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Libro Blanco Movilidad Africana y Afrodescendiente.
Abstract
¿Cómo promover la movilidad de africanos y afrodescendientes en una sociedad global que se mueve no solo entre grandes desigualdades, sino también entre grandes dualidades?
El presente documento es una aproximación inicial al mapa situacional, de la movilidad primordialmente académica o de otros ámbitos vinculados al desarrollo de africanos y afrodescendientes en África, América y/o Europa, que sin desconocer la gran limitante de la ausencia de datos con indicadores étnicos, intenta determinar las principales características de esta movilidad, así como revisar posibles vías o estrategias de mejora de las condiciones de acceso de esta población étnicamente diferenciada.
Los resultados del estudio nos confirman la inevitable relación entre etnia y exclusión también en los circuitos de la movilidad académica en cuyos procesos, nos volvemos a encontrar con una baja o ínfima presencia de la población africana y/o afrodescendiente donde coinciden la media en las dinámicas europeas, españolas o andaluzas con 1,8% aproximadamente.
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Resumen: El acceso a las fuentes estadísticas del país de ori-gen de los migrantes que residen en España puede resultar de gran utilidad para el análisis de las migraciones internacionales. El presente estudio de caso se centra en la explotación de diferentes fuentes estadísticas procedentes de Senegal para el período 1998-2002. Esta explotación nos aportará una información inaccesible desde las fuentes españolas como aquella referida a las regiones de procedencia de los migrantes. Las fuentes senegalesas nos permi-ten también la evaluación de las coincidencias y diferencias en la medición de los fl ujos en Senegal y España, lo que nos mostrará * Universidad da Coruña.
Gweru Rural district in the Midlands province of Zimbabwe has witnessed an increasing number of outward migrations of breadwinners, leaving behind a desperate environment for families. This study was motivated by the realisation that most of the sick left behind, the elderly and children would visit the health centres unaccompanied, risking taking prescribed drugs incorrectly, thus further compromising their health. The study sought to establish the socio-economic effects of international migration on family members left behind in ward 8 of Gweru Rural. The study adopted a qualitative case study approach. Focus group discussions, questionnaires and structured individual interviews were used to elicit for data. Non-probability sampling design was used because of small samples available. Convenience and purposive sampling techniques were particularly used. Data were manually analysed and presented both qualitatively and quantitatively. The study revealed that international migration particularly to South Africa, especially by non- professionals, was not yielding the much expected economic gains; instead it was characterised by more negative social effects on the emigrant’s family. The study recommends that emigrants should consider migrating with their loved ones and, where it is not feasible, to put in place sound alternative caregiving arrangements. The study has provided an insight into international migration and its effects on left-behind families. However, a more comprehensive and quantitative survey remains critical to delving deeper into this migration phenomenon, particularly on how both the emigrant and left-behind spouses handle the issue of conjugal rights.
Resumen:
Sin olvidar la importancia que el factor económico juega en el fenómeno migratorio, y sin caer en el riesgo de proyectar una visión romántica del mismo, este trabajo pretende profundizar en aquellas migraciones que se inician siguiendo determinadas “motivaciones extraeconómicas”. De ahí que, desde el intento de contribuir a visibilizar la heterogeneidad de situaciones personales que conforman las migraciones internacionales, este artículo se centra en otro tipo de factores que incitan a migrar: razones profesionales, políticas, de orientación sexual o de ampliación de horizontes vitales. Para ello se parte de diferentes relatos de mujeres migrantes cubanas y ecuatorianas en España.
ABSTRACT:
This article aims to give an in-depth description of migrations that are motivated by extraeconomic factors, without forgetting the importance that economic factors play in decisions to migrate or the risk of projecting a romantic view of migration. The article highlights the heterogeneity of personal situations among international migrants, focusing on other types of factors that motivate migration, such as professional or political reasons, sexual orientation, or to expand opportunities and horizons. To do this, we analyze various personal stories of Cuban and Ecuadorean migrant women living in Spain.
La globalización ha evidenciado la necesidad de cuestionar el ¿nacionalismo metodológico¿ como presupuesto fundamental de la primera modernidad. Este cuestionamiento rompe la asunción de que los contornos de la sociedad coinciden con los del estado-nación, y supone un desafío epistemológico para la sociología, que desde su nacimiento adoptó un esquema de clasificación del espacio social que podría denominarse isomorfismo estado-sociedad. En este artículo realizamos una reflexión sobre los desafíos epistemológicos y metodológicos que las migraciones internacionales suponen para la sociología y las prácticas de investigación social mayoritarias, que generalmente arrastran inercias y presupuestos epistemológicos anclados en las características de las sociedades de la primera modernidad.
We are currently witnessing a remarkable conjuncture between the escalation, acceleration, and diversification of migrant and refugee mobilities, on the one hand, and the mutually constitutive crises of “European” borders and “European” identity, on the other, replete with reanimated reactionary populist nationalisms and racialized nativisms, the routinization of antiterrorist securitization, and pervasive and entrenched “Islamophobia” (or more precisely, anti-Muslim racism). Despite the persistence of racial denial and the widespread refusal to frankly confront questions of “race” across Europe, the current constellation of “crises” presents precisely what can only be adequately comprehended as an unresolved racial crisis that derives fundamentally from the postcolonial condition of “Europe” as a whole, and therefore commands heightened scrutiny and rigorous investigation of the material and practical as well as discursive and symbolic productions of the co-constituted figures of “Europe” and “crisis” in light of racial formations theory.
Under contemporary conditions of “globalization, ” any anthropology of migration must confront the seeming paradox that our “globalized” era is profoundly marked by a proliferation of new (historically-specific) formations of the cultural politics of nativism (or what may be otherwise depicted in terms of “autocthony,” or “xenophobia”). Notably, during this same period, we have likewise witnessed the ascendancy of a reanimated anthropological dogma of cultural essentialism, in the guise of (pseudo-) “ontological” notions of irreducible and essentially incommensurable “difference.” This article examines the implications for an anthropology of migration that contemplates seriously the implications of the affinities between the sort of disciplinary nativism that derives from the pluralist commitments of cultural essentialism with the anti-immigrant politics of nativism that has become a defining and increasingly pervasive feature of our global political present.
To face an unequal world requires us to interpret and explain it, to be sure, but also to engage it, that is, to recognize that we are part of it and that we are partly responsible for it. In other words, inequality is not just something external to us, but also invades our own world. I begin, therefore, by examining the global community of sociology through the lens of inequality. I then consider two recent perspectives on our unequal world from outside sociology: the moral radicalism of Pope Francis that emphasizes exclusion from market society, and the innovative research of the economist Thomas Piketty that emphasizes unequal inclusion in market society. These two faces of global inequality mirror the social movements reverberating from the economic crisis of 2008 but which have their roots in a reaction to a broader wave of marketization, the third to engulf modern capitalism. To explore the meaning of third-wave marketization, otherwise known as neoliberalism, and the social movements it provokes I draw on two concepts from Karl Polanyi – ‘fictitious commodities’ and ‘countermovement’ – as well as a theory of the dynamics of capitalism. I conclude with three challenges facing a global sociology that centers social movements: to develop a theory that speaks to the globally diverse experiences of commodification; to develop a methodology that recognizes that we are unavoidably participants in the world we study; and to develop a politics that defends a particular vision of that world, a vision that has defined the sociological tradition from its beginning, namely one that upholds the centrality of civil society against the over-extension of market and state.