![Typical rise-up time-evolution of RC (reaction chamber) temperatures (RTD1-4; upper left), oil outlet (TC1, TC2, TC3), inlet (TC6) and upper flange center (TC4) temperatures (lower left), pressures (upper right) and neutron rate (green; lower right), for PNZ10rr #1-4 [140, 95] run](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Akito-Takahashi-2/publication/339325055/figure/fig1/AS:859828217970688@1582010430398/Typical-rise-up-time-evolution-of-RC-reaction-chamber-temperatures-RTD1-4-upper_Q320.jpg)
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Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
1
Enhancement of Excess Thermal Power in
Interaction of Nano-Metal and H(D)-Gas
Akito Takahashi1,2*, Toyoshi Yokose3, Yutaka Mori3, Akira Taniike3, Yuichi
Furuyama3, Hiroyuki Ido2, Atsushi Hattori2, Reiko Seto2, Joji Hachisuka2
1Prof. Emeritus Osaka University, 2Technova Inc., 3Kobe University
*corresponding author
Abstract Significant enhancement of excess thermal power by the anomalous heat
effect (AHE) has been attained by our latest experiments on interaction of binary nano-
composite metal powders and H (or D) gas at elevated temperature of 300-400 °C.
Observed excess thermal power levels in average were 10, 86 and 186 W/kg-sample
for PNZ10, PNZ10r and PNZ10rr, respectively with deuterium-gas. In addition, levels
in average were 11, 117 and 226 W/kg-sample for CNZ7, CNZ7r and CNZ7rr,
respectively with light hydrogen gas. Generation of excess thermal power was very
reproducible by week cycle runs of heating power on/off mode, and was steady for
several days in each elevated temperature run.
Key words: anomalous heat, enhancement, Ni-based, nano-composite-metals,
hydrogen gas, elevated temperature, 200 W/kg, excess thermal power, repeated re-
calcination, several weeks run
I. INTRODUCTION
The anomalous heat effect (AHE) by the interaction of hydrogen-isotope-gas and
nickel-based nano-composite samples as Pd-Ni/zirconia (PNZ) and Cu-Ni/zirconia
(CNZ) powder samples at elevated temperatures around 300 °C has been studied
intensively [1,2] under the NEDO-MHE project in 2015-2017 [3], for verifying the
existing of the phenomenon and finding conditions of excess power generation in
controllable way. As reviewed in ref. [4], the 8 year-long (2008-2015) series of study
on AHE by interaction of metal nanoparticles and D(H)-gas under the collaboration of
Technova Inc. and Kobe University has become the basis for the collaborative research
of NEDO-MHE. The AHE phenomenon has been replicated by independent
experiments at Tohoku University as well as at Kobe University under the collaboration
study of the NEDO-MHE project [5, 6, 7]. Observed excess thermal power level of
AHE were on the level of 3-20 W, and more enhancement was required for industrial
application.
To scale up the AHE power level, study has been extended [8, 9] independently at
Kobe University as the collaboration project with Technova Inc., after the 2015-2017
NEDO-MHE project. We have found that the re-calcination of used metal composite
powder sample was very effective to enhance excess thermal power by the succeeding
hydrogen charging runs at elevated temperature as reported in our ICCF22 presentation
[10] and paper [11].
In this paper, we report that further significant enhancement of excess thermal
power has been obtained by using the third re-calcined samples as PNZ10rr
(Pd1Ni10/zirconia) and CNZ7rr (Cu1Ni7/zirconia). The gas-turbulence effect by large
local AHE has been observed in all elevated temperature runs, in which we observed
generation of over 50 W excess thermal powers with rather steady continuation for
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
2
weeks. We summarize results of AHE in comparison of excess thermal power data by
the first calcined sample (PNZ10 or CNZ7), the second calcined sample (PNZ10r or
CNZ7r) and the third calcined sample (PNZ10rr or CNZ7rr). We used deuterium gas
for PNZ-type samples, while light hydrogen gas for CNZ-type samples. We have
observed similar levels of excess thermal power for either deuterium or light-hydrogen
gas, by some reasons in underlying mechanisms to be elucidated in future.
These observations must be circumstantial evidences of some nuclear reactions for
underlying mechanisms of the AHE, as predicted by the condensed cluster fusion
theory (CCF/TSC theory) by Akito Takahashi (see many papers downloadable at
Research Gate [12]). For an introduction of CCF/TSC theories, the review papers [13,
14, 15] are recommendable.
II. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND PROCEDURE
The fabrication procedures of Pd-Ni/zirconia and Cu-Ni/zirconia for nano-
composite samples were described in our previous papers [1-9, 11]. The outline is 1)
making thin (ca. 10 micron) amorphous metal ribbons of PdxNiyZrz or CuxNiyZrz metal
composite alloys by the melt-spun method, 2) calcination in electric oven at ca. 450 °C
for 120-180 hours, and 3) making ca. 0.1mm size powders by automatic mortaring
machine. The atomic ratios of x/y/z are from 1/10/20 to 1/7/14, approximately. In the
present work, we used Pd1/Ni10/Zr20 and Cu1/Ni7/Zr14 for PNZ10 and CNZ7 samples,
respectively. After the first H(or D) gas charging and elevating temperature runs (#M-
N, N=1,2,3), we took out the sample from RC (reaction chamber) to make re-
calcination in electric oven in ambient air with ca. 450 °C for ca. 180 hours. Then we
reused for the second H(D)-charging and temperature-elevation runs (#M-N, N=1,2,3).
Between M=1 and 2 or M=2 and 3, we made so called baking treatment with 250-
450 °C RC average temperature under vacuum-evacuation to meet the final RC
pressure of less than 1 Pa. The second and third re-calcined samples are renamed with
suffix r, as PNZ10r (or CNZ7r) and PNZ10rr (or CNZ7rr). The C system schematics
for AHE calorimetry at Kobe University has been many times shown [1, 2, 4 -9, 11].
Calorimetry calibration data are given in [8] for TC1-TC6, TC2-TC6, and RTDav-
TC6, by using blank sample of 1mm diameter zirconia beads (ca. 1.4 kg), for oil flow
rate 18.4 ccm. For heating up RC, we used constant power supply units by Keithley
Co., so that we did not need any correction for input heater power variation for [W1,
W2]= [120, 80] W and [140, 95] W ET (elevated temperature) runs.
H (or D) gas was initially filled in Gas Cylinder having volume of 4 litters (for H-gas)
and 2 litters (for D-gas), and fed to RC through Super Needle Valve. Initial pressure of
Gas Cylinder was 0.4 to 1.0 MPa. By adjusting the SNV path size, we set gas flow rate
as it took about 60 min to reach the equilibrium pressures at Ps and Pr [1-9], for the
case of blank calorimetry runs. Here Ps is pressure of source gas cylinder, and Pr is
pressure of RC. When we had the AHE of significant amount, evolution data of Pr and
Ps were changed significantly from the blank runs. From the variation of Ps and Pr, we
could calculate rate of H (or D) gas molars (or number of atoms) transferred by the
runs. For present works, H-gas was used for CNZ7rr runs, and D-gas was used for
PNZ10rr runs.
Typical patterns of the AHE experiments are as follows;
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
3
0) baking the sample (#1-0, #2-0),
1) H (or D) gas charging to RC at room temperature (RT) (heaters: [0, 0], #1-1, #2-
1),
2) elevate RC temperature (heaters: [120, 80], #1-2, #2-2), run from Monday to
Friday
3) cool RC to RT (heaters: [0, 0], #1-3, #2-3), from Friday to Monday
4) elevate RC temperature (heaters: [140, 95], #1-4, #2-4), from Monday to Friday
Actual run-tables are given in Table-1 and 2, respectively for PNZ10rr and CNZ7rr.
Table-1: Run table of PNZ10rr (438g PNZ10rr sample + 498g zirconia filler)
Table 2: Run Table of CNZ7rr (340g CNZ7rr sample + 1011g zirconia beads filler)
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
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3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Heat Generation by PNZ10rr and D-Gas
We show a typical example of on-line data display (by NI Labo-View) in a rise-up
phase of ET (elevated temperature) run of PNZ10rr #1-4, in Fig.1.
Fig.1: Typical rise-up time-evolution of RC (reaction chamber) temperatures
(RTD1-4; upper left), oil outlet (TC1, TC2, TC3), inlet (TC6) and upper flange center
(TC4) temperatures (lower left), pressures (upper right) and neutron rate (green; lower
right), for PNZ10rr #1-4 [140, 95] run
We see start of anomalous excess temperatures rise of RTD1 and RTD2 (3 and 6 cm
from bottom of RC (reaction chamber)), after temperatures exceeded ca. 300 °C (see
upper left display), deviating upward from the indicial response (1.0 minus exponential
saturating curve with calorimeter time constant) of calibration run with pure zirconia
beads. An apparent neutron count increase (green in lower right display) looks
correlating to the excess temperature rise of RTD1, 2, although neutron yield is close
to natural background level. Very strangely, temperature at upper flange center by TC4
(outside of the hydrogen gas inlet/outlet tube) rises up steeply and suddenly becomes
“flat” (see lower left display). We have reported already that gas-turbulence inside RC
happens during strong local AHE [10, 11] which made underestimation of oil flow
calorimetry by TC1, 2, 3 temperatures (as you see downward distortion; lower left
display and see also Fig.2). As shown in Fig.2, strange evolution of TC4 temperature
continues. Obviously, oil-outlet temperature monitors (TC1, 2 and 3) are distorted
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
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downward correspondingly, although temperatures (by RTD1, 2, 3, 4) in RC are
increasing smoothly (upper left display).
Fig.2; Rise-up data display-2 for PNZ10rr #1-4 run
Fig.3 Rise-up data-3 for PNZ10rr #1-4 run
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
6
After that, RC temperatures have reached at some equilibrium state as seen in Fig.3.
However, to our surprise, TC4 temperature suddenly decreased with ca. 100 °C
negative spikes. In our conclusion by discussions [11], lower temperature hydrogen
(D) gas in lower peripheral region of RC near oil-inlet would have blown up suddenly
to make up-steam of colder convection gas flow. In the 4th day of PNZ10rr #1-4 run,
TC4 temperature drew chaotic oscillation with smaller negative spikes and higher
repetition as shown in Fig.4.
Fig.4; Evolution of data in the 4th day of PNZ10rr #1-4 run.
Inside temperatures in RC (upper left display) evolved very flat with average RC
temperature of ca. 410 °C. The equilibrium temperature by the zirconia beads
calibration run with [140, 95] W heater input was 322 °C. Excess thermal power is
estimated as 86.6 W. Because of H(D)-gas turbulence effect under strong local AHE,
excess thermal power levels have been underestimated by TC1, 2, 3 temperatures, but
fortunately calorimetry by RTDav values was not visibly distorted [10, 11]. In this
work, we have adopted excess thermal power data by RTDav (average RC temperature).
In Fig.5, we show example of comparison of excess thermal power data between
RTDav and TC1 adoptions. Because of the downward distortion of TC1 temperature
correlating to TC4 chaotic oscillation, excess thermal powers by TC1 (TC1-TC6 was
used) draw around 40 W, while excess thermal powers by RTDav draw over 80 W that
is reliable. Data by TC1 fluctuated around 40W, while data by RTDav increased up
smoothly to saturated value over 80 W and continued for 5 days run (Monday to Friday).
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
7
Fig.5; Comparison of rise-up data of excess thermal powers by RTDav and TC1 for
PNZ10rr #1-6 run
Bwteen ET (elevated temperature) runs, we turned off heaters [W1, W2] in the period
of Friday to Monday. In every ET runs from Monday, we have observed generation of
significant excess thermal power rise-up and similar TC4 chaotic oascillations. The
AHE phenomenon is now very repeatable/reproducible, both for PNZ10-type with D-
gas and CNZ7-type with H-gas (as shown later). Generated excess thermal power
levels were near steady for several days, and switched on/off by heater on/off in
controlable way. We show detail in the following.
To show the significant enhancement of AHE (anomalous heat effect) by the re-
calcination treatment of PNZ10r sample, data of PNZ10r #1-2 run [120, 80] (10, 11) is
copied in Fig.6. Please remark on excess thermal power by RTDav. In rise-up, peak
power exceeds 30 W but it decreases to rather flat value of ca. 16 W. By heating with
[120, 80] watts, D-gas was desorbed to saturate at ca. 0.5 D-mol. Heat hump happened
under larger D-desorption rate. Since large positive heat generation by desorption
cannot be conceived by known chemical reactions, this data is already anomalous.
To be compared with it, we show data by PNZ10rr #1-2 run [120, 80] in Fig.7. Near
75 W steady excess thermal power was generated by this third calcined sample.
Comparing with the cae of PNZ10r #1-2 run, we have got 4.7 times enhancement of
excess thermal power level by the PNZ10rr #1-2 run. It is interesting to see that AHE
of PNZ10rr #1-2 happened under D-absorption mode (saturating to ca. 0.2 D-mol
absorption), which was endothermic D-absorption under heating up. Initial D-
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
8
absorption runs at RT (room temperature), PNZ10r absorbed more D-mol than
PNZ10rr, by unknown change of nano-composite Pd-Ni islands to be studied further.
Fig.6; Copy of rise-up data of PNZ10r #1-2 run [10, 11]
Fig.7; Rise-up data of PNZ10rr #1-2 run (nominal) with [120, 80]
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
9
In Fig.8, generation of steady excess thermal power of 85 W level is shown by the
succeeding ET runs with [140, 95] heating condition.
Fig.8; Repeatable and steady generation of excess thermal power by PNZ10rr sample
Average RC temperature made very steady evolution with ca. 410 °C, while TC4
temperature at central position of upper flange of RC made sporadic/chaotic
oscillations by the gas turbulence effect. We may recognize that the chaotic TC4
oscillation is an indication of strong AHE in RC. Excess thermal powers were
generated under the saturation state of D-desorption (ca. 0.05 D-mol).
In Fig.9, we show steady generation of excess thermal power for PNZ10rr sample
after the second baking [10, 11] treatment.
Fig.9; Generation of excess thermal power for PNZ10rr #2-2 and #2-4 runs
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
10
AHE happened under slow D-absorption mode, in the case of PNZ10rr #2-2, and level
of excess thermal power over 70 W increased slowly according to the decrement of D-
absorption rate (due to endothermic absorption). AHE by PNZ10rr #2-4 generated
steady excess thermal power of ca. 84 W. We found that the baking treatment did not
make significant enhancement of excess thermal power, although it was effective for
PNZ10r cases [10, 11]. Chaotic oscillation of TC4 temperature was taking place.
In Table-3, we summarize data of excess thermal power and RC average temperature
by PNZ10, PNZ10r and PNZ10rr runs.
Table-3; Summary results of AHE enhancement for PNZ10-type samples with D-gas
Observed excess thermal power levels in average were 10, 86 and 186 W/kg-sample
for PNZ10, PNZ10r and PNZ10rr, respectively with deuterium-gas. The enhancement
of AHE power was largest by the second calcination, and was still large by the third
calcination. We need to try the forth calcination to see further trend of AHE
enhancement. Accordingly, average RC temperatures increased by the calcination and
baking treatments. The effect of baking looks saturating for the third calcination sample
runs. The AHE power level reached at 200 W/kg-sample level.
We have repeatedly reported [1-11] that observed level of excess thermal power was
too large to be explained by chemical reactions which happens by exchange of atomic
and molecular orbital electrons with small energy (less than a few eV per hydrogen or
other atom, for instance). In this work, we have also obtained data of specific reaction
energy per D-atom transfer as shown in Fig.10. Under long-lasting excess thermal
power of near 90 W for nearly a month (190 MJ of total heat), we observed evolution
of specific reaction energy reaching 100 keV/D-transfer at maximum.
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
11
Fig.10; Evolution of data of specific reaction energy per D-atom by PNZ10rr ET runs
We conceive that only a portion of transferred D-atoms was attributed to some
unknown new condensed matter nuclear reactions (theoretical candidate is the
CCF/TSC model [13, 14, 15]). Therefore, real specific reaction energy must be much
larger to be over several MeV/D level as nuclear reaction level. As excess thermal
power is taking place under flat D-transferred state (after saturation of either absorption
or desorption of D-gas), we have conceived that 4D/TSC or 4H/TSC like cluster
formation rate on surface catalytic sites of binary metal nano-islands is of key factor to
enhance the effect.
3-2 Heat Generation by CNZ7rr and H-Gas
We used 340g of third calcined sample of CNZ7rr plus 1011 g of filler zirconia
beads to set up in RC. Oxidation rate by re-calcination was only 1.9%, but color of
powder changed from grey to light brown by the re-calcination. Light hydrogen gas
(H-gas) was used for AHE generation experiments, in similar way as PNZ10rr runs.
In Fig.11 we show the first ET run CNZ7rr #1-2-1 with [120, 80] W heating. About
70 W excess thermal power was obtained after saturation of H-absorption (0.4 H-mol).
The chaotic oscillation of TC4 temperature happened similarly as the cases of PNZ10rr
runs. We did only one day operation for CNZ7rr #1-2-1 run, and cooled to RT by
making [0, 0] heating. Next day we started to run CNZ7rr #1-2-2 with [120, 80] W
heating. The rise-up data of CNZ7rr #1-2-2 is shown Fig.11. We obtained excess
thermal power level of ca. 70 W, namely same with that by CNZ7rr #1-2-1. AHE level
is quite repeatable/reproducible, while AHE happened under the state after H-
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
12
desorption saturated. From these results, we can conceive that AHE reactions are taking
place on surface reaction sites.
Fig.10; Initial ET run of CNZ7rr #1-2-1
Fig.11; ET run by one day after the initial ET run, CNZ7rr #1-2-2
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
13
Fig.12; One week-days data of AHE by CNZ7rr #1-2-2 run
In Fig.12, we show AHE data for 4 days run of CNZ7rr #1-2-2. Evolution of ca. 70 W excess
thermal power is very steady. Chaotic oscillation of TC4 temperature evolved sporadically.
The AHE continued after H-desorption saturated at the level of 0.07 H-mol. We are discussing
that small fluctuation (in one minute averaged data plot) of desorbed H-gas level might have
important information of frequent small change of H-gas in/out on surface of Cu-Ni nano-
islands as mesoscopic catalyst sites where TSC formation is thought [13, 14]. We need precise
and accurate measurement of gas pressure for that end.
FIG.13; 5; 5; 5 days long run of CNZ7rr #1-4 with [140, 95] W heating
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
14
In Fig.13, we show AHE data by 5 days long run of CNZ7rr #1-4.
Steady excess thermal power level over 80 W was observed under the H-gas
desorption-saturated mode. Averaged RC temperature exceeded 400 °C. TC4
oscillation was sporadic as seen in other cases.
Fig.14; CNZ7rr #2-2 run, after the second baking treatment
In Fig.14, we show AHE data by CNZ7rr #2-2 run, after the second baking of sample.
Similar level of ca. 70 W excess thermal power was obtained, comparing with the case
of CNZ7rr #1-2-2. However, AHE took place under slow H-absorption mode, in this
case. We compare results of rise-up data between CNZ7rr #1-2-1 and CNZ7rr #2-2, in
Fig. 15. Rise-up of excess thermal power appeared with about 30 min delay for CNZ7rr
#2-2, while the rise-up was faster for CNA7rr #1-2-1. Probably, larger endothermic H-
absorption by CNZ7rr #2-2 is attributable to the slower excess power rise-up.
Finally, we show a baking data for CNZ7rr in Fig.16. Before baking, CNZ7rr sample
retained ca. 0.76 H-mol, which corresponds to 0.5 H/Ni loading ratio. As we know 1.0
(full O-sites occupation)-3.0 (full O+T sites occupation) may be attained in Ni-core Pd
(or Cu)-incomplete shell nano-islands [4] at RT, present observation of AHE excess
thermal power evolution in rather steady level is considered to have been taking place
under the non-saturation state of H-loading in Ni core at ET runs. We may conceive
that optimum dynamic H-gas in/out flux on surface of binary nano-islands is of good
condition for sustaining enhanced excess thermal power generation.
Summary table of enhancement effect of excess thermal power by re-calcination and
baking treatments for CNZ7, CNZ7r and CNZ7rr samples is given in Table-4.
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
15
Fig.15; Comparison of rise-up data between CNZ7rr #2-2 run, after the second baking
treatment, and CNZ7rr #1-2-1
Fig.16; Display of rise-up data for baking treatment of CNZ7rr #2-0
Enhanced feature of excess thermal powers by re-calcination is in average, 11, 117 and
226 W/kg-sample for CNZ7, CNZ7r and CNZ7rr, respectively with light hydrogen gas.
The enhancement was slightly larger for CNZ7-type sample with H-gas than that of
PNZ10-type samples with D-gas. The reason will be elucidated in future studies. Over
200 W/kg level and weeks lasting excess heat generation is now possible by using less
expensive materials of Cu and Ni with conventional hydrogen gas with modest H-gas
pressure (0.1-0.5 MPa) as 300-400 °C of RC temperature. It is very encouraging data
source towards our target of industrial products development by the MHE energy [1-
4] as radiation-less, high energy density and portable energy generation source.
Takahashi et al paper, submittal to Proceedings of JCF20 of JCFRS, 2020
16
Table-4; Summary results of AHE enhancement for CNZ7-type samples with H-gas
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUDING REMARKS
Repeated re-calcination is effective to enhance sustainable excess thermal power by
the interaction of Ni-based binary nano-composite metal powder with H (or D)-gas.
Baking treatment between elevated temperature runs is effective to enhance excess
thermal power for the second re-calcination, but the enhancement has saturated for the
third re-calcination.
To eliminate the gas turbulence effect for calorimetry, condition of homogeneous
temperature in sample region will be tested to enhance more AHE.
Excess thermal power reached at the level of 200 W/kg-sample continuing for
several weeks or more, by the elevated temperature interaction of either D-gas or H-
gas and Ni-based binary nano-composite powders supported in zirconia flakes.
Further extension study towards application of industrial clean portable primary
thermal energy source is encouraging.
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18
of Nano-Metal and H(D)-Gas”, presentation for ICCF22, September 8-13, 2019,
Assisi Italy; see
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335690203_Latest_Progress_in_Researc
h_on_AHE_and_Circumstantial_Nuclear_Evidence_by_Interaction_of_Nano-
Metal_and_HD-Gas
[11] Akito Takahashi, Toyoshi Yokose, Yutaka Mori, Akira Taniike, Yuichi Furuyama,
Hiroyuki Ido, Atsushi Hattori, Reiko Seto, Atsushi Kamei, Joji Hachisuka,, “Latest
Progress in Research on AHE and Circumstantial Nuclear Evidence by Interaction
of Nano-Metal and H(D)-Gas”, paper to JCMNS for ICCF22, September 8-13, 2019,
Assisi Italy; see
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337452553_Latest_Progress_in_Researc
h_on_AHE_and_Circumstantial_Nuclear_Evidence_by_Interaction_of_Nano-
Metal_and_HD-
Gas_revised?_iepl%5BviewId%5D=F0Uph91EYgo0KRuKvwJP4QwL&_iepl%5
Bcontexts%5D%5B0%5D=projectUpdatesLog&_iepl%5BtargetEntityId%5D=PB
%3A337452553&_iepl%5BinteractionType%5D=publicationTitle
[12] Akito Takahashi, et al: many theoretical papers listed at Research Gate,
https://www.researchgate.net/project/Leading-the-Japanese-Gvt-NEDO-project-on-
anomalous-heat-effect-of-nano-metal-and-hydrogen-gas-
interaction?_sg=olKc4Ns5DMkZNQZBbB3g-QEiObIDjIy_1XpIY0pjj-
KIYInjbjzTZs1GlgZyGeKAbqRCFkvnT_QBdTLHTe1W4iFwsuuieleAZSz-
[13] Akito Takahashi, “Background for Condensed Cluster Fusion”, Proceedings of
JCF15, pp.63-90, 2015, JCFRS
[14] Akito Takahashi, “Physics of Cold Fusion by TSC Theory”, J. Condensed Matt.
Nucl. Sci., 12, 565-578 (2013)
[15] Akito Takahashi, “Nuclear Products of Cold Fusion by TSC Theory”, J.
Condensed Matt. Nucl. Sci., 15, 11-22 (2015)
