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FRQWLQ~HFRQODRUDFLyQ
&LWDWH[WXDOHQPHGLRGHODRUDFLyQ
6LODFLWDDSDUHFHHQPHGLRGHODRUDFLyQGHVSXpVGHFHUUDUFRPLOODV
DQRWHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHODIXHQWHHQWUHSDUpQWHVLV\FRQWLQ~HFRQOD
RUDFLyQ6LODRUDFLyQLQFOX\HHODSHOOLGRGHODXWRUVyORVHHVFULEHOD
IHFKDHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVDOFRPLHQ]R\DO¿QDOODSiJLQD(QHOFDVR
SRFRFRP~QHQTXHVHSURSRUFLRQHWDQWRHODxRFRPRHODXWRUFRPR
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SDUpQWHVLV
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UHLQJUHVR´S
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HIHFWLYDGHOWUDEDMDGRUVLQTXHHOHPSOHDGRUSXHGDQHJDUHO
UHLQJUHVR
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FRQXQSXQWRXRWURVLJQRGHSXQWXDFLyQIXHUDGHOSDUpQWHVLV¿QDO
(MHPSOR
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OD UHLQFRUSRUDFLyQ HIHFWLYD GHO WUDEDMDGRU VLQ TXH HO
HPSOHDGRUSXHGDQHJDUHOUHLQJUHVR´3OiS
&LWDWH[WXDOFRQPiVGHSDODEUDV
6LODFLWDFRPSUHQGHRPiVSDODEUDVGHVSOLpJXHODHQXQEORTXH
LQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOWH[WR\RPLWDFRPLOODV&RPLHQFHHOEORTXHGH
FLWDVHQ XQQXHYR UHQJOyQ\ DSOLTXH HQ HO PDUJHQ L]TXLHUGRXQD
VDQJUtDGHDSUR[LPDGDPHQWHFPHQODPLVPDSRVLFLyQTXHXQ
QXHYR SiUUDIR 6L KD\ SiUUDIRV DGLFLRQDOHV GHQWUR GH ODV FLWDV
GHEHUiQLUDGREOHHVSDFLR$O¿QDOGHOEORTXHGHFLWDVFLWHODIXHQWH
GHFRQVXOWD\HOQ~PHURGHSiJLQDRSiUUDIRHQXQSDUpQWHVLVGHVSXpV
GHOVLJQRGHSXQWXDFLyQ¿QDO
2ELHQVLHOEORTXHGHFLWDVFRPLHQ]DFRQODFLWDWH[WXDODO¿QDOGHO
EORTXH VyOR VH QHFHVLWDUi LQGLFDU HO Q~PHUR GH OD SiJLQD 6L HO
GRFXPHQWRLQFOX\HHQFDEH]DGRV\QRHVYLVLEOHHOQ~PHURGHSiUUDIR
QLGHSiJLQDFLWHHOHQFDEH]DGR\HOQ~PHURGHOSiUUDIRVLJXLHQWH
SDUDGLULJLUDOOHFWRUDODXELFDFLyQGHOPDWHULDOFLWDGR
(QDOJXQRVFDVRVHQORVTXHHOQ~PHURGHSiJLQDVRSiUUDIRVQRVHD
YLVLEOHORVHQFDEH]DGRVSXHGHQVHUPX\SRFRÀH[LEOHVSDUDFLWDUORV
WRGRV$VtSXHVXVHXQWtWXORSHTXHxRHQWHFRPLOODVSDUDODFLWDHQWUH
SDUpQWHVLV
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WUDEDMDGRUDQRVHU GHVSHGLGR VLQFDXVDMXVWDR FRPRXQD
OLPLWDFLyQDOD IDFXOWDG GHSRQHUWpUPLQR DODUHODFLyQ GH
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SURSLR DQWHULRUPHQWH SXEOLFDGR /DV FLWDV GLUHFWDV GHEHQ VHU
SUHFLVDVGHEHQ VHJXLU ODV SDODEUDV ODRUWRJUDItD \ OD SXQWXDFLyQ
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HQWUHFRUFKHWHVLQPHGLDWDPHQWHGHVSXpVGHOHUURU$OFLWDUVLHPSUH
LQGLTXHHQHOWH[WRLHODXWRULLDxR\LLLODSiJLQDHVSHFt¿FDGHOD
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LQFOX\DXQDUHIHUHQFLDFRPSOHWDHQODOLVWDGHUHIHUHQFLDGHOWUDEDMR
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SD ODEUDV SXHGHQ VHU LQF R USRUDGDV DO WH[WR XVDQ G R
GREOHVFRPLOODV6LODFLWDDSDUHFHHQPHGLRGHODRUDFLyQGHVSXpVGH
FHUUDUFRPLOODVDQRWHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHODIXHQWH HQWUH SDUpQWHVLV\
FRQWLQ~HFRQODRUDFLyQ
&LWDWH[WXDOHQPHGLRGHODRUDFLyQ
6LODFLWDDSDUHFHHQPHGLRGHODRUDFLyQGHVSXpVGHFHUUDUFRPLOODV
DQRWHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHODIXHQWHHQWUHSDUpQWHVLV\FRQWLQ~HFRQOD
RUDFLyQ6LODRUDFLyQLQFOX\HHODSHOOLGRGHODXWRUVyORVHHVFULEHOD
IHFKDHQWUHSDUpQWHVLVDOFRPLHQ]R\DO¿QDOODSiJLQD(QHOFDVR
SRFRFRP~QHQTXHVHSURSRUFLRQHWDQWRHODxRFRPRHODXWRUFRPR
SDUWH GH OD H[SRVLFLyQ WH[WXDO QR DJUHJXH LQIRUPDFLyQ HQWUH
SDUpQWHVLV
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DEVROXWD³6H FDUDFWHUL]DSRU DVHJXUDU OD UHLQFRUSRUDFLyQ
HIHFWLYDGHOWUDEDMDGRUVLQTXHHOHPSOHDGRUSXHGDQHJDUHO
UHLQJUHVR´S
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ODERUDOTXHHVWDFDUDFWHUL]DSRUDVHJXUDUODUHLQFRUSRUDFLyQ
HIHFWLYDGHOWUDEDMDGRUVLQTXHHOHPSOHDGRUSXHGDQHJDUHO
UHLQJUHVR
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6LODFLWDDSDUHFHDO¿QDOGHODRUDFLyQFLHUUHHOIUDJPHQWRFLWDGRFRQ
FRPLOODVDQRWHLQPHGLDWDPHQWHODIXHQWHHQWUHSDUpQWHVLV\¿QDOLFH
FRQXQSXQWRXRWURVLJQRGHSXQWXDFLyQIXHUDGHOSDUpQWHVLV¿QDO
(MHPSOR
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OD UHLQFRUSRUDFLyQ HIHFWLYD GHO WUDEDMDGRU VLQ TXH HO
HPSOHDGRUSXHGDQHJDUHOUHLQJUHVR´3OiS
&LWDWH[WXDOFRQPiVGHSDODEUDV
6LODFLWDFRPSUHQGHRPiVSDODEUDVGHVSOLpJXHODHQXQEORTXH
LQGHSHQGLHQWHGHOWH[WR\RPLWDFRPLOODV&RPLHQFHHOEORTXHGH
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2ELHQVLHOEORTXHGHFLWDVFRPLHQ]DFRQODFLWDWH[WXDODO¿QDOGHO
EORTXH VyOR VH QHFHVLWDUi LQGLFDU HO Q~PHUR GH OD SiJLQD 6L HO
GRFXPHQWRLQFOX\HHQFDEH]DGRV\QRHVYLVLEOHHOQ~PHURGHSiUUDIR
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SDUDGLULJLUDOOHFWRUDODXELFDFLyQGHOPDWHULDOFLWDGR
(QDOJXQRVFDVRVHQORVTXHHOQ~PHURGHSiJLQDVRSiUUDIRVQRVHD
YLVLEOHORVHQFDEH]DGRVSXHGHQVHUPX\SRFRÀH[LEOHVSDUDFLWDUORV
WRGRV$VtSXHVXVHXQWtWXORSHTXHxRHQWHFRPLOODVSDUDODFLWDHQWUH
SDUpQWHVLV
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2WURVKDQFRQWUDGLFKRHVWDRSLQLyQ
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WUDEDMDGRUDQRVHU GHVSHGLGR VLQFDXVDMXVWDR FRPRXQD
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WUDEDMRWLHQHFRPRIXQGDPHQWRHOSULQFLSLRGHFRQWLQXLGDG
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