Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption between Green Building Certified and Non-Certified Buildings in Korea

Abstract

Although interest in and the importance of green building certification have increased, it is difficult to determine how much less energy the buildings actually consume after obtaining sustainability related certification, such as LEED in the USA, and G-SEED in Korea. Focusing on building energy evaluation, we compared and analyzed the energy evaluation items of LEED and G-SEED. In addition, from the Korean public data portal site, this study investigated the annual site energy consumption (electricity and gas) per floor area of non-residential buildings that obtained G-SEED certification in Korea. The energy consumption of non-certified general buildings was compared with the energy consumption of certified buildings. As a result of examining 84 samples of this study, non-residential buildings with G-SEED certification showed energy use intensity that was at least (35.5 to 48.9)% lower than that of uncertified buildings.

Full text

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Energies2020,13,1049;doi:10.3390/en13051049www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
Article
ComparativeAnalysisofEnergyConsumption
betweenGreenBuildingCertifiedandNon‐Certified
BuildingsinKorea
SangtaeNo
1
andChungyeonWon
2,
*
1
SchoolofArchitecture,KoreaNationalUniversityofTransportation,50Daehak‐ro,Chungju‐si,
Chungcheongbuk‐do27469,Korea;stno@ut.ac.kr
2
DepartmentofArchitecture,SchoolofEngineering,KoreaUniversity,145Anam‐ro,Seongbuk‐gu,
Seoul02841,Korea
*Correspondence:chung_won@korea.ac.kr
Received:1February2020;Accepted:24February2020;Published:26February2020
Abstract:Althoughinterestinandtheimportanceofgreenbuildingcertificationhaveincreased,it
isdifficulttodeterminehowmuchlessenergythebuildingsactuallyconsumeafterobtaining
sustainabilityrelatedcertification,suchasLEEDintheUSA,andG‐SEEDinKorea.Focusingon
buildingenergyevaluation,wecomparedandanalyzedtheenergyevaluationitemsofLEEDand
G‐SEED.Inaddition,fromtheKoreanpublicdataportalsite,thisstudyinvestigatedtheannualsite
energyconsumption(electricityandgas)perfloorareaofnon‐residentialbuildingsthatobtained
G‐SEEDcertificationinKorea.Theenergyconsumptionofnon‐certifiedgeneralbuildingswas
comparedwiththeenergyconsumptionofcertifiedbuildings.Asaresultofexamining84samples
ofthisstudy,non‐residentialbuildingswithG‐SEEDcertificationshowedenergyuseintensitythat
wasatleast(35.5to48.9)%lowerthanthatofuncertifiedbuildings.
Keywords:greenbuildingcertification;LEED;G‐SEED;siteenergyuseintensity

1.Introduction
Globally,thereisincreasingdemandformitigationofclimatechangeissues.InKorea,asactive
constructionandreconstructionofbuildingsistakingplaceduetotheovercrowdingoflargecities
andthedevelopmentofnewcities,thenecessityofevaluatingtheenvironmentalperformanceof
buildingsisincreasing.Buildingsaccountfor1/3ofnationalenergyconsumption,40%ofresource
consumption,50%ofcarbondioxideemissions,and(20–50)%ofwasteemissions,andbuilding
materials,suchassteel,waterandsewage,andinsulationmaterials,machinery,andlandscaping
contributetofurtherenvironmentalimpact.Therippleeffectontheindustryislarge.InMarch2012,
theKoreanMinistryofLand,Infrastructure,andTransportestablishedtheGreenBuildingDivision,
andintroducedtheGreenBuildingCreationSupportAct,BuildingEnergyIntegratedManagement
System,GreenBuildingCertificationSystem,andEnergyEfficiencyRatingCertificationSystem,to
promotegreenbuildingpolicies.InDecember2014,abasicplanwasestablishedandimplemented
topromotetheconstructionofgreenbuildingsstep‐by‐step,andmadeitmandatorytoobtaingreen
buildingcertificationforbuildingswithatotalfloorareaofmorethan3000m
2
orderedbypublic
institutions.ThenumberofgreenbuildingcertifiedbuildingsinKorea,whichstartedinJanuary2002,
hasbeenincreasingrapidlyyearbyyear[1].Althoughtheinterestinandimportanceofgreen
buildingcertificationhaveincreased,ithasbeendifficulttodeterminehowmuchlessenergy
consumptionisactuallyusedinbuildingsafterobtainingcertification[2].

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Therefore,themaingoalofthisstudyistoquantitativelyidentifythebuildingenergysavings
ofapplyingthegreenbuildingcertificationofKorea.Toachievethisgoal,Korea’sgreenbuilding
certificationenergyitemsshouldbeanalyzed.Therefore,theenergyitemsofLEED[3],whichare
widelyappliedaroundtheworld,werecomparedwithG‐SEED[4].Andthisstudyinvestigatedthe
annualenergyconsumptionperfloorareaofnon‐residentialbuildingsthatobtainedG‐SEED
certificationinKorea.Theenergyconsumptionofnon‐certifiedgeneralbuildingswascomparedwith
theenergyconsumptionofcertifiedbuildings.Specifically,thesurveyedEUI(energyuseintensity)
ofnon‐residentialbuildingswasclassifiedbybuildinguse,totalfloorarea,energyconsumption,
certificationgrade,andrenewableenergy,andcomparedwiththoseofgeneralbuildings.Theuseof
buildingscanbelargelydividedintoresidentialandnon‐residentialbuildings.
Inthecaseofnon‐residentialbuildings,theenergyconsumptionperunitareaissignificantly
higherthanthatofresidentialbuildings.So,thisstudyfocusedontheenergyconsumptionofnon‐
residentialbuildings.Also,gasandelectricityusageprovidedbythegovernmentdatabasewere
surveyedduringtheannualenergyusagesurvey,whilewater,anddistrictheatingandcooling,were
notconsidered.
2.ReviewoftheExistingLiteratureandStandards
2.1.AnalysisoftheExistingLiterature
Inrecentyears,researchershavebeenabletoperformbenchmarkstudiesbyobtainingdataon
buildingsʹactualenergyusagefromafewdatabasesaroundtheworld.Wonetal.[5]presenteda
comprehensiveanalysisoflarge‐scaleofficebuildingslocatedinNewYorkandChicago,withrespect
totheirenergyuseintensity(EUI).InNewYorkCity,thesmallestEUImedianwasfoundinthe
buildingswith20to30floors,andinChicago,thebuildingswith60floorsormore.Thisresearch
concludedthatahighersource‐to‐siteratiogenerallyhadloweroverallEUIinbothcities.
Kimetal.[6]suggestedthenecessityofsystemizingbuildinglifecyclemanagementbygrasping
thepost‐managementstatusofmulti‐unithousesthatreceivedincentivesthroughG‐SEEDand
energyefficiencyratingcertification.Inparticular,theenergyperformanceofgreenbuildingswith
highratingsandincentiveswasidentified.NineoutoftwelvecomplexesreceivedG‐SEED,butonly
oneofthemshowedsignificantlyhigherefficiencythanaverageenergyuse.Theanalysisconfirmed
thatthecontentsofG‐SEEDandenergyefficiencyratingcertificationwerenotproperlymanagedin
theactualusestage,andcertifiedbuildingwasoperatedattheuser’sconvenience,becausetherewas
noobligationtodiscloseinformationontheenergyefficiencyratingsystem.Therefore,itwasurgent
tograspthestatusofthepost‐managementofenergyconsumption.
Lee[7]comparedtheenergyconsumptionofG‐SEEDcertifiedandnon‐acquiredpublic
libraries.Whenthesameconditionswereenteredintheenergyanalysisprogram,theresultsshowed
thatlibrarieswithgreenbuildingcertificationusemoreenergythandonon‐certifiedlibraries.G‐
SEEDhasenergy‐relateditems,butthisisbecauseactiveitems,suchasHVAC,arenotrelatedto
passiveelements.Theareasoffacilityevaluationfordifferentusesofenergy,suchaslibraries,
hospitals,andresearchinstitutes,needtobefurtherrefined.
Jeong[8]conductedasurveyonenergyconsumptionandenergycostcenteringonlarge
buildings(10certifiedand10uncertified)thathavehighenergyconsumptionamongofficebuildings.
Theenergyconsumptionofthetargetbuildingwasidentified,andtheappropriatenessandeffectsof
thegreenbuildingcertificationevaluationfactorwereexamined.Accordingtotheanalysisofelectric
energycostandwatercostperunitarea,eco‐friendlycertifiedbuildingsrealizeabout13%cost
reductioncomparedtonon‐certifiedbuildings,andtheaverageannualenergycostperresident
populationisabout18%.
Theresearchliteratureontheenergyconsumptionofgreenbuildingcertifiedbuildingsisas
follows.Scofield[9]indicatedthatLEEDofficesused,onaverage,17%lowersiteenergythanCBECS
(CommercialBuildingsEnergyConsumptionSurvey)offices,butnolesssourceenergy.Butreference
[9]explainedthatlargebuildingsdominatetheenergyconsumptionofasetofcommercialbuildings.
DespitethefactthatmanyofthesmallerLEEDbuildingsoutperformtheirconventionalcounterparts,

Energies2020,13,10493of16
itmatterslittle,becausetheydonotcontributetothetotalenergynearlyasmuchasahandfulof
largerbuildings.Inaddition,Scofield’ssubsequentstudyof2011[10]examinedtheenergy
consumption,greenhousegas(GHG)emissions,andENERGYSTARenergyperformancerating
(EPR)data.Twenty‐oneofthemareLEED‐certifiedbuildings,allowingtheirenergyperformance
datatobedirectlycomparedwithnon‐certifiedbuildings.ThestudyconcludedthatLEED‐certified
buildingsdidnotgenerallyreducecostswhencomparedtonon‐certifiedbuildingsintermsofenergy
consumptionandgreenhousegasemissions.Somegold‐certifiedLEEDbuildingsperformed20
percentbetterthanothercommercialbuildingsinNewYork,whilesilverandcertifiedbuildingsdid
notperformaswellasregularbuildings.AnotherScofieldetal.’sfollow‐upstudies[11]analyzedthe
energyconsumptionforapartmenthouses.Forallthreebuildingtypes,thisstudyindicatedthat
LEED‐certifiedbuildingsusenolesssourceenergythansimilarbuildingsthatarenotLEED‐certified.
Therehasalsobeenresearchonthemethodologyofcomparingenergyusagebetweencertified
anduncertifiedbuildings.Chokeretal.[12,13]introducedanassessmentmethodologythatcompares
LEEDbuildingstoabenchmarkdevelopedfromsimilarnon‐LEEDbuildingcounterparts,whilealso
accountingforvariablessuchasthemainweather,buildingcharacteristic(s),andschedule(s).
Therearemanynegativeandpositivestudiesonenergysavingingreenbuildingcertified
buildings.Arecentliteratureanalysisanalyzesandsummarizesstudiesonthissubject.Amirietal.
[2]’ssearchlocated164researchpapersthatcoveredenergyefficiencytopicsinLEED‐certified
buildings.Ofthese,Forty‐fourpeer‐reviewedpaperswereselectedandanalyzed.Whencomparing
LEED‐certifiedbuildingswithnon‐LEED‐certifiedbuildings,thereliabilityoftheresultsisanissue,
andfactorssuchastheageandsizeofthebuilding,itsuse,climatezone,andresidentawareness
shouldbeconsidered.Wealsoconcludedthatifonlytheenergyconsumptionofthebuildingsthat
thebuildingownerhasallowedforcomparisonisconsidered,theresultsmayvary,sothebuildings
tobecomparedhadtoberandomlyselected.Tenoutofthe44papersreportedthattheenergy
efficiencyofLEED‐certifiedbuildingswashigh,whileeightpapersconcludedthattheefficiencywas
poor.Theremaining26papersindicatedthattheenergyefficiencywasneithergoodnorbad.
Analysisbycertifiedgradesshowsthatwhileenergyconsumptionislowerforbuildingswithhigher
grades,suchasGoldorPlatinum,energyconsumptionforlowcertifiedbuildingsisalmostthesame
asfornon‐certifiedbuildings.However,duetothelackofvariousenergydatainvariouspartsofthe
world,otherthantheUnitedStates,itisimpossibletoclarifytheactualenergyefficiencyofLEED‐
certifiedbuildings.ThestudyalsosuggestedthatLEED’sstandardsforEnergyandAtmosphere
standardsneedtoberevised,toimprovethebuilding’sactualenergyperformance.
Theaboveexistingstudieshavebeenperformedbasedonvariouskindsofactualdata(EUI).
However,moststudiesbasedonactualEUIdatawereforLEEDcertifiedbuildings.Inaddition,
studiesinKoreaincluded12residentialcomplexesor1‐2G‐SEEDcertifiedpublicbuildings.Inthis
study,weobtainedmorenumber(84)ofEUIdataforcertifiednon‐residentialbuildingsthanthe
previousstudy.Inaddition,thisstudywillbethefirstpapertoanalyzetheenergyconsumptionof
certifiedbuildingsusingKoreaʹsbuildingstatisticalinformationDBsystem.Therefore,throughthis
study,weexpecttobeabletopresentquantitativeresultsonenergyefficiencyofcertifiedbuildings
inKorea,whichwerenotcarriedoutbefore.
2.2.ComparisonofLEEDandG‐SEED
Korea’sG‐SEEDisdividedintopreliminarycertificationthatisappliedinthebuildingdesign
stage,andmaincertificationthatisappliedintheuseapprovalstage.Toobtainincentives,theG‐
SEEDisratedatorabovetheG‐SEEDgreen2grade,andatleastsecondgradeintheenergyefficiency
gradeevaluationoftheKoreaenergyagency,orEnergyPerformanceIndex(EPI)scoresof80or
higher.UnlikeLEED,buildingswithatotalfloorareaof3000squaremetersormoreorderedby
publicinstitutionsarerequiredbylawtoobtainG‐SEEDcertification.Theincentivesallow
constructionprojectownerstobenefitfromthereductionofbuildingstandards(volumeratios,
maximumfloorheights,andlandscapingareareductions),whiletheownerscanbenefitfrom
reductionsinemploymentandregistrationtaxes,propertytaxes,andenvironmentalburdens.No
legalregulationsmandateLEEDcertificationintheUnitedStates,butincentives,suchasrisingrent

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income,premiums,andtaxbenefits,areknownandrecognized.WhilethelatestversionofLEEDis
v4.1,whichwasavailablefromJuly25,2019,thisstudyusedv4.
Table1showsG‐SEEDandLEEDstandards.G‐SEEDstandardsaredividedintoapartments
andnon‐residentialbuildings[3,4].BothG‐SEEDandLEEDarebrokendownintofourgrades,based
onscores.Table2showsacomparisonofthescoresofthestandarditems[3,4,14].TheG‐SEEDitem
scoresarelargelydividedintoeightcategoriesexcludingessentialitems,andthetotalscoreis115
points.TheLEEDconsistsofninecategorieswithatotalscoreof110.G‐SEEDandLEEDbothscore
thehighestinenergyandenvironmentalpollution(atmospheric),accountingfor(25.2and33.3)%of
thetotalscores,respectively.Intermsofthetotalscores,theinnovativedesign(technical)itemscores
accountedfor16.5%ofthetotalscoreforG‐SEED,and5.5%fortheLEED.Table3showsthe
evaluationtargetforeachG‐SEEDandLEEDcriterion[3,4,15].WhileG‐SEEDclassifiesthe
evaluationtargetsaccordingtothedetaileduseofthebuilding,LEEDclassifiesthetargetsby
constructionstageandsizefirst,andtheevaluationtargetsbydetailedbuildinguse.
Table1.CertificationlevelandG‐SEEDandLEEDscores.
G‐SEED(NewlyConstructed,
Non‐ResidentialBuilding)LEED
GradeTotalScoreGradeTotalScore
Green1Over80scorePlatinumOver80score
Green2Over70scoreGoldOver60score
Green3Over60scoreSilverOver50score
Green4Over50scoreCertifiedOver40score
Table2.G‐SEEDandLEEDEvaluationsectionscores.
G‐SEEDPointsLEEDv4Points
Landuseandtraffic
EnergyandEnvironmentalPollution
Materialsandresources
Watercirculationmanagement
Maintenance
Ecologicalenvironment
Indoorenvironment
Innovativedesign
14
29
15
14
8
17
20
19
IntegrativeProcess(IP)
LocationandTransportation(LT)
StrategiesunderSustainableSites(SS)
WaterEfficiency(WE)
EnergyandAtmosphere(EA)
MaterialsandResources(MR)
Indoorenvironmentalquality(IEQ)
PurposeoftheInnovation(IN)
RegionalPriority(RP)
1
16
10
11
33
13
16
6
4
NecessaryCriteria21
TotalScore(ExemptedofNecessary
Criteria)115TotalScore110
Table3.ComparisonofG‐SEEDandLEEDEvaluationTargets.
Certification
StandardsG‐SEEDLEED
Evaluation
Targets
Apartment
Residentialcomplex
Businessfacility
Schoolfacilities
Salesfacility
Accommodation
Smallhouse
ExistingApartment
Existingbusiness
building
Otherarchitecture
BD+C(BuildingDesignand
Construction)
ID+C(InteriorDesignandConstruction)
EB:O+M(ExistingBuilding:
OperatingandMaintenance)
ND(NeighborhoodDevelopment)

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Table4comparestheenergyevaluationitemsofG‐SEEDandLEEDindetailamongthevarious
itemsofTable2[14,16].ThecompositionofenergyevaluationitemsforG‐SEEDissimilartothatof
LEED.Inthecommissioningsector,LEEDalsoincludescontentthatisnotcloselyrelatedtoenergy,
suchastheOwner’sProjectRequirements(OPR),orBasisofDesign(BOD).Commissioningforwater
managementornoiseisonlycarriedoutunderOPR,whileHVAC,lighting,localwatersystem,and
renewableenergyaremandatorycommissioningitems.However,G‐SEEDconsistsofallitemsthat
meettheTesting,Adjusting,Balancing(TAB)andcommissioningstandards.LEEDcanreceive
creditsaccordingtothetrainingofoperatingpersonnelandtenantsafterprovidingthemaintenance
manual,butthereisnocorrespondingiteminG‐SEED.Intheenergyperformancecategory,theLEED
energyperformancecanbejudgedbytheamountofsavingsthatthebuildinghassavedonenergy
costs.However,G‐SEEDusestheEnergyPerformanceIndex(EPI)review.
Table4.ComparisonofLEEDandG‐SEEDenergyevaluationcategories.
Standard
Classification
LEEDv4G‐SEED
CategoriesPointsCategoriesPoints
Commissioning
FundamentalCommissioning
andVerificationrequired
FeasibilityofProviding
Operation/Maintenance
DocumentsandGuidelines
2
required
Enhancedcommissioning6TABandcommissioning
Execution2
Energy
Performance
Minimumenergyperformance
Demandresponse
required
2EnergyefficiencyIncrease12
required
Optimizeenergyperformance18Lightingenergysaving4
GHG‐CFC
reduction
Fundamentalrefrigerant
ManagementrequiredCO2emissionreduction3
Enhancedrefrigerant
Management1
Prohibituseofcertain
substancestoprotectthe
ozonelayer
3
Sustainableenergy
source
Renewableenergyproduction3
RenewableEnergy3
Greenpowerand
carbonoffsets2
Measurement
Building‐Level
EnergyMeteringrequiredWhetherMeter
installedornot2
Advancedenergymetering1
Inmanycases,itisdifficulttoidentifyenergysavingsbasedonEPIscoresalone.Intheglobal
warmingsector,LEEDincorporatestheequipmentlifecycle,ozonedepletionindex,andglobal
warmingindex.Incomparison,G‐SEEDissimple,butitconsidersnotonlyrefrigerants,butalso
insulation,andcanbescoredwhenusingcarbondioxidereductionsystems.Inthesustainableenergy
sourcesector,LEEDisdividedintotwosub‐categories,withatotalof5points,with3pointsand2
points.Ontheotherhand,G‐SEEDhasonlythreepoints,buttheG‐SEEDscoreissimilar,because
thereareseparaterenewableenergyitemsintheEPIandCO2emissionreduction.Inthefieldof
measurement,thepreviousversionofLEEDcouldachieveuptothreepointsbyimplementing
Volume3oftheInternationalPerformanceMeasurementandVerification(IPMVP)foroneyearafter
enteringthebuilding,andresolvinganyproblemsfound.Iftheusersharestheirusagedatawitha
USGBCaccount,theycouldearnonepoint.Inthev4version,thisisrequired,andanadvanced
energymeteringsystemhasbeenestablishedtocollectthehourlyusage,energyconsumption,and
demandofbuildings.InG‐SEED,scorescanbeobtaineddependingontheuseofenergymeter.Two
pointsareawardedforweighingairconditioning,heating,hotwater,lighting,electricaloutlets,air
conditioningfanpower,etc.Inthelatestversion,LEEDv4.1,twoitemsofrenewableenergyare
integratedintooneofRenewableEnergy.Also,toincreaseparticipationindemandresponse
technologiesandprogramsthatmakeenergygenerationanddistributionsystemsmoreefficient,

Energies2020,13,10496of16
increasegridreliability,andreducegreenhousegasemissions,energyandatmospheric,grid
harmonizationreplaceddemandresponse.
Figure1isagraphbasedontheDBbasedonthegreenbuildingcertificationstatusdistributed
fromtheG‐SEEDwebsite[17].Thehighbarindicatesthenumberofpre‐certifications,whilethelow
barindicatesthemaincertificationcaseamount(number).Thetrendlineinthegraphrepresentsthe
cumulativesumofthenumberofcertifications.Thenumberofcertificationsisincreasingeveryyear.
Inaddition,astherateincreases,theslopeofthetrendlineincreasesfromyeartoyear,startingwith
threecasesin2002whenthegreenbuildingcertificationwasintroduced;anditshowsanexponential
increaseinJanuary2019,withatotalof11,907cases.Throughthis,itcanbeseenthatboththeinterest
in,andimportanceof,greenbuildingconstructioncertificationhaveincreasedinKorea.Figure2
showsthepercentageofthetotalstatusofcertificationgradesforbuildingsthatobtainedthis
certificationby2019.Among4,406ofmaincertificationacquiredcases,Green1–4gradesare(6,43,
13,and38)%,respectively.Green1,themostdifficulttoobtaincertification,wastheleast,whilegreen
2and4accountedformorethan80%.

Figure1.CumulativestatusofgreenbuildingcertificationacquisitionbyyearinKorea.

Figure2.CertificationstatusbyG‐SEEDgrade.

Energies2020,13,10497of16
2.3.SurveyonEnergyConsumption(EUI)perBuildingFloorArea
Afterinvestigatingtheaddressinthebuildingdatabasethathadobtainedgreenbuilding
certification,variouscodes,suchascityanddistrictcodesandcourtcodes,weresecured.Figure3is
anationalpublicdataportalsitethatprovidesinformationonelectricityandgasenergyusagefor
buildingsthroughtheOpenAPI[18].Figure4[19]isasub‐webpageofFigure3showingthe
electricityandgasenergyusagerequestvariablespage.Ifthebuilding’sstatutorybuildingcodeis
enteredontherequestvariableinputwebpageofFigure3,theelectricityorgasenergyconsumption
value(inkWh)oftheyearandmonthisobtained.Figure4showsanexampleoftheJanuary2015gas
consumptionrequestforabuildingcorrespondingtoinformationofinputvalues(11680,10300,0012,
and0000)(city,east,town,district).Throughthismethod,thisstudycollectedmonthlyelectricity
andgasenergyusagedataofgreenbuildingcertifiedbuildingsforthreeyearsin2016,2017and2018.

Figure3.Publicdataportalsite(OPENAPI).

Figure4.Buildingenergyusagerequestvariableinputwebpage.
3.ComparisonofBuildingEnergyConsumption
3.1.EstimationofGeneralBuildingEnergyConsumption
Inordertograspthelevelofenergyconsumptionofgreenbuildingcertifiedbuildings,itis
necessarytoestimatetheenergyconsumptionofnon‐certifiedgeneralbuildings.Tograspthelevel
ofenergyconsumptionofgreenbuildingcertifiedbuildings,theaverageenergyconsumptionby
eachbuildinguseinKoreawasinvestigated.Table5presentsthedatathatcanbeusedtounderstand
theenergyconsumptionoftypicalKoreanbuildings.Thistableisusedtocalculatetheinstallation
capacityofrenewableenergythatismandatoryfornewpublicbuildings.Theenergyconsumption

Energies2020,13,10498of16
ofgeneralbuildingsinKoreacanbeestimated.Thedatainthistableistheaverageenergy
consumptiondataforeachbuildingused,asshowninthecalculationcriteriaandmethodoftheratio
ofrenewableenergysupplyobligationinAnnex2oftheRegulationontheSupportofRenewable
EnergyFacilities[20].Forotherdatathatcanbeusedtograsptheenergyconsumptionbyuseof
Koreangeneralbuildings,Table6showstheenergyconsumptionstatusbybuildinguseandenergy
sourcein2012[21].The2012datasurveyedthroughtheintegratedbuildingenergymanagement
system,andenergyconsumptiondatainTable6isforthebuildingsinSeoulcity,Korea.Thedatain
thetwotables(Tables5and6)aresimilarforthework,sales,andlodgingfacilitiesthatoccupya
largeproportionofthebuildings,whichareconsideredtobesuitableascomparativevaluesofenergy
consumptionforgeneralnon‐residentialbuildings.
Table5.AverageEnergyuseintensity(EUI)bybuildinguseinKoreanregulations.
BuildingUseDivisionEUI
(kWh/m2a)
Public
Prison/Militaryfacilities392.07
Broadcast/Communication490.18
Office371.66
Educational
andSocial
Culture/Assembly412.03
Religiousfacilities257.49
Medicalfacilities643.52
Education/Research231.33
Nursinghome/Kindergarten175.58
Trainingfacilities231.33
Sportsfacilities235.42
Cemeteryfacilities234.99
Tour/restfacilities437.08
Funeralfacilities234.99
Commercial
Salesfacilities408.45
Transportationfacilities374.47
Office374.47
Accommodation526.55
Amusementfacilities400.33
Table6.2012EnergyConsumptionbyBuildingUseandEnergySourcesofSeoul,Korea.
BuildingUse
TotalFloorAreaConsumptionPerunitArea(kgOE/m2)
EUI
(kWh/m2a)
(×1000m2)Total
ConsumptionElectricityGas․District
Education/Research187,25610.4977.2983.199122.06
Religiousfacilities24,77012.6328.5784.055146.88
Apartments977,32215.0876.2518.837175.43
Culture/Assembly19,31916.2912.8523.438189.42
Publichousing37,17020.1969.46110.735234.84
Nursinghome/
Kindergarten21,98922.98112.86510.115267.22


Energies2020,13,10499of16
Multi‐familyhouse(big)98,56424.0911.16412.926280.12
Other90,02726.33811.55514.783306.26
Office98,33527.15621.1346.022315.77
Multi‐familyhouse(small)137,77129.31314.1815.133340.85
House330,95631.22916.61214.618363.13
Medicalfacilities22,75731.72718.47213.256368.92
Salesfacilities50,79735.86128.7597.102416.99
Residentialneighborhood
facilities(class2)224,51438.26829.8948.373444.98
Residentialneighborhood
facilities(class2)206,45841.4731.33610.135482.21
Accommodation42,50643.47127.30916.161505.48
3.2.SurveyontheEnergyConsumptionofGreenBuildingCertifiedBuildings
Inthisstudy,monthlygasandelectricityenergyconsumption(kWh)forthreeyearsfrom2016
to2018wasinvestigatedfornon‐residentialbuildings,whoseEUIisconsideredtobehigherthan
residentialbuildings,usingthepublicopendatasystem[18].AsofJuly2019,161non‐residential
buildingshavereceivedgreenbuildingmaincertification.Ofthese,inatleastoneyear,84buildings
wereabletoobtaincompletemonthlyelectricityandgasenergyusagedataformorethan12months.
Unitsofsurveyedenergyusagedataneedtobeunifiedforcomparisonbetweenbuildings.Therefore,
monthlyelectricityandgasenergywassummedupannually,anddividedbythetotalfloorarea,to
calculatetheannualaverageenergyconsumption(SiteEUI:EnergyUseIntensity(kWh/m2a)).The
usageofbuildingswasclassifiedintothreecategories:public,commercial,andreligiousfacility.
Figure5isagraphshowingtheaveragebuildingenergyconsumptionbyyearof84buildings.
Thelineargraphrepresentstheaveragebuildingenergyconsumption(EUI)perfloorareaofthe
certifiedbuildingfortheyear,whilethebargraphrepresentsthenumberofsampledbuildingsfor
thecertificationyear.In2009,itreachedahighvalueof240kWh/m2.a,decreaseduntil2013,but
increasedto2015,andwaslowestin2017.Theslopeofthetrendlineindicatesthattheaverageenergy
consumptionofcertifiedbuildingsdecreasesasthecertificationyearelapses,butthenumberof
samplesissmallinaparticularyear,andtheR2valueis0.1146.

Figure5.AverageEUIof84buildingsbyG‐SEEDcertificationyear.

Energies2020,13,104910of16
Figure6showstheaverageandnumberofenergyusagebythetotalfloorarea.Thebargraph
showsthenumberofsamplebuildingsbytotalfloorarearange,whilethelinegraphshowsthe
averageEUIvalueofthecorrespondingtotalareabuildings.Thenumberofsamplesofbuildings
withatotalfloorareaoflessthan50,000m2waslarge.Theenergyconsumptiontrendlineseemsto
increaseasthetotalfloorareaisgraduallyincreased,butthecorrelationbetweenthetotalfloorarea
andtheenergyconsumptionislow,duetothelowR2valueof0.0164.InFigure6,theaveragenumber
ofbuildingsintheareaof(55,000–60,000)m2is2,whiletheaverageEUIvalueseemstobethelargest
singularvalue.BecausetheKoreanparliamentbuilding,oneofthesetwo,consumesalotofenergy,
theresultsinFigure6aresomewhatdifferentfromthoseofthepreviousstudy[11],whichfoundthat
certifiedbuildingswithlargefloorareasconsumemoreenergy.Sincetherearenotmanysamplesof
largebuildings,itwillbenecessarytoobtainrelevantdatalater.

Figure6.EUIaverageandnumberofsamplesbytotalfloorarea.
Figure7showstherangeinwhichtheEUIofacertifiedbuildingismostconcentrated.Thebars
representthenumberofbuildingscorrespondingtotherangedaverageEUI.Thehighestnumberof
buildingsinthe(150–200)kWh/m2arangewas24,followedby20buildingsinthe(100–150)kWh/m2a
range;82%ofthetotal84buildingsareconcentratedintherange(50–250)kWh/m2a.Fromtheabove
result,buildingsthathaveobtainedG‐SEEDcertificationinKoreaareconsideredtohavelowenergy
consumption.


Energies2020,13,104911of16

Figure7.NumberofsamplesbyEUIdistribution.
Table7waspreparedtodeterminetheEUIaccordingtotheG‐SEEDcertificationgradeand
averagetotalfloorarea.Thehigherthecertificationlevel,thehighertheenergyefficiency.Therefore,
theenergyconsumptionisconsideredbelow.However,theaverageEUIoftheGreen1classis201.30
kWh/m2a,andthelowerthegrade,thelowertheEUI.Itisnoteworthythattheaveragetotalfloor
areaaccordingtotheG‐SEEDcertificationgradeinTable7showsthattheaveragetotalfloorareais
significantlyhigherforbuildingswithhighergrades.Thisisreminiscentofthepreviousstudies
[6,12],whichshowedthatenergyratedbuildingswithhigherLEEDcertificationaremoreenergy‐
efficientthangeneralbuildings.Thephenomenonof‘thehighertheG‐SEEDcertificationlevel,the
highertheaverageEUI’mayberelatedtothetotalfloorareaofthebuilding.IfKorea’sbuilding
energydatabaseisactivatedinthefuture,itwillbepossibletoclarifyEUIaccordingtothetotalfloor
areabetweencertifiedbuildingsandgeneralbuildingsusingbigdata.
Table7.AverageEUIandaveragetotalfloorareabyG‐SEEDcertificationclass.
Certification
Grade
AverageEUI
(kWh/m2a)NumberSumofTotalFloorArea
(m2)
AverageTotalFloor
Area(m2)
Green1201.30 241,352,761.57 56,365.07
Green2189.19 462,202,972.72 47,890.71
Green3162.98 9207,112.20 23,012.47
Green4110.82 599,836.56 19,967.31
Total185.18 843,862,683.05 45,984.32
Table8waspreparedtounderstandtheeffectoftheinstallationofrenewableenergyontheEUI
ofG‐SEEDcertifiedbuildings.Atotalof84G‐SEEDcertifiednon‐residentialbuildingsweresurveyed
throughanInternetsearchandtelephoneinquiriesfortheapplicationofphotovoltaic,geothermal,
andsolarthermalenergy,whicharemainlyappliedtobuildings.Buildingsusingrenewableenergy
consumed20.2%lessenergythanbuildingstowhichrenewableenergywasnotapplied,andthe
energyconsumptionofbuildingswithbothphotovoltaicandgeothermalenergywasthelowest
amongrenewableenergy.Amongthebuildingstowhichrenewableenergywasapplied,theenergy

Energies2020,13,104912of16
consumptionofthebuildingstowhichphotovoltaic,solar,andgeothermalwereappliedishigh.As
mentionedabove,Korearequiresthemandatoryinstallationofrenewableenergyinthecaseofpublic
buildingsof1000squaremetersormorethatarenewlybuiltintheregulationsonthesupportof
renewableenergyfacilities[20].Intheearlydaysoftheenforcementofregulations(from2004to
2010),thepublicwasinterestedinrenewableenergy,somanynewlyconstructedpublicbuildings
appliedphotovoltaic,solar,andgeothermalenergy.Sinceacertainpercentageofthetotal
constructioncostwascalculatedasthecostofinstallingrenewableenergyuntilthelawwas
amended,photovoltaic,whichisrelativelyeasytoinstall,wasmainlyapplied.Sincethislawwas
revisedasapercentage(2011:over10%,2019:over27%,after2020:over30%)oftheenergy
consumptionexpectedintheoperationofbuildingsin2011,theapplicationofgeothermalenergy
andphotovoltaic,whichcanbeinstalledathighcapacity,hasincreased.
Table8.AverageEUIofG‐SEEDCertifiedBuildingsaccordingtoRenewableEnergyInstallation.
Renewable
Energy
AverageEUI
(kWh/m2a)
Sample
Number
SumofTotalFloorArea
(m2)
AverageTotalFloorArea
(m2)
PV151.06 14455,462.62 32,533.04
GT177.37 257,066.64 28,533.32
PV+GT110.85 5329,084.80 65,816.96
PV+ST123.92 122,340.85 22,340.85
GT+ST223.74 121,030.78 21,030.78
PV+GT+ST188.64 16768,556.51 48,034.78
RenewableSub
Total162.60 391,653,542.20 42,398.52
non‐applied203.67 452,209,140.85 49,092.02
Total185.18 843,862,683.05 45,984.32
PV:Photovoltaic,GT:Geothermal,ST:SolarThermal
TocompareEUIbybuildinguse,Table9comparestheaverageEUIbyuseofG‐SEEDcertified
buildingandgeneralbuildingEUI.Inthetable,theEUIofageneralbuildingisavaluereferringto
Tables5and6.InTable9,thetwopercentagevaluesinparenthesesontherightendarerelative
comparisonvaluesforcomparingtheenergyperformanceofG‐SEEDcertifiedbuildingstothoseof
generalbuildingsandequationofrelativedifferenceis{(generalbuildingEUI–certifiedbuilding
EUI)/generalbuildingEUI×100}.Withtheexceptionoflibraries(3cases)andmemorials(1case),
certifiedbuildingsforalmostallusesshowedlowervaluesthantheenergyconsumptionofgeneral
buildings.

Energies2020,13,104913of16
Table9.ComparisonofaverageEUIofG‐SEEDcertifiedbuildingsandgeneralbuildingsbybuildinguse.
BuildingUse
G‐SEEDCertifiedBuilding(Surveyed)GeneralBuilding
NumberTotalFloorArea
(m2)
AverageFloorArea
(m2)
AverageEUI
(kWh/m2a)
EUIinTable5
(kWh/m2a)and
Relativediff.(%)
EUIinTable6
(kWh/m2a)and
Relativediff.(%)
Public
Datacenter121,821.55 21,821.55 215.05 490.18(56.1)
Library3119,980.2139,993.40 230.08 231.33(0.5)122.06(−88.5)
Broadcasting160,852.7960,852.79 192.88 490.18(60.7)
Hospital15,328.985,328.98 127.38 463.52(72.5)368.92(65.5)
Socialfacility552,248.2110,449.64 139.24 175.58(20.7)267.22(47.9)
Research114,495.35 14,495.35 114.56 371.66(69.2)315.77(63.7)
Post5134,350.22 26,870.04 109.06 371.66(70.6)315.77(65.5)
Leaseoffice5159,509.43 31,901.89 207.51 371.66(44.2)315.77(34.3)
Youthfacilities15,019.65 5,019.65 192.02 175.58(−9.4)267.22(28.1)
Publicoffice21634,960.34 30,236.21 192.49 371.66(48.2)315.77(39.0)
Subtotal441,208,566.73 27,467.43 178.49 351.30(49.2)286.06(31.9)
Commercial
Datacenter183,432.35 83,432.35 474.60 490.18(3.2)
Corporateheadquarters9979,377.09 108,819.68 196.91 374.47(47.4)315.77(37.6)
Researchcenter3181,469.49 60,489.83 187.78 374.47(49.9)315.77(40.5)
Officetel5108,270.79 21,654.16 114.71  280.12(59.1)
Office201,232,713.86 61,635.69 203.94 374.47(45.5)315.77(35.4)
Subtotal382,585,263.58 68,033.25 196.38 403.40(51.3)306.86(43.2)
Religious
Church132,954.31 32,954.31 33.86 257.49(86.8)146.88(76.9)
Memorialhall135,898.43 35,898.43 205.15 412.03(50.2)189.42(−8.3)
Subtotal268,852.74 68,852.74 119.50 334.76(64.3)168.15(34.3)
Total843,862,683.05 45,984.32 185.18 362.26(48.9)268.02(35.5)

Energies2020,13,104914of16
InTable9,themostcommonuseswerepublicadministrativebuildings(21)andofficebuildings
(20)forcommerciallease.Thesetwousesintheofficeshowsthatthecertifiedbuildingsforpublic
administrationworkhaveupto48.2%betterenergyperformancethantheuncertifiedbuildings.In
addition,certifiedcommercialleasingofficebuildingsalsoshowupto45.5%betterenergy
performancethannon‐certifiedbusinessbuildings.ThesiteEUIforcertifiedpublicadministrative
andcommercialleasingofficebuildingswas(192.49and203.94)kWh/m2a,respectively.TheNew
YorkCitysurveyof953officebuildings[9]in2011foundthattheEUIforLEED‐certifiedandnon‐
certifiedofficebuildingswas307.8and308.3kWh/m2a.ThesiteEUImaydifferbetweenNewYork
andKoreabuildingsduetothedifferenceinclimatebetweenNewYorkandKorea,andthe
compositionandcertificationcriteriaofthebuilding.However,theresultsofEUI(308.3kWh/m2a)of
thegeneralofficebuildingofNewYorkandtheEUI((315.77–371.66)kWh/m2a)ofKoreangeneral
officebuildingsaresimilar.AsintheUSenergybenchmarkingsystem,detailedcomparisonsneed
tobemadeinthefuturebasedonlargesamplesofKoreanbuildingenergyusagedata.However,
aftersurveying84samplesofthisstudy,theEUIofnon‐residentialbuildingswithG‐SEED
certificationisatleast35.5%,andupto48.9%,lowerthanthatofnon‐certifiedbuildings.
4.DiscussionandConclusions
Toquantitativelyidentifythebuildingenergysavingsofapplyingthegreenbuilding
certificationofKorea,thisstudycomparedKoreanG‐SEEDandUnitedStatesLEEDenergy
certificationcriteria.Inaddition,annualmonthlyelectricityandgasenergyconsumptiondataofG‐
SEEDcertifiedbuildingsinactualoperationwerecollectedandanalyzed,andcomparedtonon‐
certifiedgeneralbuildings.Theresultsanddiscussionsaresummarizedasfollows.
TheuseofbuildingstargetedbyG‐SEEDandLEEDissimilar,butLEEDclassifiesobjectsfirst
byconstructionstageandscale.InthecaseofG‐SEED,itisrequiredtoobtainmandatorycertification
dependingonthepurposeandsizeofthebuilding.Inaddition,thecertificationprocessand
incentivesareregulatedbylaw.ThisissomewhatdifferentfromLEEDconductedintheprivate
sector.Intermsofenergyperformanceevaluation,itiseasytodeterminetheamountofenergycost
savingswhenevaluatingLEEDenergyperformance;butforG‐SEED,itisdifficulttoidentifythe
levelofenergysavingsusingtheEPI(EnergyPerformanceIndex)review.Itisnecessarytoapplya
detailedprocessofenergysimulationtoG‐SEED.
Inordertograspthelevelofenergyconsumptionofgreenbuildingcertifiedbuildings,itis
necessarytoestimatetheenergyconsumptionofnon‐certifiedgeneralbuildings.Inthisstudy,we
appliedtheenergyconsumptiondataofgeneralbuildingsproposedbyKoreanlawandtheenergy
consumptionstatusdataofeachbuildinguseandenergysourceforSeoulcityin2012,whichwas
investigatedbytheMinistryofLand,Infrastructure,andTransportofKoreathroughtheintegrated
buildingenergymanagementsystem.Theannualandmonthlygasandelectricenergyconsumption
(kWh)of161buildingswithgreenbuildingmaincertificationwereinvestigatedusinganopen
buildingdatasystemoperatedbytheKoreangovernment.Amongthem,84buildingswithcomplete
datawereselectedforanalysis.ThechangeinsiteEUIaccordingtotheyearofgreenbuilding
certificationwaslow.Thecorrelationbetweenthetotalfloorareaofthecertifiedbuildingandthesite
EUIwasalsolow.Ofthe84certifiedbuildings,thesiteEUIof57buildingswaslessthan200
kWh/m2a,indicatingthattheenergyefficiencyperformanceoftheG‐SEEDcertifiednon‐residential
buildingwashigh.
IncontrasttopreviousstudiesonLEED,thelowertheG‐SEEDgrade,thelowertheEUI.In
contrast,theaveragetotalfloorareaofhigh‐gradebuildingswashigh.InKorea,largerandmore
expensivebuildingsstrivetoachievehighercertificationlevelsatthedesignstage.However,inactual
operation,energysavingsdonotappeartobepossible.Therefore,itisnecessarytoreviewthepost‐
operationevaluationitemsafterthecompletionofthebuildingunderG‐SEEDstandards.
Theinstallationofrenewableenergyhasbeenshowntohelpimprovetheenergyefficiencyof
G‐SEEDcertifiedbuildings.Buildingswithrenewableenergyshowedanaverage20%lowersiteEUI
thanuninstalledbuildings.InKorea,alawrequiringmandatoryapplicationofrenewableenergyto

Energies2020,13,104915of16
newpublicbuildingsalongwithG‐SEEDcertificationseemstobecontributingtothereductionof
buildingenergy.
G‐SEED‐certifiedpublicadministrativeandcommercialleasedofficebuildingsshowedupto
(48.2and45.5)%higherenergyperformancethangeneraloffices,respectively.ThesiteEUIofthese
twobuildinguseis192.49and203.94kWh/m2a,respectively,whichismuchlowerthanprevious
studiesbasedonNewYork(307.8and308.3kWh/m2a).Althoughtherearemanydifferencesbetween
NewYorkandKoreaintermsofclimaticcharacteristics,itisnoteworthythattheEUIvaluesofnon‐
certifiedofficebuildings,whicharethebasisofcomparison,aresimilarbetweenNewYorkand
Korea.
Asaresultofexamining84samplesofthisstudy,non‐residentialbuildingswithG‐SEED
certificationshowedEUIthatwasatleast(35.5to48.9)%lowerthangeneralbuildings.Fromthese
results,itisconsideredthattheenergysavingeffectofthebuildingaccordingtotheimplementation
ofG‐SEEDcertificationisquitehigh.However,socialandeconomicfactorsthatarenotconsidered
inthisstudy,suchaseconomicdevelopment,legalregulations,improvedconstructionclientand
tenantdemands,andenvironmentalchanges,mayaffectbuildingenergyefficiency.
IfKorea’sbuildingenergyusedatabaseisfullyactivatedinthefuture,suchastheUSenergy
benchmarkingsystem,itwillbepossibletocompareandanalyzethepreciseenergyusagelevelof
greenbuildingcertifiedbuildings,andtoimproveanddevelopthestandard.
AuthorContributions:Conceptualization,S.N.andC.W.;methodology,S.N.;validation,S.N.andC.W.;formal
analysis,S.N.andC.W.;investigation,S.N.;resources,S.N.;datacuration,S.N.andC.W.;writing—originaldraft
preparation,S.N.andC.W.;writing—reviewandediting,C.W.;visualization,S.N.;supervision,S.N.;project
administration,S.N.;fundingacquisition,S.N.”
Funding:ThisworkwassupportedbyaNationalResearchFoundationofKorea(NRF)grant,fundedbythe
Koreagovernment(MSIT)(No.NRF‐2019R1A2C1006099).
Acknowledgments:ThiswassupportedbytheKoreaNationalUniversityofTransportationin2019.
ConflictsofInterest:“Theauthorsdeclarenoconflictofinterest.”
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