exhibited a substantial reduction in glucose levels in diabetic rats, starting from value of 388-728 mg/kg b.wt. For the diabetic rats and decreased ranging from 43.19, 70.04, 70.65, and 72.07 %, respectively for the aforementioned extracts of Moringa leaves. The Moringa oleifera leaves extract caused a gradual improvement in kidney function, which neared the functional normality when compared to the untreated control-group. Therefore, the present study suggests that pre-treatment of Moringa oleifera leaves extract has a positive effect in lowering the lipid profile for diabetic rats.
Background:
Herbal medicine has long been used as an alternative medicine for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Recently, Moringa oleifera (MO or ma-rum in Thai) leaf has been widely used in T2DM patients. Several studies in diabetes rat model have shown that MO had effect on glucose metabolism. However study in humans is lacking.
Objective:
Examine effects of MO on plasma glucose and insulin secretion.
Material and method:
Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study (mean age 29 ± 5 years; BMI 20.6 ± 1.5 kg/m2; FPG 81 ± 5 mg/dl). After an overnight fast and every two weeks, subjects received an oral dose of MO at increasing dosages of 0, 1, 2, and 4 g. Plasma glucose (PG) and insulin were collected at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, and 6 hours after each MO dosage administration. Insulin secretion rate was measured using area under the curve (AUC) of insulin and AUC of insulin/glucose ratio.
Results:
After doses of 0, 1, 2, and 4 g MO, mean plasma insulin increased (2.3 ± 0.9, 2.7 ± 1.0, 3.3 ± 1.4, and 4.1 ± 1.7 μU/ml, respectively) despite there being no differences in mean PG (77 ± 6, 78 ± 5, 79 ± 6, and 79 ± 5 mg/dl, respectively). AUC of insulin was greater after high-dose MO (4 g) than after baseline or low-dose MO capsule (1 g) (24.0 ± 3.5 vs. 14.5 ± 1.8 or 16.1 ± 2.0, respectively; p = 0.03), while there was no difference in AUC of glucose. Accordingly, insulin secretion rate represented by AUC of insulin/glucose ratio after high-dose MO was significantly increased by 74% (P = 0.041), as compared with that of baseline.
Conclusion:
We concluded that high-dose (4 g) MO leaf powder capsules significantly increased insulin secretion in healthy subjects. These results suggest that MO leaf may be a potential agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Further studies of MO in patients with T2DM are needed.
Moringa Oleifera, native to India, grows in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is commonly known as ‘drumstick tree’ or ‘horseradish tree’. Moringa can withstand both severe drought and mild frost conditions and hence widely cultivated across the world. With its high nutritive values, every part of the tree is suitable for either nutritional or commercial purposes. The leaves are rich in minerals, vitamins and other essential phytochemicals. Extracts from the leaves are used to treat malnutrition, augment breast milk in lactating mothers. It is used as potential antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antimicrobial agent. Moringa Oleifera seed, a natural coagulant is extensively used in water treatment. The scientific effort of this research provides insights on the use of moringa as a cure for diabetes and cancer and fortification of moringa in commercial products. This review explores the use of moringa across disciplines for its medicinal value and deals with cultivation, nutrition, commercial and prominent pharmacological properties of this “Miracle Tree”.
Introduction: Current evidence supports a central role Methods: We performed a prospective quasi of inflammation in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis experimental study on 56 adult diabetics who were and diabetes. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) type 2 is an given 12-weeks supplementation of M. oleifera. inflammatory atherothrombotic condition associated Plasma hsCRP and serum HgbA1c were compared with high prevalence of thrombotic cardiovascular before and after treatment with M. oleifera. disease. In patients with DM, this inflammation is reflected by elevated plasma C-reactive protein Results: The over all population mean prehsCRP is (CRP) levels. High specificity (hsCRP) is considered as 3.38 mg/dl (95% CI 2.77-3.99). Supplementation of a strong predictive of cardiovascular risks and death. M. oleifera decreased significantly (p<0.0001) the Some evidence showed that CRP may represent an posthsCRP to 1.69 mg/dl (95% CI 1.28-2.09). The active participant in atherogenesis. mean pre-HgbA1c of 6.96% (95% CI 6.64-7.09) was Among the DM risk factors (like hypertension, reduced post-HgbA1c to 6.06% (95% CI 5.88-6.24). The atherogenic dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired mean reduction of 0.6% in HgbA1c was significant fibrinolysis, inflammatory profile), inflammation is the (p-value <0.0001). neglected one. Moringa oleifera (M. oleifera) has been suggested Conclusion: Our study confirms that diabetics may to exert anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic property. have additional benefit from intake of M. oleifera leaves by reducing hsCRP and by improving blood Objective: To determine the effect of M. oleifera sugar control as evidenced by the reduction of leaves supplementation on the hsCRP, and HgbA1c Hgba1c. levels of diabetics of Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center DM clinic.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of Moringa Oleifera leaves on body weight, plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, HOMA and Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Insulin resistant (IR) and type 1 diabetic rat models. IR was induced by high fructose diet and type 1 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin (55 mg/kg body weight). The extract was administered at a dose of 200 mg/ kg body weight by oral intubation for a period of 60 days. Fructose fed rats exhibited IR as reflected by an increase in body weight, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and increased HOMA. STZ induced diabetic rats showed hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinemia and failure to gain body weight. The severity of hyperglycemia was more in STZ diabetic rats. Both IR and STZ rats showed hyper lipedemia, which was more severe in IR rats. OGTT showed increased glucose intolerance in both IR and STZ diabetic rats, severity being more in IR rats. Administration of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera for 60 days restored all the alterations to normal/ near normal. The study clearly reveals that aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaf possesses potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipedemic effect in both Insulin resistant and Insulin deficient rat models.
Herbal medicines are an important part of healthcare throughout the world. In many countries including the U.S., herbal medicines are not regulated as extensively as conventional drug therapy. At present, there is a dearth of research evaluating the use of herbal medicines, especially in clinical trials. This, together with the ongoing development of new conventional drug therapies, compounds the number of unknown outcomes when using elements of these two treatment approaches together. Although many benefits can be derived from the use of herbs, potential areas of concern include possible product contamination and/or adulterations, potential toxicity, high potential of known and unknown drug/herb interactions, and substituting proven conventional medicine with herbal medicine. Mechanisms involved in herb-drug interactions are not fully understood, but both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes may play a role. Because these can occur in 30-40% of older adults, health care providers and patients must be aware of potential interactions in order to monitor for alterations in therapeutic efficacy and/or potential toxicity. With the advances of the internet and increased emphasis on a global economy, consumers have much greater access to herbal products from anywhere in the world. A number of concerns arise when obtaining herbal medicines from the internet, as currently there is no system in place to verify legitimacy of sites. Additionally, there are cost implications with a worldwide herbal medicine market estimated at US $83 billion annually. The worldwide implementation of standards for growing, selecting, manufacturing, conducting appropriate clinical trials, and treating patients with herbal medicines is necessary. The World Health Organizations has provided a number of technical guidelines to standardized herbal medicines throughout the world. Pharmacists are in prime position to help and monitor the use of herbal medicines, especially in older adults. Strategies for the safe use of herbs should include educational efforts directed at both the consumers and healthcare providers about the benefits and dangers of herbs and encouraging providers to ask their patients about their use of herbs without being judgmental, ensuring open communication with patients. Integrative Medicine, which is defined in the U.S. by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine as “a practice that combines both conventional and CAM treatments for which there is evidence of safety and effectiveness” has been gradually gaining acceptance within conventional medicine and should be considered the model of the future of healthcare
Medicinal plants attract growing interest in the therapeutic management of Diabetes mellitus. Moringa oleifera is a remarkably nutritious vegetable with several antioxidant properties. The present study assessed the possible antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of an aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves in treating streptozotocin-induced diabetic albino rats. The antidiabetic effects of aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves were assessed histomorphometrically, ultrastructurally and biochemically. Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was monitored and morphometric measurements of β-cells of islets of Langerhans (modified Gomori's stain) and collagen fibers (Mallory's trichrome stain) were performed. The antioxidant effects of M. oleifera leaves were determined by measuring the reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation product, malondialdehyde, in pancreatic tissue. M. oleifera treatment significantly ameliorated the altered FPG (from 380% to 145%), reduced glutathione (from 22% to 73%) and malondialdehyde (from 385% to 186%) compared to control levels. The histopathological damage of islet cells was also markedly reversed. Morphometrically, M. oleifera significantly increased the areas of positive purple modified Gomori stained β-cells (from 60% to 91%) and decreased the area percentage of collagen fibers (from 199% to 120%) compared to control values. Experimental findings clearly indicate the potential benefits of using the aqueous extract of M. oleifera leaves as a potent antidiabetic treatment.
Context:
Moringa oleifera leaves have been reported to have antidiabetic, antitumor, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic properties as well as antibiotic, antitryponosomal, hypotensive, and anti-inflammatory activities. They are outstanding source of vitamins A, B, C, and also rich in calcium and protein.
Objectives:
The aim of the study was to formulate Moringa oleifera powdered leaf tablets and to study the in vitro and in vivo properties of the herbal drug from the tablets.
Material and methods:
The Moringa oleifera powdered leaf was formulated into tablets by direct compression. The in vitro properties of the tablets were evaluated in terms of uniformity of weight, hardness, disintegration time, friability and dissolution rate. Also, the in vivo antidiabetic properties of Moringa oleifera tablets were studied using Wistar rats.
Results and discussion:
The results of the tablets' weight uniformity gave percentage deviation that was below 5%. Tablet disintegration time ranged from 11.50 ± 0.11 to 14.90 ± 0.27 min. The tablets exhibited friability results lower than 2% and exhibited about 82% to 83% release of the extract at 15 min. In vivo antidiabetic studies showed that at 8 hr, about 54.4% and 40% of glucose reduction occurred in groups that received Moringa oleifera tablets and glibenclamide (Daonil®) respectively, while the negative control groups showed increased blood glucose level with time.
Conclusions:
This study has shown that Moringa oleifera leaves formulated into tablets possess good physicochemical and antidiabetic properties in addition to being a supplement.
In Indian traditional system of medicine, Moringa oleifera Lam. Syn. Moringa pterygosperma Gaerth (Moringaceae) is commonly used as healing herb to treat diabetes.
The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of M. oleifera leaves aqueous extract therapy on glycemic control, haemoglobin, total protein, urine sugar, urine protein and body weight.
Variable doses of 100, 200 and 300 mg kg(-1) of aqueous extract were administered orally by gavage for evaluating their hypoglycemic and antidiabetic effects on fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and post prandial glucose (PPG) of normal and streptozotocin (STZ) induced sub, mild and severely diabetic rats.
The dose of 200 mg kg(-1) decreases blood glucose level (BGL) of normal animals by 26.7 and 29.9% during FBG and OGTT studies respectively. In sub and mild diabetic animals the same dose produced a maximum fall of 31.1 and 32.8% respectively, during OGTT. In case of severely diabetic animals FBG and PPG levels were reduced by 69.2 and 51.2% whereas, total protein, body weight and haemoglobin were increased by 11.3, 10.5 and 10.9% respectively after 21 days of treatment. Significant reduction was found in urine sugar and urine protein levels from +4 and +2 to nil and trace, respectively.
The study validates scientifically the widely claimed use of M. oleifera as an ethnomedicine to treat diabetes mellitus.
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