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Habitat and benthic diversity in the bay of Bagnoli and surrounding areas (Gulf of Naples, Italy): A historical baseline for environmental restoration
Abstract
The aim of the study is to provide a synthesis on the biodiversity of zoobenthic species diversity and benthic habitat distribution of Site of National Interest (SNI) of Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), which represents one of the priority areas selected at National level for habitat restoration, and is located within the Gulf of Pozzuoli (a large Bay at the northern part of the Gulf of Naples) (Tyrrhenian Sea). The work provides a dataset, covering the entire Gulf of Pozzuoli, and obtained consulting several sources of information, from historical to recent publications, and grey literature, aimed at the production of a check-list of species, and reconstruction map of the main marine habitats, in order to achieve a synoptic overview of the historical and recent zoobenthic fauna, as well as distribution of habitats, in order to serve as reference point for any future restoration plan in the area. Relevant information regarding the study area was found in 64 out of more than 250 sources consulted. Overall, 813 species of benthic organisms were recorded, summing up a total of 1006 records. Among them, 148 species were reported in the pre-industrial period (prior to 1911), 361 species during the industrial period (from 1911to 1991), and 381 species in the course of the post-industrial period (from 1992 up to the present day). No differences in biodiversity or distribution of individual species were directly attributable to the industrial activities in the study area. Such a finding is possibly due to different sampling effort among periods and lack of quantitative data for the majority of the recorded taxa. A mosaic of various habitat and biocoenoses were documented in the zones (shallow and deep hard bottoms, soft-bottoms with different sediment types, seagrass meadows). An overall reduction of the cover and a higher habitat fragmentation was documented for seagrass meadows (mainly Posidonia oceanica) over time. Given that regression of this seagrass species is common in a much wider extent that covered by the study area, the trend here observed is probably due to multiple impacts from different human activities, including the industrial one at the Bagnoli SNI. The present study highlights that the SNI area is placed in a wider area representing a mosaic of different habitat types, which can provide donor populations of both habitat formers like (sponges, gorgonians, scleractinians, bryozoans and mollusks, and the seagrasses). These organisms are potentially relevant in implementing restoration measures aimed to improve the ecological status of this post–industrial area.
Supplementary resources (2)
... The Bagnoli-Coroglio bay is characterized by soft (sandy and sandymuddy) bottoms with scattered rocky areas especially close to the Nisida Islet (Gaglioti et al., 2020), and any sort of harvesting of biological resources is officially forbidden in the area. Three sites characterized by similar slope and type of substrate were selected at random within each of the three main habitats present in the area [fine sands well sorted (FSS), coastal detritic bottoms (CDB), and scattered rocky bottoms (SRB): see Gaglioti et al., 2020]. ...
... The Bagnoli-Coroglio bay is characterized by soft (sandy and sandymuddy) bottoms with scattered rocky areas especially close to the Nisida Islet (Gaglioti et al., 2020), and any sort of harvesting of biological resources is officially forbidden in the area. Three sites characterized by similar slope and type of substrate were selected at random within each of the three main habitats present in the area [fine sands well sorted (FSS), coastal detritic bottoms (CDB), and scattered rocky bottoms (SRB): see Gaglioti et al., 2020]. Four randomly located transects (100 m 2 , 50 m-long × 2 m-wide) were sampled at each site, from shallow subtidal waters to 50 m depth (Fig. 1), by a MiniROV System LBV200-4 equipped with a high definition (HD) camera. ...
Anthropogenic litter negatively impacts the marine environment and threatens biodiversity. At the same time, it represents a suitable substrate for the settlement of sessile species, thus potentially altering composition and structure of soft bottom benthic assemblages. By using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV), we hereby investigated patterns of abundance, distribution, and origin of benthic litter in three subtidal habitats of a heavily urbanized area and tested whether litter distribution related to patterns of fish and mega- and macro-benthic diversity. Litter accumulation mostly occurred on soft bottoms, while rocky substrata were the least affected, albeit being particularly threatened by sea-based pollution. As expected, the highest biodiversity was observed on rocky bottoms, hosting notable biogenic formations (Cladocora caespitosa, Leptogorgia sarmentosa) despite the area is historically affected by anthropogenic activities. No correlation was found between biota and marine litter, suggesting that litter does not apparently influence biodiversity and distribution of the investigated assemblages.
... Coastal urbanization has increased during the last decades and, as a result, the biota from coastal ecosystems has been increasingly impacted by anthropogenic activities (Martins et al., 2012;De Vasconcelos et al., 2019;Gaglioti et al., 2020). Pollution is one of the most serious problems affecting benthic communities and has been intensifying since the 1960s (Johansson et al., 1998;Díez et al., 2009). ...
... Anthropogenic impacts such as eutrophication directly influence benthic communities by changing the composition, abundance, and habitat structure (Faveri et Gaglioti et al., 2020), which results in simplified communities within years or decades and also facilitates the subsequent introduction of exotic species (Schories et al., 1997;Sun et al., 2010;Caldeira et al., 2017). It's interesting to notice that the period when the greatest changes in the Guanabara Bay macroalgae assemblages were observed is coincident to the Anthropocene epoch benchmark, i.e., the time as a 'Great Acceleration' to deposition of spheroidal carbonaceous particle and global black carbon (Waters et al., 2016), to exponential use of farming fertilizers, atmosphere ozone depletion, fishery exploitation, shrimp farming production and global biodiversity loss (IGBP, 2005), as also recorded to foraminifera in the Pasaia estuary, northern Spain (Irabien et al., 2020) while trace metals ( 14 C, 210 Pb, 137 Cs, and 239/240 Pu) was accumulated in the sediment. ...
Guanabara Bay, the second largest bay on the Brazilian coast, has tropical to subtropical, hypereutrophic water conditions. A survey of the macroalgae flora conducted over the past 200 years (1800–2013) yielded a list of 245 species, which represents 15.7% of the total macroalgae recorded in the Tropical Western Atlantic, while comprehends 29.9% and 50.2% of the marine flora in Brazil and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. When evaluating the macroalgal list throughout different periods, it is noticeable the gradual loss of biodiversity as anthropization increased over the last two centuries. The use of phytogeographic indexes and beta diversity confirmed the negative changes in macroalgae assemblages as a response to increasing environmental degradation. The use of floristic surveys to establish the reference conditions employing historical data and/or regionally referenced prove to be an efficient tool using macroalgae as an ecological indicator for water quality.
... Management of benthic resources has become a global scientific focus (Anderson et al. 2007), and mapping benthic habitats provides a reference from which future changes can be measured (Gaglioti et al. 2020;Legare et al. 2020). Furthermore, benthic habitat maps are critical for supporting marine spatial planning, generating knowledge of benthic ecosystems, and conducting natural resource assessments . ...
One of the first steps of ecosystem-based management should be to classify and map habitats. The Coastal and Marine Ecological Classification Standard (CMECS) was adopted by the federal government to standardize habitat classification in coastal U.S. waters. CMECS provides a hierarchal framework to define and interpret benthic habitats and biotopes but does not prescribe specific sampling methods to adopt. Imagery techniques have been utilized for many decades in benthic ecology but have rarely been employed in habitat classification using CMECS. Furthermore, no study to date has quantitatively examined the benefit of incorporating benthic imagery into the classification of biotopes using CMECS. The objective of this study is to describe the study site, a roughly 1 km2 near-shore, subtidal area at Herring Cove in Provincetown, MA, with CMECS, and to quantify the benefit of augmenting benthic habitat classification with low-cost imagery. A benthic habitat survey of the study area in October 2017 included grab sampling for grain-size analysis and invertebrate taxonomy, benthic imagery, and water quality sampling at 24 sampling stations, as well as acoustic mapping of the study area. Multivariate statistical analyses were conducted to classify biotic communities and link environmental and biological data to classify biotopes. Results showed that benthic imagery improved the accuracy of the Substrate Component classification by providing information on coarse gravel substrates that is lost using traditional grain-size analysis. Benthic imagery improved the resolution of the Biotic Component classification by providing information on benthic macroalgal communities and ecological context for the classification of epifaunal communities. Percent cover of submerged aquatic vegetation (collected using benthic imagery) explained the most variation in benthic invertebrate community structure and improved the accuracy and ecological relevance of the classification of biotopes. Furthermore, benthic imagery provided insights to environmental gradients, associated with biotope structure, that would have not been evident otherwise. These findings imply that the incorporation of low-cost benthic imagery is warranted in coastal benthic biotope classification and mapping studies and should be regularly adopted. This study has implications for coastal benthic ecologists classifying benthic habitats within the CMECS framework.
... Human activities, including Orsi et al. 1996;Rosi and Sbrana 1987;Sacchi et al. 2020) and main current directions (after Castagno et al. 2020); marine Digital Terrain Model from Regional Cartography Project (Datum WGS84, Projection UTM33N), b Slope map, c Aspect map after Di and d seafloor sedimentological map after Innangi et al. (2020) the construction of jetties, coastal protection works, and embankments have significantly altered the original morphology of the coast. During the last 20 years the site underwent several attempts of environmental restoration and rehabilitation, based on the removal and remediation of contaminated sediments and restoration of marine habitats (De Pippo et al. 2002;Bergamin et al. 2005;ICRAM 2006;De Vivo and Lima 2008;Sprovieri et al. 2020;Gaglioti et al. 2020). ...
Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) data collected along the coastal sector of the Pozzuoli Bay, offshore Bagnoli (Eastern Tyrrhenian Sea) reveal the morphological evolution occurred over a 10-year time span of the inner shelf area between 2 and 15 m of water depth. Horizontal and vertical errors associated with the data acquisition were computed in order to compare the accuracy of the measurements and validate the datasets comparison. A series of morphological features, located within 15 m of depth, were mapped on both Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) generated from datasets. Most of these seafloor features remained substantially unchanged over the years and were used as check points to verify the datasets accuracy, whereas other geomorphic features such as depositional bedforms and depressions, display significant changes. The difference DTM calculated from the datasets indicates that the size of the depressed areas has increased by 25–50%. Moreover, the volumes of marine deposits involved in the processes of morphological changes were also evaluated, thus providing information on the dynamics of sediment erosion, transports/redistribution and accumulation occurred over the years in the study area.
... Due to the proximity to the city of Naples, the whole area historically represents one of the best studied coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea [99]. ...
In this paper, the advantages of shaping a non-conventional triple collocation-based calibration of a wave propagation model is pointed out. Illustrated through a case study in the Bagnoli-Coroglio Bay (central Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy), a multi-comparison between numerical data and direct measurements have been carried out. The nearshore wave propagation model output has been compared with measurements from an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and an innovative low-cost drifter-derived GPS-based wave buoy located outside the bay. The triple collocation—buoy, ADCP and virtual numerical point—make possible an implicit validation between instrumentations and between instrumentation and numerical model. The procedure presented here advocates for an alternative “two-step” strategy. Indeed, the triple collocation technique has been used solely to provide a first “rough” calibration of one numerical domain in which the input open boundary has been placed, so that the main wave direction is orthogonally aligned. The need for a fast and sufficiently accurate estimation of wave model parameters (first step) and then an ensemble of five different offshore boundary orientations have been considered, referencing for a more detailed calibration to a short time series of a GPS-buoy installed in the study area (second step). Such a stage involves the introduction of an enhancement factor for the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) dataset, used as input for the model. Finally, validation of the final model’s predictions has been carried out by comparing ADCP measurements in the bay. Despite some limitations, the results reveal that the approach is promising and an excellent correlation can be found, especially in terms of significant wave height.
In marinas and harbours, the accumulation of pollutants in sediments, combined with poor exchange of water with the open sea, poses a major environmental threat. The presence of photosynthetic organisms and the related oxygen production, however, may alleviate the negative effects of environmental contamination on heterotrophic organisms, enhancing their physiological defences. Furthermore, possible transgenerational buffer effects may increase the ability of natural populations to face environmental stress. Here we tested the occurrence of transgenerational effects on larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, whose parents were exposed, during the gametogenesis, to contaminated sediments subject to two temporal patterns of water re-suspension events and normal- (90%) vs. super-saturated (200%) levels of O2. The study site was Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Naples, southern Tyrrhenian Sea), a historically polluted brownfield and Site of National Interest for which environmental restoration options are currently under exploration. Larvae from different adult populations were significantly, although not linearly, affected by the interaction of all factors to which parents were exposed, at both 24h and 48h post fertilization. Specifically, the exposure of larvae to elutriates from contaminated sediments determined a developmental delay, a reduction in size and an increased percentage of abnormalities in all larval populations independently of their parental exposure. On the contrary, larvae from parents exposed to contaminated sediments, when reared in clean filtered sea water, succeeded in developing until the echinopluteus stage after 48h, with size and abundance comparable to those of larvae from control parents. Pre-exposure of parents to contaminated sediments did not successfully buffer the negative effects of elutriates on their offspring, and no positive effects of ‘super-saturated’ levels of O2 in response to contaminants were observed, suggesting that the Bagnoli-Coroglio area is currently not suitable for the re-stocking or re-introduction of this species.
Nisida is an islet of volcanic origin of the Phlegraean archipelago (Southern Italy) that has been included in the General Reserve of the Regional Park of Phlegraean Islands. The islet has been inaccessible both by land and by sea for a long time and, thus, has maintained its naturalistic value almost unchanged, in contrast with the close Bagnoli area, in which a steel industry has been active for several decades. An investigation was carried out in 2014–2015 at the bay of Nisida (Porto Paone). The main aims of our study were to document the structure of the meiofaunal assemblage, to identify the environmental factors that lead to its spatial and temporal variations, and to evaluate the ecological quality of this area, so bridging a gap in the scientific knowledge of Porto Paone. According to the diverse substrate typology and hydrodynamic regime, four stations were established to evaluate the meiofaunal assemblage over a period of one year. A high number of meiofaunal taxa (21) and a high biodiversity of meiofauna were recorded: the total meiofaunal density was higher in the eastern sector of the bay, where the effects of currents increase the abundance of temporary meiofauna in the sediment by increasing the supply of planktonic larvae of macrofauna (i.e., annelids, molluscs). PERMANOVA revealed significant differences of the assemblage structures at both the temporal and spatial scales. Summer conditions appeared to favor an increase of several taxa, which may be related to both an enhancement of the trophic sources, in turn promoting more trophic lifestyles, and to the biological cycles of individual taxa. Among the environmental variables, sediment variations, temperature, and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration appeared to be important in influencing the meiofaunal distribution. The results suggest that Porto Paone is characterized by a great richness (21 vs. 8 total taxa), especially if compared with the close, highly impacted area of Bagnoli. According to the current classification of environmental quality based on the meiofaunal richness, Porto Paone may be classified with a high ecological quality.
Sediments from 33 sampling stations were collected and analyzed to
characterize the benthic community and the sedimentology of a shallow coast sector of Bagnoli, Naples Bay (Italy). Multibeam bathymetry was also used to properly fit the morphology of the environment with the spatial arrangement
of the benthic community. For each station, a number of ecological indicators were computed and a hierarchical cluster analysis was carried out to identify groups of stations that were similar in terms of species composition. Results showed well-structured benthic communities and provided a first biocenothic map of the area, allowing a
first step toward a better understanding of the true environmental state of Bagnoli coastal sector.
An attempt to measure historical changes in macroalgal diversity has been performed along the Gulf of Naples (South Italy), subject in the last century to intense anthropic pressures, ranging from dense urban settlements to industrial areas located on the coast, and from intense maritime traffic to land runoff. A check-list of the benthic
seaweeds recorded in the Gulf of Naples since 1878 has been compiled. After nomenclature and taxonomic updating, a total of 565 species (including 3 Rhodophyta, 111 Ochrophyta and 73 Chlorophyta) have been inventoried. A comparison on algal records between the two periods 1860-1955 and 1956-2007 have
been carried out. In the second period the percentage of new taxa and that have disappeared or have not been found were similar (22-24%). In the last 60 years a decreasing trend of cold affinity species in contrast to an increasing of cosmopolitan and sub-cosmopolitan species has been pointed out from the analysis of biogeographic elements. The result could testify the warming trend in the Mediterranean Basin and the increase of global trades, in particular shipping transports. In order to assess the changes in the macroalgal diversity and to quantify the species loss, a research project is in progress to assess the actual occurrence of Cystoseira and Sargassum sp., canopy formingspecies particularly sensitive to anthropogenic pressure. Historical sites along
the upper sublittoral zones of the Gulf were revisited firstly. Preliminary results confirm, even for the Gulf of Naples, a decrease in the diversity of the upper sublittoral Cystoseira species due to the loss of seven fucoids. This decrease is more evident in the inner parts of the Gulf, where the industrial and urban settlement pressures were the highest.
Introduzione La percezione del colore e delle forme è per l'uomo senz'altro uno dei primi elementi-guida, di tipo estetico percettivo, nel rilievo della fisionomia di un paesaggio (Ingegnoli, 1993). Sui fondali marini la fisionomia del paesaggio, così come si può osservare indossando una maschera, è marcata dalle evidenze morfologiche del fondo, della natura del substrato, e, soprattutto, dall'a-spetto, in termini di forme e colori, degli organismi ani-mali e vegetali che si insediano su di esso. Questi ultimi costituiscono nel loro insieme il cosiddetto "benthos" che presenta caratteristiche molto diverse rispetto al "pe-lagos", che comprende invece gli organismi della colon-na d'acqua. A causa della maggiore inerzia in risposta alle perturba-zioni e alla maggiore persistenza legata al ridotto ricam-bio (turnover) delle componenti floro-faunistiche, il benthos rispetto al pelagos costituisce il comparto che meglio integra le condizioni medie del sistema ecologi-co nell'ambito delle nostre scale spazio-temporali, ren-dendo possibile non solo il riconoscimento di veri e pro-pri paesaggi sottomarini, similmente a quanto accade in ambiente terrestre, ma anche il rilevamento di eventuali alterazioni ecosistemiche, sia naturali che antropiche. I paesaggi sottomarini sono costituiti da differenti tipolo-gie di habitat, ciascuna caratterizzata da una peculiare associazione di specie bentoniche. Alcune tipologie di habitat rivestono un ruolo importante nell'ecosistema marino, in quanto possiedono un elevato valore natura-listico, scientifico, economico e/o ricreativo. Il corallige-no, ad esempio, rappresenta un habitat ad elevata biodi-versità e ha nei mari temperati un ruolo simile alle bar-riere coralline nei sistemi tropicali, esercitando, grazie alla varietà di forme ed ai colori appariscenti degli orga-nismi che lo caratterizzano, un'irresistibile attrazione nei confronti di tutti coloro che praticano subacquea (Balle-steros, 2006). Le praterie di fanerogame marine, rappre-sentate nel Mar Mediterraneo principalmente da Posido-nia oceanica, Cymodocea nodosa e Zostera noltii, no-nostante l'apparente omogeneità che le contraddistin-gue, sono un habitat fondamentale per molte specie, of-frendo alimento e rifugio a forme giovanili anche di in-teresse commerciale. Non di minore importanza è il ruo-lo delle praterie di posidonia nei processi di ossigena-zione dei fondali e di protezione della costa dall'erosio-ne delle onde e delle correnti (Hemminga e Duarte, 2000). Conoscere la distribuzione degli habitat sottomarini, quindi, è di fondamentale importanza per pianificare strategie di gestione che assicurino la conservazione del-la biodiversità nel lungo periodo, la tutela delle funzioni ecosistemiche e l'uso sostenibile delle risorse dell'am-biente marino costiero. D'altra parte le attuali normative comunitarie, in materia di gestione integrata della fascia costiera, riconoscono la distruzione degli habitat come uno dei principali problemi delle coste europee, sottoli-neando l'esigenza di adottare un approccio ecosistemi-co nella gestione di tali zone che tenga conto dello stret-to legame tra componenti marine e terrestri (Comunica-zione della Commissione Europea n. 547/2000, Racco-mandazione n. 2002/413). Nonostante l'importanza riconosciuta agli habitat marini nel funzionamento dell'ecosistema costiero, le informa-zioni disponibili in Italia sui popolamenti bentonici sono ancora piuttosto scarse. Ancora di meno sono le carte bionomiche, che rappresentano la distribuzione di tali associazioni biologiche nello spazio. La cartografia bio-nomica, infatti, ha conosciuto a mare una diffusione li-mitata rispetto a quanto è accaduto sulla terra emersa, sia per motivi operativi (ad es. gli elevati costi e le diffi-coltà delle indagini subacquee), sia per una minor tradi-zione nel considerare l'ambiente marino come territorio (Tunesi et al., 2002). Le carte bionomiche disponibili per l'Italia sono ristrette alla raffigurazione di habitat marini peculiari, come le praterie di posidonia (Bianchi e Peira-no, 1995), oppure riguardano aree di ridotta estensione e/o di interesse per la conservazione.
Abstract -In these last years the importance of marine species check-lists and floristic and faunal data bases has been strongly re-evaluated, as this information represents a useful tool to assess the biodiversity of geographic areas or single habitats, in relation to biogeographic and ecological comparisons of the past and actual environmental conditions, and to conservation problems of the marine biota In the present contribution we wish to present a synthesis of the "Moncharmont Project," a program conducted in collaboration with the Historical Archives of the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, and devoted to the acquisition, data base construction, and a first evaluation of the Archivio of Prof. Ugo Moncharmont (1913-2000). Prof. Moncharmont has been for many years collaborator and consultant for the Zoology Department at the Stazione Zoologica in Naples, exerting a thorough supervision of the marine specimens collected for the Museum and for the zoological and biological work of the Institute's scientist hosts.
Management of marine ecosystems requires spatial information on current impacts. In several marine regions, including the Mediterranean and Black Sea, legal mandates and agreements to implement ecosystem-based management and spatial plans provide new opportunities to balance uses and protection of marine ecosystems. Analyses of the intensity and distribution of cumulative impacts of human activities directly connected to the ecological goals of these policy efforts are critically needed. Quantification and mapping of the cumulative impact of 22 drivers to 17 marine ecosystems reveals that 20% of the entire basin and 60-99% of the territorial waters of EU member states are heavily impacted, with high human impact occurring in all ecoregions and territorial waters. Less than 1% of these regions are relatively unaffected. This high impact results from multiple drivers, rather than one individual use or stressor, with climatic drivers (increasing temperature and UV, and acidification), demersal fishing, ship traffic, and, in coastal areas, pollution from land accounting for a majority of cumulative impacts. These results show that coordinated management of key areas and activities could significantly improve the condition of these marine ecosystems.
The interaction of coastal and submarine morphology with the hydrodynamic regimes exerts a control on coastal dynamic processes, conditioning the dispersion of sediments and potential pollutants existing in the area. Thus, the study of such parameters is useful in order to define environmental threats. Within the submerged sector of the Bagnoli coast and particularly in the southern part of the investigated area, there are sediment groups composed of very fine sands located in low-energy zones due to wave refraction and diffraction; they can also be found on the sea bottom and on the man-made structures typical of this zone. These areas show high pollutant levels of N, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated bi-phenyls (PCBs). The northern area, a place of high-energy hydrodynamic processes, also shows high concentration levels of pollutants due to the presence of secondary cell circulation.
Morphological research and analysis of textural characteristics of bottom sediments along the Bagnoli coast allowed the actual processes and their evolution in space and time to be defined. It has also been possible to correlate such processes to the seabed morphology system, the wave formations which affect the coast, the complex system of sediment transport, as well as to the man-made interventions in the area. The results of recent chemical analyses of beach sediments and bottom sediments off the Bagnoli coast were also incorporated. They prove the presence of heavy metals, PAHs and PCBs in high and sometimes very high concentrations. Finally, based on the results of research and analyses, a hypothesis for an intervention for environmental restoration has been formulated in order to renaturalise the coast through dredging and treatment of the sand, both on the seabed and on the emerged beach.
The management and conservation of the world's oceans require synthesis of spatial data on the distribution and intensity of human activities and the overlap of their impacts on marine ecosystems. We developed an ecosystem-specific, multiscale spatial model to synthesize 17 global data sets of anthropogenic drivers of ecological change for 20 marine ecosystems. Our analysis indicates that no area is unaffected by human influence and that a large fraction (41%) is strongly affected by multiple drivers. However, large areas of relatively little human impact remain, particularly near the poles. The analytical process and resulting maps provide flexible tools for regional and global efforts to allocate conservation resources; to implement ecosystem-based management; and to inform marine spatial planning, education, and basic research.
Chemical contamination of marine ecosystems represents a major concern for the detrimental consequences at different levels of biological organization. However, the impact of chronic contamination on the diversity and assemblage composition of benthic prokaryotes is still largely unknown, and this limits our understanding of the potential implications on ecosystem functioning. The Bagnoli-Coroglio bay (Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea) is a typical example of coastal area heavily contaminated by metals and hydrocarbons, released for decades by industrial activities, which ceased at the beginning of nineties. In the present study we analyzed the abundance, diversity and assemblage composition of benthic prokaryotic assemblages at increasing distance from the historical source of contamination in relation to the heavy hydrocarbons (C > 12), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metal concentrations in the sediments. Prokaryotic abundance in the sediments differed among sites, and was mostly driven by environmental factors rather than by contamination levels. Conversely, the richness of prokaryotic taxa was relatively high in all samples, was driven by contamination levels and decreased significant with increasing contamination (15–38%). These results indicate that variations distinct in benthic prokaryotic taxa are largely explained by the different levels and types of chemical contaminants found at the different sites. Overall, our findings suggest that chemical contaminants, even after decades from the end of their release, can profoundly influence the richness and turnover diversity of the benthic prokaryotic assemblages, in turn promoting a high diversification of the benthic bacterial and archaeal assemblages by selecting those lineages more adapted to specific mixtures of different contaminants. Our results open new perspectives for understanding of the long-term effects of chemical contamination on the benthic prokaryotic assemblages and the ecological processes they mediate.
The aim of the present work is to demonstrate the practical importance of a multidisciplinary approach and weighted criteria to synthesize and integrate different typologies of data (or lines of evidence, LOEs), including chemical levels in marine sediments, their bioavailability to specific indicator species, ecotoxicological effects measured through subcellular biomarkers and batteries of bioassays, and potential impacts of pollution on local benthic communities. The area of Bagnoli (Gulf of Naples, Southern Italy) was selected as a model case-study, as it is a coastal area chronically impacted by massive industrial contamination (trace metals and hydrocarbons), and dismissed decades ago without any subsequent remediation or habitat restoration. The results of each LOE were elaborated to provide specific hazard indices before their overall integration in a weight of evidence (WOE) evaluation. Levels of some trace metals and PAHs revealed a severe contamination in the entire study area. Bioavailability of hydrocarbons was evident particularly for high molecular weight PAHs, which also caused significant variations of cellular biomarkers, such as cytochrome P450 metabolization in fish, lysosomal membrane destabilization in mussels, genotoxic effects both in fish and molluscs. The results of a battery of bioassays indicated less marked responses compared to those obtained from chemical and biomarkers analyses, with acute toxicity still present in sediments close to the source of contamination. The analysis of benthic assemblages showed limited evidence of impact in the whole area, indicating a good functioning of local ecosystems at chronic contamination. Overall, the results of this study confirm the need of combining chemical and biological data, the quantitative characterization of various typologies of hazard and the importance of assessing an integrated environmental WOE risk, to orientate specific and scientifically-supported management options in industrialized areas.
In marinas and harbours, the accumulation of pollutants in sediments, combined with poor exchange of water with the open sea, poses a major environmental threat. The presence of photosynthetic organisms and the related oxygen production, however, may alleviate the negative effects of environmental contamination on heterotrophic organisms, enhancing their physiological defences. Furthermore, possible transgenerational buffer effects may increase the ability of natural populations to face environmental stress. Here we tested the occurrence of transgenerational effects on larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, whose parents were exposed, during the gametogenesis, to contaminated sediments subject to two temporal patterns of water re-suspension events and normal- (90%) vs. super-saturated (200%) levels of O2. The study site was Bagnoli-Coroglio (Gulf of Naples, southern Tyrrhenian Sea), a historically polluted brownfield and Site of National Interest for which environmental restoration options are currently under exploration. Larvae from different adult populations were significantly, although not linearly, affected by the interaction of all factors to which parents were exposed, at both 24h and 48h post fertilization. Specifically, the exposure of larvae to elutriates from contaminated sediments determined a developmental delay, a reduction in size and an increased percentage of abnormalities in all larval populations independently of their parental exposure. On the contrary, larvae from parents exposed to contaminated sediments, when reared in clean filtered sea water, succeeded in developing until the echinopluteus stage after 48h, with size and abundance comparable to those of larvae from control parents. Pre-exposure of parents to contaminated sediments did not successfully buffer the negative effects of elutriates on their offspring, and no positive effects of ‘super-saturated’ levels of O2 in response to contaminants were observed, suggesting that the Bagnoli-Coroglio area is currently not suitable for the re-stocking or re-introduction of this species.
Dismissed industrial plants with chronic environmental contamination globally affect all levels of biological organization in concert with other natural and anthropogenic perturbations. Assessing the impact of such perturbations and finding effective ways to mitigate them have clear ecological and societal implications. Through indoor manipulative experiments, we assessed here the effects of the temporal regime of reworking of contaminated sediment from the Bagnoli-Coroglio brownfield (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) on the fertilization process in Paracentrotus lividus. Adult sea urchins were kept for one month in tanks containing contaminated sediment that was re-suspended according to two temporal patterns of water turbulence differing in the time intervals between consecutive events of agitation (mimicking the storms naturally occurring in the study area) in seawater with natural vs. supersaturated oxygenation levels. At the end of the treatment, gametes were collected and used to test the hypothesis that the regime of contaminated sediment reworking negatively but reversibly affects morphological and physiological traits of the fertilized eggs. We found that aggregated events of sediment re-suspension had profound negative effects on gamete interactions and Ca²⁺ signaling at fertilization. The same experimental condition also inflicted marked ultrastructural changes in eggs. Importantly, however, such detrimental effects were inhibited by increased oxygenation. By contrast, the regime of sediment re-working with a longer interval between consecutive turbulent events had only marginal effects. Thus, the current and predicted changes of climate-related disturbance appear to modulate the biological effects of chronic contamination in post-industrial areas, suggesting that environmental rehabilitation via restoration of habitat-forming primary producers such as seagrasses or algal canopies could alleviate the pollutants’ effects on resident biota.
Natural storms are able to determine reworking of seabed up to considerable depths and favour suspension of sediment-associated chemicals. Yet, a direct link between exposure to resuspended contaminants and the biological effects on marine organisms have to be fully established. We exposed adults of a suspension feeder, the ascidian Ciona robusta, to polluted sediment (e.g., containing mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals) from the industrial area of Bagnoli-Coroglio under two temporal patterns (‘aggregated’ vs. ‘spaced’) of turbulence events. Then, we assessed the impact of resuspended pollutants on the ascidian gut environment via four broad categories: oxidative stress, innate immunity, host-microbiota interactions, and epithelium. An early oxidative stress response was seen after a week of exposure to static sediment. Instead, water turbulence had no effect on the antioxidant defence. The first episode of turbulent suspension induced a minimal pro-inflammatory response in the ‘spaced’ pattern. Mucus overproduction and a complete occlusion of the crypt lumen were found following sediment reworking. This study suggests a protective response of the gut environment in marine invertebrates exposed to environmental extremes, leading to increased susceptibility to disease and to concerns on the combined effects of chronic environmental contamination and acute disturbance events possibly associated with climate change.
The effects of contaminants on marine organisms have been documented since decades, but the long-term responses and recovery rates of benthic communities to mixtures of contaminants, several years after the cessation of industrial activities, need to be further investigated. Bagnoli-Coroglio Bay (Gulf of Naples, Tyrrhenian Sea) is a typical example of historically contaminated coastal area due to industrial activities stopped at the beginning of nineties. In the present study we carried out a fine spatial scale analysis of the distribution of meiofaunal (and nematodes) assemblages along five bathymetric transects located at increasing distance from the historical source of contamination in relation with the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and heavy metal concentrations present in the sediment. Meiofaunal abundance and biomass changed widely along transects but independent from the distance from the source of contamination. Even when the contamination levels were expected to induce significant detrimental biological consequences, meiofaunal abundance and biomass were similar to those reported in unpolluted benthic coastal areas worldwide. Conversely, biodiversity in terms of meiofaunal taxa richness was generally low (range: 5-8 taxa in 12 of the overall 15 stations investigated). This was explained by the lack of sensitive groups such as ostracods, gastrotrichs and tardigrades commonly encountered in benthic coastal ecosystems, thus reflecting an overall poor/moderate environmental quality of the investigated area. Nematode (structural and functional) diversity was also low, particularly at stations characterized by higher contamination levels. At the same time, nematode species composition did not change significantly among stations suggesting a widespread effect of contaminants able to reduce the variability (i.e., turnover diversity) within the assemblages of the whole study area. Overall, our results indicate that even decades after the cessation of contaminant emissions, benthic biodiversity was affected in terms of both meiofaunal taxa and nematode species. These findings strongly reinforce the call for reducing sources of chronic pollution in marine ecosystems and provide new insights for a better understanding of the ecological recovery of historically contaminated marine environments.
Marine sediments store complex mixtures of compounds, including heavy metals, organotins and a large array of other contaminants. Sediment quality monitoring, characterization and management are priorities, due to potential impacts of the above compounds on coastal waters and their biota, especially in cases of pollutants released during dredging activities. Harbours and marinas, as well as estuaries and bays, where limited exchanges of water occurr, the accumulation of toxic compounds poses major concerns for human and environmental health. Here we report the effects of highly contaminated sediments from the site of national interest Bagnoli-Coroglio (Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean) on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, considered a good model for ecotoxicological studies. Adult sea urchins were reared one month in aquaria in the presence of contaminated sediment that was experimentally subject to different patterns of re-suspension events (mimicking the effect of natural storms occurring in the field), crossed with O2 enrichment versus natural gas exchanges in the water. The development of embryos deriving from adult urchins exposed to such experimental conditions was followed until the pluteus stage, checking the power of contaminated sediment to induce morphological malformations and its eventual buffering by high oxygenation. Real-Time qPCR analysis revealed that the expression of several genes (among the fifty analyzed, involved in different functional processes) was targeted by contaminated sediments more than those exposed in oxygen-enriched condition. Our findings have biological and ecological relevance in terms of assessing the actual impact on local organisms of chronic environmental contamination by heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons affecting the Bagnoli-Coroglio area, and of exploring enhanced sediment and water oxygenation as a promising tool to mitigate the effects of contamination in future environmental restoration actions.
The inheritance of environmental contamination left by abandoned industrial plants is widespread globally. Here we compared the patterns of recovery of lowshore algal and invertebrate assemblages between the post-industrial site of Bagnoli-Coroglio and four reference sites distributed along the coast in the Gulf of Naples, southern Tyrrhenian Sea. The structure of whole assemblages, richness of taxa and abundance of individual taxa were followed during one year since an event of experimental disturbance consisting in the removal of all erect organisms from the rocky substrate. Our main findings suggest that the examined benthic assemblages recovered effectively and quickly after a pulse disturbance and, contrarily to initial expectations, that this ability was comparable between the post-industrial site and the reference sites. This result is discussed in terms of several plausible processes and mechanisms, including the general capability of intertidal organisms to recover from physical disturbance, the potential high level of environmental stress affecting the reference sites too, the chance that the most intense impacts of contamination remained restricted to the sediments of the post-industrial site without propagating to adjacent rocky habitats, and the large natural variability of reference sites that may have masked weak effects of the historical contamination. Irrespective of the actual causes, we emphasize the need for including natural variability of the examined system in any future restoration interventions, to guarantee representation of the range of variation of target organisms and of their underlying processes, and to avoid confounding the intended post-industrial impact with the effects of other natural and anthropogenic processes.
Marine ecosystems are globally threatened by human activities, but some areas, such as those affected by abandoned industrial plants, show an overlap of acute and chronic impacts, which determine a considerable deterioration of their health status. Here we report the results of a research conducted on coastal sewers that discharge their loads in the highly contaminated area of Bagnoli-Coroglio (Tyrrhenian Sea, Western Mediterranean). The sampling area is characterised by heavy industrial activities (a steel plant using coal, iron and limestone) started in 1905 and ceased in 1990, which left widespread heavy metals and hydrocarbon contamination. After taking into account the potential influence of sediment grain size ranges through their inclusion as covariates in the analysis, we tested the potential impact of sewage discharge on the total abundance and multivariate structure of meiofaunal assemblages, as well as on the abundance of single taxa. The organic matter was analysed in terms of total phytopigment and biopolymeric carbon concentrations. Nematoda, Copepoda (including their nauplii), and Tardigrada were the most abundant meiofaunal taxa at all sites, but nematodes did not show a consistent pattern relative to the sewage outfalls. However, the sewer located in the historically most contaminated area showed a minimal abundance of all taxa, including nematodes, while copepods were relatively less abundant at the two southernmost sewers. Comparing the north vs. south site of the sewers, higher meiofaunal abundances were observed in the southward part, likely as a result of the local circulation. The results of this study indicate the general adaptation of meiofauna to multiple stressors (sewage discharge, superimposed to chronic industrial contamination) and its likely modulation by other local processes. They also provide relevant baseline information for future restoration interventions that would take into account the spatial variation of target organisms as needed.
We present the results of a detailed bathymetric survey of Pozzuoli Bay (Gulf of Naples, Italy).
This shallow marine area, along with the Campi Flegrei inland, is a highly active volcanic
district in the coastal zone of SW Italy. The area has been active since at least 78 ka B.P.,
and is structurally dominated by a caldera collapse (�8 km in diameter) associated with the
eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT), a 30–50 km3 dense rock equivalent (DRE)
ignimbrite dated �15 ka B.P. The main cartographic product consists of a 1:10,000 scale
morpho-bathymetric map of Pozzuoli Bay, derived from 1 m cell-size, colour hill-shaded,
digital terrain model of the seafloor. Multibeam bathymetry data reveal the precise extent of
Roman underwater archaeological remains located in the N–NW infralittoral zone of the
Bay. Morphometric analysis allowed for the development of thematic representations,
including slope and aspect maps. A complete data set of active fluid vents seafloor locations
were also recorded during the survey and reported in the final map. The multibeam
bathymetric survey illustrated in this study provides an unprecedentedly detailed image of
the seafloor morphology of Pozzuoli Bay and represents a contribution to the understanding
of the dynamic evolution of the Campi Flegrei caldera, a high-risk volcanic area densely
populated by almost one million people.
The Author relates about the various biocoenoses of the marine bottoms with Zosteraceae, remarking the peculiarities of 6 different types. The results chiefly concern investigations made in the Tyrrhenian Sea, with reports to other parts of the Mediterranean Sea.
Posidonia oceanica prairies have been studied and mapped around the Island of Ischia and in adjacent waters. Prairies were found to cover an area of 15.7 km2 and to be distributed between 0.5 and 39 m depth. The observed distribution is comparable to those reported by previous authors indicating that prairies have not undergone remarkable regressions in the last 50 years. Patterns recorded within the beds and at their lower limits, as indicated also by their sediments characteristics, are correlated to hydrodynamic energy. Two main types of water motion are responsible for the different types of erosive features: a) steady currents flowing parallel to the coast; b) rip-, wave induced currents flowing normal to the coast.
Aim A large body of knowledge exists on individual anthropogenic threats that have an impact on marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea, although we know little about how these threats accumulate and interact to affect marine species and ecosystems. In this context, we aimed to identify the main areas where the interaction between marine biodiversity and threats is more pronounced and to assess their spatial overlap with current marine protected areas in the Mediterranean.
Location Mediterranean Sea.
Methods We first identified areas of high biodiversity of marine mammals, marine turtles, seabirds, fishes and commercial or well-documented invertebrates. We mapped potential areas of high threat where multiple threats are occurring simultaneously. Finally we quantified the areas of conservation concern for biodiversity by looking at the spatial overlap between high biodiversity and high cumulative threats, and we assessed the overlap with protected areas.
Results Our results show that areas with high marine biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea are mainly located along the central and north shores, with lower values in the south-eastern regions. Areas of potential high cumulative threats are widespread in both the western and eastern basins, with fewer areas located in the south-eastern region. The interaction between areas of high biodiversity and threats for invertebrates, fishes and large animals in general (including large fishes, marine mammals, marine turtles and seabirds) is concentrated in the coastal areas of Spain, Gulf of Lions, north-eastern Ligurian Sea, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, south-eastern Turkey and regions surrounding the Nile Delta and north-west African coasts. Areas of concern are larger for marine mammal and seabird species.
Main conclusions These areas may represent good candidates for further research, management and protection activities, since there is only a maximum 2% overlap between existing marine protected areas (which cover 5% of the Mediterranean Sea) and our predicted areas of conservation concern for biodiversity.
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Archive Moncharmont, 1965-1985. Archive (More than 5,000 Paper Sheets) Complite by
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The Stazione Zoologica. A clearing house for marine organisms
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