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China’s National Experiences and the Evolution of PRC Grand Strategy
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the People’s Republic of China’s “grand strategy” in world affairs. Grand strategiy, for all powers, is rooted in the nation’s past and its historical evolution. As such, this chapter traces the various historical and cultural sources of China’s contemporary approach to the world. It argues that China has a deep sense of greatness—but also wounded pride. In particular, different sources of China’s traditions, encounters with the West, border insecurities, and preoccupation with the United States. The author argues that China’s relations with the United States are reaching a critical, and dangerous, point.
... Chinese tensions with the Soviet Union further and the Vietnam War brought China and US close which was China's approach to gain a global dimension. Deng's policy even in his time had followed the paths of Mao as (Freeman, 2020) Joseph Nye, appears when "a country ... obtain[s] the outcomes it wants in world politics because other countriesadmiring its values, emulating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness-want to follow it" (p. 5). ...
This article seeks to examine China’s Third World Strategy from Mao-Deng-Xi’s political eras. The societal tensions emerged in China after 1949, which have arisen as a consequence of its rapid economic expansion in the twenty first century. While China continues to ascend and demonstrate a high potential for further progress, signs of a slowdown in its once-robust economic growth raise concerns about potential implications for social stability in specific regions. China's unparalleled economic presence and influence have been evident in its engagements across Africa, Asia, South Asia, and Latin America. This expansive involvement in the developing world has been a consistent component of Beijing’s foreign policy since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Notably, China’s foreign policy, particularly post- 1990, has remained actively engaged in South Asian regions, shaping a new reality with profound geopolitical implications. For this, it uses qualitative research method to inspect into the political and strategic transformations in regional governance triggered by the resurgence of the third world in Chinese foreign policy. The full extent of the impact of these developments on the world’s geopolitical landscape remains uncertain, making it a compelling area of exploration. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is China’s new strategy for new third world strategy emerged to support the third world countries, and it is an aspiration to be a global power.
... La iniciativa busca la construcción y puesta en marcha de un Cinturón Económico de la Ruta de la Seda y la Ruta Marítima de la Seda del siglo xxi que conectaría China con África y Europa por tierra y por mar. El centro de la iniciativa radica en la zona de influencia inmediata de China y apunta también a garantizar su política de seguridad colectiva (Freeman, 2020). ...
Introducción En 2022, la Argentina firmó un memorándum de entendimiento con la República Popular de China para integrar formalmente la "Iniciativa de la Franja y la Ruta" (ifr). La incorporación de la Argentina es de importancia significativa, ya que Beijing espera que sirva para atraer hacia la iniciativa a los otros dos grandes actores de la región, México y Brasil. El gobierno argentino sostiene que la firma del acuerdo posibilita el desembolso de inversiones por más de 24 mil millones de dólares. Sin embargo, una estrategia de crecimiento motorizada por préstamos e inversiones extranjeras se presenta como un problema para un país como este cuya econo-mía se encuentra marcada por los déficits en su balanza de pagos y por problemas en la sustentabilidad de su deuda. Además, la ló-gica espacial del capital chino en el país lo coloca en el centro de la disputa geopolítica con los eua por el control de América Latina. La incorporación de la Argentina a la ifr se da en un escenario internacional caracterizado por el caos sistémico (Arrighi y Silver, 2001), producto de la crisis señal del ciclo de acumulación nor-teamericano y del debilitamiento relativo de su hegemonía (Dabat Latrubesse y Leal Villegas, 2019). El ascenso económico y políti-co de China marca el inicio de una nueva bipolaridad ascenden-te (Sanahuja, 2020), en la que América Latina aparece como una
China, which has made a major economic breakthrough, has become one of the most important actors in international politics by increasing its military power in recent years. China's increasing power and influence in the international arena arouses increasing curiosity about the country's foreign policy. With Xi Jinping becoming president, China began to display a more assertive attitude or behavior on many issues. This study basically seeks an answer to the question of what differences Xi Jinping brought to Chinese foreign policy. What kind of changes do these differences lead to in Chinese foreign policy? In this study, the general tendencies and directions of Chinese foreign policy during the Xi Jinping period are discussed. The assertive foreign policy approach that Xi Jinping is trying to implement is analyzed. In this context, the visions of "Chinese dream", "new type of great power relations", "new type of international relations", “Belt and Road Initiative" and "a community with a common future for humanity", which reflect Xi's assertive foreign policy approach, are examined. At the same time, challenges to the assertive foreign policy implemented under Xi Jinping are discussed. The study mainly questions the extent to which Xi Jinping's assertive foreign policy approach is successful. The study concludes that Xi Jinping's active foreign policy approach has not increased China's sphere of influence in the international arena to the extent expected. As China becomes more visible in the international arena, the country's foreign policy challenges seem to be increasing.
This article analyzes the China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) education policy using a critical policy discourse approach. At the textual level, this paper focuses on policy framing by identifying how diagnostic (problem definition), prognostic (solutions), and motivational (rationales) framings are described in two foundational BRI education policy documents. Next, six additional policy documents are selected to construct a discursive totality to understand how framings are linked to and embedded within the broader discursive practice of policy documents. The interpretations of these framings are viewed through the lens of policy driver, lever, and value. Finally, a macro-sociological analysis aimed at explanatory and normative critique shows that BRI education is embedded in the discourses of national rejuvenation and China’s aspirations to become a global leader of an alternative global governance and order. The paper ends with a discussion postulating that the BRI education policy’s success depends on various shifting domestic and geopolitical factors, from the growth of the Chinese economy and ideological struggles among the world’s major powers to grassroots reception or resistance to Chinese influence in BRI countries.
The COVID-19 pandemic gave new impetus to the influence of face and status on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the political leadership of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Occurring when relations between the PRC and the liberal-democratic world were already tense, the pandemic introduced a new vector into a highly politicised context involving domestic and global audiences. It caused the CCP acute embarrassment, undermined its status ambition, and intensified an extant resentment towards perceived competitors and critical voices. Anxieties about loss of face and status manifested in the histrionics and policies of CCP/PRC officials and state media towards the United States and Australia.
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