No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
DFA-LC: Design for assembly methodology considering the product life cycle
Abstract
Design for Assembly (DFA) methodologies help the designer to take into account the assembly process during the development phases of a product (specifications, conceptual design and detailed design), thus improving the assembly process of the product. Nevertheless, to what extent can they support the life cycle of a product? The article identifies DFA's contributions to product lifecycle design. Thus, first, a review of the existing DFA methodologies is carried out in order to know how many there are, which are their approaches, and which are the most widespread and best documented. Subsequently, the relationship between the circular economy, products life cycle and DFA methodologies is analysed. Finally, the Design For Assembly Life Cycle (DFA-LC) methodology is defined, which takes into consideration all the phases of a product life cycle from the perspective of product assembly.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication.
Design-for-Assembly (DfA) and Conceptual DfA criteria are used in the generation of cost-effective assembly sequences for complex products. The design freedom suggests optimal solutions in the assembly time minimization problem regardless costs and issues about materials and manufacturing processes selection. The goal of this approach is to investigate how the application of the conceptual DfA affects the material and manufacturing costs (Design-to-Cost). A complex product (tool-holder carousel of a CNC machine) is used as a case study. The outcome is an approach to support designers and engineers in the re-design process for the product development and cost reduction.
All product lifecycle processes are highly determined by product design. The concept of Lean Design focuses on maximizing customer value and minimizing waste throughout all stages of product lifecycle by an optimized product design. Design for X approaches are essential elements of Lean Design to make the right design decisions by help of concrete qualitative design guidelines. However, Design for X approaches focus on a specific stage of product lifecycle or specific aspect of products or processes, what makes a holistic optimization of product design highly complex. Therefore, the paper analyses the vast range of qualitative design guidelines given in Design for X approaches concerning their effects on product lifecycle and derives recommendations for a lifecycle optimized product design.
Design stage is very critical as many decisions impacting the downstream development activities and the product cost are made in this stage. Over the years, numerous "Design for X (DfX)" concepts/methods have been developed in order to increase the efficiency at the design stage, and reduce the total product cost and development lead time. Design for manufacture, assembly, quality, maintenance, environment, obsolescence and recyclability, etc. are among these. Despite the availability of these numerous concepts/methods, a "big picture" to illustrate the relations and the interactions among these X factors remains absent. In the paper, we attempt to provide our version of this "big picture" along with maturity and trajectory of these factors as identified from the published literature.
Smaller lot sizes, shorter times to market, and lower manufacturing costs are typical requirements of a modern manufacturing facility. Under such constraints, agile manufacturing systems are desirable. Elements of such a system include multiple robots, flexible parts feeders, modular conveyors, and machine vision.
Flexible feeders enable a workcell to rapidly switch between different assemblies by eliminating the need for part-specific feed mechanisms. A flexible feeder, consisting of multiple conveyors to singulate parts, a vision system for pose determination, and a robot for part retrieval, was designed, implemented, and incorporated into an agile workcell. The system was shown to feed a wide variety of parts with little physical alteration at rates of up to 30 parts per minute. A new metric to describe feeder throughput was developed and a statistical analysis of feeder test results was conducted.
In most assemblies there are operations which cannot easily be performed by a robot. In such cases, a method of encapsulating assembly-specific hardware to enable rapid changeover is required. Such a method may be constructed using homogeneous transforms (also called tool offsets), however, the transforms must be defined correctly or reconfigurability will be difficult. Transforms are divided into two categories: those that describe the workcell and those that describe the assembly-specific hardware. To determine the utility of this approach, transforms for an example task were determined at one workcell and shown to be functional at a second workcell.
The design of the robotic end effectors and the parts used in each assembly are important to ensure a productive, error-free system. Appropriate gripper design can accommodate the additional sources of error in an agile workcell, such as those inherent in vision calibration and in robots. Proper parts design can improve flexible feeding (stable rest configurations consistent with assembly and features that enable simple vision recognition) and increase the reliability of assembly actions. Therefore, guidelines have been established to assist in the intelligent design of grippers and parts. Many gripper designs are examined and the redesign of an example assembly is performed to demonstrate the application of the guidelines.
Reduced part count is a powerful cost-saving element of design-for-assembly systems. A method has been developed in which component function and relationship data are used to present advice to the designer.
Product Design presents an in-depth study of structured design
processes and methods. In general, we have found that the exercise of a structured design process has many benefits in education and
industry. On the industrial side, a structured design process is mandatory to effectively decide what projects to bring to market,
schedule this development pipeline in a changing uncertain world,
and effectively create robust delightful products. On the educational
side, the benefits of using structured design methods include concrete experiences with hands-on products, applications of contemporary technologies, realistic and fruitful applications of applied mathematics and scientific principles, studies of systematic experimentation, exploration of the boundaries of design methodology, and decision making for real product development. These results have proven true whether at the sophomore introductory level with students of limited practice, or at the advanced graduate student level with students having years of practical design experience.
Based on these observations, this book is intended for undergraduate,
graduate, and practicing engineers. Chapter 1 of the book discusses the foundation material of product design, including our philosophy for learning and implementing product design methods. Each subsequent chapter then includes both basic and advanced techniques for particular phases of product development. Depending on the background of the reader, these methods may be understood at a rudimentary level or at a level that pushes the current frontiers of product design.
Historically, this work grew out of a partnership effort between the
authors, while we were both teaching product development courses
and carrying out research in mechanical design.We both share similar
philosophies on design, teaching, and research. Having each developed new methods in design, we were interested in transferring
these and others’ methods into practice. We also strongly wanted to
bring the excitement of the real world, both in physics and the marketplace, to the design classroom.
A fundamental premise of our teaching approach is that reverse engineering and teardowns offer a better paradigm for design instruction, permitting a modern learning cycle of experience, hypothesis, understanding, and then execution. Design instruction is no different than other domains; to learn design one should both follow this learning cycle and DO design. Reverse engineering and teardowns permit us to achieve this combined goal.We begin with a concrete product in our hands, seeing how others have designed products well, rather than rushing straight to the execution stage. With this in mind, we both independently set out to teach and successfully apply advanced methods, such as customer needs analysis, functional modeling, optimization, and designed experiments on real products.
We quickly started sharing experiences, what worked and what did not, and progressively began to string together a series of techniques and that fit naturally together.When one of us had a success, we would brag to the other, or when something failed, we’d lament together. After a bit of systematic testing, we developed the methodology presented in this book, which has proved remarkably robust when applied.
The benefits of integrated design and manufacturing systems in mid to high volume production are widely accepted. The low production volume, large component size and high complexity product domain is less well served by this technology. Examples of this kind of product are machine tools, ships, aircraft and buildings. Design for assembly techniques are a method by which design and manufacture can be integrated and aid the realization of full-process concurrent engineering. Quantifies the significance of this product domain to the UK economy, describes the particular nature of these designs for assembly processes, reviews existing work in the field and specifies the problems encountered. Defines an industrial and academic solution programme. Proposes an integrated approach to applying design for assembly to this repetitive direct engineering domain.
Design for assembly automation (DFAA) is an important part of the concurrent engineering strategy for reduction of product manufacturing costs and lead times. An intelligent knowledge-based system (KBS) for design for automation and early cost modelling within a concurrent engineering environment has been developed. This paper focuses upon the development of the design for an assembly automation system. The system framework encompasses an extensive knowledge base reasoning system, a CAD system, a design analysis for automation module, a design improvement suggestion module, and a user interface. The development process of the system involved three main stages: creating the KBS, developing the design improvement module, and integrating the KBS with the CAD system. The developed system has the capability to: (a) select the most economic assembly technique for the product at an early design stage; (b) estimate the assembly time and cost for manual, automatic, and robotic assembly methods; and (c) analyse the product design for automation and provide the designers with design improvement suggestions of a product to simplify assembly operations without any compromise of the product functionality. The above capabilities of the system have been demonstrated and validated through a real case study.
The paper presents geometric tools for an automated Design for Assembly (DFA) assessment system. For each component in an assembly a two step features search is performed: firstly (using the minimal bounding box) mass, dimensions and symmetries are identified allowing the part to be classified, according to DFA convention, as either rotational or prismatic; secondly form features are extracted allowing an effective method of mechanised orientation to be determined. Together these algorithms support the fuzzy decision support system, of an assembly-orientated CAD system known as FuzzyDFA.
DFA principles are widely used to ease the assembly/manufacturing of a design in general. There are various methods which use the DFA principles to quantify design efficiency. The most commonly used industry approved methods are Lucas method and Boothroyd-Dewhurst method. Lucas and Boothroyd methods are both different approaches in DFA; the former is used to analyze product design without need for specific dimensions. On the other hand, to use the Boothroyd method, it is assumed that the designer already has all the dimensions of the part (parametric design). This paper focuses on answering the following research questions-
1. Are there any similarities between the Lucas method and Boothroyd-Dewhurst method?
2. Is there any similarity between the Efficiency index of Lucas method and Design efficiency of Boothroyd method?
3. Can the two methods be integrated and used as one method?
4. After integrating, can the method be coded as computer software?
The research questions will be validated by implementing the DFA methods on a stapler, table fan, and bottle opener. In this paper, the goal is to identify if Boothroyd and Lucas method can work together in product design phase; and if they could be used together, the authors propose a flowchart explaining the process. New DFA techniques are not being investigated/proposed. The Design efficiency of Stapler, Table fan, and Cork opener were 71.4%, 21.05%, and 50% respectively using Lucas method; The corresponding Feeding index was 2.12, 7.7, and 2.17 respectively, and Fitting index was 2.94, 11.25, and 6.93 respectively; And, 63%, 28.86% and 52.7% respectively using Boothroyd method. Design efficiency results indicate that Lucas method and Boothroyd-Dewhurst method are similar analysis and are equally important during the design phase. The above 2 methods can work in tandem with each other to provide insight into: “how many functional parts are there in a product?” and “how long it will take for it to assemble?”
Assembly accounts for 25 to 50% of the manufacturing cost of most consumer goods; therefore, an effective cost reduction program should begin with designing parts and products so they can be easily assembled. For this reason, much attention has been devoted over the past several years to developing methods that help reduce overall assembly costs. A presentation is given of a new spreadsheet which provides a convenient way to assess assembly ease and make part modifications.
The principal objective of this paper is to present a comprehensive Design for Assembly methodology. This will enable product designers to design for ease of assembly. A product/system that is easy to assemble tends to lend itself to expedited manufacturing cycle times by means of reducing the time required during product assembly. Similarly, the methodology also makes special concessions for incorporating 'green techniques' during the assembly process. This is especially important given the current emphasis being placed upon 'green' design and environment conscious manufacturing. This paper is divided into two parts: The first part presents a brief overview of some commonly used practices that focus on design for assembly. The second part presents the aforementioned methodology. The methodology is corroborated by means of a real life case study that proves its practical usefulness.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a tool design for assembly and disassembly using rating factors. Design engineers need an automated tool to effectively analyze the ease of assembly and disassembly of the products or subassemblies. A good assembly design helps in easier disassembly and thus makes it easier to service, repair and maintain. Reuse and recycling aspects are given importance in the present days due to environmental regulations. Designers now use the life cycle design of the products. This creates an environment for the successful application of design for manufacturing, assembly and disassembly tools. This paper addresses some of those issues.
Design/methodology/approach
– The analysis of a product design for ease of assembly/disassembly depends largely on whether the product is to be assembled/disassembled manually, with automation or a combination of these. For example, the criteria for ease of automatic feeding and orienting are much more stringent than those for manual handling of parts. The new design for assembly/disassembly (DFA/DFD) evaluation tool explained here enables the designer to review the existing design. This paper examines the existing techniques in the area of DFA/DFD and suggests a new methodology based on rating factors. Excel is used to create the interface for the user. Other popular methods were examined such as Boothroyd-Dewhurst, Lucas. Access, reuse, removal, tool, task and time method and assembly score method (Poli) were used as a base for this study.
Findings
– The end result of this research is a new approach linked to assembly/disassembly rating score.
Originality/value
– The new DFA/DFD evaluation tool enables the designer to review the existing DFA and DFD difficulties.
There is extensive evidence to suggest that industrial products are being designed with an excessive number of parts and, invariably, many more costly and complex assembly operations than should be the case. A feed forward or proactive approach to the application of Design for Assembly, aimed at influencing the design process to overcome these problems, is presented. This paper reports on progress towards the development of the Design for Assembly ‘Sandpit’, where Design for Assembly procedures are integrated with advanced computer-aided design concepts to realize an assembly-oriented design environment. A case study is included to help illustrate the ways in which the approach can be used in industry.
This paper presents an approach for the development of surrogate models predicting the assembly time of a system based on complexity metrics of the physical system architecture when detailed geometric information is unavailable. A convention for modelling physical architecture is presented, followed by a sample of 10 analysed systems used for training and three systems used for validation. These systems are evaluated on complexity metrics developed from graph theoretic measures. An example model is developed based on a series of regressions of trends observed within the sample data. This is validated against the systems that are not used to develop the model. The model developed uses average path length, part count and path length density to approximate assembly time within the standard deviation of the subjective variation possible in Boothroyd and Dewhurst design for assembly (DFA) analysis. While the specific example model developed is generalisable only to systems similar to those in the sample set, the capability to develop mappings between physical architecture and assembly time in early-stage design is demonstrated.
This paper describes the latest results of a program of research dealing with the performance and design of devices for the automatic feeding and orienting of small parts. The information is being presented in the form of data sheets which can be complied to form a handbook.
Assembly-oriented product design offers a great potential for rationalization. Assembly costs are an important factor in the overall costs of the product. Therefore a specific procedure for assembly-oriented product design is needed.
Beyond a short description of well-known methods of design for assembly this paper presents an “assembly-oriented design process” as a new developed procedure.
The understanding of manual dexterity is seen as a key element in the design of products and processes for automated, flexible assembly systems. A human-centered definition of dexterity based on human motor capacity is introduced and applied in the form of a special slide-rule. A guide for using the slide-rule is presented with examples.
Design for Assembly (DFA) is a Concurrent Engineering constituent that gained a lot of attention due to fast and measurable benets. The main principle of DFA is to foresee assembly problems at the design stage based on the experience regarding functionality, materials and machine availability. The work presented in this paper, named RFA - Redesign for Assembly, adds a way to explicitly register and retrieve experiences as part of the design process. It starts from an initial design, then RFA leads the designer through a detailed assessment towards an improved design according to previous experiences. Experience representation was done using a Group Technology classication concept that helps assign a primary-key for a Case Based Teaching underlying system. A supporting system has been implemented in order to try out RFA. DFA scholars have used RFA and proved that experience retrieval is easily and intuitively incorporated in the design process. The paper presents a study about the DFA methodology, reviews existing solutions (methods and software) from the literature and details the RFA architecture, implementation and tests. RFA shows potential for a new design culture based on knowledge sharing, but also, as a repository for a very valuable asset, i.e. problem-oriented assembly-related design experience.
Design for Assembly (DFA) is now a well established technique for cost reduction at the design-manufacture interface. The method described here is simple, highly visual and team based and can be learned in a single day of training and experience has shown that a design team can achieve significant savings even during the training process. The method starts with the analysis of an existing product, prototype, or preliminary design by describing the product and assembly process in the form of rows in a design matrix. The row-based description is then progressively modified by cascading down the matrix through considerations of part count, ease of handling and ease of assembly insertion. The final rows of the matrix represent the improved assembly design and its assembly process, and the body of the matrix contains cells that describe design and process changes in an order that records the evolution of the design process.
Assembly is a necessary and important part of any manufacturing process. Computer aided production engineering allows production engineers to create an on-screen virtual manufacturing environment which graphically displays and simulates actual manufacturing processes. This is an attempt to analyse the assembly process for a computer mouse, using both the Boothroyd and Dewhurst design for assembly (DFA) and Tecnomatix’s Dynamo software package. A mouse designed in Unigraphics has been the product considered and the assembly process has been analysed. Some of the steps involved in the analysis are explained in detail and the observations and results are discussed along with redesign suggestions. These software systems can help identify some of the technical problems that can possibly be encountered in real life production and can effectively be used to guide the design process. Product assembly, analysis and visualization, which are the prime features of the software in use, enable us to improve the design and enhance the features of products at the conception and design stage itself. This can be a critical factor for maintaining a competitive edge in the fast growing industry today.
This paper overviews work on a computer based consultation system, which uses artificial intelligence principles, and has been designed to aid the non-specialist engineering designer or production engineer in the domain of design for assembly.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present a multi‐expert system that can provide designers with suggestions for improvement. The multi‐expert system can analyse a design and provide designers with ideas for changes to designs at an early stage in order to improve assembly later in the manufacturing process.
Design/methodology/approach
The whole system consists of four expert systems: computer‐aided design (CAD) expert, automated assembly expert, manual assembly expert and design analysis expert. The design analysis expert includes a sub‐system to collate the information from the assembly experts and to provide costs and advice.
Findings
The paper finds that the approach and the systems can reduce manufacturing costs and lead times.
Research limitations/implications
A knowledge‐based reckoning approach to design‐for‐assembly automation is used. The approach and systems can reduce manufacturing costs and lead times. The system can estimate assembly time and cost for manual or automatic assembly and select suitable assembly techniques.
Practical implications
The system can estimate assembly time and cost for manual or automatic assembly and select a suitable assembly technique.
Originality/value
The new system models assembly, product and process design using a natural approach for capturing intelligence. The new approach categorised automated assembly and manual assembly into separate individual experts. Intelligence and knowledge from each is captured and embedded within the individual expert that represented the process. This approach enabled greater flexibility and made the sub‐systems easier to modify, upgrade, extend and reuse.
Purpose
Despite existing life cycle costing (LCC) method descriptions and practicable suggestions for conducting LCC analyses, no systematic analyses on actual implementations of LCC methods exist. This paper aims to review reports on LCC applications to provide an overview of LCC uses and implementation feasibility.
Design/methodology/approach
A review of LCC cases reported in academic and practitioner literature. Case reports were compared against one another and against the defining articles in the field.
Findings
Most of the reported LCC applications were far from ideal. Compared to the methods suggested in the literature many of the case study applications: covered fewer parts of the whole life cycle, estimated the costs on a lower level of detail, used cost estimation methods based on expert opinion rather than statistical methods, and were content with deterministic estimates of life cycle costs instead of using sensitivity analyses.
Research limitations/implications
This review is limited to reported LCC applications only. Further research is encouraged in the form of a field‐based multiple‐case study to reveal context‐specific dimensions of LCC analysis and implementation challenges in more detail.
Practical implications
This review highlights the difficulty of conducting a reliable LCC analysis, and points out typical problems that should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions from the LCC analysis.
Originality/value
First systematic analysis of LCC applications that gives directions for further research on the LCC concept.
It is becoming increasingly apparent that the effective and efficient use of robotic and automated assembly techniques requires that the design of the product is compatible with these assembly systems. The basis for establishing a set of design rules for robotic and automated assembly are presented together with some more generalised design guidelines. Consideration is given to the presentation of the product design information to the designer using computer aided techniques.
An integrated system for assembly planning and redesign, based on
design for assembly (DFA) principles, is presented. DFA criteria are
used in the generation of cost effective assembly sequences for
mechanical products using a technique known as backward assembly
planning. If the assembly cost can be further reduced by redesign, the
system performs reverse engineering, produces a default design plan, and
provides assistance in a DFA-based redesign process. The planner takes
into account special processes encountered in assembly (such as
cleaning, painting, and testing) in search of an optimum assembly
sequence. The architecture of the combined system is presented, together
with properties of the planning and redesign modules and their
implementations. Also described is how the combined system can provide
an effective method of DFA compared to currently available DFA tools.
The system is designed to be compatible with either robotic, manual or
automated assembly
Assembly is one of the most important stages for product development. Assembly-oriented design (AOD) is a new approach to designing assemblies, which uses a number of design and analysis tools to help the designer plan out and analyze candidate assembly schemes prior to having detailed knowledge of the geometry of the parts. Using this approach, many assembly schemes can be inexpensively evaluated for their ability to deliver the important characteristics of the final product. This research proposes a knowledge-based approach and develops an expert design system to support top-down design for assembled products. The presentation of research report is divided into two parts: the knowledge-based approach (Part I) and the knowledge-based expert design system (Part II). This paper is the second part of the report (Part II). It will focus on the development of knowledge-based expert design system for assembly oriented design. The knowledge-based assembly oriented design system, i.e., the assembly oriented design expert system (AODES) is constructed to integrate assembly modeling and design, assembly planning, assemblability analysis and evaluation within a concurrent engineering environment. This intelligent system is implemented by integrating object-oriented representation, constraint-based modeling, rule-based reasoning, truth maintenance, and interfacing to database management system and CAD module, in which fuzzy logic based knowledge representation and inference technique are also applied to deal with uncertain data and knowledge in the design process. The developed system differs from the existing systems adopting part-first bottom-up modeling technique, in which a comprehensive intelligent framework is used for assembly modeling and design in a top-down manner from the conceptual level to the detailed level. It is able to help obtain better design ideas, provide users with suggestions so as to create and improve a design, and therefore give users the possibility to assess and reduce the total production cost at an early stage during the design process. Through the use of the system, the concurrent engineering knowledge can be effectively incorporated into the assembly design process in an integrated manner. A case assembly design shows that the intelligent modeling and design system is feasible.
Design for assembly analysis procedures require certain geometric properties for each component part and sub-assembly. Algorithms have been developed for extracting this geometric information directly from a CAD system data base. This paper describes the implementation of these procedures and demonstrates their use by application to typical assembly. A wire frame geometric model of each component is developed and then graph theory used to determine automatically such features as part size and symmetry.
This paper notes the importance of usable systems and promotes the process of human-centred design as a way to achieve them. Adopting the framework of ISO 13407, each of the main processes in the human-centred design cycle is considered in turn along with a set of usability methods to support it. These methods are briefly described with references to further information. Each set of methods is also presented in a table format to enable the reader to compare and select them for different design situations.
Deisgn for assembly (DFA) evaluation has proved to be a systematic approach is determining how well a product is designed from an assembly point of view. Proposed here is a framework for automating DFA evaluation procedure, a key step in achieving a concurrent design environment. Five modules required for this development are: assembly sequence generation; assembly features extraction; assembly code and other necessary operations generation; data manipulation and computation; and re-design suggestion. Partial implementation (linking DFA evaluation procedure with a feature based CAD system) of the framework is also presented.
Design is the first step in manufacturing, and it is where most of the important decisions are made that affect the final cost of a product. Since 1980, analysis techniques have been made available which can guide designers towards products which are easy to manufacture and assemble. The availability of these techniques has created a revolution in manufacturing industry, especially in the USA, leading to reduced product cost, better quality, shorter time to market, lower inventory, few suppliers, and many other improvements.The paper first stresses the importance of taking careful account of manufacturing and assembly problems in the early stages of product design. Then, using a case study, the philosophy of the Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) methodology and its application are explained. The historical development of dessgn-for-assembly and design-for- techniques in Japan, Europe and the USA is presented. A review of published case histories emphasizes the enormous advantages to be gained by adopting this relatively new approach as the major tool in concurrent and simultaneous engineering. Finally, a discussion of the various roadblocks affecting DFMA implementation is followed by a discussion of current developments, which include product design for disassembly, service and recycling.
This paper investigates the strategic application of materials and manufacturing process information during the design process. Design For Manufacture and Assembly (DFMA) has become an important concurrent engineering imperative for cost effective product design. The basis of design for manufacture and assembly is a systematic procedure for analysing product designs based on the application of quantifiable data. The procedure generates a large amount of information and even in computerised form presents difficulties for decision-making except for the simplest of products. Guidelines encapsulating qualitative information on best design practice facilitate the procedure. Methods are described for effective integration of quantitative and qualitative materials, manufacturing and assembly process information during product design. A discussion is also included on the differences between designing for new products and in designing for changes in existing products.
Design for Assembly (DFA) is an important subset of concurrent engineering. It involves the assembly constrains while designing. Nowadays, many efforts are focusing on developing of DFA expert systems integrated with CAD. To satisfy the information requirements of these DFA expert systems, this paper puts forward a DFA-oriented assembly relation model composed of a Function Relation Model (FRM), Geometry Relation Model (GRM) and Connecting Relation Model (CRM). All these concepts are discussed in this paper, and a real product is taken as an example to show how to apply this model in DFA expert systems.
DAC (design for assembly/disassembly cost-effectiveness) is an
assembly/disassembly evaluation and design method developed by Sony. It
is a life cycle design tool that allows pinpointing of the complex
common and disparate features of assembly and disassembly during product
development. This helps achieve cost-effective, easy-to-assemble designs
as well as designs enabling easier disassembly, recycling and product
servicing
Traditionally, design for assembly is done during the detailed
design phase. A designer first maps a set of design requirements into a
set of components or subassemblies that can satisfy the given set of
requirements. The components and subassemblies are then examined
individually to determine whether they conform to the principles of
design for assembly. Usually, local changes are performed so that the
resultant components/subassemblies are better for assembly. In this
paper, we propose to bring the design for assembly analysis into an even
earlier phase-that of the conceptual design phase. We argue that by
incorporating the design for assembly analysis at the conceptual design
phase, we can achieve a more substantial savings as compared to the
savings obtained when the design for assembly analysis is only performed
as late as the detailed design phase. The basic idea is to select a
combination of design concepts (previously stored in a library) such
that together they can achieve the stated functional requirements (in
the form of state transitional graph) at the minimum cost for assembly.
This problem of selecting the right combination of design concepts is
reduced to the well-known set covering problem. With this reduction,
many existing graph algorithms can be applied to aid in the design for
assembly analysis
A Framework for the Development of Automatic DFA Method to Minimize the Number of Components and Assembly Reorientations
- Alfadhlani
- T M A A Samadhi
- A Ma'ruf
- I S Toha
Alfadhlani, Samadhi, T. M. A. A., Ma'ruf, A., & Toha, I. S. (2018). A Framework for the
Development of Automatic DFA Method to Minimize the Number of Components and
Assembly Reorientations. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
(Vol. 319, p. 012083).
ASSYST: A consultation system for the integration of product and assembly system design
- F Arpino
- R Groppetti
Arpino, F., & Groppetti, R. (1988). ASSYST: A consultation system for the integration of
product and assembly system design. In Developments in Assembly Automation -Japan vs Europe; Product Design for Assembly; Assembly Automation. Proceedings of
the 9th International Conference (pp. 167-179). London, UK: IFS Publications.
DFA-SPDP, a new DFA method to improve the assembly during all the product development phases
- De Autor
De autor (2019). DFA-SPDP, a new DFA method to improve the assembly during all the
product development phases. In 29th CIRP Design. Povoa de Varzim, Portugal.
Is the Automotive Industry Using Design-for-Assembly Anymore ? A statistical analysis of repair data
- M Ehrs
Ehrs, M. (2012). Is the Automotive Industry Using Design-for-Assembly Anymore ? A
statistical analysis of repair data. Finland: Vaasan yliopisto.
Communication from the Commisión to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Closing the loop -An EU action plan for the Circular Economy
European Commission. (2015). Communication from the Commisión to the European
Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the
Committee of the Regions. Closing the loop -An EU action plan for the Circular
Economy. COM (2015) 614 final.
A 4M approach for a comprehensive analysis and improvement of manual assembly lines
- C Favi
- M Germani
- M Marconi
Favi, C., Germani, M., & Marconi, M. (2017). A 4M approach for a comprehensive analysis
and improvement of manual assembly lines. In 27th InternationalConference on Flexible
Automation and Intelligent Manufacturing (Vol. 11, pp. 1510-1518).
Economía Circular | economiacircular.org
- Fec
FEC. (2019). Economía Circular | economiacircular.org. Retrieved March 21, 2019, from
https://economiacircular.org/wp/?page_id=62
Journal of cleaner production
- M Geissdoerfer
- P Savaget
- N Bocken
- E Hultink
Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N., & Hultink, E. (2017). Journal of cleaner
production., 143(1), 757-768.
Manual práctico de ecodiseño-operativa de implantación en 7 pasos
- Ihobe
Ihobe. (2000). Manual práctico de ecodiseño-operativa de implantación en 7 pasos. IHOBE,
S.A.
Ihobe. (2015). Ecodiseño para una Economía Circular.
Manufacturing assembly handbook
- B Lotter
Lotter, B. (1989). Manufacturing assembly handbook. London: Butterworths.
The Role of DFA in Product Development -An Industrial Case Study
- M Makovac
- P Butala
Makovac, M., & Butala, P. (1998). The Role of DFA in Product Development -An Industrial
Case Study. In IFAC Proceedings Volumes (Vol. 31, pp. 129-134). Elsevier.
The Hitachi Assemblability Evaluation Method (AEM)
- S Miyakawa
- T Ohashi
Miyakawa, S., & Ohashi, T. (1986). The Hitachi Assemblability Evaluation Method (AEM). In
Proceedings of 1st Int. Conf. on Product Design for Assembly, 1986.