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Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design

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... These include Her City [16], a practical participatory planning guide with a step-by-step toolbox for urban actors interested in initiating a girl-inclusive urban project or plan. The Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design [79] also includes a toolbox for gender action plans aimed at three different stakeholder groups: public, private and citizens-organizations and individuals [16,79]. Both of these documents are considered general planning guides; • ...
... These include Her City [16], a practical participatory planning guide with a step-by-step toolbox for urban actors interested in initiating a girl-inclusive urban project or plan. The Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design [79] also includes a toolbox for gender action plans aimed at three different stakeholder groups: public, private and citizens-organizations and individuals [16,79]. Both of these documents are considered general planning guides; • ...
... This applies to the case of "Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning Design", which targeted World Bank staff involved in designing, managing, delivering, and evaluating urban planning and design projects as well as Government clients and Contractors. It also applies to "Making Cities and Urban Spaces Safe for Women and Girls", which is a guideline that was developed by ActionAid, specifically designed to be used by the working teams of ActionAid International and ActionAid's country offices in their own projects [71,79] (ActionAid, 2013; Terraza, H., et al., 2020). ...
Article
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The contributions of this paper are the result of a thematic review conducted on some of the most relevant scientific contributions and policy guidelines about women’s perception of safety while walking in public spaces. The first part of the review focused on 23 scientific references revolving around the keywords “gender”, “safety” and “walkability”. This led to the establishment of three main Safety Factors: (i) Spatial Features (space characteristics/morphological features); (ii) City Use (traces of behavior and presence of city users); and (iii) Hotspots (safe havens and no-go areas); further resulting in 19 sub-factors. The second part of the review covered a collection of 20 reports and 10 guidelines focused on diverse geographical scales, areas of interest and target audiences, as well as data collection methods. This involved the selection of multiple case studies, which are also presented, thus maintaining a geographically diverse sample. As part of the scientific research project “STEP UP—Walkability for Women in Milan”, the outputs of the proposed thematic review will be exploited to help identify challenging areas of Milan (Italy), as samples of analysis to develop a set of policy recommendations to enhance the level of walkability for women.
... Using the World Bank document on gender-inclusive cities [61] and the UN-Habitat handbook about slum upgrading [62], human needs related to the built environment were identified and categorized into six types: (1) Well-being, includes physical, mental, and social health (i.e., cardiometabolic biomarkers, anxiety state, community engagement); (2) Access (i.e., using services and spaces in the built environment, free from barriers and constraints [61]); (3) Mobility (i.e., moving around the built environment easily, safely, and affordably [61]) (4) Shelter (i. e., the fundamental requirement for a safe and secure place to live or take refuge); [63] (5) Safety (i.e., protection, security, and freedom from harm); [64]. ...
... Using the World Bank document on gender-inclusive cities [61] and the UN-Habitat handbook about slum upgrading [62], human needs related to the built environment were identified and categorized into six types: (1) Well-being, includes physical, mental, and social health (i.e., cardiometabolic biomarkers, anxiety state, community engagement); (2) Access (i.e., using services and spaces in the built environment, free from barriers and constraints [61]); (3) Mobility (i.e., moving around the built environment easily, safely, and affordably [61]) (4) Shelter (i. e., the fundamental requirement for a safe and secure place to live or take refuge); [63] (5) Safety (i.e., protection, security, and freedom from harm); [64]. ...
... Using the World Bank document on gender-inclusive cities [61] and the UN-Habitat handbook about slum upgrading [62], human needs related to the built environment were identified and categorized into six types: (1) Well-being, includes physical, mental, and social health (i.e., cardiometabolic biomarkers, anxiety state, community engagement); (2) Access (i.e., using services and spaces in the built environment, free from barriers and constraints [61]); (3) Mobility (i.e., moving around the built environment easily, safely, and affordably [61]) (4) Shelter (i. e., the fundamental requirement for a safe and secure place to live or take refuge); [63] (5) Safety (i.e., protection, security, and freedom from harm); [64]. ...
Article
Equity in the built environment refers to the extent to which the built environment meets the needs of different groups through planning, design, construction, operation, management, and regulation. Though much studied in recent years, some needs and groups have received a greater research focus than others, and significant inequities continue to exist. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically reviewed the distributional and recognitional aspects of inequities experienced by vulnerable groups regarding their needs while using/occupying different types of built environments. We find that more studies focus on inequities regarding residential buildings, transportation facilities, and public open spaces, whereas comparatively few studies examine water and energy infrastructure, commercial buildings, educational buildings, and healthcare facilities. More studies focus on well-being, mobility, and access needs than shelter and safety needs. Inequities experienced by minorities, people with low socioeconomic status, people with health concerns, and vulnerable age groups receive more attention than the inequities experienced by people with gender/sexual-orientation vulnerability or displaced groups. The literature exhibits a relatively narrow focus on some subgroups, such as refugees, people experiencing homelessness, people with cognitive differences, people with visual or hearing impairments, children, and women. We argue that these findings demarcate high-impact future research directions to address vulnerable groups’ needs worldwide and suggest measures to alleviate inequities in the built environment.
... Posteriormente, en las sociedades patriarcales occidentales de finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la planificación y diseño urbano continuaron siendo campos dominados por hombres ricos. Como tales, las ciudades eran, en muchos sentidos, delineadas bajo diferencias de género, así como de raza y clase (Terraza et al., 2020). ...
... Actualmente, además de la escasa representación en las profesiones de planificación y diseño, las mujeres, las niñas y las minorías sexuales y de género de todas las edades y capacidades también son excluidas de forma habitual de participar en los procesos de planificación y diseño de la comunidad. Esto sucede por varias razones, entre las cuales están las económicas, las presiones y normas sociales interiorizadas y aplicadas externamente, y debido a la forma en que las mujeres son excluidas tan efectivamente de la toma de decisiones, que a menudo estas eligen retirarse en lugar de participar en los procesos de planificación (Terraza et al., 2020). ...
... Por otro lado, los sentimientos vistos como esas "tendencias o disposiciones afectivas referidas a objetos intencionales que nos atañen y por las cuales manifestamos preocupación e inclinación." (Rosas, 2011, p. 16), dentro de los cuales se trabajaron con los que tenían mayor reiteración en las investigaciones de género y espacio abordadas: inseguridad, libertad, miedo, escucha, apoyo y vulnerabilidad (Soto Villagrán, 2012; Terraza et al., 2020;Zúñiga Elizalde, 2014). ...
Article
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Resumen Los espacios urbanos históricamente se han conceptualizado, diseñado y creado a partir de unos discursos hegemónicos de neutralidad y objetividad, esto ha invisibilizado las diferentes tensiones que se generan en torno al género y el sexo en el espacio, así como promulgado el establecimiento de una mirada reduccionista sobre las complejidades que se tejen en estos. El presente trabajo busca escudriñar en las representaciones de un grupo de estudiantes de grado 11 de la institución educativa “Escuela Normal Superior del Quindío” (Armenia, Colombia) con respecto al espacio en el cual se constituyen sus procesos educativos, a través de una investigación con enfoque crítico social soportada en un método participativo, el mapeo social. Algunos de los hallazgos están relacionados con que las estudiantes tienen mayoritariamente percepciones negativas de los espacios más oscuros, reducidos y cerrados; el baño de mujeres ocupa un lugar destacado, ya que recoge sentires como la seguridad, el ser escuchadas y apoyadas; los espacios son sexualizados y tienen un carácter de género que evidencia cánones educativos donde ciertas habilidades corresponden a lo femenino y otras a lo masculino; igualmente, los espacios educativos siguen soportándose en esquemas de relaciones de vigilancia, control y separación de los sujetos.
... There is a distinction between the term's 'sex' and 'gender' in literature. 'Sex' refers to the biological factors separating male and female, whereas 'gender' is more often used when speaking of sociological and psychological factors [3]. However, the latter is exposed to confusion with 'sex', as it is a constantly evolving term, defined by name, sexuality, external and internal genitalia, chromosomes, and genes [4]. ...
... However, the latter is exposed to confusion with 'sex', as it is a constantly evolving term, defined by name, sexuality, external and internal genitalia, chromosomes, and genes [4]. The biological term 'sex' categorizes people by their physical attributes and mechanisms [3]. Grounding in the reproductive functions, where male and female are considered the two main categories, this is often referred to as the 'binary gender system'. ...
... Speaking of 'gender' in a social context, more ambiguous factors are accounted for. Originating from the biological understanding, gender refers to social roles, meaning characteristics or attributes associated with and expected from a particular sex [3]. This system, where the biological separations of the sexes have been brought onto social processes, creates a structure of social relations [5] on a symbolic, structural, and individual level [6]. ...
... They have also provided evidence on how the urban environment materializes and reproduces gender inequities. According to relevant literature 19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27 , the built environment may facilitate access to resources and amenities relevant to the daily routines associated with stereotypical male roles, such as working outside the household, using more motorized transport, and practicing more sports, but not those attributed to women, as unpaid care work, household chores, nonmotorized transport, and informal work 28,29,30,31 . Symbolically, street names and public monuments are mainly referring to men and manrelated accomplishments, as an expression of gender inequities and gender-biased urbanization 32 . ...
... Feminist Urbanism scholars have developed frameworks and practical tools to evaluate urban settings based on a gender-sensitive perspective. Generally, they argue that flexible spaces that encompass diverse users' needs tend to favor the coexistence, interaction, and circulation of people and potentially promote gender equity 8,19,22,33,34,35 . Most of these frameworks were developed based on Global North experiences, not accounting for cities specificities and the lived experiences of urban dwellers in the Global South. ...
Article
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Latin American cities have evolved via exclusionary historical processes, resulting in hasty and unplanned urbanization, insufficient infrastructure, and extreme levels of violence. These issues have well-documented health implications. In urban settings, gender may lead to unequal access to opportunities and services, however, its consideration into policies, interventions, and research remains insufficient, potentially exacerbating urban inequities. Drawing inspiration from feminist urbanism and urban health research, we propose a structured tool for Latin American cities to develop gender-sensitive urban policies, interventions, and urban health research. The study encompassed: (1) a narrative literature review of feminist urbanism frameworks and the Delphi method to select the most appropriate dimensions; (2) a thorough examination of data availability and indicators in three studies of urban transformation interventions in Brazil, Colombia, and Chile to evaluate data availability and local interest; and (3) an urban health dialogue with the relevant indicators. We identified three key dimensions: “proximity”, “autonomy”, and “representativeness”. Neighborhood was considered the most meaningful level for analyses. The indicators were organized into subdimensions, considering existing literature on their implications for gender and health. The proposed tool is comprehensive and adaptable, thus, it can be used in diverse Latin American urban contexts. It is a valuable resource for incorporating a gender-sensitive perspective into urban policymaking, interventions, and health-related research.
... Before the introduction of modern planning and significant industrialisation, most incomegenerating activities took place within or near the house, along with reproductive work, private interests, and commerce heavily influenced the growth of cities (Terraza et al., 2020). The Industrial Revolution led to enormous growth in the number and extent of cities, forming the general conditions needed for modern forms of urban planning in Europe and North America. ...
... Consequently, this directly hampers their ability to access employment and educational prospects. The current state of the built environment often presents challenges for women and girls rather than actively addressing and meeting their specific needs (Beall, 1996;Desai, 2007;Phadke et al., 2011;Terraza et al., 2020). ...
Article
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The planning and development of cities is generally understood as an impartial and neutral process unaffected by the social implications in society. Historically, the field of urban planning is defined by a goal of the 'common good' where cities were designed to foster economic productivity, consumerism, and an exclusive focus on constructing the building mass of a city. However, in reality, at the centre of this unbiased planning and design process was an able-bodied, upper-class, working male from whose standpoint urban planning processes were largely imagined and implemented. Feminist theorists have tried to bring forth how architectural design, planning, and the concept of space and the built environment impact political power, cultural and social experiences of individuals and communities in urban life.
... Public spaces significantly contribute to individuals ' and communities' social, cultural, environmental, psychological, physiological and economic well-being (Gehl, 2010). Public spaces are not designed neutrally, which leads to either aiding or hindering the use and access of vulnerable population groups such as women, girls, and other gender minorities (Terraza et al., 2020). When only specific people are welcomed into and able to use public spaces, it is no longer only a concern of accessibility but also an issue of social justice and equity (Zhou, 2019). ...
... To address the needs and challenges faced by women from different spectrums of intersectionality, the concept of gender inclusion evolved. Gender inclusion is "an approach that takes an inclusive view of gender, considering people of all genders and sexualities as well as intersections with factors such as race, ethnicity, income, class, age, and ability, to ensure the voices of people of all genders are heard and integral to project design, delivery, and evaluation, intending to promote gender equity" (Terraza et al., 2020). Cities like Vienna (Austria), Barcelona (Spain), Glasgow (UK), and Umeå (Sweden) have worked extensively on gender mainstreaming and other inclusive policies and design guidelines that aim to increase social connectivity, increase public participation and representation of marginalized groups, and enhance a sense of safety and belonging in the public realm (Sex And the City Planners -Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Design, 2023). ...
Article
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This research paper examines the use of participatory approaches to achieve gender inclusion in public spaces. While public spaces are intended to be open and accessible to all, not all user groups, such as women, children, the elderly, and persons with disabilities, enjoy equal benefits from these spaces. Scholars from various disciplines, including sociology, geography, urban studies, and planning, have shown interest in gender-inclusive public spaces. Different theories have emerged to explain how individuals perceive public spaces differently, and researchers have employed public life study tools worldwide to explore the gendered aspects of public spaces. Participatory approaches have been recognized as effective tools in addressing the complexities of gender inclusion in public spaces. This study focuses on five cases from India, Myanmar and Sweden to understand how public spaces are being constructed using participatory approaches that are regionally and contextually inclusive of women. The research aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (Goals 5 and 11), which aim to achieve gender equality and sustainable cities and communities, respectively, highlighting the importance of gender equity and inclusion in public spaces. The study concludes by emphasizing the relevance of employing participatory approaches and integrating them with a focus on gender and intersectionality. It advocates for considering the needs of other vulnerable groups, including the elderly, women with disabilities, individuals from diverse socio-cultural backgrounds, transgender individuals, pregnant women, and mothers with young children, to create truly inclusive, equitable, and accessible public spaces for all.
... Cities are not gender-37 neutral and therefore offer important opportunities to narrow the gender gap and reduce 38 inequalities [15]. The inclusion of a gender perspective in urban planning and mobility 39 studies is a priority issue [16,17]. Analysing cities from a gender perspective involves 40 considering the importance of gender roles [18]. ...
... The 11 disperse city, associated with lower densities, does not increase total trips, but it does in-12 crease trips by private motorised modes of transport to the detriment of the more sustain-13 able modes of walking, cycling, and public transport. In addition, the higher proportion 14 of sustainable modes of travel in urban centres has a clear gender component, as women 15 are more likely to change their mode of transport than men, leaving the motor vehicle 16 behind when they have alternatives to travel by more sustainable modes, such as walking, 17 the bus, or the subway. ...
Conference Paper
With the growth of urban areas, cities are the centres of the great challenges of our society. Urban form influences the metabolism of cities in multiple ways and mobility is one of them. Depending on the type of urban fabric, population, and activities located in them, travel needs and modes of transport differences appear. As population is diverse, this relationship between urban form and mobility probably have significant gender gaps that should be investigated. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the correlation between the type of urban fabric and people’s mobility patterns, looking for significant gender differences in the number of trips and the mode of transport. Data were collected from the survey done for the Mobility Plan of the Metropolitan Area of Valencia and cadastral information. For statistical analysis, the PSPP program and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. This paper demonstrates significant differences in relation to gender and modes of transport. Women use more sustainable modes of transport, especially in dense and compact cities. Urban sprawl increases mobility, especially trips using private motorised modes. On the contrary, more sustainable modes, like by foot, on bike, or using public transport, are used in compact cities. Looking for sustainable mobility, women and density are key aspects which land planners must take into account when designing cities.
... Modern urban planning and design were areas dominated by men and had little regard for gender issues until the 1960s [5,30]. Planners and designers, taking the working male as the natural user of the city, intentionally or unintentionally created cities reflecting patriarchal values. ...
... From the 1970s, however, issues related to gender equality continued to be raised in the urban planning field with the influence of the second-wave women's movement [5,11,30,31]. First, scholars questioned the separation of the public realm of work and the private realm of family, the former being historically occupied by men and the latter by women. They criticized such a dichotomous approach and stressed the importance of connections between home and workplace [31]. ...
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This study aims to examine the gender gaps in the use of urban space in Seoul, Korea, to provide empirical evidence for urban planning for gender equality. We analyzed daily temporary populations that were estimated using mobile phone data. We used the total, women’s, and men’s temporary populations as well as the subtraction of the temporary population of men from that of women (SMW) as dependent variables. We first conducted a visual analysis on temporary population density using kernel density estimation and then conducted a further analysis using spatial autocorrelation indicators and spatial regression models. The results demonstrate that: (1) Temporary population patterns for women and men showed similarities in that both were larger in business areas than in residential areas, which means that a large number of women were engaged in economic activities like men; (2) the pattern for SMW showed the opposite, that is, women were more active in residential areas and areas where neighborhood retail shops, cultural facilities, parks, and department stores were easily accessible; and (3) both women’s temporary population and SMW had spatial autocorrelation and thus showed clustering patterns that can be helpful in urban planning for gender equality in Korea.
... Efforts to improve maternal and perinatal health in cities need to recognise that women navigate cities differently to men [44,45]. This means gender-sensitive design of urban health systems is critical to reducing maternal and perinatal mortality [46]. ...
Article
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While maternal mortality decreased during the Millennium Development Goals era, it remains unacceptably high, with stagnation in reductions possible due to shocks such as COVID-19. Most women in low- and middle-income countries already receive antenatal care and over half give birth in health facilities. In cities, use of health facilities for childbirth is near universal (>90%). Cities present complex challenges in ensuring pregnant women receive equitable, high-quality care. The UrbanBirth Collective is a portfolio of projects in sub-Saharan African cities seeking to address an important knowledge gap: how to adapt urban healthcare systems and lived environments to improve maternal and perinatal well-being? Its key focus is care during labour, childbirth, and the early postnatal period, when most poor maternal and perinatal outcomes occur. Our starting projects focus on harnessing open source data to examine and compare cities on the continent, including in-depth case studies of three cities: Grand Conakry (Guinea), Grand Nokoué metropolitan area (Benin), and Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo), where we will capture and analyse three main dimensions of the dynamics: maternal health service provision; maternal healthcare use by women; and the complex, nonlinear interactions between the provision and use of care within the spatial, social, and political ecosystem of a city. By comparing these three cities, we shall propose a generalisable model which can be validated and applied in other cities in sub-Saharan Africa. The growth of cities demands increasing attention on future-proofing them with the capacity to develop, implement, and continuously adapt a coherent strategy for the provision of equitable maternal and newborn care. Our ambition is to contribute to reaching zero preventable maternal deaths in cities. To achieve these goals through understanding specific contexts and facilitating the adoption and application of research findings and recommendations, we will collaborate closely with local stakeholders, including healthcare workers, community leaders, and policymakers.
... Recent research indicates that women have distinct needs, barriers and perceptions vis-à-vis PGBS (Braçe et al., 2021;Colley et al., 2022;Terraza et al., 2020) and that they are frequently underrepresented in urban greening planning and decision-making processes (Boulton et al., 2021). Gendered barriers and perceptions determining the use of PGBS include the lack of proximate spaces, concerns about personal safety, sexual harassment and violence, as well as poor quality or inadequate facilities (Derose et al., 2019;Stessens et al., 2020). ...
Article
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The COVID‐19 outbreak triggered a combined health, social and economic crisis, imposing multiple restrictions that altered the use and perception of public green and blue spaces (PGBS). In this article, we explored how the different stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic restrictions affected the use and perceptions of public greenspaces and seafront in gentrifying neighbourhoods, focusing specifically on women and non‐binary residents. We conducted a comparative analysis of two densely populated neighbourhoods in Barcelona, Spain, employing a participatory mixed‐methods approach including surveys, focus groups, participatory walks and semi‐structured interviews. We collected the perceptions from women and non‐binary residents for the pre‐pandemic period, the lockdown period and the period during the post‐lockdown gradual ease of restrictions. Our findings reveal that during the COVID‐19 lockdown, the use of neighbourhood PGBS was maintained or intensified, highlighting the existing deficit in the denser areas of the city. However, post‐lockdown, use patterns changed, with differences based on neighbourhood characteristics and gentrification pressures. This suggests that while COVID‐19 seemed to temporarily impact how people used PGBS, these changes were rapidly reversed once mobility restrictions were lifted. During and after the pandemic, PGBS facilitated informal care networks and community cohesion that helped residents endure the impacts of the pandemic, but the return of gentrification and touristification pressures disrupted these networks, heightening feelings of displacement and exclusion among women and non‐binary residents. The research underscores the dual role of PGBS as both essential community spaces and sites of exclusion, emphasizing the need for inclusive and just green planning strategies. Policy implications. Urban planning must prioritize the quality and accessibility of PGBS with a gender‐sensitive approach and address broader issues of gentrification and touristification to protect vulnerable populations. An environmentally just greening approach should consider proximity, safety, accessibility and design to facilitate the use of PGBS by socially vulnerable groups. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
... Transferring this socio-economic change into spatial form is crucial to increase social resilience and allow cities to adapt to changing demographic contexts. In recent years, the topic of gender-equal spatial planning has gained more and more attention as the impacts of urban planning and design on women are brought to light (Terraza et al. 2020), ranging from spatial activism to spatial consequences of gender inequality, these discussions are gradually becoming more apparent and addressed in research topics (Fisher, Naidoo 2016;Johnston 2017;Lobao, Saenz 2002). The research is positioned within the field of gender-sensitive design and explores the potential convergence between the feminist concern with a revaluation of women's experiences through the category of the everyday and the work of Michel de Certeau on the practices of everyday life (De Certeau 1984). ...
Conference Paper
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This research investigates gender walks as a possible method for knowledge-gathering in urban planning and design processes. It is positioned within the field of gender-sensitive design, which aims to tackle gender inequalities in cities. This project ascertains the complexity of intersectional gender-aware design and therefore looks to utilise the potential of walking - in its simplicity and effectiveness - as a responding strategy. A comparison of three existing exploratory walk practices and insights gained from these walks outlines the criteria for the initial design of our walking audit method. The potential and limitations are tested through its implementation, the analysis of the findings and the development of design responses with participants. The theoretical knowledge gained on gender-aware planning and the complexity of the issue from both urban design and sociological perspectives provide support and critique for the ongoing City Centre Transformation Programme, to optimise public spaces for women's inclusion, safety and enjoyment.
... Individuals residing in cities are more inclined to endorse gender equality in areas such as education, employment, leadership, and leisure(Evans, 2019). Urban environments offer fresh possibilities for achieving gender equality; however, achieving this goal necessitates the reconfiguration of urban infrastructure to enhance parity in the utilisation and advantages of urban spaces for all genders (Ojo and Pojwan, 2021).Mainstreaming gender into urban planning and design is crucial for fostering inclusivity and gender equality(Terraza et al., 2020). This entails considering the requirements of both men and women, individuals with disabilities, and marginalised groups during the formulation and planning of urban spaces. ...
Technical Report
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The Independent Commission for Aid Impact (ICAI) is conducting a review of UK aid in support of sustainable cities – one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It examines the UK’s urban development portfolio from an economic, social and environmental perspective, in accordance with the UK government’s stated objectives, and considers how well it contributes to the UK’s climate and sustainability goals. This literature review is one component of the methodology for the ICAI review. It provides an overview of the most important peer-reviewed academic and grey literature on making cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable under SDG 11. It provides commentary on current issues and debates, summaries of the available evidence of good practice or ‘what works’ in aidfunded interventions, and observations on the strength of the evidence base. The review focuses on how development programmes can seek to address the constraints to sustainable urbanisation across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and how they can unlock opportunities, achieve value for money and maximise returns on investment. To this end, it aims to support informed decision-making on how UK official development assistance can be used to further SDG 11 and support progress towards the UK’s net-zero strategy in the UK Climate change strategy 2021-24. Where relevant, the literature review reflects upon the strength of the evidence base and what more can be done to build evidence on good practice and ‘what works’.
... This concept ensures equal access to urban services and opportunities for all, regardless of gender, and addresses urban socioeconomic disparities [7]. It also considers the rights of marginalized or previously excluded groups in urban policy and planning [14,15]. Vienna is a notable example of a city pioneering gender-inclusive urban planning [16]. ...
Article
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Despite the ongoing discrimination that hinders women's full participation in urban life, the International Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) emphasize the eradication of violence against women and underscore the need for regulatory measures, local governance, and equitable practices for sustainable urban development focusing on women's needs. The women-inclusive cities related (WICR) studies, which have been gaining academic attention since the late 1990s, remain broadly explored yet lack a holistic trajectory and trend study and a precise women-inclusive city concept framework. This study applies bibliometric analysis with R-package Bibliometrix version 3.3.2 and a systematic review of 1144 articles, mapping global trends and providing a framework for women-inclusive city concepts. The findings show that WICR research increased significantly from 1998 to 2022, indicating continuous interest. Gender, women, and politics are the top three most frequent keywords. Emerging research directions are expected to focus on politics, violence, and urban governance. The findings also indicate a clear tendency for researchers from the same geographical backgrounds or regions to co-author papers, suggesting further international collaboration. Although no explicit definitions were found in the articles used, the prevailing literature consistently suggests that a "woman-inclusive city" ensures full rights, equal consideration of needs, and the active participation of women in all aspects of urban life.
... Os trabalhos voltados à essa temática foram selecionados segundo sua importância, enquanto publicações de impacto: de origem governamental, cujas políticas obtiveram reconhecimento internacional (Chestnutt et al., 2011;Hiria Kolektiboa, 2010), produzidas por entidades coletivas autoridades na área (Ciocoletto et al., 2014;Escalante, 2018;Gutiérrez et al., 2017) ou, ainda, por entidades internacionais de renome (Actionaid, 2014;Gamrani & Tribouillard, 2021;Duren et al., 2018;Terraza, 2020;Rainero, Rodigou & Pérez, 2007). ...
Conference Paper
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This study approaches walkability focusing on gender, one of the defining shades of the social roles that structure society and their impositions of significance and meaning in walking around the city. It aimed to investigate criteria that reveals the experience of women walking around the city. Based on statements by Calió (1997), the presented hypothesis is that the urban space is unequal and, when it comes to women, it conforms to a relationship of non-belonging, of non-place. The theoretical review dealt with the study of walkability, the inclusion of gender as a category of analysis and urbanism from a gender perspective. A hierarchical matrix of criteria was then constructed – by extracting key points – that could be indicative and evaluative of the walkability of gender (specifically the female public) and the friendliness of the urban space. Keywords: walkability, gender, intersectionality, women Este estudo aborda a caminhabilidade voltada ao gênero, um dos matizes de definição dos papéis sociais que estruturam a sociedade e suas imposições de significância e significado no deslocamento pedonal na cidade. Objetiva investigar critérios que possam revelar a experiência da mulher que caminha pela cidade. A partir das colocações de Calió (1997), apresenta-se a hipótese de que o espaço urbano é desigual e, em se tratando de mulheres, conforma uma relação de não pertencimento, de não lugar. A revisão teórica versou sobre o estudo da caminhabilidade, a inserção do gênero como categoria de análise e o urbanismo sob a perspectiva de gênero. Construiu-se, então, uma matriz hierárquica de critérios – por extração de pontos-chave – indicativa e avaliativa da caminhabilidade de gênero (especificamente a feminina) e da amigabilidade do espaço urbano. Palavras-chave: caminhabilidade, gênero, interseccionalidade, mulheres
... Gender mainstreaming has now been widely recognized as a strategy to promote social justice and create a sustainable built environment by participation of both men and women in decisions, planning and design of urban environments. A recent initiative by the World Bank Group on 'Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design' illuminates the relationship between gender inequality, the built environment, and urban planning and design and suggests guidelines and strategies to integrate gender concerns in urban planning and design processes and products (Terraza et al., 2020). ...
Article
With the increasing number of female students enrolling and graduating from the Department of Urbanism at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, this study aims to mainstream gender into urban planning pedagogy. This is achieved by analyzing a case study comprising 47 survey responses and seven follow-up interviews. Among other factors, respondents’ perspectives on gender are more influenced by their personal experiences rather than the objective knowledge acquired through the Department’s curriculum. Recommendations for the department to mainstream gender into the pedagogy are (1) mainstreaming gender issues in urban planning curriculum, (2) promoting gender-balanced department climate, (3) innovating around teaching methods, and (4) increasing awareness about the profession
... Thereby, "vulnerable" persons or groups 1 , who on average already have less access to high-quality green and open spaces anyway (Honey-Rosés et al. 2020), often give way to the more dominant user groups. In this context, approaches such as gender-sensitive planning and design (Terraza et al. 2020, Tummers et al. 2019 as well as attempts to design and manage public spaces sensitively according todiverse everydayneeds of the heterogenous urban populationare becoming increasingly important. ...
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In view of the growing threat posed by the effects of climate change on cities and regions, politicians and the public administration are increasingly called upon to create environmentally and climate-friendly as well as just framework conditions in urban spaces. The Covid-19 pandemic has underlined that urban green infrastructuresnot only benefit biodiversity, but are also socially significant. In addition to providing a range of ecosystem services, they equally support the diverse usability of urban landscapes, thus affirming the right to the (climate-just) city for all. Especially in denser settlement areas, where green and open spaces with important social and recreational functions are only available to a limited extent, different, sometimes contradictory needs of diverse social groups can lead to conflicts of use. Thereby, "vulnerable" persons or groups, who on average already have less access to high-quality green and open spaces anyway, often give way to the more dominant user groups. In this context, approaches such as gender-sensitive planning and design as well as attempts to design and manage public spaces sensitively according todiverse everyday needs of the heterogenous urban population are becoming increasingly important. The research project "DraussenDaheim" (DDH) [German for: "At Home Outside"] is therefore developing a methodology and toolbox from a gender-and group-specific perspective, which serves not only the participatory evaluation of urban public spaces, but also the simulation-based development of different planning scenarios,which can, for example, be incorporated into space-time management concepts. Digital participation and simulation tools as well as tailor-made workshop designs are applied in the context of two Austrian use cases (Vienna, Zell am See) to identify spatio-temporal use patterns and group-specific requirements for the multifunctional use of space. In addition, the usability of the compiled tools (on the part of users and process facilitators) is tested. The methodology to be developed also builds on knowledge from a well-tested target group segmentation approach with a special focus on active mobility to more accurately capturethe mobility and information needs of the (vulnerable) groups involved. This contribution gives a comprehensive insight into the project, its conceptual and methodological approach, and provides first results of use case specific surveys and tool-tests. From this, key findings are derived that address the potentialof the gender-sensitive use and developmentof(digital) participation and analysis tools to supportequal and environmentally friendly access to open spaces in residential environments.
... Several urban visions and theories toward suitable living environments in response to rapid urbanization have been proposed and criticized (Corbusier, 1935;Howard, 1902;Jacobs, 1961;Perry, 1929). However, unintended negative effects have arisen during the actual urbanization, such as inequality in spatial development (Smith, 1984), race, class, and gender zoning (Aldridge, 1996;Terraza et al., 2020). Furthermore, land use and infrastructure choices tend to lock in the subsequent infrastructure development, institutions, and behavioral norms over the long term (Ürge-Vorsatz et al., 2018;Zenghelis, 2015). ...
Article
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As urbanization is rapidly progressing worldwide, the cities need to assess their quality of life (QOL) not only to check their infrastructure but also to keep pace with the changing citizens' sense of values and lifestyles. We propose an integrated method to evaluate urban QOL from the detailed spatial aspects of a city with the subjective preferences of its citizens. In this study, we collected the spatial data of urban setting attributes at a 500-m mesh scale, and the subjective preferences that vary based on individual attributes, to evaluate the QOL across five metropolitan areas in Japan. Our results reveal a greater disparity in QOL within larger metropolitan areas. The optimal urban population density for the best QOL tends to be around 4000 people/km2. This level strikes a balance between the benefits and drawbacks associated with urban QOL, such as enhanced living and cultural opportunities versus high housing costs and limited space. Moreover, QOL within a city varied according to geographic location, and these differences were amplified by subjective preferences. These findings contribute to our understanding of the disparities in urban QOL, and provide a scientific basis for urban policies that achieve diversity and inclusiveness.
... The instrumentalisation of gender equality in some nationalist discourses (see, e.g., Hancock & Lieber, 2017) as femo-nationalist rhetoric (Farris, 2017), therefore requires attention. On a global scale, the World Bank has recently been promoting gender-inclusive urban planning (Terraza et al., 2020). Its handbook for good practices, which targets Global South countries, mentions intersectionality in line with developmental perspectives-although it limits it to age and ability. ...
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From fights against racism to women’s inclusion, from access to education to integration of migrants: “Inclusion” and the “inclusive city” have been used in many ways and at different scales, running the risk of becoming a kind of catchall. Following increasing use by public authorities, media, and urban professionals, the inclusive city now serves as a normative framework for urban development. Although it is aimed at social cohesion, one nevertheless wonders whether it has not become more of a buzzword that obfuscates the reproduction of power relations. Moreover, while being somehow mainstreamed into institutional discourses, the inclusive city has been quite overlooked so far by academics, and an effort is needed to clarify its conceptualisation and democratic potential. This article provides a theoretical and critical perspective on how the concept of inclusion is used in urban public policies in relation to gender, by examining the public these policies address. Using a multiscalar analysis and drawing on Warner’s framework of publics and counterpublics, I examine more specifically which public is targeted in inclusive policies, concerning gender and sexualities, and how this participates in the reshaping of (urban) citizenship and sense of belonging, as well as the implications this has for social justice. Thus, I argue that while the inclusive city has become a normative idiom imbued with the neoliberal grammar of public politics, it also offers a paradoxical framework of democratic cohesion that promotes consumption‐based equality. A focus on (counter)publics serves to highlight the need for a more queerly engaged planning practice—one that draws on insurgent grassroots movements—to seek to destabilise neoliberalism’s attempt at pacification in its use of inclusion and citizen participation.
... Os trabalhos voltados a essa temática foram selecionados segundo a sua importância, enquanto publicações de impacto: ora de origem governamental, cujas políticas obtiveram reconhecimento internacional (Chestnutt et al., 2011;Hiria Kolektiboa, 2010), ora produzidas por entidades coletivas, tidas como autoridades na área (Ciocoletto et al., 2014;Escalante, 2018;Gutiérrez et al., 2017) ou, ainda, por entidades internacionais de renome (Actionaid, 2014;Gamrani & Tribouillard, 2021;Duren et al., 2018;Terraza, 2020;Rainero, Rodigou & Pérez, 2007). ...
... Various urban visions and theories toward suitable living environments have been proposed and criticized [5][6][7][8] . However, urbanization brings negative effects such as inequality in spatial development 9 , race, class, and gender zoning 10,11 , and increased automobile travel accompanying urban sprawl 12 . Land use and infrastructure choices tend to lock in the subsequent infrastructure development, institutions, and behavioral norms over the long-term 13,14 . ...
Preprint
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As urbanization is rapidly progressing worldwide, the cities need to assess their quality of life (QOL) not only to check their infrastructure, but also to keep pace with the changing values and lifestyles of citizens. We propose an integrated method to evaluate QOL from the detailed spatial aspects of a city with the subjective values of its citizens. In this study, the spatial data on a 500-m mesh scale and the subjective values on individual attributes of the urban environment are obtained to evaluate the QOL in five metropolitan areas in Japan. The QOL within a city was found to vary both by region and by individual attributes. The results provide a scientific basis for urban policies that achieve diversity and inclusiveness.
... Güney (2014) it would have on females and their needs. This theory of ungendered urban spaces is further affirmed by the studies such as Terraza et al. (2020) and Mortazavi (2020) which shows that the roles of architects and town planners were previously conquered by men in the past. ...
Article
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Performing the five-time prayer is an obligation for every Muslim, no matter where they are. The provision of prayer rooms in commercial buildings is one of the facilities offered by building managers to accommodate Muslim buyers in most Muslim countries. However, the muṣallá provided is often remote, placed in a small or poorly planned space that most users, especially women, will feel uncomfortable and uncomfortable. This article aims to identify the feasibility of places of worship facilities for women in malls. The method in this study is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach. The results showed that the problems that came to the fore included the unresponsiveness of prayer rooms for the needs of women, inadequate entrance locations, uncomfortable ablution places, not being equipped with the necessary facilities, and some even not being child-friendly for parents. From this literature search, several research recommendations to investigate features and facilities in prayer rooms to make the area more responsive to the needs of Muslim female buyers. The results of this research have contributed to the development of Islamic education, namely increasing mutual awareness about the importance of providing decent worship facilities, especially for women.
... Studies 46,47 mentioned that it is critical to integrate the viewpoints of women and gender minorities in the design of cities and communities because it will allow women to have equal access to the advantages of the city. Many people believe that urban design is an important tool for reducing gender inequities in society. ...
Article
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The roles of urban spaces in promoting people’s social experiences and interactions, and access to green spaces, are critical for long-term community building. While gender balance occurs in the use of metropolitan spaces, the urban environment can still be considered as a mostly masculine sphere. Women are still marginalised and unsafe in urban spaces. Gender mainstreaming is used to plan and design a gender inclusive city, which includes all women in decision-making processes and helps to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 11. The exclusion of women and girls from the urban planning process generates a knowledge gap, resulting in public spaces that exclude them. There is a clear planning gap: women are excluded from urban planning and design procedures. The research study developed from the urge to examine if gender mainstreaming is used in the design of urban spaces. Data for the study were gathered using qualitative method. Primary data was through interview while secondary data includes policy and research focus documents. The study revealed that women’s experience and understanding of urban spaces varied from men’s, and that these differences must be considered when planning and developing urban spaces. The solutions to establishing inclusive urban public spaces that are accessible and safe for everyone in the community include good design and community dialogue. According to the research evidence, professionals in the built environment must be gender conscious when designing and creating urban spaces. Warwick Market, a public urban location in Durban, South Africa, was chosen for the study.
... Per altra banda, també destaquen les cartografies i els mapes de percepció de la por, que s'han impulsat a diferents ciutats espanyoles, i que resulta molt útil per evidenciar d'una forma molt visible la inseguretat, però també per analitzar la ciutat i fer intervencions basades en l'emocionalitat de les persones que hi viuen allà. A més, en la línia d'iniciatives per fer de les ciutats espais més segurs i inclusius per tothom, també s'hi troben projectes que impliquen el disseny (dels portals, escales, cantonades...) amb perspectiva de gènere, evitant racons obscurs, punts cecs i altres aspectes que porten a la inseguretat (Terraza et al., 2020). El concepte de ciutat inclusiva, feminista i cuidadora deixa de ser, poc a poc, una meta per convertir-se en un requisit del nou urbanisme. ...
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La investigació que se presenta aborda la situació actual de les pràctiques innovadores orientades a la inclusió social a les Illes Balears. Iniciatives en les que el tercer sector social i la ciutadania tenen un paper central i que tenen com a objectiu incidir en la societat reduint les injustícies i l’exclusió.
... A relationship between the use of urban neighborhood greenspace and decreased hair cortisol concentrations has previously been demonstrated in an adult population in Berlin, Germany [28]. According to the World Bank, 55% of the world's population lived in cities in 2019, this trend is expected to continue in the coming decades [29]. Given the ubiquitous nature of air pollution in urban settings, residential access to neighborhood greenspaces may play an important role in protecting and promoting urban health [30]. ...
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Background: Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in studies worldwide, other studies have described beneficial effects of residential greenspace on pregnancy outcomes. The biological mechanisms that underlie these associations are incompletely understood. A biological stress response, which implies release of cortisol, may underlie associations of air pollution exposure and access to neighborhood greenspaces with health. Methods: We explored residential exposure to air pollution and residential access to neighborhood greenspaces in relation to hair cortisol concentrations of participants in a prospective pregnancy cohort study in Flanders, Belgium. Hair samples were collected at the end of the second pregnancy trimester (n = 133) and shortly after delivery (n = 81). Cortisol concentrations were measured in 3-cm scalp-near hair sections, to reflect second and third pregnancy trimester cortisol secretion. We estimated long-term (3 months before sampling) residential exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC), assessed residential distance to major roads and residential access to neighborhood greenspaces (NHGS). Associations between residential exposures and hair cortisol concentrations were studied using linear regression models while adjusting for season of sampling. Results: Three-month mean residential NO2 and BC concentrations were positively associated with third pregnancy trimester hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.008 and p = 0.017). Access to a large NHGS (10 hectares or more within 800 meters from residence) was negatively associated with third trimester hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.019). Access to a large NHGS significantly moderated the association between residential proximity to major roads and second trimester hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.021). Residential distance to major roads was negatively associated with second trimester hair cortisol concentrations of participants without access to a large NHGS (p = 0.003). The association was not significant for participants with access to a large NHGS. The moderation tended towards significance in the third pregnancy trimester (p < 0.10). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a positive association between long-term residential exposure to air pollution and biological stress during pregnancy, residential access to neighborhood greenspaces may moderate the association. Further research is needed to confirm our results. Trial registration: The IPANEMA study is registered under number NCT02592005 at clinicaltrials.gov.
... A relationship between the use of urban neighborhood greenspace and decreased hair cortisol concentrations has previously been demonstrated in an adult population in Berlin, Germany [28]. According to the World Bank, 55% of the world's population lived in cities in 2019, this trend is expected to continue in the coming decades [29]. Given the ubiquitous nature of air pollution in urban settings, residential access to neighborhood greenspaces may play an important role in protecting and promoting urban health [30]. ...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background: Exposure to air pollution during pregnancy has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in studies worldwide, other studies have described beneficial effects of residential greenspace on pregnancy outcomes. The biological mechanisms that underlie these associations are incompletely understood. A biological stress response, which implies release of cortisol, may underlie associations of air pollution exposure and access to neighborhood greenspaces with health. Methods: We explored residential exposure to air pollution and residential access to neighborhood greenspaces in relation to hair cortisol concentrations of participants in a prospective pregnancy cohort study in Flanders, Belgium. Hair samples were collected at the end of the second pregnancy trimester (n = 133) and shortly after delivery (n = 81). Cortisol concentrations were measured in 3-cm scalp-near hair sections, to reflect second and third pregnancy trimester cortisol secretion. We estimated long-term (3 months before sampling) residential exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC), assessed residential distance to major roads and residential access to neighborhood greenspaces (NHGS). Associations between residential exposures and hair cortisol concentrations were studied using linear regression models while adjusting for season of sampling. Results: Three-month mean residential NO2 and BC concentrations were positively associated with third pregnancy trimester hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.008 and p = 0.017). Access to a large NHGS (10 hectares or more within 800 meters from residence) was negatively associated with third trimester hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.019). Access to a large NHGS significantly moderated the association between residential proximity to major roads and second trimester hair cortisol concentrations (p = 0.021). Residential distance to major roads was negatively associated with second trimester hair cortisol concentrations of participants without access to a large NHGS (p = 0.003). The association was not significant for participants with access to a large NHGS. The moderation tended towards significance in the third pregnancy trimester (p < 0.10). Conclusions: Our findings suggest a positive association between long-term residential exposure to air pollution and biological stress during pregnancy, residential access to neighborhood greenspaces may moderate the association. Further research is needed to confirm our results. Trial registration: The IPANEMA study is registered under number NCT02592005 at clinicaltrials.gov.
... By sticking to a "gender-neutral" stance that subsumes women's needs to those of men or families, planning has been complicit in the perpetuation of gendered disparities (Blumenberg, 2004;Sandercock & Forsyth, 1992;Terraza et al., 2020). Housing policy and provision, in particular, still assumes and is structured around the patriarchal domestic order of male breadwinners and female homemakers (Darab et al., 2018;Watson, 1986). ...
Article
Problem, research strategy, and findings Globally, house sharing among unrelated individuals is on the rise. In this study I use a rare data opportunity to uncover the role of gender in an extreme form of shared housing, the case of bed space rentals in Shanghai (China). Combining web-scraped online data with fieldwork, I find that women face gendered hindrances as they trade personal space for spatial access to opportunities. In particular, barriers to entry restrict women’s choices in this housing submarket. In addition, they pay a premium of almost 10% to rent in better, less crowded conditions. This rent premium is driven by distinctively gendered housing needs, including concerns for personal safety. My findings are somewhat constrained by the geographical scope. Although contemporary urban China is facing many of the pressures that have been documented in growing cities globally, Chinese cities are uniquely shaped by the country’s socioeconomic and cultural context, including culturally specific gender norms, economic transition, and the hukou household registration system. Still, the findings provide important impetus for gender-conscious planning approaches to shared housing beyond the Chinese context. Takeaway for practice The absence of planning solutions for young adults who increasingly navigate prolonged housing transitions has led to a diversity of informal affordable housing strategies, including sharing of accommodation. Because house sharing ostensibly disadvantages women and potentially puts them at risk, planners need to engage gender in approaching the emergent shared housing trend.
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Introduction The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has garnered significant attention globally, emphasizing the need for achieving the 17 goals that promote sustainable development. Among these, the fifth goal focuses on gender equality, which has become increasingly important in various nations. Notably, there is a recognized connection between SDG 11, which pertains to sustainable cities, and SDG 5. The concept of smart cities under SDG 11 is viewed as pivotal in enhancing gender equality. However, existing research exploring the relationship between smart cities and gender equality remains limited. Methods This study employs a bibliometric review technique utilizing the Bibliometrix tool to conduct a comprehensive analysis of literature related to SDG 5, SDG 11, and smart cities. This method allows for an extensive examination of existing research articles to identify trends and themes within the literature. Results The analysis revealed that many research articles frequently cited terms associated with sustainability, community, design, transportation, and mobility. It was found that most studies focusing on SDG 5 and SDG 11 through the lens of smart cities primarily aim to: (1) Understand and promote sustainability principles. (2) Address social issues. (3) Develop inclusive solutions. (4) Improve transportation for women and their commuting needs. Additionally, there is a noted increase in scholarly interest regarding health and climate issues about SDGs 5 and 11. Discussion The findings indicate a significant gap in the literature concerning the interplay between smart cities and gender equality, suggesting that further research is necessary to understand this relationship fully. The emphasis on sustainability principles and inclusive solutions highlights the potential for smart city initiatives to contribute positively to gender equality. As interest in health and climate issues grows within this context, it underscores the need for integrated approaches that address multiple dimensions of sustainable development while promoting gender equity.
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Mothers in Amman Downtown frequently report feeling unsafe and excluded from public spaces. This study explores the impact of multiple layers of oppression, coupled with inadequate public spaces, on mothers’ perceptions. Using an intersectional lens, we examine how various identities intersect to shape the experiences and perspectives of motherhood in urban environments, helping us better understand the challenges faced by marginalized groups in public spaces. Ethnographic methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and field observations, were employed. The research highlights how the absence of care-supportive environments forces mothers to develop spatial tactics, such as cutting their trips short and returning home, seeking permission from shop owners to use private restrooms, or using their cars as temporary caregiving spaces, as a response to their exclusion. The findings offer deeper insights into the experiences of mothers, highlighting the need to address their specific needs and preferences in the design and management of public spaces. This study emphasizes the importance of fostering social and gender equity through interventions tailored to the diverse needs of mothers, with a particular focus on creating sustainable, care-supportive environments in public spaces.
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Emerging urban studies scholarship has shown how cities are not fraught with one single crisis but are in a state of polycrisis, with the global South's experience of polycrisis differing significantly in how the crises originate and in the strategies employed to deal with them. Urban Bengal's polycrisis originates in imaginations of the urban in London in the eighteenth century, but has taken on a different shape as inhabitants find modes of survival. Today, in the broader context of the climate change crisis affecting the twin cities of Bengal, this article explores the Howrah–Kolkata relation and lack of peripheral centrality that has generated a sense of polycrisis in Bengal. I begin by contextualizing rain in the twin cities and its change to ‘unnatural’ for the periphery observed in recent years. I trace an aqueous history of the region and the growing socio‐economic inequalities between them. I take the Urban Howrah and Park Street neighbourhoods from Howrah and Kolkata respectively to locate the sense of the polycrisis that inhabitants have been experiencing and dealing with. Here, I use class and gender as two frames to map issues of mobility, insecurities, solidarities and the infrastructural access necessary for survival in the urban. I conclude by arguing for a reworking of the twin cities’ relations by centralizing peripheries like Howrah, both to lessen the polycrisis affecting both and the urban pressure on the core—Kolkata.
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Doğal afetler, toplumların hayat akışlarında radikal bir kırılmaya sebep olan kriz anlarıdır. Bu kriz anları, tecrübe eden kişiler için maddi ve manevi bir yıkıma karşılık gelmektedir. Depremler ise sebep olduğu hasarın boyutu ve restorasyon sürecinin uzunluğuyla diğer doğal afet türlerinden ayrılmaktadır. Depremler etki bakımından kimlik ayırt etmese de toplumlarda gömülü olan yapısal faktörler sebebiyle farklı kimlikler için farklı sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Deprem öncesi, deprem anı ve deprem sonrasını kapsayan bütüncül bir afet yönetimi yaklaşımında göz önünde bulundurulması gereken önemli parametrelerden biri de toplumsal cinsiyettir. Türkiye, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş’ın Pazarcık ve Elbistan ilçelerinin merkez üs olarak tespit edildiği Mw7.7 ve Mw7.6 büyüklüklerinde iki yıkıcı deprem tecrübe etmiştir. Deprem öncesi dönemde ekonomik, politik ve sosyal anlamda dezavantajlı konumda bulunan kadınlar, deprem sonrasında da erkeklerden farklı pek çok zorluğa göğüs germek zorunda kalmıştır. İlkesel olarak teşvik edilen toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği, pratik örneklerde yeterince görülmektedir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışma, depremleri öncesi ve sonrasıyla ele almakta ve doğal afet yönetiminin toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğini ön plana alan bir anlayışla yürütülmesine normatif bir katkı sunmaya çalışmaktadır.
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Providing equal opportunities for women in urban planning is not just about fairness but is also key to building better cities. The primary purpose of research is to identify 27 barriers under the seven categories in the context of India and prioritize them by using Fuzzy analytical hierarchical process (FAHP) technique. In consequence, a group of experts are assisted in weighing and ranking the barriers by using the pairwise comparison survey. The findings of the survey are addressed in accordance with the professional backgrounds, educational backgrounds, and gender- and region-specific opinions of experts. The primary contribution of this study is the identification of barriers and their ranking by Indian urban planning experts in order to address the main issues preventing women from pursuing careers in urban planning advancement. This research opens the door for decision-maker, urban planners, and city designers who build communities to bring women along in the built environment.
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Primary prevention refers to addressing the root causes of violence against women. It is an increasing focus of policy and social change, and public transport is a recognized site where targeted primary prevention interventions could have high impact. However, to date, this locus has yet to be well explored. In addition, while there is a wealth of literature on feminist approaches to women's safety on and around public transport, the public transport sector itself has been slow to implement this research. This paper investigates the disconnect between primary prevention and public transport by conducting a narrative analysis of reviews of women's safety interventions on public transport and looks at how decision-makers in both primary prevention and public transport can work together to resolve this situation.
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This book includes the proceedings of the 1st international Conference on Future Challenges in Sustainable Urban Planning & Territorial Management held on January 17‐19, 2022. Urban planning is an essential tool in our global society’s journey towards sustainability. This tool is as important as the territorial management to execute the plans. Both planning and management must be efficient to achieve the goal of sustainability within the general framework of Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. There is no B planet, so identifying urban & territorial challenges in our territories such as reaching sustainable mobility, diagnosing natural hazards and controlling land resource consumption is mandatory for our 21st century generation. Planning land uses which are compatible with the ecosystem services of the territory and managing them by public‐private cooperation systems is a vast challenge for our global society. Human activities do not very frequently include the maintaining of ecosystem services of the territory among their objectives. Therefore, this field of research must help to guarantee the maintenance of natural resources, also called Natural Capital, necessary for social and economic activities of our global society. This conference aims to be a space to share research work, ideas, experiences, projects, etc. in this field of knowledge. We seek to enhance the concept that planning and management are subjects which include technological and social matters and their own methodologies. Laws, rules, and cultures of different countries around the world are, or can be, very diverse. But there is only one planet. Technologies are shared, methodologies to analyze territories are also communal to share experiences about the global goal of sustainability, so these events are a necessary way to build our joint future. We trust that the success of this first edition of the SUPTM conference (which has been attended by more than 200 researchers from the five continents) will be an opening step towards international collaboration and the dissemination of knowledge that is so important in this field of urban planning and territorial management.
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El Peso de las Ciudades en América Latina y el Caribe es una continuación de los esfuerzos del Panel Internacional de Recursos (IRP) y el Programa de Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente (PNUMA), sumándose al análisis realizado a escala global títulado El Peso de las Ciudades (IRP, 2018) y al reporte regional en Asia para transitar hacia infraestructuras urbanas sostenibles (UNEP, 2018). Estos esfuerzos buscan promover la inclusión de la eficiencia en el uso de los recursos en la planificación y gestión de las ciudades a partir de la identificación de potenciales medidas que puedan reducir la demanda de recursos y los impactos socioecológicos asociados a su obtención, uso y eventual desecho. América Latina y el Caribe (ALyC) es predominantemente urbana, y la actual tendencia llevará a mediados del siglo XXI a que lo sea aún más cuando alrededor del 90% de su población total vivirá en alguna de las ciudades de la región. La necesidad de avanzar hacia ciudades más eficientes y sostenibles en la región es y seguirá siendo una prioridad en el futuro próximo. Para comprender mejor los fundamentos a partir de los cuales las ciudades pueden planificar el uso futuro de los recursos y trazar caminos hacia la transformación urbana sostenible, en este informe se revisa lo siguiente: • Las caracter íst icas sociales, económicas y medioambientales generales de ALyC, así como de las ciudades y regiones urbanas. • Los principales desafíos que afrontan las ciudades de la región, incluyendo aquellos derivados del debilitamiento de las condiciones socioeconómicas y los impactos negativos del cambio climático, la pérdida de biodiversidad y la contaminación. • La intensidad en la que puede aumentar la demanda de energía, materiales y agua, así como la generación de residuos impulsada por el crecimiento de la población, la expansión del espacio construido y los eventuales cambios en los patrones de consumo. De manera inversa, se examina también el potencial de varios ejes de intervención para, por un lado, aumentar la eficiencia urbana y reducir la demanda relativa y absoluta de energía, materiales y agua, y por el otro, reducir la generación de residuos y sus impactos. Las acciones que conforman los ejes de intervención se plantean de manera articulada de tal suerte que se aprovechen sinergias y cobeneficios en materia de salud, igualdad de género y justicia social. Las formas de gobernanza y estrategias (incluyendo las de financiación, transparencia y participación social), pueden impulsar la transformación necesaria para reducir el peso de las ciudades de ALyC y sus impactos, al mismo tiempo que contribuyen a saldar las desigualdades sociales imperantes en la región como parte de una actuación integral que busca avanzar en las diversas agendas internacionales que los países de ALyC han suscrito, comenzando por la Agenda 2030, el Acuerdo de París y la Nueva Agenda Urbana.
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La evaluación de los riesgos que amenazan nuestros bienes patrimoniales es el primer paso dentro del proceso de conservación preventiva, y forma parte de la gestión del riesgo del patrimonio cultural. Conocer el riesgo es necesario para mitigarlo y prevenirlo. Siguiendo las directrices marcadas por las instituciones encargadas de la conservación del patrimonio, se presenta el método de evaluación de riesgo desarrollado para el patrimonio tradicional, extrapolando los estudios existentes en el patrimonio monumental. El objetivo es evaluar el riesgo en una muestra inédita del patrimonio hidráulico español. La muestra se compone de 22 bienes ubicados en el río Lóuzara (Galicia), y en base a los estudios de catalogación y caracterización previamente realizados, se evalúan los riesgos. La metodología empleada ha permitido identificar las amenazas del patrimonio hidráulico en el ámbito, valorar su probabilidad y analizar la vulnerabilidad de cada bien en función de su estado de conservación y su valor patrimonial. La muestra evaluada presente riesgo alto en más del 85% de los bienes, lo que significa que estos bienes están fuertemente amenazados y precisan de intervenciones urgentes para evitar la pérdida de integridad a corto plazo. Los resultados constatan que los molinos de agua de la muestra son muy vulnerables debido a su estado de deterioro, originado por la falta de mantenimiento, consecuencia directa de una amenaza activa y sin prevención desde hace décadas: el abandono. Abstract Assessing the risks that threaten our heritage assets is the first step in the preventive conservation process and it takes part in risk management of cultural heritage. In fact, knowing the risk is necessary to mitigate and prevent it. In accordance with the guidelines from heritage institutions, a risk assessment method has been developed for traditional heritage, extrapolating research conducted on the monumental heritage. The aim is to assess the risk in an unpublished sample of the Spanish hydraulic heritage; the sample consists of 22 assets located on the Lóuzara river (Galicia). Risks are evaluated based on the cataloging and characterization of studies previously conducted. The used methodology has allowed identifying the hazards of the hydraulic heritage in the area, assessing its probability and analyzing the vulnerability of each asset based on its state of conservation and its heritage value. The assessed sample presents high risk in more than 85% of the assets, which means that these assets are highly threatened, and they should be urgently intervened to avoid loss of integrity in the short term. The results have showed that the watermills in the sample are very vulnerable due to their state of conservation, caused by lack of maintenance, a direct consequence of an active hazard without prevention for some decades: abandonment.
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