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An Updated Checklist of Bryophytes in Jammu and Kashmir State
Abstract
The present chapter provides an updated checklist of bryophytes in Jammu and Kashmir State, based on systematic review of scientific literature, herbarium studies in KASH and field observations. The checklist comprises of 420 species, out of which 328 species spread over 117 genera in 32 families belong to mosses, whereas 91 species spread over 40 genera in 23 families belong to liverworts. Interestingly, only one species of hornwort, Phaeoceros laevis, is recorded from the State, that too from district Rajouri of the Jammu province. Three larger families in mosses are Pottiaceae (66 spp.), Bryaceae (35 spp.) and Brachytheciaceae (32 spp.), whereas three larger moss genera are Brachythecium (24 spp.), Orthotrichum (17 spp.) and Bryum (13 spp.). Three larger families in liverworts are Aytoniaceae (15 spp.), Porellaceae (11 spp.) and Marchantiaceae (9 spp.), whereas three larger liverwort genera are Porella (11 spp.), Marchantia (7 spp.) and Plagiochila (7 spp.). Hopefully, the present checklist will provide a baseline database for understanding the biodiversity of bryophytes and undertaking their further studies in this Himalayan State.
The present study aims to account for the moss flora of Chail Wildlife Sanctuary, district Solan, Himachal Pradesh (HP). Frequent field visits were made in different seasons to collect moss samples. Ecological data like temperature, humidity, and habitat preferences were also recorded at the time of collection. A total of 31 moss species belonging to 22 genera and 15 families were recorded so far. The family Pottiaceae (7 spp.) was the most dominant one, followed by Brachytheciaceae (4 spp.), Polytrichaceae, Fissidentaceae, and Entodontaceae with (3 spp.) each. In the acrocarpous mosses, family Pottiaceae was highly dominant, whereas, among the pleurocarpous mosses family, Brachytheciaceae was dominant. Among the genera, Atrichum P. Beauv. (Acrocarpous), Fissidens Hedw. (Acrocarpous), and Entodon C. Muell. (Pluerocarpous) were dominantly present, represented by three species each. This study provides baseline data of moss diversity and their ecological attributes in Chail Wildlife Sanctuary, which may prove beneficial in establishing policies for future exploration of bryodiversity with proper management and conservation in the sanctuary area.
The chapter provides a brief introduction about the emergence of biodiversity concept and highlights its vital value as the very basis of sustenance of life on Earth on one hand and its continuous alarming loss on the other, thereby underlining the need for its documentation, conservation, and sustainable use at the global, national, and local levels. India, being a globally recognized mega-biodiversity country, harbors about 12% of world’s biota, though forming only 2.2% of its land area. The Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), with only ca. 13% of the Indian landmass, contains about half of its known species, most of which are endemic to the country. The Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) State, representing the major portion of the IHR, comprises of three mutually distinct biotic provinces (Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh), each showing equally diverse topography and habitat diversity which support a rich repository of biodiversity. The knowledge on biodiversity of this State, however, is scattered in a plethora of scientific literature published over the last two centuries, which is mostly fragmentary, inaccessible, and often outdated. This necessitated their collation, expert scrutiny, updated documentation, and consolidation under a single cover in the present book. The present introductory chapter provides a synthesis of the contents of the book, with a lucid synopsis of each of the 42 chapters contained in it, as well as summarized figures of the current status of biodiversity in various taxonomic groups of J&K State.
ABSTACT The checklist of the bryophytes of India reports total 2489 taxa of bryophytes from India, comprising 1786 species in 355 genera of mosses, 675 species in 121 genera of liverworts and 25 species in six genera of hornworts. A total of 31 Species of bryophytes including 20 liverworts, 2 hornworts and 9 mosses under 17 family and 22 genera are reported here for the first time from the Bothamalai hills in the Eastern Ghats of India. In this checklist of Kerala, a total of 465 bryophyte taxa are accepted, comprising 148 taxa of liverworts, 10 taxa of hornworts and 307 taxa of mosses. Western Ghats (includes Nilgiris, Anamalais, Palnis and Agasthyamalai) and the Eastern Ghats (includes Shervaroys) bryogeographical regions studied by Daniels in 2010. A checklist by him reports 712 taxa of bryophytes from Tamil Nadu, India, comprising 211 taxa in 56 genera and 32 families of liverworts, 8 taxa in 4 genera and 2 families of hornworts, and 493 taxa in 189 genera and 44 families of mosses. All workers have insisted that enough focus has not been given to study the bryoflora in India. They have so far been ignored for many reason especially their relatively less economic value. But recent studies have proven that they could be the resource of many phytochemical and pharmaceutical compounds.
The Kashmir Himalaya, being nestled within north-western folds of the Himalaya, harbours a rich floristic diversity of immense scientific interest and enormous economic potential. Though scientific studies on the floristic diversity in the Kashmir Himalaya have been started about two centuries ago, yet they fall short of the requirements needed urgently in the post-Rio Summit. In fact, at the spatial scale, many far flung areas and difficult terrains in the hinterland are still either least- or totally-unexplored; and at the taxon scale, floristic studies especially with regard to the lower plants are insufficient, thus posing serious problems in assessing the floristic diversity in the region. With such a perspective in hindsight, the present paper dilates upon the progress achieved so far, highlights the problems being faced and envisages the future prospects with regard to floristic diversity in this region. First, a broad overview of the current status of floristic diversity in this Himalayan region is presented, followed by a critical analysis of the knowledge base presently available on various taxonomic groups of plants. The yawing gaps in our knowledge of floristic diversity in this region are identified and an action plan to bridge these gaps is also outlined. Hopefully, addressing these challenges in the immediate future could facilitate the documentation, conservation and sustainable use of plant resources in this region, so as to steer this 'Himalayan Paradise' towards the path of sustainable development.
This paper reports spore-elater ratio per capsule in three populations of Conocephalum conicum collected from different regions of Jammu and Kashmir (Doda, Ladakh and Bhaderwah). Spore-elater ratio came out to be 0.40-0.43:1, far less than expected for Marchantialian taxa. The ratios thus obtained were compared with that present in herbarium specimen collected in 1958 from Kyushu. The ratios have remained constant since many decades, thereby indicating that the sex-ual reproduction has lesser role to play in the propagation of this species.
Taxonomy is the science which serves as the major tool in discovering, describing and classifying the diversity of life. However, the existence of impediments to taxonomy is recognized as one of the major obstacles in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. The acute shortage of taxonomic expertise and resources has resulted into a poor knowledge and database of global biodiversity, particularly in the developing world. India, a mega-diverse country sharing four global biodiversity hotspots, is having several lacunae in taxonomic knowledge, which has serious implications on the growth of biodiversity science, conservation planning and policy making. It is in this context that the present article critically reviews the existing impediments to taxonomy in India, underscores the various causes responsible for the poor taxonomic knowledge of Indian biota; and also evaluates the country-level initiatives taken, so far. Looking ahead, the authors suggest a way-forward to infuse a fresh lease of life into the taxonomic research, that in turn could provide ‘bricks and mortar’ for building the National Biodiversity Information Infrastructure in the country.
Physcomitrella patens Hedw. (Bruch & Schimp.), a species belonging to the Funariaceae, is the first bryophyte the genome of which has been completely sequenced. In addition, the species became a model organism for evolutionary-developmental studies. These qualities of P. patens enable the comparison of genomic features across a very broad range of land plants and allow to infer changes that occurred during early land plant evolution. As hybridization and polyploidization occurs frequently among the Funariaceae, P. patens is also an ideal model to compare these mechanisms of genome evolution among land plants. In order to close the remaining gaps between algae and flowering plants in terms of complete genome sequences, it will be necessary to sequence further representatives from other early diverging land plant lineages. The first such additional projects are now proceeding with the cosmopolitan moss Ceratodon purpureus and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. In this article we shall review what the P. patens genome may teach us about land plant evolution and which additional species might be useful to explore in future.
Gymnosperms almost a neglected group of plants in Indian subcontinent especially in Kashmir Himalaya deserves special attention in many respects. Gymnosperm species of the Kashmir Himalaya not only dominate forests-the green gold of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, but are source of diverse economic and medicinal products. The stems, bark, young twigs, leaves, berries, fruits, etc. of gymnosperms are exploited to obtain medicines and other useful products. Many gymnosperm species, such as Taxus wallichiana , Ephedra gerardiana and some Juniperus species if used sustainably can provide chief and effective medicines and at the same time strengthen the States economy. The present study gives a brief account of economic, medicinal and ethno botanical potential of the gymnosperms species of this region. In total 19 species falling in 6 families have been dealt in the present communication. The present study is of paramount importance with respect to bio-prospecting. This effort may serve to awaken the concerned, to be conscious about the wealth we possess and sustainable exploitation of this wealth, which is being at present exploited ruthlessly.
This study was carried out in Erdek, Bandırma and Manyas districts in Balıkesir province in order to contribute to the bryophyte flora of northwest Turkey. In this study, 134 taxa (at species and infraspecific ranks) belonging to 40 families and 77 genera were identified. Among them 25 taxa were defined as new records for the A1 grid-square, which was adopted by Henderson. In the floristic list, all taxa with their Turkish distributions are given. In addition, some aspects of their biogeography and ecology are discussed.
Bryophytes are known to produce a great range of biologically active compounds viz.terpenoids, aromatic compounds, and acetogenins. A lot of these constituents have typical odour, tanginess,and bitterness, and exhibit a fairly curious collection of bioactivities and medicinal properties. Chemicalstudies of the bryophytes were neglected for a long time in India. They are stockroom of naturally occurringmaterials. Many of these materials display substantial biological activity. Investigations are hinderedcommonly because of too little amounts of plant material. The resulting low yields of components are thengenerally insufficient to allow testing for biological activity. In vitroculture and suitable chemical synthesison a preparative scale are now being undertaken to overcome this difficulty. In present review the bryophytesof Indian territory and their biologically active compounds have been highlighted which need to be used insustainable manner.
Systematic documentation of mosses is required for restoration and conservation programmes, because they constitute an important component of biodiversity. The present study is an attempt to inventory mosses of a few sites of the twin districts of Rajouri and Poonch. A total of 21 mosses belonging to 7 orders, 11 families and 16 genera are reported with the family Pottiaceae being the most speciose. In addition, most of the taxa are epilithic.
A total of 177 species of mosses were recorded from twelve 50 m×10 m transects between 1500 m and 3700 m altitude in the Garhwal region of western Himalaya. Fifty six of the species were terricolous growing on soil, 31 species were lignicolous and corticolous species thriving on woody substrates and 6 species were saxicolous inhabiting rocks alone. The other 84 species occured on more than two major types of substrates. Amongst these, Brachymenium ochianum, Leucodon sciuroides and Trachypodopsis serrulata emerge as significant broad-niched species with respect to microhabitats, whereas Entodon rubicundus and Oxystagus tenuirostre appear as wide-niched species in terms of occurrence along the altitudinal gradient. The microhabitats and altitude seem to be the major ecological factors governing species diversity and composition. Unlike threats from deforestation, habitat transformation and fires, moss communities of Garhwal Himalaya do not seem to be adversely affected by the traditional livestock grazing.
Bryophyte Biology provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the morphology, systematics, ecology, and evolution of hornworts, liverworts, and mosses. A distinguished set of contributors provide state-of-the-art summaries of the most recent advances in bryology, with rich citation of the current literature. Revised classifications for the liverworts and mosses are presented that depart significantly from previous arrangements. These novel classifications reflect the results of recent phylogenetic analyses and include exhaustive lists of accepted genera with their familial placements. Accessible and well-illustrated overviews of morphology are provided for each group, with subsequent contributions focusing on current areas of active research, including developmental biology, molecular genetics, ecology, and microevolution. In addition to reviews of the most current literature, the chapters provide abundant reference to classical studies in bryology that will help those new to the topic to develop an historical perspective within which recent developments can be viewed.
Bryofloristic studies were carried out at 12 sites in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir state. A total of 7 hepatic species were collected, of which, 3 (Marchantia palmata, Nees. Plagiochasma appendiculatum L. et L. and P. intermedium Ldbg. et G.) are being reported for the first time.
Bryophytes were a pivotal step in land plant evolution, and their significance in the regulation of ecosystems and the conservation of biodiversity is becoming increasingly acknowledged. This introductory textbook assumes no prior knowledge of bryophyte biology, making it ideal for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, as well as amateur botanists. The authors expertly summarise the diversity of bryophytes and outline recent advances in our understanding of their evolutionary history, their ecological roles and preferences, their distribution patterns and conservation needs. The text is highly illustrated throughout, with boxed summaries of topics of current relevance in bryophyte biology, and a glossary of technical terms. © A. Vanderpoorten and B. Goffinet 2009 and Cambridge University Press, 2010.
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