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Study on herbal actions of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)

  • February 2013
Authors:
Liliana Mihalcea at Universitatea Dunarea de Jos Galati
Liliana Mihalcea
Rodica-Mihaela Dinica at Universitatea Dunarea de Jos Galati
Rodica-Mihaela Dinica
Camelia Vizireanu at Universitatea Dunarea de Jos Galati
Camelia Vizireanu
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Abstract and Figures

Horseradish - a strong spice which was successfully applied in phytotherapy for its valuable effects on health. Although used for a long time in traditional medicine, its therapeutic properties had not been documented until recently, confirming in part the utilization of this vegetal product in indigenous medicine of different nations. The volatile oil, by its components and sinigrin transmits its revulsive, rubefacient, diuretic and antiseptic properties. Horseradish consumption normalizes the arterial pressure and prevents the risk of blood clots formation. Simultaneously, sulfurous substances from horseradish enhance the elasticity of cerebral and coronary blood vessels, thus reducing the risk of an infarct or cerebrovascular accident. The present article shows the investigation results of antioxidant potential in fresh, lyophilized and extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction from horseradish. Fresh horseradish has the highest antioxidant capacity, followed by supercritical fluid extraction and lyophilized horseradish.
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Available online at http://journal-of-agroalimentary.ro
Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and
Technologies 2013, 19(1), 111-115
Journal of
Agroalimentary Processes and
Technologies
_______________________________________________
Corresponding author: e-
mail:
mihaela.cirimbei@ugal.ro
Study on herbal actions of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana)
Mihaela Roxana Cirimbei*, Rodica Dinică, Liliana Gitin, Camelia Vizireanu
”Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, Domnească Street, 47,
RO-800008, Galati, Romania
Received: 07 February 2013; Accepted: 09 March 2013
______________________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
Horseradish - a strong spice which was successfully applied in phytotherapy for its valuable effects on health.
Although used for a long time in traditional medicine, its therapeutic properties had not been documented
until recently, confirming in part the utilization of this vegetal product in indigenous medicine of different
nations. The volatile oil, by its components and sinigrin transmits its revulsive, rubefacient, diuretic and
antiseptic properties.
Horseradish consumption normalizes the arterial pressure and prevents the risk of blood clots formation.
Simultaneously, sulfurous substances from horseradish enhance the elasticity of cerebral and coronary blood
vessels, thus reducing the risk of an infarct or cerebrovascular accident.
The present article shows the investigation results of antioxidant potential in fresh, lyophilized and extract
obtained by supercritical fluid extraction from horseradish. Fresh horseradish has the highest antioxidant
capacity, followed by supercritical fluid extraction and lyophilized horseradish.
Keywords: horseradish, supercritical fluid extract, antioxidant capacity
______________________________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
Horseradish, a
strong spice which was successfully
applied in phytotherapy for its valuable effects on
health, is little demanding regarding the
environmental factors,
being resistant to both low
temperatures and long periods of drought.
Perennial vegetable plant of Brassicaceae family,
the horseradish is native to southeastern Europe
and western Asia.[1]
Therapeutic properties of the horseradish had been
recently documented, although it has been used in
traditional medicine for a long time, confirming in
part the use of this vegetable product in traditional
medicine of different nations. Thus, due to the
vitamins and especially vitamin C, it has
antiscorbutic action. The volatile oil, by its
components and sinigrin transmits its revulsive and
rubefacient properties; the diuretic and antiseptic
properties of horseradish are also due to these
products, eliminated through the respiratory and
renal systems.
Certain substances that horseradish contains have
beneficial effects on peripheral blood flow.
Horseradish consumption normalizes the blood
pressure and prevents the risk of thrombosis. Also,
sulfurous substances from horseradish improve the
elasticity of cerebral and coronary blood vessels,
therefore reducing the risk of an infarct or
cerebrovascular accident.
Horseradish root is rich in vitamin C and B1,
minerals (iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium),
phytoncide and essential oils, a glycoside (sinigrin)
which releases a volatile aglycone (allyl
isothiocyanate) identical with the essence of mustard
plant.[2] The pungent smell of the roots is due to
allyl sulfide, a substance present in garlic and onion.
Likewise, compounds showing antimutagenic and /
or anticarcinogenic activity were identified. Sinigrin,
the main component present in horseradish and
vegetables from Brasicaceae family, is degraded by
the myrosinase enzyme complex to the allyl
isothiocyanate which has antimicrobial effects
Mihaela Roxana Cirimbei et. al. / Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies 2013, 19(1)
112
against Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes,
Salmonella typhimurium și Staphylococcus aureus.
[3].
Recent research has shown that hydrolyzed form
sinigrin causes apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro and
suppresses the formation of NO in macrophages.
[4].
Some researchers have shown that derivatives of
isothiocyanate type 2-thiohydantoin can form
during cooking or even in the gastrointestinal tract,
although myrosinase enzyme complex is thermally
labile and is inactivated during cooking processes
like boiling, steaming, baking. [5].
However, the use of high concentration of
horseradish is limited by the strong organoleptic
properties that can lead to serious side effects. [4]
Horseradish peroxidase is one of the most used
peroxidase due to wide application in various
fields such as analytical chemistry, environmental
chemistry or clinical trials. The enzyme is used for
many purposes and applications are found at
reasonable prices.
Generally, the enzyme shows a number of features
that make its use beneficial to the common
catalysts, namely the ability to operate under
conditions of mild reactions, as the processes are
ecological in terms of environmental development.
However there are a number of constraints in using
the enzyme, being sensitive, unstable and having
to be used in water, features that are ideal for a
catalyst but undesirable in most syntheses. [6]
Great importance has to be granted to functional
supplements based on horseradish used in
cardiovascular diseases because cardiovascular
diseases are the leading cause of death and
disability worldwide, accounting for 17 million
deaths each year. Globally, Romania stands in the
first 4 places in terms of cardiovascular mortality.
In horseradish, seven isoenzymes were identified
of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), among which the
c isoenzyme of HRP (HRPc) is the most abundant
and has been successfully isolated, purified and
characterized [7]. It has a cardiotonic effect and is
recommended to the people that suffer from high
blood pressure.
Considering all these, the paper presents the results
of our research related to the antioxidant activity of
horseradish, which are part of a larger study that aims
to obtain dietary supplements with anticholesterol
and hypoglycemic action for people with
cardiovascular diseases.
2. Materials and Methods
Materials. The horseradish used in the experiments
was purchased from producers in Galaţi. It was
further submitted to lyophilization process and
supercritical fluid extraction. The equipment adapted
for the experiment was designed, installed and
operated by Natex Prozesstechnologie GembH
Ternitz, Austria.
Analysis methods performed on three samples of
horseradish (fresh, lyophilized and extract) were as
follows:
• determination of the water content according
to the AOAC - 1995 method
• determination of polyphenols - Folin
Ciocalteu method
• determination of flavonoids –
spectrophotometric method, reference
substances are rutine and quercetin
• determination of antioxidant capacity by
DPPH method.
3. Results and discussion
Using horseradish for therapeutic purposes involves
getting a horseradish extract in which the bioactive
compounds remain in native state and in a
concentration as large as possible.
Our research aimes to establish a method to fulfill
these conditions, knowing that any thermal
processing would distort the biologically active
principles.
Thus, after horseradish extract by supercritical fluids
extraction (CO
2
) three categories of horseradish were
studied: fresh horseradish (FH), lyophilized
horseradish for supercritical fluid extraction (LyH)
and horseradish extract (EH) in terms of antioxidant
compounds content and antioxidant activity.
Phenolic compounds, the most important
antioxidants, include two groups of substances which
show strong antiradical action: flavonoids and
phenolic acids, which are both present in horseradish.
The results obtained from the analysis of horseradish
samples on flavonoid content are presented in Figure
1.
Mihaela Roxana Cirimbei et. al. / Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies 2013, 19(1)
113
From Figure 1 it is noticeable that, depending on
the condition of horseradish samples, the content
of flavonoids increases except lyophilized sample,
which indicates an even lower level than the fresh
sample. According to research conducted by
Abascal et al. (2005), who tested several methods
of drying plants for preserving bioactive
compounds, the use of microwave drying and
lyophilization gives a greater stability to the
antioxidants than other conventional methods. But
in economic terms, lyophilization is not
recommended, being an energy intensive
technique.[8]
Horseradish extract obtained by supercritical fluid
extraction showed the highest values for both
flavonoids (rutine) and flavones (Quercetin). This
was explained by Huang Z., et al. (2012) as the
result of the mechanical action that the material
undergoes before extraction (mincing) and of the
higher surface extraction which is created this way
[9].
These pretreatments promote releasing the solutes
from cells, facilitating solvent flow through the
packed bed, increasing substrate extraction quantity
into units and improving the rate and yield of the
extraction process. As a consequence, superficial
horseradish cells may be considerably broken,
rendering the free analyte to be extracted on the
surface of the solid material.
The content of polyphenols in the samples followed
the same trend as flavonoids (Fig. 2).
As it can be seen, in horseradish polyphenols are
found more as tannic acid than gallic acid, the highest
content being recorded in the case of horseradish
extract obtained by supercritical fluid extraction.
The antioxidant capacity of horseradish samples,
illustrated in Figure 3, shows a similar trend in
antioxidant compounds content, higher values being
recorded on the horseradish extract.
Figure 1. Evolution of flavonoids in the obtaining of horseradish extract
FH - fresh horseradish; LyH - lyophilized horseradish, HE - horseradish extract
Mihaela Roxana Cirimbei et. al. / Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies 2013, 19(1)
114
Figure 2. Evolution of polyphenols in the obtaining of horseradish extract
FH - fresh horseradish; LyH - lyophilized horseradish, HE - horseradish extract
Figure 3. Evolution of antioxidant capacity in horseradish extract
FH - fresh horseradish; LyH - lyophilized horseradish, HE - horseradish extract
To test the perishability of the antioxidant capacity
in horseradish, the samples were stored at 2-4°C
for 1 week before being analyzed. It was found
that antiradical power of horseradish decreased,
the variation being 8.46% for fresh horseradish,
32.13% for lyophilized horseradish and 77.68% for
horseradish extract. This drastic reduction in
antioxidant capacity may be related to supercritical
fluid extraction method, the data being consistent
with those found in the specialty literature [10].
4. Conclusion
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), a plant so
common and yet so important to our health, using the
most varied fresh or preserved as is customary
romanian cuisine, herbal medicine is recommended
for the treatment of many diseases and can replace
successful drug treatment for bronchitis and other
respiratory conditions.
Mihaela Roxana Cirimbei et. al. / Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies 2013, 19(1)
115
This paper intended to highlight a class of
bioactive polyphenols and flavonoids in
horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) by
qualitative and quantitative determinations
and
their antioxidant capacity.
Following the results we can conclude the
following:
• increase flavonoid content, except
lyophilized sample shows a lower even
than the fresh sample;
• horseradish extract obtained by
supercritical fluid extraction showed the
highest values for both flavonoids (rutin)
and the flavones (quercetin);
• polyphenols are found more than tannic
acid, gallic acid form, the highest content
was recorded in the case of horseradish
extract obtained by supercritical fluid
extraction;
• Horseradish antioxidant capacity of the
samples shows a similar trend in
antioxidant compounds content, higher
values being recorded horseradish extract.
In addition, the storage stability of horseradish
samples was very low. The minimum value
observed with horseradish extract obtained by
supercritical fluid extraction, within a week of its
antioxidant capacity decreasing significantly. The
results, however, allow us to seek other methods of
obtaining a stable horseradish extract for use in
therapeutic purposes.
Compliance with Ethics Requirements
Authors declare that they respect the journal’s ethics
requirements. Authors declare that they have no conflict
of interest and all procedures involving human and/or
animal subjects (if exists) respect the specific
regulations and standards.
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... Horseradish is a source of many biologically active compounds. Its roots are rich in vitamin C (Cirimbei et al., 2013;Rivelli et al., 2017) and B1, minerals (iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium), phytoncide, essential oils (Cirimbei et al., 2013), phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) (Cirimbei & Vizireanu, 2014;Herz et al., 2017) and enzymes as well as kaempferol and quercetin (Herz et al., 2017). The complex mixture of phenolic compounds possesses antioxidant activity and they show the inhibitor effect against pancreatic lipase (Calabrone et al., 2015). ...
... Horseradish is a source of many biologically active compounds. Its roots are rich in vitamin C (Cirimbei et al., 2013;Rivelli et al., 2017) and B1, minerals (iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium), phytoncide, essential oils (Cirimbei et al., 2013), phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) (Cirimbei & Vizireanu, 2014;Herz et al., 2017) and enzymes as well as kaempferol and quercetin (Herz et al., 2017). The complex mixture of phenolic compounds possesses antioxidant activity and they show the inhibitor effect against pancreatic lipase (Calabrone et al., 2015). ...
... Over the years, the pharmacological effects of horseradish have been receiving a great interest (Wedelsbäck Bladh, 2014) and phytotherapeutic properties have been documented (Cirimbei, et al., 2013). The richness in phytochemicals has recently encouraged its use in the medical field and as functional food (Rivelli et al., 2017), as well as in many innovative applications in various sectors (Wedelsbäck Bladh, 2014). ...
ARMORACIA RUSTICANA GAERTN., MEY. & SCHERB. A NEGLECTED MULTIUSEFUL SPECIES
Article
Full-text available
  • Dec 2018
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb.) has been used by man in many parts of the world as a food natural preservative, cooking spice and folk medicinal. The roots are most frequently used in ethnomedicine and they have a very pungent smell, intensive lachrymatory odour and bitter taste. Because of its valuable effects in health, it is traditionally used for treatment of sinus infections, bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary bladder and gastrointestinal systems, festering wounds and ease pain such as pain associated with sciatica and rheumatism. The horseradish has not been an object of scientific reports in Albania and its uses have had even less attention. In Devolli area of Korça region, semi-cultivated or naturalized horseradish is extremely rare and generally restricted to the mountain areas. In this area leaves and roots of A. rusticana Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. are used in the process of pickling. Actually, this practice is neglected and local people must insist for this plant to be part of the local cuisine. The aim of this paper is to present a bibliography review on ethnobotanical aspects, therapeutic properties and potential medicinal uses of horseradish and to bring some ethnobotanical data based on original field investigation by authors, in order to contribute in future cultivation and use of horseradish in Albania and Korca region. Përmbledhje Reheni (Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb.) është përdorur si konservues natyror i ushqimeve, në kuzhinë dhe në mjekësinë popullore në shumë vende të botës. Rrënjët e bimës, me një erë të athët dhe me shije të hidhur dhe lotsjellës, janë më të përdorura në etnomjekësi. Kjo specie ka veti antiinflamatore, antibakteriale, antiseptike, diuretike, laksative etj. Për shkak të efekteve në shëndetin e njerëzve bima është përdorur për të trajtuar infeksionet bakteriale dhe të sistemit respirator, gastrointestinal dhe urinar, si për të lehtësuar dhimbjet si në rastin e reumatizmave. A. rusticana Gaertn., Mey. & Scherb. nuk ka qenë objekt i ndonjë studimi në Shqipëri dhe përdorimit të saj nuk i është kushtuar shumë rendësi. Në zonën e Devollit, Korçë, kjo bimë gjendet në natyrë ose "seminatural" vetëm në zonat malore. Gjethet dhe rrënjët e saj përdoren në procesin e përgatitjes së turshive. Sot kjo praktikë po përdoret gjithnjë e më pak. Qëllimi i këtij studimi është paraqitja e një përmbledhje të literaturës lidhur me vetitë terapeutike dhe përdorimet etnobotanike të kësaj bime, duke sjellë edhe disa të dhëna nga përdorimi mjekësor dhe etnobotanik në zonën e Devollit, me qëllim për të kontribuar në njohjen dhe mundësinë e kultivimit dhe përdorimit të kësaj bime në rajonin e Korçës. 313 BSHN (UT) 26/2018
... Al so, some studies demonstrated antimicrobial, anti- fungal, an ti-inflammatory and antioxidant ac tivity of horseradish extracts [8,9,31]. Likewise, Cirimbei et al. (2013) reported that horseradish root is rich in vitamin C, B 1 , minerals (iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium) [27]. According to Ciska et al. (2017), glucoraphanin, glucoraphenin and napo- leiferin were noted for the first time in the tissues of horseradish [18]. ...
... Al so, some studies demonstrated antimicrobial, anti- fungal, an ti-inflammatory and antioxidant ac tivity of horseradish extracts [8,9,31]. Likewise, Cirimbei et al. (2013) reported that horseradish root is rich in vitamin C, B 1 , minerals (iron, potassium, calcium, magnesium) [27]. According to Ciska et al. (2017), glucoraphanin, glucoraphenin and napo- leiferin were noted for the first time in the tissues of horseradish [18]. ...
The accumulation of nutrients in underground parts of plants of the genus Crambe L. spp.
Article
Full-text available
  • Jan 2018
Objective – to study the accumulation of biochemical compounds in the underground part of the plants of the genus Crambe L. in the period of early spring in the conditions of M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. Material and methods. Plant material of this investigation – Crambe species (Brassicaceae Burnett): C. cordifolia Steven (CCR), C. grandiflora DC. (CGR), C. juncea M.Bieb. (CJR), C. koktebelica (Junge) N. Busch (CKR), C. maritima L. (CMR), C. steveniana Rupr. (CSR), C. tataria Sebeok (CTR). As control were selected plants of Armoracia rusticana P. Gaerth., B. Mey & Scherb (ARR). All biochemical analyses were conducted using the underground part of plants in the period of early spring. The determination of absolutely dry matter was done according to A.I. Yermakov, total content of sugars, ascorbic acid, content of organic acids, tannins – according to V.P. Krishchenko, level of total ash – according to Z.M. Hrycajenko et al., concentration of calcium and phosphorus – according to H.N. Pochinok, antiradical activity of ethanol and water extracts – according to W. Brandt-Williams et al. Results. Obtained data showed that content of dry matter ranged from 16.00 % (CMR) to 22.48 % (CCR), total content of sugar ranged from 11.03 % (CJR) to 46.48 % (CSR), content of ascorbic acid ranged from 192.85 mg% (CSR) to 483.45 mg% (CTR), level of tannins in range from 1.64 % (CGR) to 5.12 % (CJR), content of organic acids ranged from 2.28 % (CSR) to 3.64 % (CJR), content of ash in range from 9.24 % (CSR) to 14.67 % (CJR), level of calcium ranged from 0.76 % (CTR) to 1.37 % (CKR),content of phosphorus varied from 0.57 % (CCR) to 1.33 % (CTR). Antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts was in range from 6.84 % (CGR) to 11.65 % (CTR) and water extracts – from 0.76 % (CGR) to 2.52 % (CCR). Conclusions. It can be concluded that underground part of plants of the genus Crambe is rich source of nutrients in the period of early spring. Some investigated species showed higher biological activity in comparison with ARR plants. Comparative analyze of phytochemical content of raw matter demonstrated that underground part of investigated plants can be competed with other food plants such as Armoracia rusticana by content of ascorbic acid, total content of sugars, organic acids, ash, macroelements etc. Total antioxidant activity of ethanol extracts of investigated plants demonstrated higher results than water extracts.
... It is further used as a preserving agent, antiseptic, and fermenter in many regions worldwide [44]. However, due to its strong organoleptic properties-which can lead to serious side effects-the use of high concentration of horseradish root is limited [46]. Moreover, A. rusticana is well known as a folk medicinal herb [43]. ...
Back to the Roots—An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Selected Root-Essential Oils
Article
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Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that—besides their aromatic properties—their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases—including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley—were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.
... Based on earlier research Armoracia rustucana contains a small amount of flavonoids, mainly kaempferol and quercetin 20 . Cirimbei and associates demonstrated great potential of the aqueous plant extract from A. rusticana and its main flavonoids, kaemferol and quercetin, to protect DNA from damage induced on human lymphocytes by the oxidative agent hydrogen peroxide 21 . ...
Polyphenol rich horseradish root extracts and juice: In vitro antitumor activity and mechanism of action
Article
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Background/Aim. Plant polyphenols are well known to show antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, antiviral and antioxidative activity. The aim of this study was to investigate bio-active potential of Armoracia rusticana root juice and extracts: their polyphenol content, as well as in vitro antitumor activity and cell-death mechanism. Methods. Liquid-liquid extraction of polar and non-polar compounds was used and poly-phenolic compounds were identified and quantified by high performance liquid chomatography (HPLC) analysis. Anti-proliferative activity was examined in vitro on human cervix carcinoma (HeLa), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7, MDA-MB-231), colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29), lung adenocarcinoma (A549), prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3), melanocyte carcinoma (Hs 294T), hepatocyte carcinoma (Hep G2), as well as rat hepatocyte carcinoma (H-4-II-E), and normal human fetal lung (MRC-5) cell line using sulforhodamine B assay. The mechanism of cell-death in cell line was determined using Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit. Results. Dichloromethane extracts had the highest content of cate-chin, p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic and gallic acid (pulp, E1), and epicatechin (juice, E3). The results showed strong and non-selective antiproliferative activity of chloroform and di-chloromethane extracts and root juice ? highest being to-wards liver, breast and lung tissue cells. IC50 values of ex-tracts and juice had low range of concentrations (IC50 = 3.49?26.5 ?g/mL) and high range of dilutions (IC50 = 418?1,590). High and unfavorable potential of horseradish juice and chloroform juice extract (E4) to induce necrotic cell death was detected. Conclusion. Strong and non-selective in vitro antiproliferative activity of chloroform and dichloromethane extracts and root juice of horseradish was detected, with necrosis as a main mechanism of induced cell death. In order to utilize horseradish root bioactive potential further investigations that will pinpoint active components with more favourable apoptosis/necrosis inducing properties are needed.
... Horseradish contains phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids), vitamins (C and B1), minerals (iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium), and essential oils (sinigrin) [1,2]. Roots, leaves and/or isolated compounds from horseradish possess antioxidant, antimicrobial, chemopreventive, anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective and hypocholesterolaemic activities [3,4]. The aim of this paper was to investigate the antioxidative activity, in vitro citotoxicity, and in vitro cytoprotective effect of A. rusticana (leaves) against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity in mouse fibroblasts cells (L-929). ...
Antioxidant Properties and Cytoprotective Effect Against H2O2-Induced Cytotoxicity in Mouse Fibroblasts Cells (L-929) of Horseradish Leaves
Article
Full-text available
  • Oct 2019
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana L.) is a perennial plant from the Brassicaceae family native toEurope and Asia, and globally widespread through cultivation [...]
... Horseradish roots are rich in vitamin C (higher than in citrus fruits) (Cirimbei et al., 2013; Rivelli et al., 2017) and B1, minerals (iron, potassium, calcium and magnesium), phytoncide, essential oils (Cirimbei et al., 2013), phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acids) and enzymes as well as kaempferol and quercetin (Herz et al., 2017).Health benefitsThe richness in phytochemicals has recently encouraged its use in the medical field and as functional food(Rivelli et al., 2017), as well as in many innovative applications 2013), digestant, expectorant, antibiotic, carminative, laxative and stimulant(Filipović et al., 2015). Horseradish is one of the plants with increased interest for anticancer substances(Weil et al., 2005), as aphrodisiac(Mongue, 2013), as an antipyretic drug and against symptoms of flu(Papp et al., 2018), heart problems, peripheral blood flow and prevents the risk of thrombosis(Cirimbei et al., 2013).Traditional uses of horseradishThe horseradish is known since antiquity as a folk medicinal herb, natural preservative and dish condiment(Rivelli et al. 2017). Grated fresh roots are used as condiment with beef, when mixed with vinegar and salt, it can also be served with sea food after the addition of catsup (Alnsour, 2013). ...
Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) two neglected crops
Article
Full-text available
  • Aug 2019
Devoll area, in Albania, there was a great diversity of traditional crops, local varieties and semi-domesticated species. Many species have a great potential in terms of contributing to local food needs, but some of them are neglected and underutilized. While some semicultivated species continue to be preserved by socio-cultural factors and local usage, many of them have little or no attention. Lacks of knowledge and research needs are great for most of the plants semi-cultivated species. Actually there is an increasing interest of some neglected crop species, reflecting the growing trend to identify and cultivate of new crops for markets and culinary uses. In this paper we provide information on two cultures: horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), which are used by population of some of Devoll’s villages in traditional ways for generations. These species have significant nutritional and medicinal values, and also presents a great opportunity for use as cultivated plants. Promoting their values and usage in traditional foods and culture can contribute to maintain the agricultural biodiversity, traditional knowledge, improving nutritional status and health of local and regional population and to reaffirming their identity. The purpose of this paper is to promote the conservation and use of horseradish and fenugreek, the two neglected plants, focusing on phytochemical composition, therapeutic properties, medical effect and their use, coupled with some ethnobotanical data collected by authors during an ethnobotany survey, to increase the presence of their use in the future.
... Based on earlier research Armoracia rustucana contains a small amount of flavonoids, mainly kaempferol and quercetin 20 . Cirimbei and associates demonstrated great potential of the aqueous plant extract from A. rusticana and its main flavonoids, kaemferol and quercetin, to protect DNA from damage induced on human lymphocytes by the oxidative agent hydrogen peroxide 21 . ...
Examination of antiproliferative effects of the horseradish extracts
Article
Full-text available
  • Sep 2017
... Ascorbic acid is a very strong antioxidant and it also plays a role in collagen synthesis [11][12][13]. Armoracia rusticana contains a small amount of flavonoids -kaempferol and quercetin [14][15][16][17][18]. ...
Extract from Armoracia rusticana and Its Flavonoid Components Protect Human Lymphocytes against Oxidative Damage Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide
Article
Full-text available
DNA damage prevention is an important mechanism involved in cancer prevention by dietary compounds. Armoracia rusticana is cultivated mainly for its roots that are used in the human diet as a pungent spice. The roots represent rich sources of biologically active phytocompounds, which are beneficial for humans. In this study we investigated the modulation of H2O2 genotoxicity using the A. rusticana root aqueous extract (AE) and two flavonoids (kaempferol or quercetin). Human lymphocytes pre-treated with AE, kaempferol and quercetin were challenged with H2O2 and the DNA damage was assessed by the comet assay. At first we assessed a non-genotoxic concentration of AE and flavonoids, respectively. In lymphocytes challenged with H2O2 we proved that the 0.0025 mg·mL-1 concentration of AE protected human DNA. It significantly reduced H2O2-induced oxidative damage (from 78% to 35.75%). Similarly, a non-genotoxic concentration of kaempferol (5 μg·mL-1) significantly diminished oxidative DNA damage (from 83.3% to 19.4%), and the same concentration of quercetin also reduced the genotoxic effect of H2O2 (from 83.3% to 16.2%). We conclude that AE, kaempferol and quercetin probably act as antimutagens. The molecular mechanisms underlying their antimutagenic activity might be explained by their antioxidant properties.
Theoretical models for supercritical fluid extraction
Article
  • Apr 2012
A novel and efficient oxidative functionalization of lignin by layer-by-layer immobilised Horseradish peroxidase
Article
  • Jan 2011
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was chemically immobilised onto alumina particles and coated by polyelectrolytes layers, using the layer-by-layer technique. The reactivity of the immobilised enzyme was studied in the oxidative functionalisation of softwood milled wood and residual kraft lignins and found higher than the free enzyme. In order to investigate the chemical modifications in the lignin structure, quantitative (31)P NMR was used. The immobilised HRP showed a higher reactivity with respect to the native enzyme yielding extensive depolymerisation of lignin.
The structure of horseradish peroxidase C characterized as a molten globule state after Ca2+ depletion
Article
The structure and activity of native horseradish peroxidase C (HRP) is stabilized by two bound Ca(2+) ions. Earlier studies suggested a critical role of one of the bound Ca(2+) ions but with conflicting conclusions concerning their respective importance. In this work we compare the native and totally Ca(2+)-depleted forms of the enzyme using pH-, pressure-, viscosity- and temperature-dependent UV absorption, CD, H/D exchange-FTIR spectroscopy and by binding the substrate benzohydroxamic acid (BHA). We report that Ca(2+)-depletion does not change the alpha helical content of the protein, but strongly modifies the tertiary structure and dynamics to yield a homogeneously loosened molten globule-like structure. We relate observed tertiary changes in the heme pocket to changes in the dipole orientation and coordination of a distal water molecule. Deprotonation of distal His42, linked to Asp43, itself coordinated to the distal Ca(2+), perturbs a H-bonding network connecting this Ca(2+) to the heme crevice that involves the distal water. The measured effects of Ca(2)(+) depletion can be interpreted as supporting a structural role for the distal Ca(2+) and for its enhanced significance in finetuning the protein structure to optimize enzyme activity.
Characterization of antimutagenic mechanism of 3-allyl-5-substituted 2-thiohydantoins against 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline
Article
3-Allyl-5-substituted 2-thiohydantoins (ATH-amino acids) derived from allyl isothiocyanate and amino acids can inhibit the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in the Salmonella assay. In this report, we studied possible mechanisms for the inhibition using rat liver S9 in assays for ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), a marker activity for cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A), which activates heterocyclic amines, and the Salmonella assays with the direct-acting mutagen 2-hydroxyamino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (N-hydroxy-IQ). Quantitative analysis of ATH-amino acids and IQ during incubation with rat liver S9 fraction by HPLC showed that ATH-amino acids could act as S9-inhibitors, thereby inhibiting metabolic activation of IQ. Among the tested ATH-amino acids, ATH-Phe, ATH-Trp, ATH-Leu and ATH-Val showed a dose-dependent inhibition of EROD activity. ATH-Gly, ATH-Glu, and ATH-Asp behaved as blocking agents toward N-hydroxy-IQ, but exhibited no inhibition of EROD activity.
The effect of freeze-drying and its implications for botanical medicine: A review
Article
  • Aug 2005
Botanical samples are often freeze-dried (lyophilized) for use in research studies, and a variety of freeze-dried botanicals are marketed to the public. In both instances, there is an underlying assumption that freeze-drying properly preserves the medicinal qualities of plants, and is superior to other preservation methods. In fact, little systematic research has been done to verify this assumption. A review of the existing research, done primarily by the food and spice industry, indicates that freeze-drying has unanticipated and significant effects on the constituent profiles of medicinal plants that puts into question whether freeze-drying necessarily is the best method to preserve botanical medicines.This research review finds there is insufficient information to conclude that freeze-drying has negative effects on the medicinal qualities of plants. But, because existing research indicates that freeze-drying imperfectly preserves important classes of medicinal compounds (such as volatiles, phenolics and carotenoids), may increase the mutation rate in unicellular organisms and may diminish some medicinal plant actions, researchers and practitioners should carefully consider how the use of freeze-dried material may affect pharmacological and clinical study results.
  • Jan 2002
  • C Parvu
Parvu C., Universul plantelor, Plante din flora Romaniei, vol I, Editia a II a, Ed. Tehnica. Enciclopedica, Bucuresti, 2002;
Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on antioxidants and fruit decay of blueberries
  • Jan 2010
  • FOOD CHEM
  • 199-204
  • Wang S Y Chen
  • C T Yin
Wang S.Y, Chen C.T., Yin J.J., Effect of allyl isothiocyanate on antioxidants and fruit decay of blueberries, Food Chemistry, 2010, 120 (1), 199-204, doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.10.007.
A concise report on pharmacological and bioanalytical aspect of sinigrin
  • Jan 2012
  • 60204-60208
  • D K Patel
  • K Patel
  • M Gadewar
  • V Tahilyani
Patel, DK, Patel, K, Gadewar, M., Tahilyani, V., A concise report on pharmacological and bioanalytical aspect of sinigrin, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2012, S446-S448, doi: 10.1016/S2221-1691 (12)60204-4.
Effects of compressed fluids on the activity and structure of horseradish peroxidase
  • Jan 2009
  • 162-168
  • A T Fricks
  • G E Oestreichera
  • L C Filho
  • A C Feihrmann
  • Y Cordeiro
  • C Dariva
  • O A C Antunes
Fricks, A.T., Oestreichera,G.E., Filho,L.C., Feihrmann,A.C., Cordeiro,Y., Dariva,C., Antunes, O.A.C., Effects of compressed fluids on the activity and structure of horseradish peroxidase, J. of Supercritical Fluids, 2009, 50, 162-168, doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2009.04.014.