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The effect of feed larvae Chironomus sp. and high pellet protein to
seedling goldfish (Carassius auratus)
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2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
1
The effect of feed larvae Chironomus sp. and high pellet
protein to seedling goldfish (Carassius auratus)
K H Dwiardani1, L A Sari 2,4, P. D. W. Sari2, D. D. Nindarwi2 and S. Arsad3
1 Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
2 Department of Fish Health Management and Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine
Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
3 Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. Veteran Malang 65145, Indonesia
4Corresponding author: luthfianaas@fpk.unair.ac.id
Abstract: Goldfish production increase in four years, specifically 66,823,000 in 2010 to
72,997,000 in 2014. The increment of goldfish production growth altogether with problems
which is a discontinuity of fry stock. The solution for this problem is the purpose of this study,
which is understood techniques in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) hatchery. The feed given to
goldfish brood is blood worms (Chironomus sp. larvae) and pellets with a ratio of 50:50 as
much as 3% of the biomass. Goldfish hatchery techniques involve broodstock cultivation,
spawning techniques, larval development observation, and larval cultivation. Two kinds of
Goldfish used, namely Oranda and Mutiara Goldfish. The results of Oranda goldfish spawning
and Mutiara goldfish spawning consecutively are Fecundity 875 eggs, FR 94%, HR 91.83%,
SR 93.04% and Fecundity 3850 eggs, FR 93.66%, HR 92.48%, and SR 91.10%. Larval
development observation includes embryogenesis until post-hatched larval. Larval cultivation
consists of giving various types of feeds, which are artemia nauplii (for 3-7 days old larval),
Moina (for 7-14 days old larval), and blood worm or tubifex (> 14 days old larval). Fertilized
goldfish eggs will develop through several phases, including zygotes, initial cleavage, blastula,
gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, egg hatching, and development of larvae after hatching.
1. Introduction
One of the most popular fisheries commodities in Indonesia is ornamental fish. KKP statistical data in
2015 showed that there was a rapid increase in the number of ornamental fish production, from
605,502,000 heads in 2010 to 1,140,318,000 tails in 2014. The ornamental fish commodity that was in
great demand was goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish are the dominant commodity in ornamental
fish production in Indonesia after Koi and Betta fish. The production of Goldfish is known to be
66,823,000 heads in 2010 to 72,997,000 in 2014 [1].
Increased production of goldfish is caused by a relatively uncomplicated cultivation process and a
short spawning cycle (one to one and a half months) so that within one year can be done six to eight
times the spawning. Goldfish also have a high economic value. Goldfish farming also has
shortcomings besides a rapid increase in production. The disadvantage of Goldfish cultivation is in the
hatchery activities, which are not optimal spawning due to the failure of gonad mature parent
preparation and the availability of seed that is not continuous [2]. Discontinuity of seed stocks can be
caused due to the failure not maximum spawning broodstock preparation of mature gonads. Failure in
the seeding activity can be due to a lack of understanding surrounding farmers seeding technique of
goldfish. The solution to these problems is to study the effect of feeding larvae Chironomus sp. and
high protein pellets to the hatchery goldfish (Carassius auratus)
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
2
2. Material and methods
The method used is an experimental method by collecting data that is data aquarium construction,
engineering maintenance of the broodstock, the broodstock selection techniques, types, and frequency
of feed given, spawning techniques, the data embryogenesis, and larval rearing techniques and seeds.
2.1. Rearing condition for broodstock
Aquarium maintenance of aircraft used to measure a size of 80 x 40 x 40 cm3 with water 25 cm high.
Preparation aquarium aircraft maintenance includes cleaning the aquarium walls, installation of filters
dacron, replenishment of water and the provision of aeration. Cleaning is done by rubbing the
aquarium wall using sandpaper. Cleaning aquarium walls aim at eliminating water snails, insects, and
algae attached. Giving Dacron filter made after the wall aquarium cleaning. Charging is done by using
a hose of water flowing from the reservoir basin until the water reaches a height of 25 cm.
Aircraft maintenance aquarium is clean and filled with water mains included with a maximum
density of 10-15 broodstock / m2 aquarium. Aquarium of female and male broodstock separated to
avoid spawning during maintenance [3].
2.2. Broodstock feeding
Broodstock goldfish were fed with a frequency of twice a day, morning and evening. The feed given
to the broodstock goldfish is blood worms (larvae Chironomus sp.) Also, pelleted by a ratio of 50:50.
The feed was given 3% of the total biomass. Feed with a dose of 3% referred to a study [4], which
states the feed at a dose of 3% resulted in a high level of protein digestibility up to 90%. High protein
plays a role ripen on the broodstock fish gonads [5].
Table 1. Dose feeding broodstock
Type Broodstock
Total Biomass (G)
Dosage Feed 3% (Grams)
Mas chef Oranda Males
326
9.78
Mas chef Oranda Betina
536
16
Mas chef Pearl Males
276
8.28
Mas chef Pearl Betina
414
12.42
Larvae Chironomus sp. has a high protein content that is appropriate for the needs of the
broodstock feed goldfish. Here are the proximate content of larvae Chironomus sp.
Table 2. Content of proximate larvae Chironomus sp.
Proximate womb
Content (%)
Protein
62.5
Fat
10.4
Water content
11.6
Without Ekstak materials Nitrogen (BETN)
15.5
Source: [6]
The feed given in addition to natural feed is pelleted. The pelleted feed is given to the
broodstock goldfish as a side feed to save on expenses as well as meet the nutritional needs of fish in
addition to protein. Here are the proximate content of pellets:
Table 3. Proximate content feed pellet
Proximate womb
Content (%)
protein
39-42
Fat
5
Crude fiber
6
Ash
16
Water content
10
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
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2.3. Broodstock selection
Broodstock selected in advance for separating ripe stem gonads with immature stem gonads.
Broodstock goldfish males and females have mature gonads can be seen physically. Here are the
characteristics of the broodstock goldfish males and females have mature gonads
Table 4. Characteristics of broodstock goldfish male and female mature gonads
Male
Female
Are relatively smaller than females
Relatively larger size than males
Hard abdomen when pressed
Flabby abdomen when pressed
Pectoral fins rough
Smooth pectoral fins
When in-stripping of the abdomen will discharge
sperm
When in-stripping of the abdomen will come out
of eggs
Source: [7]
Figure 1. Comparison of Broodstock Size Goldfish Oranda;
Males (a) and females (b)
Figure 2. Comparison of size Broodstock Goldfish chef Pearl;
Males (a) and females (b)
2.4. Spawning
A. Preparation spawning aquarium
Goldfish spawning aquarium measuring 80 x 80 x 40 cm3 with a height of 25 cm water. Aquariums
are used by the two, one is used for spawning inter aquarium goldfish Oranda, and the other is used
for spawning aquarium goldfish among pearls. Preparation includes cleaning the aquarium spawning
aquarium, water replenishment, providing aeration, laying the substrate, and the installation of mains.
Aquarium cleaning aims to eliminate water snails and moss that grows on the wall of the aquarium.
Replenishing water to a height of 25 cm and the provision of aeration is done after the aquarium
clean. Laying on a substrate made after the spawning aquarium filled with water. Laying the substrate
serves as a point of attachment of the egg goldfish that is adhesive [8]. The substrate can prevent the
buildup of eggs in the aquarium. Stacking eggs can result in eggs squeezed, so that egg mortality is
high.
The substrate used in the form of fibers is placed in the bottom of the aquarium. [2] adds that the
substrate can be used for spawning goldfish apart the fibers are hyacinth and raffia. Ijuk selected as
the substrate at a goldfish spawning eggs are sticky because of the opportunities at the higher-seeded
fibers than in raffia and hyacinth. This is caused by inter-roofed large enough so that the sperm is not
a
b
a
b
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
4
challenged by the substrate to fertilize an egg, while the hyacinth rope and stable enough so that the
sperm gets to fertilize eggs barriers. The barriers in question are when the sperm released by the male
broodstock; then the sperm will move to look for eggs due to boost sperm tail. The substrate inhibits
sperm movement is too dense to be at risk of dying before they could fertilize an egg. Both aquarium
that has come with the substrate can be included each broodstock goldfish with a ratio of 2 males: 1
female then given aeration.
B. Spawning process
Spawning goldfish in Depok BRBIH done twice, the first spawning fish and spawning goldfish
Oranda goldfish second with pearls with a ratio of each two males: one female. According to [9], the
number of male broodstock at a better pool, more than one order of eggs spawning female fish can
still be fertilized if one of the male broodstock can not fertilize an egg.
Fertilization of goldfish takes place externally. According to [10], a habit of spawning fish are
males actively pursue females and females bring to the substrate that has been cleaned male fish. The
female fish will lay eggs on the substrate, and then the male fish release sperm to fertilize an egg that
has a sticky substrate. Fish that have been spawned eggs can be marked by images on the substrate
and the water bubbling and murky [11].
Fertilization rate calculation performed after the completion of the calculation of fecundity.
Percentage fertilization rate can be calculated by knowing the number of eggs fertilized by the number
of eggs a total of fecundity. According to [12] calculation of the fertilization rate is as follows
FR = x 100%
Information
FR: fertilization rate (%)
Calculation fertilization is done by the sampling rate of 100 eggs on a bowl diameter of 26 cm
and 10 cm of water from the spawning pond and can be done more than three times of repetition.
According to [3], results from one spawning fertilization rate is the average of several replications
fertilization rate with the following formula
=
Information:
ΣFR: Average of several replications fertilization rate
n: Number of replications fertilization rate
Total egg fertilized if numbering in the thousands can be seen without having to perform
calculations one by one by using the following formula.
The number of fertilized egg = x FR (average - average)
Information
FR (average) : Average fertilization Rate (%) Of multiple replications
Eggs that hatch is left attached to the substrate. The substrate is removed from media if larvae have
not a sticky substrate or spread on the bottom of the aquarium [13]. Calculation of hatching according
[14] is as follows
HR = X 100%
Information:
HR: Hatching Rate
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
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Hatching rate calculation was done one day after the eggs hatched by sampling 100 eggs with
some replicates used for the calculation of fertilization rate. According to [3], results from one
spawning hatching rate is the average hatching rate of several replicates. The formula of the average
hatching rate of several replications are as follows:
=
Information:
ΣHR: Average of several replications hatching rate
n: Number of replications hatching rate
Total eggs hatch when numbering in the thousands can be seen without having to perform
calculations one by one by using the following formula:
Number of Eggs hatch = x HR (average - average)
Information
Tt: The total number of fertilized eggs
HR (average): Average Hatching Rate (%) Of all three basins
The calculation of life sustainability is displayed below, as follow:
SR = Nt x 100%
No
Notes :
SR: Survival Rate (%)
Nt: The number of an animal test at the end of the experiment (unit)
No: The number of an animal test at the beginning of the experiment (unit)
3. Result and discussion
3.1. Type Goldfish
Goldfish pearl is the result of a mutation of Japanese Fantail Goldfish (Ryukin) which contained a
whitish color in the form of calcium carbonate deposits at the central part of the scales. Goldfish pearl
has a characteristic rounded body with scales resembling pearls.
Goldfish Oranda is the result of the hybridization of Goldfish Lionhead with an additional organ
on its head with Ryukin Goldfish. Goldfish Oranda has a characteristic roundness of the body with
additional organs that grow on the dorsal side of his head.
Figure 3. Type Goldfish chef; Goldfish Pearl (a) and
Goldfish Oranda (b)
3.2. Maintenance broodstock
Aquarium maintenance begins with the preparation of the broodstock. Preparation broodstock
aquarium maintenance (size 80 x 40 x 40 cm3) includes cleaning aquarium walls, installation of filters
dacron, replenishment of water, and the provision of aeration. Aircraft maintenance aquarium is clean
and filled with water mains included with a maximum density of 10-15 broodstock / m2 aquarium.
a
b
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
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Aquarium of female and male broodstock separated to avoid spawning during maintenance [3]. The
feed given to the broodstock Goldfish are blood worms (larvae Chironomus sp.) Also, pellets with a
50:50 ratio as much as 3% of the biomass. [4] state feed at a dose of 3% resulted in a high level of
protein digestibility up to 90%. High protein plays a role ripen on the broodstock fish gonads [5].
3.3. Spawning
The spawning process begins with the preparation of spawning aquarium. Aquariums are used by the
two, one is used for spawning aquarium between Oranda Goldfish, and the other is used for spawning
aquarium between Goldfish pearls. Preparation spawning aquarium (size 80 x 80 x 40 cm3) includes
cleaning the aquarium, water replenishment, providing aeration, laying the substrate, and the
installation of mains. The substrate used in the form of fibers is placed in the bottom of the aquarium.
[2] adds that the substrate can be used for spawning Goldfish apart the fibers are hyacinth and raffia.
Ijuk selected as a substrate on breeding Goldfish for opportunities on the sticky eggs fertilized fibers
is higher than in raffia and hyacinth.
Both aquarium which has been equipped with the substrate can be included each broodstock
goldfish. Goldfish selected broodstock is the broodstock who ripe gonads with the following
characteristics. Broodstock stocking density in each aquarium was two males: one female. Fish that
have been spawned eggs can be marked by images on the substrate and the water bubbling and murky
[11].
3.4. Fecundity, Fertilization Rate, Hatching Rate, and Survival Rate
Factors can cause fecundity differences in the two types of Goldfish as size, age, and the food given to
the fish [15]. Goldfish pearls are cultivated known to have a larger body size than Oranda Goldfish.
Goldfish heavy pearl reached 68.35 grams, while the weight of spawning Goldfish Oranda which only
reached 52 grams. Oranda Goldfish were spawning seven months old and was first cultivated so that
the cause of the low fecundity produced, while the pearls are cultivated Goldfish age reaches one year
and has cultivated two or three times.
Table 5. Data fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and survival rate goldfish koki
Type Broodstock
Goldfish
fecundity
Fertilization rate (%)
Hatching Rate
(%)
Larvae Survival
Rate (%)
Goldfish Oranda
875
94
91.83
93.04
Pearl Goldfish
3850
93.66
92.48
91.10
Fertilization rate high on both spawnings is affected by the number of spawning males, as more
and more males are cultivated with the female, the more eggs of females are fertilized by the male
[13]. Fertilization rate also affected the quality of sperm from a male sperm cell that includes, the
number of spermatozoa released, and sperm motility. Quality determined sperm from the male fish
gonad maturity. The males are getting enough nutrients in their feed gonad will be more mature and
better quality sperm [16].
Hatching rate high on both spawnings is influenced by several factors, among them the percentage
of fertilization, the egg yolk volume, and environmental factors. The fertilization factor is determined
by how many eggs can be fertilized by sperm. The eggs are fertilized by sperm the higher power.
Factors affecting the volume of egg yolk of an egg hatchability, because the only energy source of
embryos in the eggs to hatch is of yolk [17]. Environmental factors also play an important role in
improving the hatching. A high-oxygen water environment will facilitate the growth of the embryo in
the egg [2]. The temperature on the aquatic environment can also affect hatchability of eggs because
higher temperature water, the faster the hatchability of eggs [18]. The optimal water quality influences
a high survival rate for maintenance and the need for adequate food.
3.5. Development of goldfish larvae
Goldfish eggs that have been fertilized will develop through several phases, of which the zygote, early
cleavage, blastula, gastrula, segmentation, pharyngula, hatching eggs and development of larvae after
hatching [19]. Goldfish eggs observation table at the start of the phase of blastula (Figure A - B).
Blastula phase characterized by clumps of cell division on the outside of the yolk will become a
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
7
candidate for the head of the larvae and organ growth blastodisc. Blastula phase followed by a phase
characterized gastrula epiboly occurrence or spread movements embryonic ectoderm layer. Body
larvae begin to look at epiboly 95% that would be heads and tails of lava began to grow as well as the
boundary between the larvae and egg yolks begin to look [20].
Table 6. Larvae goldfish
Picture
Phase
Picture
Phase
Picture
Phase
(A)
128-
Cell
(G) 18
Somite
Stage
(M)
Hatches
(B)
512-
Cell
(H) 22
Somite
Stage
(N) 1
Hour
After
Hatching
(C)
45%
Epiboly
(I) 25%
OVC
(O) 1
Day
After
Hatching
(D)
85%
Epiboly
(J) 35%
OVC
(P)
3Days
After
Hatching
(E)
95%
Epiboly
(K) 65%
OVC
(Q)
7hari
After
Hatching
(F) Bud
(L) Just
Before
Hatching
(R)
14hari
After
Hatching
The next phase is the phase that began interchangeable Bud head and larvae as well as the
beginning of a phase of segmentation or larval organ development. The growth marks the
segmentation phase and increases the number of somites. Phase segmentation in the table can be seen
in the image GH. Somite development of 18 - somite to 22 - somite takes about 2 hours per somite.
Notochord on larvae also began to look at the segmentation phase. Pharyngula phase is the final phase
2nd International Conference on Fisheries and Marine Science
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 441 (2020) 012015
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/441/1/012015
8
of segmentation that is perfecting the organ of the embryo goldfish. Phase pharyngula table can be
seen in Figure I - K. The identification phase is called Otic vesicle pharyngula Closure (OVC). OVC
25% is characterized by the appearance of pigmentation of the retina, and the fish will grow pectoral
fins.
Phase hatching eggs occurred 2 days after the fertilized egg in which the organ of the embryo is
already highly developed. Phase hatching eggs on the table can be seen in the image LM. Newly
hatched larvae still have yolk in large quantities (Figure N), and the yolks begin to decrease on a 3-
day-old larva (Figure C). 7-day-old larvae (Figure Q) had been developed in the form of growing
organs swim bladder, gastrointestinal tract start complete, and the growth of the dorsal and caudal fins
[21]. 14-day-old larvae (Figure R) have had a complete organ that resembles the broodstock so it can
be said to be the seed.
3.6. Maintenance larvae goldfish koki
Goldfish can be kept in an aquarium-sized 100 x 40 x 30 cm3 with a height of 10 cm of water. The
stocking density of larvae in aquariums is 30 larvae per liter. Flyblow does with acclimation, which
aims to reduce the level of stress [22]. The natural feed is a good feed for larval development because
it is optimum in larval digestion and has a high nutrient content [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] [28]. Natural
feeding on larvae when age Goldfish reached three days, in order to familiarize Goldfish with natural
feed to prevent fish mortality due to the yolk is exhausted when entering the age of five days [2].
Larvae aged three to seven days may be given Artemia nauplii. Artemia nauplii have a size
corresponding to the larval mouth opening making it suitable as initial feeding the larvae and give
effect to the initial performance enzymes trypsin and amylase in the digestive tract of larvae [29].
Larvae can begin seven days granted Moina. They are giving Moina done until the larvae reach the
age of 14 days. Artemia nauplii feeding frequency and Moina sp. is three times a day (morning,
afternoon, and evening) ad libitum. Goldfish was 14 days can be considered as the seed because it has
a complete organ that resembles the broodstock. This is following the statement [30] is generally
larval fish has a perfect organ as its broodstock may be regarded as juveniles or seed. Goldfish seed
over the age of 14 days given pelleted feed, powder, natural food such as silkworms (Tubifex sp.) Or
blood worms (larvae Chironomus sp.). Silkworms and blood worms are given as natural food for
Goldfish seed because it contains protein which is higher than Moina. Silkworm contains protein by
52, 49% [31], blood worms containing protein 62.5% [32], while Moina contain around 50% protein
[33]. High protein needed for the seed grow to maximum, because protein required for the formation,
growth, and development of the network as well as serve as a source of energy [34]. Goldfish seed
feeding frequency is twice a day, morning and evening ad libitum.
4. Conclusion
Goldfish seeding techniques include maintenance, spawning (spawning and spawning an inter
Goldfish Oranda Goldfish pearls), to the larval rearing. Oranda Goldfish fecundity (875 eggs) were
lower than the fecundity of pearl Goldfish (3850 eggs). Goldfish Oranda has a 94% FR, HR 91.83%,
93.33%, and Goldfish SR pearl has FR 93.66%, 92.48% HR, SR 91.10%. The development of larvae
of Goldfish includes embryogenesis from fertilized eggs to hatch and post-hatch larvae organ
development and maintenance of larvae with Artemia nauplii feeding (3-7 days), Moina (7-14 days),
and blood worms or worm tubifex (above 14 days).
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Acknowledgment
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Annual Budget of the Faculty of
Fisheries as well as the instrument support.
