No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
COVID-19: Zoonotic aspects
Abstract
Coronaviruses can cause severe diseases in humans and animals, as has been stated recently by Biscayart et al. [1]. China has experienced several viral outbreaks in the last three decades; avian influenza outbreak in 1997, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 [2], and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in 2010 [3]. In China, yet another pathogenic human coronavirus outbreak was reported in the city of Wuhan. Wuhan is an urban town located in the central part of China. It is one of the significant transportations and business hubs. In 2018, the city comprised of a population of approximately 11.9 million, and one of the seventh most populous Chinese city [1,4].
On December 12, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) reported 27 individuals infected by a new coronavirus designated 2019-novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO). Of the reported cases, seven were critically ill and had a history of exposure with the Seafood Wholesale Market.
... Epithelial cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract are the primary target cells (Khan et al., 2020) [48] . Viral replication primarily takes place in the mucosal epithelium of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity and pharynx), and further multiplication in the lower respiratory tract and gastrointestinal mucosa (Duan, 2020b) [21] . ...
... Epithelial cells in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract are the primary target cells (Khan et al., 2020) [48] . Viral replication primarily takes place in the mucosal epithelium of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity and pharynx), and further multiplication in the lower respiratory tract and gastrointestinal mucosa (Duan, 2020b) [21] . ...
... Which makes the lung epithelial cells the prime targeted site for the corona virus. The covid-19 and SARS-CoV have matching sequence for receptor-binding, which can easily be entr into host cells through ACE2 receptor (Wan et al., 2020) but as described that animals are source of transmission (Ahmad et al., 2020). It is known by the science that SARSCoV-2 is 96% similar to a coronavirus of bat (Rodriguez-Morales et al., 2020). ...
... Potential cycle for the transmission of SARS-COV2(Ahmad et al., 2020) ...
The 21st century will be indelible in the world as ruin of the outbreak of COVID-19 was arose in Wuhan, China has now spread all over the world, up to August 2020. This study was based on the factors affecting the epidemiology of this virus in human societies of global concern. We studied the articles published in journals on various aspects of nCoVID19. The Wikipedia and WHO situation reports have also been searched out for related information. Outcomes were followed up until 2020.The COVID-19 is a virus with pandemic potential which may continue to cause regular infection in human. The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 threatened public health across the globe in form of system as reflected in the shape of emergency. Approximately 21 million humans are infected and 759,400 have lost their lives till 2020 in all over the world. We have described epidemiological features, reservoirs, transmission, incubation period, rate of fatality, management including recent clinical chemotherapeutic approach and preventive measurements and masses which are at risk of COVID19. This virus causes viral pneumonia when it attacks on respiratory system and multiple failure which can leads to life threatening complications. It is believed to be zoonotic importance although it is not clear from which animal and how it is transmitted. Zoonotic transmission of COVID-19 has not yet known by science. The current study will help to establish a baseline for early effective control of this rapidly spreading severe viral illness. The available data on COVID-19 indicates that older males with comorbidities would have been more infected, which can result in severe respiratory complications. Implementation of preventive measurements, investigation of proper chemotherapeutics and detection of cross species transmission agents must be ensured.
... With the reduction of a vaccine, fend methods have been insistently on populations to avert the devolution by direct contact. In laboratories, eventual vaccines are being evolved, but at the instant they are silent, at the experimental stage [6]. Meanwhile multifarious models, mathematical, statistical and computer-science-based, are being evolved to study the disease and contribute to struggling it. ...
In this article, we develop a mathematical model considering susceptible, infected, hospitalized and the recovered classes as in case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this circumstance , mathematical models are a vital tool to make use of an imposing strategy in order to fight against this pandemic. We obtained the positivity and boundedness of solutions. Also, we compute the basic reproduction number threshold, we study the local and global stability analysis of equilibria to scrutinize its epidemiological relevance. The Reproduction number is brief in less than or greater than one, and it effectively controlling the COVID-19 infection outbreak. Our model delineate the various transmission route in the infection dynamics, and exertion the role of the environmental reservoir in the transmission and dispersion of this disease. The numerical simulations is calculated to help the theoretical outcomes.
... Right from the start of the Covid-19 pandemic, scientists recognized the zoonotic nature of the disease, as caused by a virus transmitted from animals to humans [1], and the risk of its global spread. Equally, many suspected that with the climate and environmental changes that the world is living through, humans would continue to encounter other zoonotic infectious diseases [2] threatening their lives and livelihoods. ...
Background
Covid-19 is not the first pandemic to challenge GHG. Preceding outbreaks and epidemics were sources of continuous debate on GHG leadership and structure resulting in its current structure. However, Covid-19 proved the presence of many deficits in the current GHG. The response to the Covid-19 pandemic is a cumulative result of all policies and actions of different governments and agencies active in global health. Assessing how Covid-19 is being handled globally provides lessons for ensuring better performance in facing upcoming outbreaks. This study has three main objectives: first, to evaluate the performance of GHG during Covid-19 in general and in relation to Covid-19 vaccine equity in particular. Second, to identify the reasons behind this performance; and third, to propose prospective changes in GHG for better performance.
Methods
A cross-sectional research design using the Delphi method was applied. A panel of experts participated in the three-round Delphi surveys. Their scores were used to perform consensus, performance and correlation analysis.
Results
GHG performance limited the achievement of Covid-19 vaccines’ global equity. GHG performance is a product of the existing GHG system, its actors and legal framework. It is a collective result of individual GHG actors’ performance. The most influential actors in decision-making regarding Covid-19 vaccine are the vaccine manufacturers and governments. While the most invoked power to influence decision are economic and political powers. Covid-19 decisions underlying value, although had human right to health at the base, overlooked the concept of health as a global public good and was skewed towards market-oriented values. GHG mal-performance along with its underlying factors calls for four main changes in GHG structure: assigning a clear steward for GHG, enhanced accountability, centralized authority, more equitable representation of actors, and better legal framework.
Conclusion
GHG structure, actors’ representation, accountability system, and underlying priorities and value require future modification for GHG to achieve better future performance and higher health equity levels.
... Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) took place in Saudi Arabia in 2012 where dromedary camels were thought to be the intermediate source for the transmission of the virus [4]. As a continuation, the virus SARS-CoV-2 was related to the coronavirus responsible for the SARS outbreak of 2003, and the transmission of the virus was also zoonotic [5]. In March 13, 2020, the World Health Organization considered Europe as a hotspot of the 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic, and by April 24 (2020), the maximum part of the globe was affected by the outbreak [1,2]. ...
In this paper, an epidemic compartmental model with saturated type treatment function is presented to investigate the transmission
dynamics of COVID-19 with a case study of Spain (in Europe). We obtain the basic reproduction number of the
model which plays a very important role in disease spreading. We show that if the basic reproduction number is less than
unity then the disease-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable, but making the basic reproduction number
less than unity is not sufficient to eradicate COVID-19 infection which is shown through backward bifurcation. The model
is validated with the real COVID-19 data of Spain (in Europe), Algeria (in Africa), and India (in Asia) and also estimated
important model parameters in all cases. The effect of important model parameter for controlling the disease spreading is
also investigated for the infection scenario of Spain only. We establish that the asymptomatic class plays a very important role for spreading this pandemic disease. The effective reproduction number has been estimated which varies in time in Spain. Finally, the model is reformulated as an optimal control problem which shows that the social distancing due to adapting a partial lockdown by some countries is highly effective for controlling COVID-19.
... The symbol is a character, an action, a setting, or an object representing something else. A symbol that something is used itself and also stand for a particular objective reality (Amil et al (2020). It means, usually symbol is a name or a picture that may be familiar in daily life. ...
The purpose of this study is to investigate the types of figurative language, the most dominant, and the contextual meaning of figurative used in lyrics of Coldplay’s Album song entitled A Head Full of Dreams. The research uses a qualitative method that describes the analysis factually, accurately and systematically. Figurative language is a language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. Based on research findings, there are six types of figurative language used in A Head Full of Dreams Album by Coldplay. They are hyperbole, metaphor, personification, simile, irony and symbol. Awhile the most dominant type of figurative language is hyperbole stated in 34 lyrics. So, the contextual meaning of A Head Full of Dreams Album by Coldplay is giving a lot of relationships, memories, and social lives. Keywords: figurative language, song, contextual meaning.
... • Fear of COVID-19 infection -Naturally, fear of COVID-19 infection was one of the main stress factors [3-5, 7, 9, 24]. Even when complying with hygiene and quarantine measures, an increased risk of infection was demonstrated in public places [25,26]. Thus, when visiting their doctor for regular prenatal check-ups, pregnant women were at risk of infection, especially when traveling by public transport [25] and in healthcare facilities (including individual departments, waiting rooms, hallways, elevators or toilets) [27][28][29][30][31][32]. ...
On the outbreak of the global COVID-19 pandemic, high-risk and vulnerable groups in the population were at particular risk of severe disease progression. Pregnant women were one of these groups. The infectious disease endangered not only the physical health of pregnant women, but also their mental well-being. Improving the mental health of pregnant women and reducing their risk of an infectious disease could be achieved by using remote home monitoring solutions. These would allow the health of the mother and fetus to be monitored from the comfort of their home, a reduction in the number of physical visits to the doctor and thereby eliminate the need for the mother to venture into high-risk public places. The most commonly used technique in clinical practice, cardiotocography, suffers from low specificity and requires skilled personnel for the examination. For that and due to the intermittent and active nature of its measurements, it is inappropriate for continuous home monitoring. The pandemic has demonstrated that the future lies in accurate remote monitoring and it is therefore vital to search for an option for fetal monitoring based on state-of-the-art technology that would provide a safe, accurate, and reliable information regarding fetal and maternal health state. In this paper, we thus provide a technical and critical review of the latest literature and on this topic to provide the readers the insights to the applications and future directions in fetal monitoring. We extensively discuss the remaining challenges and obstacles in future research and in developing the fetal monitoring in the new era of Fetal monitoring 4.0, based on the pillars of Healthcare 4.0.
... The increasing proximity and frequency of contact between people, livestock, and wild animals may increase the risk of zoonotic disease transmission and allow mutations of novel pathogens with subsequent human-human transmission (Chomel et al. 2007;Smith and Wang 2013;Wynne and Wang 2013). Reducing human encroachment into intact ecosystems and the consumptive use of wildlife may in turn reduce the risk of zoonotic disease transmission (Wolfe et al. 2005;Ahmad et al. 2020). However, the rapid expansion of the global human population and its associated resource requirements mean a reduction in wildlife consumption is unlikely (McLaughlin 2011). ...
Conservationists speculated on potential benefits to wildlife of lockdown restrictions because of the COVID-19 pandemic but voiced concern that restrictions impeded nature conservation. We assessed the effects of lockdown restrictions on biodiversity conservation in South Africa, a biodiverse country with economic inequality and reliance on wildlife resources. We solicited expert opinion using the IUCN’s Threats Classification Scheme to structure a questionnaire and illustrated responses with individual case studies from government parastatal and non-governmental conservation organisations. The most highly reported threats were biological resource use, residential/commercial developments, invasive species, and human intrusions. The trends reported by 90 survey respondents were supported by case studies using environmental compliance data from parastatal conservation organisations. Lack of tourism revenue and funding were cited as hindrances to conservation. Mechanisms to prevent environmental degradation in the face of global emergencies must be implemented and ‘ring-fenced’ to ensure conservation is not a casualty during future global crises.
... The primary target of coronavirus infection is the mucosal cells of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Due to said characteristics, the virus also spreads through these systems (8), mainly by direct transmission and respiratory droplets. However, excretion from the body and transmission of contamination to surfaces can contaminate the hands and mucosal surfaces, which is one of the main transmission routes of these viruses (9). ...
Background: The prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is on the rise worldwide. Since nurses are in close contact with infected people, they are a component of the infection transmission chain. Therefore, their knowledge and performance regarding COVID-19 prevention and protection methods can help break the transmission chain. This study aimed to evaluate the self-care level of nurses in charge of caring for patients with COVID-19. Methods: The study population in this descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study included all nursing staff working in the hospitals affiliated with the Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. A sample size of 110 nurses was determined adopting the convenience sampling. Data were collected using demographic information as well as questionnaires developed by the researchers to measure the knowledge and performance of the nurses responsible for dealing with COVID-19 patients. Results: A total of 158 nurses with a mean age of 33.77±6.92 years participated in the present study, 85.4% of who were female. Half of the participants (51.3%) showed generally good and excellent levels of self-care. Average scores of the knowledge and performance of nurses increased significantly with an increase in age and work experience (P<0.05). Moreover, the knowledge scores of nurses working in internal wards and intensive care unit (ICU) as well as the performance scores of nurses working in internal wards were lower than those of nurses working in COVID-19 wards. Conclusion: It was found that nurses had relatively good knowledge and performance in dealing with COVID-19 patients. However, various factors such as work experience, age, place of work, etc. may have affected the knowledge and performance of nurses. Therefore, it was recommended that the training of medical staff should be organized so that the efforts to control the epidemic were not negatively affected by unintentional errors but were positively directed towards controlling the disease.
... Preliminary evidence suggests a link between wholesale seafood sales at the Wuhan market and COVID-19 [2,3]. The viruses classification international committee declared that SARS-CoV-2 virus belong to the family coronaviridae, order Nidovirales corona virus genus. ...
Currently, in relation to the effect of this pandemic on pregnancy, there are more questions than certainties about the real impact of COVID-19 on pregnant women. Studies are updated and often contradict each other. There is no evidence to suggest that pregnant women with COVID-19 have higher morbidity than affected non-pregnant women. We aimed to know whether maternal morbidities were more frequent in pregnant woman with COVID-19 compared to non-infected pregnant women. A retrospective case control study was conducted during a period of 6 months. Medical records were reviewed. A 120 files of COVID-19 infected women from Mosul city, and 95 files of non-infected pregnant women were reviewed and analyzed. We found that Infection with COVID-19 had a significant effect on pregnancy outcome, infected women were more likely to have higher incidence rates of adverse perinatal outcomes in both mothers and the newborns. Also, higher odds of complications associated with severe disease form Findings of our study came in line with previous studies in other countries, however, more medical care and support should be provided to pregnant women infected with COVID-19, particularly severe cases. Further studies with larger sample size are still needed for good understanding of the effect of virus on pregnancy outcomes.
... Three viral proteins are moored in the envelope of all CoVs: Membrane (M) protein, Envelope (E) protein Spike (S) protein, the viral surface proteins can be found in downstream compartments of the secretory pathway when communicated by the infection or alone: M con nes overwhelmingly in the Golgi apparatus. M can also interact with RNA that carries the genomic packaging signal (Cascella et al. 2020;Ahmad et al. 2020). It is protein with three transmembrane spaces and is thought to give the virion its shape. ...
Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are among the major problems impacted on global economics and healthful living. EIDs have long been perceive as a predominant conclusion of host-pathogen adaptation. Hence, in this analysis, influence by the appearance of major factors that impact emerging infectious diseases and explicate some extensive EIDs like HIV/AIDs, H1N1 and Coronavirus. A wealth of new trends, especially in applied science is fetching progressively for the fast molecular recognizable proof of microorganisms and the more precise checking of infectious disease movement. Atomic docking is one of the prominent computational tools, involving in construction put together medication disclosure with respect to EIDs to evaluate the limiting affinities between little particles and macromolecule that can further, used as a target of HIV/AIDs, H1N1, and coronavirus. Molecular approach of influenza neuraminidase, HIV-1 protease and Spike protein of corona virus result shows Zanamivir, Nelfinavir, Saquinavir, Erythromycin and Spiramycin are favourable interaction against the selected target proteins. These novel drug compounds approved in vivo studies with reaffirm results, it is clear that the computational methods (mainly molecular docking) are found to be an effective technique for drug discovery.
... Preliminary evidence suggests a link between wholesale seafood sales at the Wuhan market and COVID-19 [2,3]. The viruses classification international committee declared that SARS-CoV-2 virus belong to the family coronaviridae, order Nidovirales corona virus genus. ...
Currently, in relation to the effect of this pandemic on pregnancy,there are more questions than certainties about the real impactof COVID-19 on pregnant women. Studies are updated andoften contradict each other. There is no evidence to suggestthat pregnant women with COVID-19 have higher morbiditythan affected non-pregnant women. We aimed to know whethermaternal morbidities were more frequent in pregnant womanwith COVID-19 compared to non-infected pregnant women. Aretrospective case control study was conducted during a periodof 6 months. Medical records were reviewed. A 120 files ofCOVID-19 infected women from Mosul city, and 95 files ofnon-infected pregnant women were reviewed and analyzed. Wefound that Infection with COVID-19 had a significant effect onpregnancy outcome, infected women were more likely to havehigher incidence rates of adverse perinatal outcomes in bothmothers and the newborns. Also, higher odds of complicationsassociated with severe disease form Findings of our studycame in line with previous studies in other countries, however,more medical care and support should be provided to pregnantwomen infected with COVID-19, particularly severe cases.Further studies with larger sample size are still needed for goodunderstanding of the effect of virus on pregnancy outcomes.Key words. COVID-19, Epidemiology, Pregnancy outcomes,maternal complications, neonatal complications.
... It has been hypothesized that one of the major sites for viral replication in humans is in the small intestines; viral proteins have been identified in patient small intestines several months following clearance of the virus from the respiratory tract indicating that SARS-CoV-2 likely incites mechanisms to evade host immune systems, further complicating the understanding of COVID-19 transmission (Zang et al. 2020 ;Cheung et al. 2021 ;Gaebler et al. 2021 viruses are known to be derived from animals such as the Chinese horseshoe bat, Himalayan palm civets, raccoon dogs, and Chinese ferret badgers which are all found in live animal markets and are likely sources of reservoirs for various SARS viruses Huang et al. 2020 ;Paraskevis et al. 2020 ;Ahmad et al. 2020). Interestingly, preliminary studies have not demonstrated an efficient proof of animal-to-human transmission ). ...
To further understand human biology to treat or intervene against the rise of modern diseases such as COVID-19, multidrug resistance UTIs, and Parkinson’ Disease, there is a need to develop in silico clinical approaches that are based on personalized or precision medicine. Specifically, patient-derived “omics” approaches can be utilized to dissect the trajectory of pathology by gaining insight into molecular mechanisms underlying disease. For example, the application of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) provides insights into disease mechanisms at specific timepoints by characterizing the gene expression of cells, tissues, or host-associated microbiomes. However this technique is limited by the lack of approaches which extend or translate gene expression towards metabolic functions that are involved in disease onset. Therefore, the utilization of systems biology tools and frameworks combined with omics-based data can bolster our basic biological understanding of various diseases, towards developing cutting-edge interventions that are relevant to unique patient contexts. Specifically, datasets which utilize multi-omics (genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, etc.) can be extended with systems biology approaches to develop context-specific models, thereby refining the assumptions which underlie predictive models of patient-specific disease mechanisms. To this end, precision medicine and systems medicine share a common goal: the need to identify and interpret fundamental pathomechanisms which influence disease onset or remission; a goal that is achieved through the development of in silico clinical trials. Prior to achieving this aim, one requirement is to develop bioinformatic and systems biology workflows upon clinical samples to effectively model adverse pathophysiological states. Specifically, these models ought to be informed by context-specific and patient-specific circumstances which underlie disease mechanisms. Therefore, this dissertation will investigate both biomedical and systems biology literature to support the argument that reductionist approaches in medicine are limited and remain as a constraint towards precision medicine. To address this issue, the methodology presented in this dissertation will employ various systems biology tools to develop two systems medicine workflows with the aim to reconstruct context-specific metabolic network models conditioned with two next-generation RNA-Seq datasets (single-cell and metatranscriptomics) to uncover novel pathway activity in various patient cases. First, single-cells were extracted from COVID-19 patients longitudinally over a timescale and used to reconstruct metabolic network models of individual immune cells from various patients. This metabolic modeling approach upon a wide-range of patient cells uncovered both cell- and patient-specific metabolic pathways which were used for the characterization of various disease states through metabolic reaction abundance. Second, metatranscriptomics samples derived from UTI patients were extended for the construction of patient-specific microbiome community models. By simulating the urinary tract microbiome in tandem with the gene expression of the individual bacteria which form the community, numerous patient-specific biomarkers of infection were identified. In summary, both approaches highlight that the results derived from metabolic network models provide insights into both metabolic pathomechanisms which accurately characterize disease phenotypes and the increased potential for identifying realistic targets for disease intervention. Overall, the development of computerized human models that are biologically relevant is a foundational requirement and precursor towards a future setting which allows for in silico clinical trials.
... 2658| International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research | Apr -Jun 2020 | Vol 12 | Issue 2 of SARS-CoV SP, and SARS-CoV-2 SP binds to ACE2 with a higher affinity than SARS-CoV SP, indicative of a stronger ability of SAR-CoV-2 to invade host cells(Ahmad et al., 2020;Bai et al., 2020;Nicola et al., 2020c). In addition to ACE2, other receptors for SP binding on the host cell membrane remain unclear. ...
Objective: to determine the level of blood markers of cellular Human Cluster of Differentiation 147 (CD147) by ELISA assay. Immunological system, establishing the profile in patientsSARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. Methods: a case-control study including 30 patients (10 female) with SARS-CoV-2 repertory disorder whose follow-up was carried out at the outpatient clinic of the intensive care unit Service at Al Hussain Hospital, southern of Iraq , Patients were divided into three subgroups based on the onset of symptoms within the first 6 days of the acute phase of disease: subgroup A, subgroup B, and C. according to the type of drugs. Main systemic subgroup. Treatment group included 60 outpatients (25 female) being submitted to follow-up at the same hospital for non-inflammatory diseases. For determined the plasmatic levels of Human Cluster of Differentiation 147 (CD147), groups of S proteins Results: To start with, in vitro antiviral tests showed Meplazumab, infliximab and Etrolizumab an foe of CD147 adapted neutralizer, essentially hindered the infections from attacking host cells in comparison to controls, patients with presented concentrations of CD147 products (determined by plasmatic levels of S protein circulating in blood. Conclusion: our results indicate the presence of molecular SARS-CoV-2 invades respiratory cells determined by assay in patients which confirm a decrease in the defense capacity of the cellular system against toxicity induced by drugs in these patients.
... After evaluating the relevant scientific literature and published resources on COVID-19, a structured questionnaire was developed [11,23,[26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. The questionnaire comprised five different sections, such as: (1) sociodemographic information, (2) knowledge, (3) attitude, (4) perception, and (5) impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients. ...
Background:
Cancer patients, being immunocompromised, are at higher risk of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The current study determines cancer patients' knowledge, attitude, perception, and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Method:
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted in Pakistan from 1 April 2020 to 1 May 2020. The study respondents were cancer patients with ages equal to or greater than 18 years. Following a request for participation, the URL for the survey was distributed on numerous channels. Other social media platforms, including WeChat, WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Messenger, and LinkedIn, were used to increase cancer patient interaction. The questionnaire comprised five different sections such as: (1) sociodemographic information, (2) knowledge, (3) attitude, (4) perception, and (5) impact of COVID-19 on cancer patients. Descriptive medical statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to illustrate the demographic characteristics of the study participants. To compare mean knowledge scores with selected demographic variables, independent sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used, which are also practical methods in epidemiological, public health and medical research. The cut-off point for statistical significance was set at a p-value of 0.05.
Results:
More than 300 cancer patients were invited, of which 208 agreed to take part. The response rate was 69.33% (208/300). Gender, marital status, and employment status had a significant association with knowledge scores. Of the total recruited participants, 96% (n = 200) (p < 0.01) knew about COVID-19, and 90% were aware of general symptoms of COVID-19 disease, such as route of transmission and preventive measurements. In total, 94.5% (n = 197) (p < 0.01) were willing to accept isolation if they were infected with COVID-19, and 98% (n = 204) (p < 0.01) had reduced their use of public transportation. More than 90% (n = 188) (p < 0.01) of cancer patients were found to be practicing preventative measures such as using a face mask, keeping social distance, and avoiding handshaking and hugging. Around 94.4% (n = 196) (p < 0.01) of cancer patients had been impacted by, stopped or had changed cancer treatment during this pandemic, resulting in COVID-related anxiety and depression.
Conclusion:
The included cancer patients exhibited a good level of COVID-19 knowledge, awareness, positive attitude, and perception. Large-scale studies and efforts are needed to raise COVID-19 awareness among less educated and high-risk populations. The present survey indicates that mass-level effective health education initiatives are required for developing countries to improve and reduce the gap between KAP and COVID-19.
... Species are coming into direct contact with human beings and this is now having adverse effects on the human fraternity in that some of the diseases which were found within the original natural habitats are now transferred into human beings causing diseases. For instance, the outbreak of the recent Covid 19 pandemic is said to have emerged from habitat disturbance [11]. As humans alter the environment through habitat fragmentation, the microbes that live within will spill over into human communities leading to disease outbreaks. ...
The main aim of this research is to analyse spatio- temporal trends on habitat disturbance between 1986 and 2021 in protected areas of, Zimbabwe with a focus on anthropogenic activities such as mining which are leading to biodiversity loss, habitat and ecosystem services disturbances. This paper provides an overview of recent studies using Remote Sensing (RS and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques to assess the extent of mining disturbance on plant habitats in protected areas of Zimbabwe. Through a systematic review, literature hotspot analysis was done as well as a trend analysis at regional specific level together with statistical tests in order to come up with an overview of the past studies which were done on habitat disturbance in protected areas of Zimbabwe over a thirty-five-year period. The paper highlights the complex nature of the impacts of mining as well as discuss spatial research methods, data sources and limitations. The results indicated an exponential growth of scientific literature on human-environment interactions in the mining environments at regional scale and a non- monotonic trend at country level. This has prompted a need to synthesize literature to guide future research. Conclusively there is limited research done on habitat disturbance in protected mining environments, hence the need for advanced geospatial scientific studies in the future on spatio-temporal analysis of trends on habitat disturbance
... There is a alteration of five nucleotides between SARS and SARS-CoV-2 [68]. The variations at the level of spikes on receptor binding ligands [23,33,55,85] is accountable for zoonotic spillover and crossing of the species barrier [2,22,24,40,51,52,56,58,68,69,76,85,92,100]. The microscopic images of the structure of the SARS-CoV-2 approves the transformation in spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 [68]. ...
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an evolving communicable disease caused due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has led to a global pandemic since December 2019. The virus has its origin from bat and is suspected to have transmitted to humans through zoonotic links. The disease shows dynamic symptoms, nature and reaction to the human body thereby challenging the world of medicine. Moreover, it has tremendous resemblance to viral pneumonia or Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) is performed for detection of COVID-19. Nevertheless, RT-PCR is not completely reliable and sometimes unavailable. Therefore, scientists and researchers have suggested analysis and examination of Computing Tomography (CT) scans and Chest X-Ray (CXR) images to identify the features of COVID-19 in patients having clinical manifestation of the disease, using expert systems deploying learning algorithms such as Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL). The paper identifies and reviews various chest image features using the aforementioned imaging modalities for reliable and faster detection of COVID-19 than laboratory processes. The paper also reviews and compares the different aspects of ML and DL using chest images, for detection of COVID-19.
... Center for Disease Control and Prevention declared according to MERS-CoV viruses' incubation period during which symptoms observed may express within 2 to 14 days [8]. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from human to human was observed much quickly [9]. The death rate with COVID-19 was observed initially 15% according to many studies but later the death rate was observed 2% [10]. ...
The current pandemic of COVID-19 was first time observed in the Wuhan city of China in December 2019, which later appeared all over the world. World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus pandemic is an international issue of public health emergency in the world. WHO on 11 February 2020 confirmed the name of this virus as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS- CoV-2). Different effective preventive measures were implemented to control the transmission of COVID-19. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan government designed different effective methods to fight against this zoonotic disease. The government of Pakistan designed tertiary care hospitals, quarantine facilities and COVID-19 testing laboratories in all provinces. Currently, a massive campaign of vaccination is started immunization of maximum population to get control over this pandemic. This review highlighted the spread of COVID-19 along with its effects on the Pakistani population as well as government feedback to control this pandemic.
Keywords: COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; lockdown; pakistan; vaccines; WHO.
... [129,144,145] Epidemiological evidence indicated that several episodes of zoonotic transmission occurred in late November 2019 at a Wuhan city wholesale market, where live wild animals including snakes, bats, marmots, deer and some game animals were illegally traded. [129,146] Frequent human-animal interactions and low levels of environmental biosecurity in rural communities in southern China were identifi ed as risks for zoonotic disease emergence. [147] Future in-depth research on specifi c risk factors will help tailor more fi ne-tuned risk mitigation strategies to reduce threats of emerging zoonoses. ...
... 4 Since the beginning of the pandemic, the mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 has been highly controversial and the topic of much research and debate. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] The dominating view during the early phase of the pandemic was that SARS-CoV-2 was mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and contact. Due to their size, large droplets cannot stay suspended in air for longer than a few seconds, and will normally travel distances of less than two meters when projected from a person, for example when talking, singing, coughing, or vomiting. ...
Since the beginning of the pandemic, the transmission modes of SARS-CoV-2-particularly the role of aerosol transmission-have been much debated. Accumulating evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted by aerosols, and not only via larger respiratory droplets. In this study, we quantified SARS-CoV-2 in air surrounding 14 test subjects in a controlled setting. All subjects had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed by a recent positive PCR test and had mild symptoms when included in the study. RT-PCR and cell culture analyses were performed on air samples collected at distances of one, two, and four meters from test subjects. Oronasopharyngeal samples were taken from consenting test subjects and analyzed by RT-PCR. Additionally, total aerosol particles were quantified during air sampling trials. Air viral concentrations at one-meter distance were significantly correlated with both viral loads in the upper airways, mild coughing, and fever. One sample collected at four-meter distance was RT-PCR positive. No samples were successfully cultured. The results reported here have potential application for SARS-CoV-2 detection and monitoring schemes, and for increasing our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Practical implications. In this study, quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in air was performed around infected persons with mild symptoms. Such persons may go longer before they are diagnosed and may thus be a disproportionately important epidemiological group. By correlating viral concentrations in air with behavior and symptoms, we identify potential risk factors for viral dissemination in indoor environments. We also show that quantification of total aerosol particles is not a useful strategy for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments.
... Diseases can be transmitted between animals in crowded conditions during capture, transport and sale, and from animals to humans during close contact [17][18][19][20][21][22][23]. Viruses that spread from animal to human hosts have been responsible for massive outbreaks of disease in humans, most recently demonstrated in the global COVID-19 pandemic [24,25]. With known deleterious effects of non-domesticated animal trade and trafficking on conservation efforts, animal welfare, and human and non-human animal health, there is a pressing need to understand the conditions that motivate and dissuade interest in non-domesticated animals as pets. ...
The trade and private ownership of non-domesticated animals has detrimental effects on individual animals and their wild populations. Therefore, there is a need to understand the conditions that motivate and dissuade interest in non-domesticated pet ownership. Past research has demonstrated that the way in which non-domesticated animals are portrayed in images influences the public’s perception that they are suitable as pets. We conducted an online survey of people residing in the United States to investigate how viewing images that could be realistically captured in the zoo and broader tourism industries impact the degree to which people report interest in having that animal as a pet. We focused on two species, reticulated pythons ( Malayopython reticulatus ) and two-toed sloths ( Choloepus hoffmanni ), and presented each species in six different visual contexts. After viewing an image, respondents reported interest in pet ownership on a four-point Likert scale. Each species was studied separately in a between-subjects design and results were analyzed using ordinal logistic regression models. Thirty-nine percent of respondents reported interest in sloth pet ownership, and 21% reported interest in python pet ownership. However, contrary to our hypotheses, we found that viewing these species in different visual contexts did not significantly affect survey respondents’ reported interest in having either species as a pet. Generation was a significant predictor of interest in both sloth and python pet ownership, with younger generations reporting more interest in having these species as pets. Male respondents reported more interest in python pet ownership, whereas there were no significant differences between genders regarding interest in sloth ownership. We consider how modern media exposure to animals in unnatural contexts may relate to the generational effect and discuss priorities for future research to better understand the development of individual interests in non-domesticated pet ownership.
Coronaviruses (CoVs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans, domestic animals, and wildlife, typically causing mild-to-severe respiratory or enteric disease. The main objective of this study was to identify CoV genera and subgenera detected in Peruvian alpacas. Lung lavage specimens were collected from 32 animals aged 1 to 6 weeks. CoVs were identified by using RT-PCR to amplify a pan-CoV conserved region of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-encoding gene. A nested PCR was performed to identify β-CoVs. Then, β-CoV-positive samples were subjected to RT-PCR using specific primers to identify the Embecovirus subgenus. Out of 32 analyzed samples, 30 (93.8%) tested positive for at least one CoV genus. β-, α-, or unclassified CoVs were identified in 24 (80%), 1 (3.3%), and 1 (3.3%) of the positive samples, respectively. A CoV genus could not be identified in two (6.7%) samples. A mixture of different CoV genera was detected in two (6.7%) samples: one was co-infected with β- and α-CoVs, and the other contained a β- and an unclassified CoV. A sequence analysis of the amplicons generated by the PCR identified 17 β-CoV strains belonging to the subgenus Embecovirus and two α-CoV strains belonging to Decacovirus. A phylogenetic analysis of two strains revealed a relationship with an unclassified Megaderma BatCoV strain. A subgenus could not be identified in nine β-CoV samples. Our data show a high prevalence and a high genetic diversity of CoV genera and subgenera that infect alpacas, in which the β-CoV subgenus Embecovirus predominated. Our data also suggest a new role for bats in the dissemination and transmission of uncommon CoVs to alpacas raised in rural Peru.
The virus COVID-19 is regarded as infectious and has been classified as a pandemic. Each country is taking precautions to lessen the rate of transmission after the virus spread to several countries. So far, a variety of strategies have been employed to combat the infection. Current broad-treatment, such as few limited vaccines are utilized as the main approaches in India, while the efficacy of various medications is yet uncertain. This research involved an exhaustive literature analysis, followed by interaction with healthcare specialists to identify the underlying vulnerabilities with the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Indian context. In this chapter, a novel effort was made by combining two ‘multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)’ methods, such as the ‘Best-Worst Method (BWM) and Step-Wise-Assessment and Ratio-Analysis (SWARA)’ in order to rank the significant variables that contribute to the spread of COVID-19. Initially, considering the existing availability, the main preferences of COVID-19’s vaccines (such as COVISHIELD, COVAXIN, and Sputnik-V) among the Indian community was done by the use of SWARA approach. Further, in order to rank the essential and significant variables that contribute to the spread of COVID-19 and according to how best to prioritize them, the associated significant variables were ranked using the BWM technique, and the associated sub-variables were ranked using the SWARA approach, which took into account the variable’s optimized-weight values when determining the final weight values of the corresponding sub-variables.
Pattern recognition receptor-mediated innate immunity is critical for host defense against viruses. A growing number of coding and noncoding genes are found to encode microproteins. However, the landscape and functions of microproteins in responsive to virus infection remain uncharacterized. Here, we systematically identified microproteins that are responsive to vesicular stomatitis virus infection. A conserved and endoplasmic reticulum-localized membrane microprotein, MAVI1 (microprotein in antiviral immunity 1), was found to interact with mitochondrion-localized MAVS protein and inhibit MAVS aggregation and type I interferon signaling activation. The importance of MAVI1 was highlighted that viral infection was attenuated and survival rate was increased in Mavi1-knockout mice. A peptide inhibitor targeting the interaction between MAVI1 and MAVS activated the type I interferon signaling to defend viral infection. Our findings uncovered that microproteins play critical roles in regulating antiviral innate immune responses, and targeting microproteins might represent a therapeutic avenue for treating viral infection.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan pembelajaran menggunakan google classroom selama pembelajaran daring. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah semua mahasiswa Teknik Informatika pada mata kuliah Logika Informatika. Sampel Penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 40 orang yang dipilih menggunaka teknik simple random sampling. Teknik pengambilan datanya dengan menggunakan angket yang dubagikan melalui googleform. Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dengan bantuan komputerisasi. Hasil pada penelitian ini menggambarkan respon mahasiswa menunjukkan pembelajaran menggunakan Google Classroom cukuo efektif pada variabel kemudahan memahami materi dengan nilai rata-rata 3,68. Variabel fleksibilitas waktu belajar berada pada kategori efektif dengan nilai rata-rata 4,14. Sedangkan Variabel kejelasan instruksi dan tercapainya sasaran pembelajaran berada pada kategori efektif dengan nilai rata-rata 4,27.
Coronavirusesadalah virus RNA tunggal-untai terlindung positif-rasa dari subfamili Orthocoronavirinae, keluarga Coronaviridae, perintah Nidovirales. Pada Desember 2019, sekelompok pneumonia dengan etiologi yang tidak diketahui muncul di Kota Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei Cina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat topik mengenai Covid-19 khususnya isu-isu yang berkembang di masyarakat untuk memberikan informasi yang relevan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode integrative review. Sumber data penelitian ini berasal dari literature yang diperoleh melalui internet berupa hasil penelitian dari jurnal internasional tahun 2020 seperti Pubmed, Elsevier, Clinical Key, SCOPUS, American Journal, dan lain-lain. Dari total 41 jurnal yang telah penulis review, kesimpulannya adalah berjemut dibawah sinar matahari atau dibawah suhu diatas 25C, tidak mencegah penularan Covid 19, penyakit Covid 19 tidak ditularkan oleh gigitan nyamuk, alat pengukur suhu tidak dapat menentukan seseorang terinfeksi Covid 19, menyemprotkan desinfektan ke seluruh tubuh tidak dapat membunuh Coronavirus dalam tubuh, memakan bawang dan meminum cairan pemutih tidak mencegah infeksi dari Coronavirus, penyakit Covid 19 tidak hanya menyerang orang tua melainkan semua usia, mengkonsumsi klorokuin tidak mencegah infeksi Coronavirus, penularan Covid 19 tidak melalui kontak mata, menerima paket dari China aman dan tidak berpotensi menularkan Covid 19, serta tidak semua orang yang terinfeksi Covid 19 akan meninggal. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa banyaknya misinformasi yang terjadi di kalangan masyarakat.
Since December 2019, the infection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as novel coronavirus, has been responsible for the biggest global public health crisis in recent history, which infected more than 645,925,544 individuals with 6,635,798 deaths in 228 countries and territories. Although few re-purposed anti-COVID-19 drugs and WHO-approved vaccines are now available, side effects, limited potency and efficacy toward new virus variants, public acceptance, availability, and affordability to entire global populations are the major limitations of presently available treatment against this disease. Thus, the demand for medicinal plant-based therapy for this life-threatening disease is still high. Many medicinal plants, traditional herbal therapies, and formulations have been employed and screened on an emergency basis from the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic to find effective and safer potent plant-derived anti-COVID-19 drug-based treatments against the new COVID-19 pandemic. Besides vaccination programs, several clinical trials of traditional herbal medicines and formulations have also been underway in India, China, and other countries, considering medicinal plants are a viable source of several therapeutic molecules, including antiviral compounds. In this chapter, the potential role of medicinal plants, traditional herbal medicines, and formulations have been reviewed based on literature review-, in silico-, in vitro- and clinical trial-based research, which shows a bright future in the management and/or treatment of this disease following adequate standardization and optimization. The results of such investigations might lead to the identification and characterization of therapeutic molecules or formulations which helps in new drug development in the near future.KeywordsSARS-CoV-2COVID-19Traditional herbal medicineMedicinal plantHerbal formulationIn silico studyClinical trail
Background: Balanced dietary intake is needed to prevent malnutrition which is one of the nutritional problems faced by adolescents. Aim: To study the association between predominant dietary intake and nutritional status of female adolescent students in boarding schools in Tasikmalaya, Indonesia. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 323 female adolescent students residing full-time in eight boarding schools in Tasikmalaya, West Java. Students' dietary intake was measured using the 3-non-consecutive-day 24-h recall method. The association between the predominant dietary intake and nutritional status was evaluated using binary logistic regression. Results: Of the 323 students, 59 (18.3%) were overweight/obese (OW/OB) and 102 (31.6%) had stunted growth. The predominant dietary intake in the OW/OB group was snacks, whereas, in the stunted group, it was main meals. Snack-predominant dietary intake was a risk factor for overweight and obesity (p = 0.008; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.276; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.244-4.164), but it was a protective factor against stunting (p = 0.008; AOR: 0.521; 95% CI: 0.322-0.842). Conclusion: The predominance of main meals and snacks as components of total dietary intake affected the nutritional status of female adolescent students living in boarding schools. Therefore, the dietary intake interventions should tailor and design the nutritional contents of main meals and snacks according to the nutritional status of the targeted individuals.
The article investigates the prevalence of COVID-19 in the district Dir Lower, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in January-June 2020. Samples were taken from suspected patients who visited the District Headquarters Hospital, Timergara (DHQHT), Dir (Lower). All the experimental work was conducted at the DHQHT pathology laboratory. The Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) was used for testing. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. This study examines 2718 individuals. COVID-19 confirmed cases totalled 1125 (41.39 %), with 10 fatalities (0.5 %). Males (829) had a higher prevalence of illness than females (296), with a p-value of (0.76). Positive cases were most prevalent among those aged 31–40 years (26.84 %), followed by those aged 41–50 years (15.02 %), those aged 0–10 years (3.91%), those aged 11–20 years (9.51%) and those aged 21–30 years (21.24%). Most of the COVID-19 cases were found in the tehsils of Timergara (534) and Lal Qila (118). The study's findings indicate a high rate of positive cases and a low mortality rate. This study will aid researchers, doctors and policymakers in their efforts to contain or eliminate the spread of COVID-19 in the study area.
This chapter explores the use of quality statistical tools for the development of diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 and the different metrological parameters recommended to laboratories towards guaranteeing the quality assurance of the tests, according to ISO/IEC 17025. Tools such as validation, uncertainty estimation, and proficiency testing are presented and the importance of their application to the current scenario and their perspectives and scarcity in the tests developed and made available are discussed.
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a large global outbreak. The reports of domestic animals’ infection with SARS-CoV-2 raise concerns about the virus’s longer-lasting spread, the establishment of a new host reservoir, or even the evolution of a new virus, as seen with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the susceptibility of domestic animals, especially companion animals, towards SARS-CoV-2 in light of existing studies of natural infection, experimental infection, and serological surveys.
Graphical Abstract
Susceptibility of domestic and companion animals to SARS-CoV-2 infection
Background: Owing to the novel nature of COVID-19, management strategies are poorly understood by most Primary Care Providers (PCPs) especially in the Low and middle-income Countries (LMIC) of the world. If the knowledge of PCPs concerning COVID-19 is enhanced, awareness, perception and attitude towards patient care will improve. Consequently, maximum prevention and control will be achieved. This study aims at assessing the awareness, knowledge and willingness of the PCPs to care for COVID-19 patients in Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was used to evaluate one thousand one hundred and twenty-six (1126) PCPs actively working in government primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare facilities in Calabar, Nigeria. A total population sampling method was employed and a validated, semi-structured, 33-item questionnaire was used to explore the objectives of the study. Results: Majority (99.4%) of the study participants were aware of COVID-19. Most (68.4%) information regarding COVID-19 came from the social media. Bonferroni Post Hoc test of multiple comparisons revealed that the knowledge score for PCPs in tertiary was significantly higher compared to those in secondary and primary levels of care. Approximately fifty-five percent (55.3%) of the participants did not want to be involved in the management of COVID -19 patients. Conclusion: There is the need to focus and intensify training of the PCPs working at the primary and secondary levels of care in order to increase their awareness, knowledge base, willingness to care for patients and eventually reduce morbidity and mortality associated with COVID-19 in the study setting.
Emerging infectious diseases (EID) as well as reappearing irresistible infections are expanding worldwide. Utmost of similar cases, it was seen that the EIDs have long been perceived as a predominant conclusion of host-pathogen adaption. Here, one should get to analyze their host-pathogen interlink and their by needs to look ways, as an example, by exploitation process methodology particularly molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation has been utilized in recent time as a most outstanding tool. Hence, we have overviewed some of important factors that influences on EIDs especially HIV/AIDs, H1N1 and coronavirus. Moreover, here we specified the importance of molecular docking applications especially molecular dynamics simulations approach to determine novel compounds on the emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, in vivo and in vitro studies approach to determine novel compounds on the emerging infectious diseases that has implemented to evaluate the limiting affinities between small particles as well as macromolecule that can further, used as a target of HIV/AIDs, H1N1, and coronavirus were also discussed. These novel drug molecules approved in vivo and in vitro studies with reaffirm results and hence, it is clear that the computational methods (mainly molecular docking and molecular dynamics) are found to be more effective technique for drug discovery and medical practitioners.
This article presents an analysis of the Farm to Fork Strategy (F2F Strategy) on animal welfare matters though the lens of EU trade policy and public participation. It shows that the mix of cooperation tools contained in bilateral agreements with trade components support in aggregate the Strategy's actions on animal welfare. However, individual bilateral agreements may need to be renegotiated and modernised to include more powerful cooperation tools to achieve sustainable food systems through the adoption and implementation of animal welfare standards. One way of achieving this is to negotiate the inclusion of sustainable food systems chapters that highlight the linkages between animal welfare, agriculture, sustainability, climate, environment, and public health. However, such robust chapters should be monitored and enforced in a correspondingly robust manner, for example, by restructuring chapters' committees and work groups. The article concludes that enhanced public participation, both at the level of legislative proposals (public consultations) and at the level of trade policy (domestic advisory groups, standardisation committees), may better support achieving policy objectves of animal welfare measures of the F2F Strategy.
The widespread coronavirus pandemic has halted the progress of the sustainable development goals (SDG) proposed by the United Nations. This pandemic has already shattered the economy of not only the developing countries but also the developed nations. During this period, the primary focus was on the healthcare sector, while other developmental progress wasn’t considered essential. Since the duration of the pandemic couldn’t be predicted, the SDGs are now the second priority. This chapter emphasizes on the impacts which may have caused by COVID-19 on two specific SDGs, which involve the sustainable development of marine, coastal, terrestrial, and inland aquatic ecosystem. The improper disposal of COVID-19-associated wastes, such as medical equipment, plastics, masks, and gloves, is a threat to both the lives on land and below water. Complete lockdown led to improper treatment of wastewaters before being discharged into water bodies, and waterlog caused by COVID-19 wastes in beaches resulted in the damage of aquatic ecosystem. On the contrary, the revival of the marine ecosystem closer to the coastline due to the world’s reduced economic activity is considered as an advantage. This pandemic provided a short-term success in preventing deforestation and reduced poaching, promoting the forest ecosystem. But in the long run, lack of jobs and unemployment might lead to increased cutting of trees to earn the living. Thus COVID-19 may have influenced bringing both positives and negatives to the SDGs, and these provide us with the challenges and opportunities to accomplish these goals.
The first reported case of a novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) was in China. COVID-19 had substantial consequences on all aspects of society globally. In reaction to the mounting number of cases and deaths associated with COVID-19, global measures such as quarantines, lockdowns, and social distancing were implemented in early 2020. While these strategies may have slowed the rapid spread of the virus, they have harmed people psychologically. In a context of huge uncertainty, psychological issues and health sequelae of the COVID-19 crisis, including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, and suicide, have progressively emerged. These psychological reactions to COVID-19 infection impair good health and well-being for all ages, specified in the third goal of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The achievement of SDG should parallel the global response to the COVID-19 pandemic; they should not counteract each other.
In this context, short- and long-term negative effects of psychological reactions may exist, thus urgent strategies to mitigate such a burden is paramount. This chapter discusses the psychological aspects during the COVID-19 by exploring the psychological reactions to this global pandemic of the general population and those involved in the healthcare sector. Further, it explores the impact of the psychological burden on society, including the risk and protective factors. Lastly, preventative strategies to lessen this psychological burden for better health and community well-being are detailed.
Bacteria, viruses, and parasites are harmful microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. Early detection of diseases is critical to prevent disease transmission and provide epidemic preparedness, as these can cause widespread deaths and public health crises, particularly in resource-limited countries. Lateral flow assay (LFA) systems are simple-to-use, disposable, inexpensive diagnostic devices to test biomarkers in blood and urine samples. Thus, LFA has recently received significant attention, especially during the pandemic. Here, first of all, the design principles and working mechanisms of existing LFA methods are examined. Then, current LFA implementation strategies are presented for communicable disease diagnoses, including COVID-19, zika and dengue, HIV, hepatitis, influenza, malaria, and other pathogens. Furthermore, this review focuses on an overview of current problems and accessible solutions in detecting infectious agents and diseases by LFA, focusing on increasing sensitivity with various detection methods. In addition, future trends in LFA-based diagnostics are envisioned.
The pandemic coronavirus COVID-19 spread around the world with deaths exceeding that of SARS. COVID-19 is believed to have been transmitted from animals, especially from bats, and the virus is transmitted from person to person over time. This paper will help countries to make decisions that encourage access to corrected values and get some indication as to whether there are other factors that affect the spread of COVID-19, via methods such as by increasing the daily test rate. This paper presents an intelligent model for analyzing data collected from the countries affected by the COVID-19 virus. It considers the total number of tests that each country has undergone, the number of international tourist arrivals in each country, the percentage of employment, the life expectancy at birth, the median age, the population density, the number of people aged 65 years or older in millions, and the sex ratio. The proposed model is based on machine learning approaches using k-Means as a clustering approach, Support Vector Machine (SVM) as a classifier, and wrapper as a feature extraction approach. It consists of three phases of pre-processing the data collected, the discovery of outlier cases, the selection of the most effective features for each of the total infected, deaths, critical and recovery cases, and the construction of prediction models. Experimental results show that the extracted features of the wrapper technique have shown that it is more capable of fitting and predicting data than the Correlation-Based Feature Selection, Correlation Attribute Evaluation, Information Gain, and Relief Attribute Evaluation techniques. The SVM classifier also achieved the highest accuracy compared to other classification algorithms for predicting total infected, fatal, critical, and recovery cases.
En marzo 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró la pandemia de la enfermedad por Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19), la cual es ocasionada por el Coronavirus tipo 2 que ocasiona el síndrome respiratorio agudo (SARS-CoV�2). Hasta mayo 2022, esta enfermedad ha ocasionado 5,725,075 casos acumulados y 323,891 muertos, reportando en promedio 464 casos positivos y 43 muertos confirmados por día (Secretaria de Salud 2022).
SARS-CoV-2 está integrado por una sola cadena de RNA con sentido positivo, cuyo genoma es de aproximadamente 30 kb, con forma helicoidal envuelto en una membrana de proteína y lípidos -o grasa- que tiene forma de corona, lo que le da su nombre y lo agrupa con otros agentes que ocasionan principalmente cuadros respiratorios e infecciones intestinales en animales y humanos. Estos virus de RNA
tienen la característica de tener una mayor tasa de mutación, lo que ha ocasionado complicaciones en las estrategias de prevención y control, como ha ocurrido con la COVID-19, debido a la amplia gama de variantes génicas generadas (Wu et al. 2020, Jo et al. 2021)
Nowadays, genetic research is providing fresh perspectives and opportunities in various fields. In order to comprehend the behaviour of a specific organism completely, we need to grasp its genetic signature. In particular, it gives information about an individual’s susceptibility to disease, allowing us to manage their future health. Currently, we are struggling to get rid of the covid pandemic. Hence, more research on the covid’s genomic signature is needed in this context. With this aim, we have established our paperwork to look at the signatures of genomes using chaotic studies. For this purpose, we have first created alternative representations of the SARS-Cov-2 DNA sequences, including colour-coded images, indicator matrix, DNA walk, and chaotic game representation (CGR). Then, we used fractal dimension, lacunarity and succolarity to examine their chaotic behaviour. Finally, we have offered a statistical overview of our findings and assessed the correlation between the methods using the correlation coefficient matrix.
Background:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 100million individuals worldwide with diverse impacts on nations. The rising cases of new strains and resultant infection waves create an urgent need to assess the readiness of countries especially in Africa to mitigate the impact on community transmission. This paper delivers a brief synopsis of the novel SARS-CoV-2, emerging cases of new variants reported worldwide, and implications for genetic surveillance of disease transmission in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) especially Africa.
Materials and methods:
Literature search used keywords like SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 epidemiology; pandemic waves; corona outbreak, clinical syndromes, treatments, prevention and control. Cross-sectional and observational studies published on COVID-19 from 2019 till date of study provided main information sources. Databases such as Web of Science, Embase, PubMed and Google Scholar were utilised.
Main findings:
Over 220 countries have documented COVID-19 cases with varied severity till date. Before the spikes in resurgence, a highly virulent mutated (>90% fatality rate) novel strain of COVID-19 had been documented. There is very little data to ascertain the impact of the COVID-19 infection waves in LMICs.
Discussion:
LMICs especially African countries still grapple with significant challenges like inefficient surveillance mechanisms, inadequate vaccination coverage, inadequate enforcement of environmental health strategies, poor health systems etc. Hence, Africa's fate remains dicey in the face of the dynamic evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 and other identified challenges.
Conclusion:
The adoption of a multidisciplinary approach to mitigate the impact of emergence of mutant SARS-CoV-2 variants and resurgence of infection spike is recommended.
Ao final de 2019, um novo coronavírus foi identificado na China, em pacientes com pneumonia severa. Desde sua descoberta, o SARS-CoV-2 se disseminou rapidamente por todo o mundo. Esta revisão de literatura foi realizada para definir o papel de cães e gatos na epidemiologia do SARS-CoV-2. O coronavírus pertence à família Coronaviridae, gêneros Betacoronavírus, é o agente causador da COVID-19 humana e apresenta glicoproteínas de pico que permitem a entrada do vírus na célula hospedeira, por meio da ligação da proteína de pico com os receptores da enzima conversora de angiotensina tipo 2. Não há relatos de que animais de companhia sejam fonte de infecção para seres humanos, entretanto, evidências apontam que humanos infectados possam transmitir partículas virais para os animais de forma natural. Animais infectados podem apresentar sinais clínicos leves e autolimitantes. Assim cães e gatos podem adquirir o SARS-CoV-2 de seus tutores e podem transmitir para outros animais, mas não para humanos e que é importante o entendimento da susceptibilidade de cães e gatos devido ao seu contato próximo com seres humanos.
At the beginning of 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) identified an unusual coronavirus and declared the associated COVID-19 disease as a global pandemic. We proposed a novel hybrid fuzzy decision-making framework to identify and analyze these transmission factors and conduct proactive decision-making in this context. We identified thirty factors from the extant literature and classified them into six major clusters (climate, hygiene and safety, responsiveness to decision-making, social and demographic, economic, and psychological) with the help of domain experts. We chose the most relevant twenty-five factors using the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) screening from the initial thirty. We computed the weights of those clusters and their constituting factors and ranked them based on their criticality, applying the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP). We found that the top five factors were global travel, delay in travel restriction, close contact, social cohesiveness, and asymptomatic. To evaluate our framework, we chose ten different geographically located cities and analyzed their exposure to COVID-19 pandemic by ranking them based on their vulnerability of transmission using Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity To Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS). Our study contributes to the discipline of decision analytics and healthcare risk management during a pandemic through these novel findings. Policymakers and healthcare officials can also benefit from our study by formulating and improving existing preventive measures to mitigate future global pandemics. Finally, we performed a sequence of sensitivity analyses to check for the robustness and generalizability of our proposed hybrid decision-making framework.
COVID-19 takes a gigantic form worldwide in a short time from December, 2019. For this reason, World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as a pandemic outbreak. In the early days when this outbreak began, the coronavirus spread rapidly in the community due to a lack of knowledge about the virus and the unavailability of medical facilities. Therefore it becomes a significant challenge to control the influence of the disease outbreak. In this situation, mathematical models are an important tool to employ an effective strategy in order to fight against this pandemic. To study the disease dynamics and their influence among the people, we propose a deterministic mathematical model for the COVID-19 outbreak and validate the model with real data of Italy from 15th Feb 2020 to 14th July 2020. We establish the positivity and boundedness of solutions, local stability of equilibria to examine its epidemiological relevance. Sensitivity analysis has been performed to identify the highly influential parameters which have the most impact on basic reproduction number (R0). We estimate the basic reproduction number (R0) from available data in Italy and also study effective reproduction numbers based on reported data per day from 15th Feb 2020 to 14th July 2020 in Italy. Finally, the disease control policy has been summarized in the conclusion section.
During the last two decades, the world has experienced three major outbreaks of Coronaviruses, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS- CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 caused the disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its discovery for the first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the disease has spread very fast, and cases have been reported in more than 200 countries/territories. In this study, the idea of Smarandache’s pathogenic set is used to discuss the novel COVID-19 spread. We first introduced plithogenic graphs and their subclass, like plithogenic fuzzy graphs. We also established certain binary operations like union, join, Cartesian product, and composition of pathogenic fuzzy graphs, which are helpful when we discuss combining two different graphs. In the end, we investigate the spreading trend of COVID-19 by applying the pathogenic fuzzy graphs. We observe that COVID-19 is much dangerous than (MERS-CoV) and (SARS-CoV). Moreover, as the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks were controlled, there are greater chances to overcome the current pandemic of COVID-19 too. Our model suggests that all the countries should stop all types of traveling/movement across the borders and internally too to control the spread of COVID-19. The proposed model also predicts that in case precautionary measures have not been taken then there is a chance of severe outbreak in future.
During the last two decades, the world has experienced three major outbreaks of Coronaviruses, namely severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 caused the disease known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since its discovery for the first time in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, the disease has spread very fast, and cases have been reported in more than 200 countries/territories. In this study, the idea of Smarandache's pathogenic set is used to discuss the novel COVID-19 spread. We first introduced plithogenic graphs and their subclass, like plithogenic fuzzy graphs. We also established certain binary operations like union, join, Cartesian product, and composition of pathogenic fuzzy graphs, which are helpful when we discuss combining two different graphs. In the end, we investigate the spreading trend of COVID-19 by applying the pathogenic fuzzy graphs. We observe that COVID-19 is much dangerous than (MERS-CoV) and (SARS-CoV). Moreover, as the SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV outbreaks were controlled, there are greater chances to overcome the current pandemic of COVID-19 too. Our model suggests that all the countries should stop all types of traveling/movement across the borders and internally too to control the spread of COVID-19. The proposed model also predicts that in case precautionary measures have not been taken then there is a chance of severe outbreak in future.
We are still in the early stage of 21st century and the two pandemics Spanish flu and COVID-19 are the presentative pandemics in 20th and 21st centuries, respectively. The Spanish flu pandemic raged from 1918 to 1920, just after World War I. It was the first influenza pandemic worldwide; since then, humankind has experienced many such pandemics. Spanish flu is caused by a virus. However, since virology was not well established at that time, the new clinical system was needed to cope with “unknown pathogen”; during the pandemic, high infection rates were recorded, but our predecessors managed to somehow tackle the situation. With respect to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, both the virus and its genome were clarified quickly. Nonetheless, it has turned out to be quite an intriguing infectious disease, with the high rates in developed countries, such as the US and those in Europe, which have aging societies, and low rates in developing countries such as those in Africa, where the population is largely young. Here, I compared and discuss the two pandemics, COVID-19 and Spanish flu.
In recent days, a novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has posed an emergency of international concerns.
In recent days, a novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) has posed an emergency of international concerns. Hundreds of 2019nCoV cases have been reported in the central city of Wuhan and other provinces of China. As of 24:00 on February 03, 2020, according to the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China has reported 20,438 confirmed cases of 2019nCoV and 425 deaths. The mortality rate was 2.08% (425/20,438). In addition, confirmed cases of 2019nCoV had been reported in the special administrative regions of China(Hong Kong and Macao)and Taiwan province.Thousands of people are being screened, and the suspected patients are being admitted to the hospital for observation. The city is banned for public transportation and other activities to assure quick control of this recent deadly out break. So far, a total of 221,015 close contacts of 2019-nCoV have been traced and 171,329 individuals are kept under medical observation.
Zoonotic diseases have shaped the life of human beings during centuries. Particularly the
dynamics and changes over time make the difference in the occurrence, emergence and re-emergence of such conditions. Pathogen transmission from a vertebrate animal to a human, also known as zoonotic spillover, represents a global public health burden, which while associated with multiple outbreaks, still remains a poorly understood phenomenon [1]. Zoonotic spillover requires a blend of several factors to ignite, including the ecological, epidemiological and behavioral determinants of pathogen exposure, and the within human intrinsic factors that affect susceptibility to infection, as well as nutritional and cultural
factors, associated with foodborne zoonotic diseases [1, 2]. Coronaviruses (CoV) have been previously on the spotlight of this discussion [(3, 4]. They can infect the respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic and central nervous system tracts of man, cattle, birds, bats, rodents and various other wild animals (Figure 1) [5, 6]. Coronaviruses, like influenza viruses, circulate in nature in various animal species. Alpha-coronaviruses and beta-coronaviruses can infect mammals and gamma-coronaviruses and delta-coronaviruses tend to infect birds, but some of them can also be transmitted to mammals [5]. These zoonotic viruses, were not considered to be highly pathogenic to humans until the outbreak
of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV) in 2002 and 2003 in Guangdong province, China, as the coronaviruses that circulated before that time in humans mostly caused mild infections in immunocompetent people. Ten years after SARS, another highly pathogenic coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERSCoV)
emerged in Middle Eastern countries [7].
On Jan 13, 2020, a 32-year-old man, a Nepalese student at Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China, with no history of comorbidities, returned to Nepal. He presented at the outpatient department of Sukraraj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital, Kathmandu, with a cough. He had become ill on Jan 3, 6 days before he flew to Nepal. He indicated no exposure to the so-called wet market in Wuhan. Throat swabs obtained from the patient tested positive for 2019-nCoV on real-time RT-PCR assays at the WHO laboratory in Hong Kong. On admission to hospital in Kathmandu, his temperature was 37·2°C (99°F), with throat congestion, but with no other relevant signs or symptoms. He was isolated and treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics and supportive therapies. After 6 h, he complained of mild breathing difficulty and had decreased oxygen saturation (SpO2 87% on room air). Chest radiographs obtained on admission showed an infiltrate in the upper lobe of the left lung (figure). On Jan 14, his temperature rose to 38·9°C (102°F) and the next day he had breathing difficulties while in the supine position, with crepitations in the right lower lung field. His fever was no longer present on Jan 16, and his clinical condition improved. He was discharged the next day and instructed to self-quarantine at home. Laboratory tests showed no abnormalities. Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A and B viruses, and NS1 antigen rapid tests for dengue viruses, scrub typhus, and Brucella spp were negative. Follow-up assessments on Jan 29 and Jan 31 gave an RT-PCR negative throat swab for 2019-nCoV.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(20)30067-0/fulltext
On December 12th, 2019, the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission (WMHC) in the People's Republic of China reported 27 human cases of viral pneumonia, 7 of them seriously ill. All had a shared exposure in the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, where farm animals, bats, and snakes were also sold [1,2].
The city of Wuhan, in the province of Hubei, has almost 11 million inhabitants, its airport, Tianhe International, located 23 km from its center, is a hub for major Chinese airlines [3]. In 2018 alone, 24,500,356 passengers arrived and departed. Although it is mostly a domestic airport, code sharing with several European and North American airlines allows with a single stop, to fly in a few hours to the major capitals and main cities around the world. In Latin America only Ciudad de Mexico International Airport [4], São Paulo Guarulhos International in Brazil [5], and El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá [6], outdo that level of passenger traffic. This fact alone accounts for a realistic possibility of the global dispersal of the causative agent from China since human to human transmission has already been demonstrated [7].
The culprit has been identified as a new coronavirus –known provisionally as 2019-nCoV– from the findings of ongoing investigations and by genomic sequencing carried out in local laboratories [8].
