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Who wants to be a social entrepreneur? The role of gender and sustainability orientation
Abstract
This study investigates how gender and sustainability orientation shape the effects of perceived desirability and feasibility on social entrepreneurial intentions. It provides indication that the effects differ in comparison to general entrepreneurial intentions. Data from 601 students indicates that women are more likely to translate positive desirability into social entrepreneurial intentions. We further show that a high level of sustainability orientation enhances the effect of perceived desirability and perceived feasibility on the intent to become a social entrepreneur, but is hardly associated with general entrepreneurial intentions. The findings provide insights for better targeting and supporting future social entrepreneurs.
... To the best of our knowledge, no comprehensive study has been conducted in India focusing on these frameworks, particularly for start-ups. By contrast, international evidence exists (Dickel & Eckardt, 2020;Elmhirst, 2013;Gaweł & Krstić, 2021). Numerous studies have explored the gender gap in entrepreneurship (Guzman & Kacperczyk, 2019;Yang & Aldrich, 2014). ...
... However, arguments made by contemporary scholars break this stereotype: social ventures are key entrepreneurial areas owned by women (Gupta et al., 2020); gender schema theory studies the psychological difference in masculine and feminine traits, individuals when they acquire gender-specific characteristics as per their culture (Hyde et al., 2019), which create differences in behaviour among males and females in the sector of business and entrepreneurship, and it causes mental development, perceptions, motivations, attention and other circumstantial causes (Fan et al., 2021). Globally, nascent ventures/start-ups are more often established and operated by males than females (Dickel & Eckardt, 2020;Kelley et al., 2012). Women perceived less human capital and comparatively less entrepreneurial behaviour at the early stage (Domecq et al., 2020); instead, it was found that women were able to raise the economic status of low-income families by utilising their social capital stock in the form of social networks in the social environment (Achmad et al., 2022). ...
... Yasmeen et al. (2019) outlined the role of the government in both civil and corporate sustainability concerning the environment, arguing that government initiatives significantly increase implementation sustainability in organisations. Moreover, Dickel and Eckardt (2020) assessed the effect of perceived desirability and social and sustainable entrepreneurial intentions in general entrepreneurship as well as in entrepreneurship with governmental support. ...
This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of start-up’s sustainable development by integrating systems theory and gender schema theory. We examined the impact of support systems created by government (SFGS), social (SFSS) and human capital (SFHC) on the corporate sustainability of start-ups (SS). Additionally, this study explored the moderating role of board/founders’ gender (G) in these dynamics. To address this gap, data were collected from a sample of 350 start-ups. The researcher employed exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis to assess and validate the proposed hypotheses. Findings represented the positive impact of support systems created by human capital on the sustainable development of rural Indian start-ups. Notably, the research also revealed that the founders’ gender moderated two of the three identified effects. It shows sustainability supports start-ups, including the role of gender in sustainability and entrepreneurship literature. Managerially, it highlights the significance of network building, gender equity and skill development. The government needs to put more effort into excluding gender-related barriers in developing countries. This study suggests the integration of system and gender schema theories for start-up corporate sustainability in developing nations. The moderating role of founders’ gender and the use of start-ups as sample units make this research more original and novel.
... This finding extends the scope of previous studies, as our investigation was conducted in a context not extensively represented in the literature on sustainability orientation. Lastly, our study distinguishes itself from prior research that primarily focuses on multinationals (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021;Kraus et al., 2019) by examining small firms as the primary unit of analysis. ...
... By analyzing the broader context and understanding the interdependencies between various elements, organizations can identify opportunities to introduce disruptive innovations that bring about transformative change across entire systems or industries (e.g., Kraus et al., 2021). Additionally, sustainability-oriented organizations often engage in partnerships and collaborations with stakeholders from different sectors, including academia, NGOs, and government agencies (Clauß et al., 2022;Dickel & Eckardt, 2021). Indeed, the sustainability orientation of CEOs emphasizes the engagement of stakeholders to understand their needs, expectations, and concerns (Afum et al., 2021;Danso et al., 2020). ...
... First, it reinforces the notion that a firm's unique resources and capabilities, particularly those related to sustainability, play a crucial role in achieving competitive advantage through innovation (Adomako et al., 2021;Feng et al., 2022;Zhao et al., 2021). The study underscores the significance of developing and leveraging sustainability-oriented resources to drive disruptive innovation and enhance organizational performance (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021;Zoppelletto & Bullini Orlandi, 2022). By highlighting the mediating role of green organizational identity, this study extends our understanding of how sustainability orientation translates into disruptive innovation outcomes. ...
This study explores the link between sustainability orientation and disruptive innovation in small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) by embracing both the natural resource‐based view (NRBV) and upper echelons theory. By drawing on these theories and extending them, it sheds light on the executives' characteristics and organizational contingencies leading to disruptive innovation. Starting from the CEOs' sustainability orientation, it investigates if and how it leads to disruptive innovation through the mediating role of green organizational identity and the moderating influence of both green product competitiveness and CEOs' gender‐related characteristics. Two wave time‐lagged survey data from 257 Chinese SMEs are analyzed to empirically test these relationships. Results suggest that SMEs with CEOs characterized by sustainability focus foster a green organizational identity, enabling them to generate disruptive innovations. Additionally, the presence of high green product competitiveness strengthens the connection between sustainability orientation and green organizational identity. Lastly, the relationship between this latter and disruptive innovation can be further enhanced by female CEOs by leveraging their specific skills and abilities. Implications for managers, organizations, and public policy are discussed.
... Demographic factors have been extensively studied in relation to sustainability in business, but when limiting ourselves to research that specifically addresses the environmental aspect of sustainability, the findings are quite ambiguous [25][26][27]. Furthermore, there are only a handful of studies that link demographic factors to the social aspect of sustainability [28][29][30]; therefore, no research addresses age. We also pay attention to identifying differences between four geographical regions worldwide concerning the prevalence of considering sustainability implications in the future of various companies. ...
... Studies consistently find that female entrepreneurs are more socially oriented than male entrepreneurs [29,95]. Similarly, among students, males show less interest in social entrepreneurship [28]. However, findings on the environmental aspect of sustainability have been less consistent. ...
... It has been found that women, in general, are more inclined towards sustainable business practices than men [98,99]. Furthermore, it has been found that businesses led by women exhibit more a positive link between sustainability entrepreneurship and overall business success [28]. ...
This study examines the relationship between digital transformation and sustainable practices within enterprises against the backdrop of global transformative forces framed within the holistic paradigm of systems thinking. It examines the extent to which digital advances either facilitate or impede the sustainable development of companies, while also considering the systemic impact of demographic variables (such as gender, age, education), national income levels, and geographical regions on business sustainability. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), which encompasses 26,790 entrepreneurs in 47 countries, this research uses multinomial regression to assess how these factors influence companies’ commitment to social and environmental goals. A key finding is that the strategic use of digital technologies in sales processes significantly increases the likelihood that entrepreneurs will integrate social and environmental considerations into their decision-making. Notably, this conscientious approach to business is most prevalent among entrepreneurs in Latin America and the Caribbean. Our findings underscore the central role of digital technologies in driving sustainable business transformation while also highlighting the significant influence of regional socio-environmental contexts on business sustainability orientations.
... SEI can be regarded as a major predictor of social entrepreneurial behaviour, and the perceived desirability and feasibility of founding a social venture are conceptualised in the extant literature as key antecedents of SEI (Mair and Noboa 2006;Zaremohzzabieh et al. 2019). Empirical studies have shown that certain aspects can affect the formation of SEI, such as prior experience (de Sousa-Filho et al. 2020;Hockerts 2017), social appraisal (Baierl et al. 2014), empathy (Bacq and Alt 2018;Tikoria 2017 2022), entrepreneurial self-efficacy and social worth (Bacq and Alt 2018), sustainability orientation and gender (Dickel and Eckardt 2020), and personality characteristics (Koe Hwee Nga and Shamuganathan 2010). ...
... Empirical evidence on SEI has mostly been drawn from data collected from adults, who are either aspiring or established social entrepreneurs (e.g. Dickel and Eckardt 2020;Hockerts 2017;Tiwari et al. 2017Tiwari et al. , 2022. In several cases, studies have integrated samples of university students as prospective social entrepreneurs (e.g. ...
... In particular, our study adds to the existing literature that addresses youth entrepreneurship (e.g. Kourilsky and Walstad 1998;2002;Obschonka 2016) by including the additional perspective of SEI during adolescence, which can differ from commercial entrepreneurial intentions (Dickel and Eckardt 2020). Social entrepreneurship is considered its own kind of endeavour with distinct opportunities and challenges beyond the mere profit motive (Gupta et al. 2020;Yitshaki and Kropp 2016), with its own enabling and constraining contextual forces (Newth and Woods 2014). ...
Given the world’s current challenges, including poverty, health care, and migration, adolescents will most likely play a critical part in the development of social entrepreneurial solutions that affect their own futures. Nonetheless, previous research mostly overlooks adolescents as prospective founders. This paper analyses how cognitive and affective empathy can affect adolescents’ intention to create a social enterprise. Data from 343 adolescents show that respondents are more prone to start a social venture if they have a high level of cognitive empathy. Affective empathy, however, plays a minor role in this regard. This indicates that perspective-taking abilities (i.e. cognitive empathy) are advantageous for the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions in adolescence, while emotional responses (i.e. affective empathy) may be less meaningful. We discuss implications for future research, policy making, and importantly, education to identify and support future social entrepreneurs at an early age.
... Social entrepreneurial intention (SEI) is considered a reliable indicator of subsequent social entrepreneurial action-taking (Baierl et al., 2014;Ip et al., 2021). As such, it has attracted significant research attention since Mair and Noboa (2006) developed a theoretical model adapted for the social entrepreneurial context (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021). According to their model, SEI is most strongly influenced by perceived desirability and feasibility of social venture creation. ...
... The complex dynamics and influencers of SE (de Bruin and Teasdale, 2019) that these studies reveal urge researchers towards developing more nuanced understandings of antecedents to social venture formation (Djebali et al., 2022;Ko and Kang, 2022). Through the deployment of context-embedded approaches (Aloulou and Algarni, 2022;Herchevarría and Brieger, 2022) that enable exploration of factors that affect individuals' thinking processes (Tiwari et al., 2017), the mental models, values and norms (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021) that inform decision-making can be rendered visible (Kruse et al., 2019). ...
... However, while the evidence base in support of these identified antecedents of SEI continues to grow (Djebali et al., 2022), little qualitative research exploring the interplay of such motivational drivers has been undertaken to date (Jarrodi et al., 2019), particularly in underresearched contexts (Ghalwash et al., 2017;Omorede, 2014) beyond the 'tried and tested Global North' (de Bruin and Teasdale, 2019). Research on women's involvement in SE remains sparse (Garcia-Lomas and Gabaldon, 2021), which is surprising given women's noted propensity for pro-social behaviours (Hechavarría et al., 2017) and the congruence between female gendered stereotypes and the social/caring element of SE (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021). Where research has been undertaken, it has been largely been driven by quantitative methodologies within (Chipeta et al., 2020). ...
Abstract
Purpose – This paper aims to identify the values antecedents of women’s social entrepreneurship. It explores where and how these values emerge and how they underpin the perceived desirability and feasibility of social venture creation.
Design/methodology/approach – Values development across the life-course is interrogated through retrospective sense-making by thirty UK-based women social entrepreneurs.
Findings – The findings express values related to empathy, social justice and action-taking, developed, consolidated and challenged in a variety of experiential domains over time. The cumulative effects of these processes result in the perceived desirability and feasibility of social entrepreneurial venture creation as a means of effecting social change and achieving coherence between personal values and paid work, prompting social entrepreneurial action-taking.
Originality/value – This paper offers novel, contextualised insights into the role that personal values play as antecedents to social entrepreneurship. It contributes to the sparse literature focused on both women’s experiences of social entrepreneurship generally, and on their personal values specifically.
... The results also indicate that all-female and gender-diverse teams exhibit a higher propensity to establish social ventures, a finding supported by gender role theory, which suggests women may prioritize communal and social values over strictly economic objectives (Eagly and Karau, 2002). This aligns with Dickel and Eckardt's (2021) study, which finds that women with strong sustainability orientations are particularly drawn to social entrepreneurship (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021). This perspective could explain why femaleled and gender-diverse teams often pursue social ventures, as these goals resonate with communal values associated with feminine stereotypes. ...
... The results also indicate that all-female and gender-diverse teams exhibit a higher propensity to establish social ventures, a finding supported by gender role theory, which suggests women may prioritize communal and social values over strictly economic objectives (Eagly and Karau, 2002). This aligns with Dickel and Eckardt's (2021) study, which finds that women with strong sustainability orientations are particularly drawn to social entrepreneurship (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021). This perspective could explain why femaleled and gender-diverse teams often pursue social ventures, as these goals resonate with communal values associated with feminine stereotypes. ...
Purpose
This study addresses the intersection of team gender composition, social entrepreneurship and new venture performance, aiming to understand the unique dynamics shaping these areas. The authors discuss why female and diverse founding teams often gravitate toward social ventures and explore the relevance of this phenomenon. By investigating the impact on new venture performance, this study examines the effect of team diversity in the context of social entrepreneurship.
Design/methodology/approach
The study is based on a survey among new ventures in Austria. Data from 326 new ventures were analyzed using linear and logistic regression analysis. Drawing on gender role theory, the effect of diverse and female founding teams on the amount of acquired external capital was tested, emphasizing how social goals may serve as a signaling mechanism to investors.
Findings
In line with gender role theory, the study confirms that female and diverse founding teams are more inclined to establish social ventures. While the authors find empirical support for this assertion, there was no evidence found for a second assertion by the gender role theory stating that social entrepreneurship can specifically reduce gender bias with respect to external equity funding of new ventures. Contrary to expectations, the tendency of female and diverse founding teams to prioritize social goals hinders their ability to secure external equity. Furthermore, this research indicates that gender-diverse and all-female teams achieve lower levels of employment growth compared to all-male teams. These results provide insights into the relationship between team composition and venture performance.
Originality/value
Adding to gender role literature, this research expands the current understanding of how team gender diversity and social entrepreneurship affect venture performance. The study indicates a high prevalence of social entrepreneurship among gender-diverse teams and highlights specific challenges faced by female and gender-diverse founding teams. The findings underpin the need for a deeper understanding of the challenges faced by female and gender-diverse teams in the entrepreneurship area. By addressing these dynamics, the study offers valuable insights and recommendations for policymakers, investors and entrepreneurs, laying a foundation for future research into promoting gender equality and fostering inclusive entrepreneurship ecosystems.
... The questionnaire (available in Appendix A1.) consists of five sections. The questions in this questionnaire were adapted from Gundry and Welsch (2001), Kolvereid (1996), Graevenitz et al. (2010), and Dickel and Eckardt (2021). The first section contains the informed consent of the participants and socio-demographic data. ...
... The items referring to the remaining sections (three, four and five) were measured on a 7-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 -I totally disagree to 7 -I totally agree. In items PF1, PF4, and PF5 referring to perceived feasibility, it was also necessary to invert the scale as suggested by Dickel and Eckardt (2021). ...
This study explores the influence of Portuguese higher education students’ pro-sustainable orientations in promoting social entrepreneurship when mediated by perceived feasibility and desirability. The sample was collected through a questionnaire of 391 Portuguese higher education students, and the Partial Least Square (PLS) method was applied to a proposed research model. The pro-sustainable orientation of Portuguese higher education students positively influences the social entrepreneurial intention and the perceived desirability of starting an entrepreneurial activity. Furthermore, the pro-sustainable orientation of these students positively affects the social entrepreneurial intention when mediated by the perceived desirability of starting an entrepreneurial activity. The study fills the gap by relating sustainable development, the general theory of entrepreneurship, and the paradigms of social entrepreneurship. Considering the pro-sustainable orientation of entrepreneurs, perceived viability does not significantly affect social entrepreneurial intention, challenging the core assumptions of the theory of planned behavior and the entrepreneurial event model.
... Sustainability orientation also enhances the positive effects of both perceived desirability and feasibility on social entrepreneurial intention, possibly because sustainability-oriented individuals are more adept at recognising and capitalising on business opportunities related to addressing social and environmental challenges [33]. This finding aligns with claims that the intention-behaviour gap can be attributed to the capacity to act [20] and indicates how sustainability orientation may motivate the transformation of GEI into behaviour. ...
... Research suggests that since AVE is a more conservative estimate of validity, researchers may still conclude adequate convergent validity based on the CR, even if the AVE is lower than 0.5 [56,57]. Given that the sustainability orientation scale was derived from previous research and has been tested in various studies [30,33,58], this study considered it acceptable. ...
The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals have been gaining traction. Green entrepreneurship has emerged as an appealing strategy for governments and educators to address environmental problems. This study examines the determinants affecting the transformation of green entrepreneurial intention into behaviour, a previously unexplored area. Specifically, the moderating roles of sustainability orientation, environmental knowledge, subjective norms, and external institutional support on the effect of green entrepreneurial intention on behaviour are examined. A quantitative survey of 663 Taiwanese individuals was conducted between November and December 2022. The factor structure was evaluated using exploratory factor analyses. The positive relationship between green entrepreneurial intention and behaviour was validated using multiple regression analysis. Environmental knowledge, subjective norms, and external institutional support, but not sustainability orientation, had positive moderating roles. These findings enrich existing theories, including the theory of planned behaviour and social cognitive career theory, and provide practical guidance to educators and policy makers promoting green entrepreneurial action.
... Si bien es cierto que, tanto hombres como mujeres han demostrado interés en el tema sostenible, diversos autores sugieren que las mujeres presentan una mayor orientación hacia esta perspectiva en comparación con los hombres, esto debido a que desempeñan un comportamiento más responsable en sus actividades diarias, en donde resultan de gran relevancia sus valores altruistas, los cuales se consideran como un componente fundamental para la generación de un comportamiento sostenible (Dickel & Eckard, 2020;Magano et al., 2022). Diversos autores señalan la importancia del altruismo como elemento primordial para la generación de una perspectiva ambiental (Chao et al., 2023;Kunttu et al., 2017), social (Lopes et al., 2021), y económica (Shao et al., 2021), al identificar de manera adicional que la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres llega a ser un motivador a considerar. ...
... A diferencia de los anteriores, en este caso el altruismo (0.471) es la que resulta ser la variable de mayor influencia en la explicación, mientras que la motivación intrínseca (0.295) queda en un segundo lugar, y la motivación extrínseca (-0.072) genera una disminución en el comportamiento. Los resultados anteriores coinciden con lo dispuesto en la literatura donde se indica que las mujeres tienden a un mayor deseo por ayudar a otros y a una mayor concientización hacia los aspectos sociales, éticos, y hacia conductas responsables (Dickel & Eckard, 2020;Magano et al., 2022;Pfattheicher et al., 2022). Es así como, en términos generales y al tomar como base los resultados mencionados, implicaría un error considerar al comportamiento sostenible empresarial bajo los mismos términos tanto para las mujeres, como para los hombres, y bajo un panorama general, ya que las motivaciones incidentes en la generación del fenómeno se presentan en distintos niveles de importancia para cada grupo de personas. ...
El objetivo del presente estudio consiste en analizar comparativamente la influencia del altruismo, la motivación intrínseca, y extrínseca como motivadores en el comportamiento sostenible de hombres y mujeres empresarios en México. La metodología es cuantitativa, descriptiva y causal, mediante ecuaciones estructurales y un análisis multigrupo en 522 individuos. Los resultados sugieren una influencia prioritaria del altruismo en mujeres y de una motivación intrínseca en hombres para un comportamiento sostenible; mientras que la motivación extrínseca influye negativamente en ambos casos. La originalidad de este estudio radica en el análisis del comportamiento sostenible desde una diversificación de subgrupos. Los hallazgos sugieren diferencias en los motivadores para un comportamiento sostenible entre hombres y mujeres. Las limitaciones radican en la interpretación de la escala intrínseca para cada subgrupo analizado; y en la exploración del concepto y alcance de la sostenibilidad en los individuos.
... Sustainability orientation has a stronger influence on engagement in social and sustainable entrepreneurship than it does on engagement in general entrepreneurship; this is because the focus of sustainable entrepreneurship is adhering to social and environmental values rather than maximising profits (Sung and Park, 2018). A German study reported that sustainability orientation positively moderated the effects of perceived desirability and feasibility on social entrepreneurial intentions but did not moderate their effects on general entrepreneurial intentions (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021). ...
... The lack of research on WTP for products from social enterprises prevents a comparison of the present results with those of other studies with a similar focus. Nevertheless, the results are consistent with those of previous research that indicated that sustainability orientation positively moderates the effects of attitudes on social entrepreneurial intentions (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021); this is particularly true because establishing a social enterprise and paying a premium price require additional effort to support social entrepreneurship. The values of sustainabilityoriented individuals are consistent with the social values of social enterprises; hence, in such individuals, favourable relational outcomes are more likely to transform into a high WTP for the products of social enterprises. ...
Purpose: This study evaluated the effects of adherence to social missions and relational outcomes on willingness to pay for products from social enterprises.
Design/methodology/approach: The study's conceptual model was based on the social resource-based view. Three social enterprises in Taiwan were analysed, and the determinants of willingness to pay for products from these enterprises were investigated. An online survey was conducted, and 404 valid responses were collected and analysed using structural equation modelling. The moderating effect of sustainability orientation was evaluated using the multigroup method.
Findings: The results indicated that adherence to social missions was a critical predictor of relational outcomes and willingness to pay. In addition, sustainability orientation positively moderated the effect of relational outcomes on willingness to pay.
Originality/value: This study enriches the literature by applying the social resource-based view to the context of social enterprises. The study findings have key implications for managers and practitioners of social enterprises seeking to build relationships with stakeholders.
... Women own over 50% of Indonesia's micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), yet they face significant challenges, including lower business assets, higher reliance on personal savings, and limited start-up capital compared to men entrepreneurs (Alibhai et al., 2023). Despite these barriers, women entrepreneurs demonstrate a stronger commitment to sustainable practices, often engaging in ecopreneurship and sociopreneurship (Barrachina Fernández et al., 2021;Dickel & Eckardt, 2021;Hechavarria et al., 2012;Outsios & Farooqi, 2017). However, existing research primarily quantifies these trends, offering limited insights into the specific motivations and strategies behind their sustainability efforts. ...
This study investigates the interplay between motivational drivers (push and pull factors) and motivational sources (intrinsic and extrinsic), ethical leadership styles (authentic, servant, spiritual), and resource allocation strategies through the lense of the triple bottom line among women entrepreneurs in Bandung, Indonesia’s fashion and textile sector. This study utilized Input-Process-Output (IPO) conceptual framework to systematically analyze the relationships between these key variables. This framework guided our investigation into how entrepreneurial motivations shape leadership styles (authentic, servant, spiritual), ultimately influencing resource allocation decisions across the triple bottom line (TBL)—economic, social, and environmental. Findings reveal a significant correlation between motivational drivers and leadership styles, with predominantly extrinsic motivations aligning with authentic leadership (prioritizing economic outcomes) and intrinsic motivations leaning towards servant or spiritual leadership (emphasizing social or environmental sustainability, respectively). While a strong alignment emerged, deviations highlighted the complexity of these relationships and contextual influences. The study offers valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in supporting sustainable and inclusive entrepreneurship within the fashion industry and beyond.
... Several studies explore the intersection of sustainability and social entrepreneurship, such as Dickel and Eckardt (2021) [68], who investigate the role of gender and sustainability orientation in social entrepreneurship. CSR is also examined from a gender perspective, particularly in leadership styles [71]. ...
The study of sustainable female entrepreneurship emerges as a critical research area, integrating gender and sustainability perspectives in the business context. The study aims to analyze the current state of scientific research on female entrepreneurship and sustainability over the last 15 years. A bibliometric analysis is performed for the method, reaching 733 publications between 2010 and 2024. The findings show an exponential growth in the number of publications, reflecting the growing interest in the subject. In addition, four main thematic groupings and a geographical diversity in research production were identified, although with unequal representation. This study provides an overview of the evolution and different perspectives on women’s sustainable entrepreneurship. It also offers important opportunities, gaps and future directions for research and policy formulation by public and private, national and international organizations.
... This integrated approach is often conceptualized through the triple bottom line framework, which emphasizes the interdependence of economic viability, social equity, and environmental integrity (Kamaludin et al., 2023). SEs that are strongly mission-driven and sustainability-oriented demonstrate high levels of innovation, impact, and scalability (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021). Nevertheless, the dual pursuit of commercial and social goals can lead to "mission drift," where economic pressures "sustainable entrepreneurship," and "social entrepreneurship." ...
... Research on social entrepreneurship has demonstrated notable progress in recent years, with scholars increasingly publishing academic research on the topic (Anggahegari et al., 2021;Margiono & Feranita, 2021;Setiawan et al., 2023;Sijabat & Singgalen, 2023). Despite growing interest in social entrepreneurship from the public, practitioners, and academics (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021;C.-Y. Ip & Liang, 2023;Tiwari et al., 2018;Weng et al., 2022), studies predicting the intention to become a social entrepreneur remain limited. ...
... Another study Asante and Affum-Osei (2019) found that the locus of control significantly impacts the entrepreneurial career choice of students but university support is keenly required in this process. According to Dickel and Eckardt (2021), the sustainability oriented approach is significant for students to develop their attitudes towards entrepreneurial career. ...
The research investigates the impact of entrepreneurial university input (EUI), entrepreneurial university core strategic plan (EUCSP) and entrepreneurial university output (EUO) on student entrepreneurial behaviour (SEB) and student entrepreneurial career (SEC). A useful sample of 185 respondents was collected from undergraduates registered in twelve business incubators of universities. RStudio was used to determine the findings of covariance based—structural equation model (CB-SEM). The study found EUI has no impact on SEB and SEC. Secondly, the study revealed that EUCSP has a significant impact on SEB and SEC. Thirdly, the study found that EUO has a significant impact on SEB and SEC. The findings of this research contribute the impact of EUI, EUCSP and EUO in SEB and SEC. The study also has methodological robustness which is based on R programming. Furthermore, this study recommends significant policy implications and practical recommendations that can be used by the top governing and monitoring body of universities in Pakistan and other developing countries.
... Besides, 'stakeholder', 'community', 'strategy', and, 'value' indicates the collaborative and strategic nature of social ventures. Earlier findings also acknowledge this domain has emerged as a critical area of interest in both academic and practical implementations (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021). As it can be seen in Fig. 8, besides, from 2006 to 2023, social entrepreneurship and sustainability have shown a gradual increase in proportion and high demand for innovative solutions that traditional business models fail to provide (Kamaludin, 2023). ...
Digital entrepreneurship ecosystem has become a central topic in the digital economy which is characterized by an inclusive and changing framework. This study aims to investigate the key components, trends and latent topics of digital entrepreneurship ecosystem. The data (1234 articles) were obtained from the Web of Science and Scopus database, covering 18 years' data ranging from 2006 to 2023. A hybrid method, integrating topic modeling and bibliometric analysis were adopted. The data were analyzed using R studio software, version (2023.12.0) and the results show notable increase in scientific publications, with a 93 % growth and over 200 articles in the last three years, signifies the growing interest in digital entrepreneurship, particularly in prestigious journals like “Small Business Economics” and “Journal of Technology Transfer.” The study highlights the leading contributions of Anglo-Saxon region (US, UK, Australia), and leading European countries like Germany in this area. Six primary topics emerge: 1) digital entrepreneurship in academia, 2) women entrepreneurship and gender role, 3) entrepreneurship ecosystem and innovation, 4) government policy and economic strategy in entrepreneurship, 5) social entrepreneurship and sustainability and, 6) start-up innovation and incubation. Besides, the study proposes a conceptual framework by integrating Quadruple Helix Model for understanding the sustainable digital ecosystem. The findings suggest a comprehensive approach to support policy framework and practices, aiming to foster an inclusive digital entrepreneurship ecosystem in most developing African and Asian countries.
... Unfortunately, in developing countries like Pakistan, access to resources -an essential determinant of entrepreneurial success -remains limited for many women. Whereas women who have access to resources (social entrepreneurs), play a groundbreaking role in bridging this divide, leveraging cultural events to empower local community women (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021). This aligns with Kabeer's (1999) empowerment framework, which emphasises the importance of accessing resources and exercising agency to achieve well-being-enhancing outcomes. ...
... Therefore, the importance of studying gender variations in conduct is increasing as a central theme in the fields of entrepreneurship and behavioral finance. The effects of desirability and feasibility on social entrepreneurial aspirations vary by gender [23]. Gender has also been identified as a moderating element in the connection between obstacles and entrepreneurial aspirations [79]. ...
This study explores the factors influencing Informal Investment Intentions among potential investors, focusing on Risk Propensity and Subjective Norms. It examines the mediating effect of Entrepreneurial Alertness and the moderating role of gender, aiming to understand how these elements shape investment decisions among management students in India. A survey-based cross-sectional research design is followed to evaluate a 340 cross-sectional sample. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) database, SEM, and the PROCESS macro have been utilized to understand the synchronization between the variables. CFA, RMSEA, GFI, and TLI tests are employed to check the fitness and validity of the model, and CMB, together with PFA, have been applied for variance testing. The study found that Subjective Norms significantly influence Informal Investment Intentions, mediated by Entrepreneurial Alertness. Gender exuberates the relationship between Risk Propensity and Informal Investment Intentions through Self-Efficacy, with stronger effects observed among male students. Findings offer insights for policymakers and educators to design interventions fostering Informal Investment Intentions by enhancing Entrepreneurial Alertness and addressing gender-specific differences, particularly among management students. This study adds to the literature by examining gender's moderating role in the relationship between Risk Propensity and Informal Investment Intentions, providing a nuanced understanding of informal investment behavior in an Indian context.
... Marin et al., (2019) support our results for women and more educated people, but not for the younger population. In this sense, women are more willing to be social entrepreneurs than men (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021), although some contrasting results are also found (Sastre et al., 2015). ...
... Despite this, social entrepreneurship scholars, practitioners, and policymakers are extensively interested; however, after two decades, the concept has not yet matured in the academic literature for several reasons (Wang and Yee, 2023). The existing literature shows that the concept of social entrepreneurship only comprehends the entrepreneurs' perspective (Bacq and Alt, 2018;Teasdale et al., 2022) and significantly discusses their innovative behavior, business strategies and models, and value creation (Bacq and Janssena, 2011;Cherrier et al., 2018;Dickel and Eckardt, 2020) however, the entrepreneurial intention has not been significantly addressed. Entrepreneurial intention is an individual's state of mind, deliberate attention, effective utilization of experiences, and planned behaviors before initiating entrepreneurship activities (Kraus et al., 2017;Moriano et al., 2012;Do and Dadvari, 2017). ...
Purpose - Social entrepreneurship is a topical issue in the context of entrepreneurial intention. Our quantitative study seeks to explore the complex and dynamic nexus of the ever-evolving landscape of entrepreneurial intentions, which results in socioeconomic development through the mediating influence of entrepreneurial knowledge.
Design/methodology/approach -The South Asian region was considered a research population, considering its characteristics and inclination toward social entrepreneurial activities. The required data were collected using an online survey questionnaire. 330 questionnaires were mailed online to the targeted participants, and 239 responses were received and analyzed using SPSS and AMOS software.
Findings -The study found a significant positive relationship between entrepreneurial intention and socioeconomic development. A 1% improvement in entrepreneurial intention corresponds to a 40% increase in socioeconomic development and 17% enhancement in entrepreneurial knowledge. Our study also demonstrates that a 1% improvement in entrepreneurial intention brings about a substantial improvement of 26% in socioeconomic development when mediated by entrepreneurial knowledge.
Research limitations/implications -It is recommended that intentional learning spaces focus on intensifying social entrepreneurial intention and develop mechanisms for knowledge transfer platforms to facilitate knowledge sharing among social entrepreneurs. Organizations may support and take initiatives to bridge the gap between experienced and novice social entrepreneurs. Institutions may introduce incentive structures that promote sustainable entrepreneurship, highlight social entrepreneurs' success stories, and emphasize the linkage between intention, knowledge, and positive societal outcomes.
Originality/value -Owing to the lack of literature and inadequate empirical research, our study was articulated to enhance existing knowledge and postulate the basis for high-order empirical studies in the context of social entrepreneurial intention backed by entrepreneurial knowledge. Moreover, this study provoked entrepreneurial intention based on the theory of planned behavior with the mediating influence of entrepreneurial knowledge, which adds a distinctive dimension to social entrepreneurial intention, enhances research originality, and provides practical implications for individuals seeking to thrive in dynamic environments.
... Meanwhile, Social Entrepreneurship Awareness leads the student's intention to choose social entrepreneurship as the younger generations tend to be e more entrepreneurial and environmentally conscious. The more Social Entrepreneurship Intention rises, the more social entrepreneurs appear in our country, especially the young generation (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021;Rambe & Ndofirepi, 2021). Thus, this indicates that the young generation has immense potential for social entrepreneurship, which if appropriately realized can accelerate the socio-economic developments in the country. ...
Social entrepreneurship plays a pivotal role in the economic well-being of a country. It promotes job creation, instigates innovation, as well as brings about community development and collaboration. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the key factors of Social Entrepreneurship Intention. In this study, we investigated how the factors of Attitude, Subjective Norms, and Social Entrepreneurship Awareness stimulate such intention among public university students in Malaysia. The study aims to determine the gap in empirical research results, thereby offering solutions to overcome the different levels of social entrepreneurship engagement among target respondents. A total of 172 responses were collected and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26. An ordinal logistic regression approach was used, where the results suggest that all the factors considered affect Social Entrepreneurship Intention at varying intensity, with Subjective Norms being the most dominant factor. The findings of this study can benefit policymakers and ensure the sustainability of social entrepreneurship ecosystem in higher education.
... Second, the empirical findings show that the perceived feasibility of the entrepreneurship variable in the EEM theory involved in this study can affect SEI. The results of this study support earlier studies indicating that perceived entrepreneurial feasibility can influence SEI (Abou Chakra & Al Jardali, 2022; Dickel & Eckardt, 2021;Kruse et al., 2021;Tan et al., 2021). This finding is due to people's belief that they can manage and keep the social business going despite obstacles (Claeyé et al., 2022). ...
This study aims to analyze the role of perceived entrepreneurial feasibility as a mediator between altruism and college students’ social entrepreneurial intention (SEI). This research used a quantitative approach within a cross-sectional design. The sample for this study comprised 309 people (from a total population of 1.364 people) using proportionate stratified random sampling from several undergraduate programs in the Universitas Sebelas Maret grades of 2020th and 2021st. This research instrument used a questionnaire that was adopted and developed based on previous research instruments. Statistical analysis techniques were used to conduct descriptive, correlational, and mediation tests with path analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 software. The results indicated that altruism has a significant direct effect on perceived entrepreneurial feasibility (β = 0,484; p < 0,001) and SEI (β= 0,310; p < 0,001). Furthermore, the results also revealed that perceived entrepreneurial feasibility plays a vital role with a strong direct effect on SEI (β = 0,523; p = 0,001) while also acting as a partial mediator between altruistic and SEI of college students. Therefore, university policymakers and educators need to integrate the values of altruism into the curriculum to increase perceived entrepreneurial feasibility and SEI among college students.
... Entrepreneurship is the ability to create, recognize, and seize business opportunities in order to add value and make a profit (Ohanu & Ogbuanya, 2018). An entrepreneur is defined as a person who builds or starts a business or enterprise and manages it, according to Dickel & Eckardt (2021) and Ohanu & Ogbuanya (2018). As a result, the entrepreneur is viewed as a starter, a driver, accountable, and responsible (Mensah et al., 2021). ...
The article provides crucial insights into the entrepreneurial aspirations and perceived obstacles faced by hospitality management students as they prepare to enter the workforce after graduation. By examining the motivations and challenges surrounding student entrepreneurship at Takoradi Technical University in Ghana, the study offers valuable perspectives that are essential for educational institutions, policymakers, and industry stakeholders seeking to foster an entrepreneurial mindset and support systems for the next generation of hospitality business owners. The findings have far-reaching implications for addressing graduate unemployment, promoting economic development, and empowering students to transform their practical training and entrepreneurship education into successful entrepreneurial ventures within the hospitality sector.
... TSM allows for further refinement, relating gender to education (cluster GREEN) but also, to a lesser extent, to culture (cluster BLUE). In the third phase, it becomes a cross-cutting theme, i.e. related to several themes such as contextual effects on personal traits (Branchet & Křížková, 2015), social entrepreneurial intention (Dickel & Eckardt, 2021) or entrepreneurship in scientists (Roy & Das, 2020). It is also of interest the cross-cultural context in the second stage which later joined the studies on context and EI, consolidating as a motor theme of the field. ...
This paper reveals the scientific substrate underlying the literature on entrepreneurial intention (EI) tracking its diachronic evolution. It reviews the literature on EI from a holistic view over nearly 50 years (1970-2021), complementing previous reviews on this topic. We adopt a scientometric approach using bibliographic coupling, co-citation, and thematic strategic maps, enabling us to present the changing morphology of EI research over the years. Supported by VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, we analysed almost 2,000 documents, revealing how research on career choice, education, social psychology, and entrepreneurship have supported each other in developing this topic. The horizon for improving EI knowledge is still open. This paper invites researchers to add new issues to the research front and to break the ice of the intellectual base of this research field by contributing new research frameworks as well as offering ongoing improvements in psycho-social approaches to the individual.
... Thus while women are less attracted to entrepreneurship, they are more confident than men when it comes to engaging in entrepreneurial activity. The authors point out that their findings contrast with a similar study on German higher-education students (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021), and underscore the importance of considering spatial, cultural and organisational contextual differences. For instance, unlike Germany, Portugal belongs to the Latin European cultural cluster which is characterised by greater tolerance of power inequalities and lower risk-taking. ...
... Numerous empirical studies (Agu et al., 2021;Agu and Nwachukwu, 2020;Dickel and Eckardt, 2020;P aunescu et al., 2018) have demonstrated the positive relationship between TPB variables (ATS, PED, and PEF) and SEI. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this empirical study is to enable a better understanding of the construct sustainability-oriented entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) and thereby promote sustainable entrepreneurship. It aims to examine the significance of work values (extrinsic rewards, intrinsic rewards and job security) as antecedents of SEI and to test the mediating effect of three constructs derived from the theory of planned behaviour – attitude towards sustainability, perceived entrepreneurial desirability and perceived entrepreneurial feasibility on the relationships between work values and SEI.
Design/methodology/approach
Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory factor analysis were performed using analysis of moment structures v27 and statistical package for social science v28 on data obtained from the survey of young individuals of India. The respondents were students enrolled in higher education programmes.
Findings
All the identified antecedents (extrinsic rewards, intrinsic rewards, job security and theory of planned behaviour constructs) were found to be statistically significant. The partial mediating effect of the theory of planned behaviour constructs was also reported.
Originality/value
This empirical work leads to the theoretical advancement of the emerging construct, SEI, by presenting evidence of the significant individual-level antecedents of the construct. The results lead to recommendations for policymakers and educators to design strategies to strengthen SEI, thereby expanding the adoption of sustainable entrepreneurship.
... However, despite studies described in the previous section showing that in most cases, practices alone do not have a positive e relevant effect on performance, none of them have proposed a mediating role of orientation in the relationship between practices and performance outcomes (Dickel and Eckardt, 2021;Wang et al., 2022). ...
... Ahmetaj et al. (2023), in their study on women's entrepreneurship, highlighted that independence provides female entrepreneurs a chance to have free time and, consequently, to perform their family duties with greater flexibility. According to Dickel and Eckardt (2021), entrepreneurship as a career for women is more likely than for men, and women are more likely to start their businesses because they want to work on their terms and not rely on others. Accordingly, it can be hypothesized that: ...
Studying women’s entrepreneurial intentions is critical not only for encouraging women’s entrepreneurship but also for developing their entrepreneurial competencies. However, in the case of Lebanon, there is still a gap in the scientific studies related to identifying factors influencing women’s entrepreneurial intentions. In order to fulfill this gap, this research analyzes the main factors influencing Lebanese women’s entrepreneurial intentions: dominance, innovativeness, independence, and social encouragement. A scientific literature review was conducted to develop the research model and propose the research hypotheses. A survey questionnaire was prepared and distributed online to collect data from 620 Lebanese women. Then, the collected data was analyzed and presented employing descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, PLS structural equation modeling techniques, and importance-performance map analysis. The findings revealed significant relationships between the research variables except for women’s independence. Also, the findings showed that social encouragement for women partially mediates the relationship between innovativeness and women’s entrepreneurial intentions.
... The Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship states that "social entrepreneurship is about the application of practical, innovative, sustainable approaches with the aim of developing society, with an emphasis on those who are marginalised and poor" (Schwabfound, n.d.). According to Dickel and Eckardt (2021), a distinction should be made between a social entrepreneur and a social enterprise. Namely, social enterprises primarily (therefore not exclusively) operate in the private non-profit sector, while social entrepreneurs, as leaders in social change, operate in the private for-profit, public and private non-profit sectors (Petković, 2021 Digital transformation. ...
Background: Today, the digital transformation of business is one of the conditions for survival on the market. The development of digital technology is progressing rapidly, and only the business entities that keep pace with this development can expect good business results. Social entrepreneurship is an excellent way to solve the problems of social inequality and poverty and thus leads to economic growth and development. Purpose: The main goal of this research is to create a theoretical model of digital transformation of social entrepreneurship. This model can be a useful tool for deciding on the digital transformation of business. We investigated motivation of managers and employees as an influencing factor for the digital transformation of business. We declared other influencing factors as constants. Study design: We measured motivation by personal and professional use of the Internet, the acquisition of digital skills, the cost of labour of those who are involved in the digitisation process, and the application of data protection software. Ninety-seven social entrepreneurship entities from Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) participated in the research. The research was carried out using questionnaires, and we analysed the obtained data using correlation and regression methods. Findings: The results showed that motivation is a significant factor in the digital transformation of social entrepreneurship. Based on the results of the research, we have created a model of digital transformation of social entrepreneurship entities that can lead to economic and social development through steps applicable in practice. Limitations/future research: The most significant limitation of the research is the lack of an official register of social entrepreneurship entities from which we can collect data about the number of these entities. To future researchers, we leave open questions of other influencing factors for the development of social entrepreneurship, such as knowledge, sources of funding for initial business activities, etc.
... However, this has led to neglect in other areas, such as market focus and innovation. This area also includes several studies that focus on the personal profile of social entrepreneurs (Hockerts 2017), in addition to interest in matters such as gender, with a preference for female social entrepreneurs (Dickel and Eckardt 2021) as well as those who are young (Lewis 2016). This cluster is related to development and innovation. ...
The objective is analyzing the trends in Social Entrepreneurship Education as a multidisciplinary research field. A systematic review of the literature on the intersection: Education and Social Entrepreneurship, with the support of scientific literature and a careful search methodology. It collects articles from the WOS Core collection database published between 2000 and 2022. A total of 367 articles are analyzed to answer the three research questions. The results of the analysis are twelve dimensions identified according to the literature in the field of social entrepreneurship education; after using lexicometric analysis and Iramuteq software, the main trends on the topics are found and discussed and the relationship of terms and concepts in the abstract and title text of the analyzed articles is shown, showing the frequency, importance of linkage, and co-occurrences of lexical units. Six clusters of nodes and related terms are confirmed: entrepreneur, development and innovation, education, entrepreneurial university, context, and types of study. These clusters show the concern for the field of study of social entrepreneurship education and the need to find a consensus on the concept of an entrepreneur and on what is social entrepreneurship in education. The wide range of topics, dispersed and fragmented, continues to offer opportunities for specificity.
Purpose
Social enterprises (SE) face unique challenges and tensions that require resilience and business sustainability efforts to survive and grow. Therefore, authors perform a PRISMA based systematic literature review (SLR) that provides specific organizational practices constructed from the themes derived through the study. It also critically analyses this data and enables SE practitioners to build resilience and foster business sustainability.
Methodology
This study performed bibliometric analysis on 1743 articles from all journals indexed in Scopus and Web of Science. This study systematically analyzed 257 journal articles from reputed journals to elaborate and classify SE resilience and/or sustainability practices.
Findings and Implications
Eleven clusters were developed following a systematic review process: economic and social effects, entrepreneurship, financial sustainability, hybridity management, bricolage, social impact, social network, social innovation, strategic orientation, digital technology and institutional support. Social entrepreneurs and managers will find meaningful conversations in the findings. Research gaps are delineated as one of the outcomes of this study.
Originality
There are such reviews on for-profit or commercial businesses, but they are missing in the SE literature.
Purpose
The objective of this paper is to examine whether there are differences between male and female students, as well as the relationship of job attributes that have commonly been associated with masculinity and commercial and social entrepreneurial intention.
Design/methodology/approach
Survey data from a representative sample of students enrolled in public and private universities in the Community of Madrid (Spain) are used. The methodology is based on the estimation of a probit model to evaluate the influence of gender and job-related factors linked to male or female aspects on the intention to develop commercial and social entrepreneurship (SE) projects.
Findings
Results show superior commercial entrepreneurship (CE) on the behalf of men and a greater linkage with masculinity characteristics. Likewise, we found a greater propensity for SE intention on behalf of women, but this intention is not significantly linked to masculine job attributes, consequently masculinity is not an obstacle to engage in social projects.
Originality/value
The findings empirically demonstrate differences in commercial and SE intention regarding masculinity, considering male sex and job attributes believed as masculine.
There is growing interest in social entrepreneurship as an innovative business model. This chapter aims to clarify the contours of this concept by exploring its theoretical foundations, its specific features and the challenges it faces. Based on an in-depth literature review and case studies, we propose a synthesis of the different approaches to social entrepreneurship and analyse the mechanisms for creating social and economic value. Our contribution lies in identifying the key success factors and levers for action to encourage the development of social entrepreneurship. The results of this research offer interesting prospects for social entrepreneurs, investors, public policies and researchers, by highlighting the potential of this model to respond to the major societal issues of our time.
The past decade has witnessed a surge in SEI research, resulting in important insights regarding the role of SEI in creating social ventures. However, the rapid growth of SEI research, emerging literature, and the undeniable fact that SEI builds on various disciplines and fields has resulted in fragmented literature without a dominant framework. The current research aims to explore the determinants of social entrepreneurial intentions leading to social venture creation behavior and develop a framework, thereby widening the knowledge of SEI. We adopted a systematic literature review process for this study by analyzing 80 relevant research papers with SEI as the core theme, identifying research gaps, and recommending a future agenda. The review resulted in the classification of antecedents into Situational and Dispositional factors, further leading to the development of the ADO framework. In addition, research gaps identified include the role of education, age, personality factors, and social media influence on SEI creation. The study offers a paradigmatic picture of the topic, underlines current research trends, summarizes literature from different disciplinary origins, establishes links between unrelated streams of research, and reveals research gaps.
This paper identifies and maps themes and critiques emerging from feminist-informed and gender-focused mainstream entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship (SE) literatures. We aim to develop a robust, theoretically-informed gender-aware framework for future SE research.
A five-stage literature review process was undertaken to identify the common themes, key knowledge gaps and areas of contention highlighted by feminist critiques of mainstream entrepreneurship and what we refer to here as the ‘critical SE literature’. We draw on a widely used framework of epistemological approaches to discuss the emergent themes, specifically utilising three dominant epistemologies previously found to map onto entrepreneurship policy, those being: ‘gender as variable’, feminist standpoint, and feminist poststructuralist positions.
We find feminist perspectives on SE particularly distinctive for their high reliance on relational and embedded accounts of the economy, more attentive to collectivist themes like ‘belongingness’ in the performance of gender and identity, and maintaining a challenge to neoliberal and postfeminist norms. Anchoring each perspective in their respective epistemologies, we demonstrate their lineage in critiques of mainstream entrepreneurship and critical (non-feminist) SE. However, divergences from these lineages lead us to identify diversely contextualised and value-adding feminist accounts of SE that add richness and nuance to mainstream entrepreneurship theorising.
The relative ‘youth’ of the gender-focused and feminist-informed SE literature, alongside the theoretical relevance of the feminist critique of mainstream entrepreneurship and critical social entrepreneurship literatures, lead us to draw on the strengths of a more interpretivist paradigm in our research. This amplifies our ability to support the revelation of conceptual connections and relationships between emergent themes, theories, epistemologies and approaches drawn from multidisciplinary sources and to thereby enhance the reach, and associated value, of our research findings.
This review responds to calls for a gender-aware framework for social entrepreneurship research by (1) developing a set of original emergent themes, (2) tracing their intellectual lineage in associated research fields, and (3) using them to deepen the connection between feminist epistemologies and entrepreneurship concepts.
Purpose
Studies on social entrepreneurial intention have been increasing in recent years due to the growing concerns of young people on social and sustainability issues. Although social entrepreneurship is gaining momentum in emerging economies, only limited studies explore antecedents of social entrepreneurial intention in these countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to integrate the concept of entrepreneurship competence with the theory of planned behavior and examine the interrelationship between antecedents of this theory.
Design/methodology/approach
A survey of university students was used to validate the theory of planned behavior in explaining social entrepreneurial intention. Samples were selected using purposive sampling involving university students who had been exposed to social entrepreneurship incubators. The 372 valid responses were analyzed using partial least square structural equation modeling.
Findings
This study confirms the applicability of the theory of planned behavior to explain social entrepreneurial intention, even though not all attitudes toward social entrepreneurship orientation were significant. Out of five orientations, only attitudes toward social innovation significantly directed social entrepreneurial intention. This study validates that subjective norms and perceived behavioral control determine attitudes toward social entrepreneurship orientation. The roles of education and prior experience in providing entrepreneurship competence also positively shape individuals’ attitudes toward social entrepreneurship orientation and perceived behavioral control.
Research limitations/implications
Although perceived behavioral control and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are frequently interchangeable, these concepts are independent. This study does not include social entrepreneurial self-efficacy by only examining the effect of entrepreneurship competence on perceived behavioral control. Data were limited to university students who have been exposed to social entrepreneurship incubators, which may not fully reflect the tendency of general Indonesian youths to become social entrepreneurs.
Practical implications
As entrepreneurship competence is essential in stimulating social entrepreneurial intention through the formation of attitudes toward social innovation and perceived behavioral control, the government and the universities can collaborate in establishing a supportive social entrepreneurship ecosystem within and outside the universities. This ecosystem may equip youths with essential knowledge and resources as well as complement subjective norms.
Originality/value
Studies of social entrepreneurial intention have mostly applied psychological theories; however, they rarely consider the impact of entrepreneurship education as the driver of social entrepreneurial intention. Studies of social entrepreneurial intention from psychological and educational perspectives tend to run in parallel. This study integrates entrepreneurship competence into the theory of planned behavior to explain social entrepreneurial intention. In addition, while social entrepreneurship is believed to consist of multiple orientations, not many studies have deliberated on this. This study reflects these multiple social entrepreneurship orientations in the attitudes toward social entrepreneurship.
Recientemente se observa un aumento en el interés por el emprendimiento social como fenómeno que aborda la resolución de problemas sociales como un aspecto central dentro del mundo empresarial. En la academia también se ve reflejado este interés, a través del aumento significativo de investigaciones sobre Intención Emprendedora Social (IES).
Con el propósito de contribuir en la revisión de la producción científica sobre IES, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre esta temática, abarcando las publicaciones existentes hasta 2023 y realizando un análisis de rendimiento y de mapas científicos mediante el software VOSviewer.
La revisión realizada se basa en 377 artículos publicados en revistas indexadas en Web of Science y en Scopus. Los resultados confirman, por un lado, un interés creciente por el tópico en cuestión, fundamentalmente en revistas del área de las Ciencias Sociales. Por otro lado, este interés se muestra en multitud de países, siendo China, seguido de Estados Unidos los principales países en el ranking de contribuciones. Del análisis relacional se desprende la existencia de una red dispersa en autoría, salvo aquellas lideradas por los autores más prolíficos. Finalmente, el análisis de coocurrencia obtiene una red nodal con 6 clústeres, destacando el contexto educativo como recurrente, con la Teoría del Comportamiento Planificado y el Modelo de Mair y Noboa como enfoques prevalentes. Además, resaltan la importancia de variables personales en las personas emprendedoras y la relevancia de abordar preocupaciones sociales como la Covid-19 y la sostenibilidad.
The evolution of socio-economic relations has determined the emergence of such a type of activity as social entrepreneurship, which applies the commercial component to businesses that directly influence the transformation of the social sphere by solv ing concrete social problems. The purpose of this study was to summarise the theo retical foundations and practical experience of social entrepreneurship in Kazakh stan. The information base for the study was provided by relevant scientific studies in this area, as well as regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan and official statis tical information. The findings reveal a significant increase in the number of social entrepreneurship entities, indicating the dynamism of this sector's development. However, over 43% of these entities fall under category 4, characterized by simpli fied criteria for inclusion in the register, suggesting limited involvement of socially vulnerable segments of the population. Accordingly, there is a limited involvement of socially vulnerable segments of the population in the economic activity of the country due to the low activity of business involvement in solving social problems, which underlies the functioning of the industry. The study highlights the vital role of social entrepreneurship in addressing inequalities and fostering sustainable devel opment by solving concrete social problems. By providing employment opportuni ties, access to essential goods and services, and innovative solutions, social enter prises can contribute to reducing inequalities, promoting inclusive economic growth, and creating sustainable communities. Based on the identified problems, to improve the efficiency of social entrepreneurship functioning, this study offered practical recommendations aimed at improving administrative and regulatory mechanisms.
Female entrepreneurs have irreplaceable status and essential significance in entrepreneurship research. Improving females’ entrepreneurial intentions is an important topic in this area. Accordingly, this study, based on the theory of planned behavior, investigates the factors that affect female students’ entrepreneurial intention at China’s vocational colleges and whether household income moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial education, attitude, competence, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. 2149 females from vocational colleges in Guangdong Province, Zhejiang Province, and Jiangxi Province were randomly chosen to participate in the study. They had taken part in entrepreneurial courses throughout 2021–2022. In addition, data were analyzed by structural equation modeling partial least squares. The results demonstrate that entrepreneurial education did not directly affect female students’ intentions. Entrepreneurial competence, self-efficacy, and attitude positively affect entrepreneurial intention. It is further concluded that household income significantly moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial education, attitude, competence, and intention. However, there is no significant difference in the relationship between self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention between high and low-household-income students. While females continue to confront sexism in the workplace, it is crucial that we conduct empirical research into the factors influencing female entrepreneurial intention to boost economic growth and gender parity. This research helps bridge a gap in the prior literature and adds substantial value to encouraging female entrepreneurs.
CONTEXT
Advisory organizations represent the component of agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) that is charged with the intentional creation and diffusion of knowledge and innovation. Albeit flourishing, research on AKIS has not yet assessed the degree to which these organizations promote agricultural sustainability through their advice. Moreover, despite the vivid scholarly debate on the differences between public and non-public providers of farm advice, we still lack data on the levels to which these two types of organizations engage in sustainability promotion activities.
OBJECTIVE
The present study pursues two main objectives. First, to identify factors affecting sustainability promotion on the part of public advisory organizations, private advisory companies, and freelancers operating in Greece. Second, to examine whether these advice providers differ in the degree to which they promote sustainability, also comparing them on a series of relevant constructs.
METHODS
To meet our objectives, we adopted a mixed research design. The quantitative strand was based on data collected from 48 Greek advisors. We developed instruments reflecting sustainability promotion, available resources, (internal or external) motivation toward promoting sustainability, dynamic capabilities, sustainability orientation, and mission setting. To analyze data, we used bivariate analyses and a simultaneous regression model. A follow-up qualitative strand involved semi-structured interviews with 12 advisors and six farmers. The data collected through the interviews were thematically analyzed.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Our quantitative analysis indicated that the promotion of sustainability by advisory service providers is associated with two dimensions of their sustainability orientation (importance attributed to sustainability and development of a sustainability mindset), the setting of relevant missions, and the sensing capacity of advisory organizations (i.e., their ability to sense opportunities and threats through scanning their external environment). For all the advice providers, the levels of sustainability promotion were moderate. Moreover, we did not find differences between public advisory organizations, private advisory companies, and freelancers in their sustainability promotion, sustainability orientation, and mission setting. The thematic analysis further confirmed that Greek advisory service providers put limited emphasis on promoting sustainability. In addition, qualitative data uncovered that farmers and advisors attribute diverging meanings to sustainability, with producers and non-public advisors emphasizing its economic dimension and public organizations focusing on environmental sustainability.
SIGNIFICANCE
Our study reveals that the gap between expectations and reality regarding the promotion of sustainability by advisory organizations can be considerable. It also points out the importance of sustainability orientation and the setting of relevant missions for promoting agricultural sustainability.
Purpose
This is the application of the Entropy and TOPSIS model to assess the eco-efficiency of European financial institutions using environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies. The aim is to categorize financial institutions based on key factors such as environmental training and management and to examine the alignment between ideal ESG performance and eco-efficiency.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies to identify and categorize eco-entrepreneurs in European financial institutions. The study utilizes data to examine the structure between environmental training, effective management practices, and the green performance of financial institutions.
Findings
The study shows that European financial institutions exhibit varying degrees of eco-efficiency as assessed using the Entropy and TOPSIS model applied to ESG strategies. Surprisingly, the study found that institutions with a high ESG performance do not always match those with the highest eco-efficiency.
Research limitations/implications
They emphasize the need for financial institutions to align their operations with sustainable practices. This research provides insights to increase eco-efficiency and improve the ESG performance of financial institutions. It also informs policy and decision-making in these institutions in relation to environmental training and management practices, contributing to the wider dialogue on sustainable finance.
Originality/value
This indicates a discrepancy between ESG ratings and actual eco-efficiency, emphasizing the need to reassess the ESG framework. The study findings are crucial for aligning financial institutions with sustainable practices and improving the effectiveness of the ESG framework, especially for institutions at the lower end of the eco-efficiency spectrum.
Tujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk meneliti apakahfaktor lingkungan dekat dan stigma kegagalan dalam berwirausaha berpengaruh terhadap niat berwirausaha dan dimediasi oleh orientasi kewirausahaan individu pada mahasiswa/I Universitas swasta di Jakarta Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik non-probability sampling. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 277 responden mahasiswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan variabel orientasi kewirausahaan individu memediasi penilaian lebih dekat dengan lingkungan terhadap niat berwirausaha, tetapi stigma kegagalan dalam berwirausaha tidak berpengaruh terhadap niat berwirausaha. The purpose of this study was to examine whether close environmental factors and the stigma of failure in entrepreneurship affect entrepreneurial intentions and are mediated by individual entrepreneurial orientation in private university students in West Jakarta. This study uses non-probability sampling techniques. The number of samples in this study amounted to 277 student respondents. The results showed that the individual entrepreneurial orientation variable mediates the assessment of closer to the environment on entrepreneurial intention, but the stigma of failure in entrepreneurship has no effect on entrepreneurial intention.
The objective of this paper is to understand gender differences in sustainable entrepreneurial intentions among university students through the attitude, education, and moral obligations of an individual. The data was collected from 372 students from the universities of the northern part of India. Results of the study revealed that moral obligation plays a strong predicting role in sustainable entrepreneurship intentions (SEI) in both subsamples. Even females have a stronger influence of moral obligation on the intentions than males. Also, education about sustainability has a trivial influence on the SEI in the whole sample. Surprisingly, attitude and education about sustainability do not influence the intentions about sustainable entrepreneurship among university students. The study will help the universities to amplify the role of gender in entrepreneurship intentions particularly the one supporting sustainability. The present study is among the first very few to focus on the gender differences among students toward SEI. ARTICLE HISTORY
While the nexus of the entrepreneurial education (EE) framework shapes education policies and promotes entrepreneurial opportunities to achieve global sustainable development goals, studies on the potential mechanisms by which the ecosystem dimension of entrepreneurial education (EEE) influences entrepreneurial behavior are still scarce. To address these lacunae, this research study investigates the interaction between EEE elements (institutional environment, course curriculum, and academic incubators) and sustainable entrepreneurial intention (SEI) and in addition, examines the role of attitude towards sustainability (ATS) as a mediator from the resource dependence perspective, deploying the theories of planned behavior and social cognitive career. Furthermore, we examine the moderating role of sustainable entrepreneurial orientation (SEO) in the relationship between ATS and SEI. We developed and tested a model on a sample of 402 university and academic institution students with diverse academic backgrounds using partial least squares structural equation modeling. Results indicate that ecosystem elements of EE and attitudinal attributes are crucial factors in promoting SEI. The indirect impact of EEE involves fostering ATS, which in turn augment SEI. The results also reveal that SEO is a moderator that shapes attitudes and career intentions towards sustainable entrepreneurship. In sum, the present empirical study sheds light on the pathway to build sustainable entrepreneurial careers through analyzing the ecosystem framework of entrepreneurship education. Implications, limitations, and future research avenues are discussed in detail.
This paper examined the learning experiences of a group of undergraduate business students from a Thai business school in a social business course. The key point to examine in this study is learning and teaching approaches for social business education that can promote understanding of gender diversity. To understand the experiences of stakeholders in social business education, a qualitative approach was adopted wherein students, teaching staff and social entrepreneurs engaged with the researcher in a real-time, hands-on social business environment. We collected secondary data from assignments, feedback, and presentations from students and their social business coaches. We also collected primary data in the form of personal interviews with two social entrepreneurs who coached students in this course. The results suggest that the development of pedagogy for social business requires multidisciplinary collaboration and codesign among course coordinators, teachers, social business, and students. We also summarized four appropriate learning approaches, LGBTIQ + social business, in the Thai higher education context: advocacy, problem-based, research-based and practical-operational approaches. We suggest that social business should also be taught by academic staff and industry representatives to help students in the learning process. This study also suggests that a student-centered approach can help students synergize social impacts with the financial returns of social business by adopting inquiry-based activities, role plays, and talking with LGBTIQ + social entrepreneurs.
This paper investigates differences between nascent and established entrepreneurs with regard to their ventures environmental orientation. Based on quantitative data of more than 10,000 entrepreneurs, analyses of variance (ANOVA) are conducted. The results show that the average environmental orientation is significantly higher among nascent than among established entrepreneurs. Variables are identified which influence the magnitude of these differences, as they exert different effects on environmental orientation among nascent and established entrepreneurs, such as household income or media reports. Based on the findings, implications for policymakers, entrepreneurs as well as for entrepreneurship education are drawn to use the potential of nascent environmental entrepreneurs more comprehensively. For instance, teaching institutions need to give realistic impressions of the challenges and potentials of environmental entrepreneurship. Similarly, environmental entrepreneurs should think about the specific challenges connected with environmentally-oriented ventures, such as potential trade-offs between environmental and economic objectives, at early stages of their entrepreneurial activity.This paper investigates differences between nascent and established entrepreneurs with regard to their ventures
Sustainability and entrepreneurship are often regarded as binary concepts that have a tradeoff relationship, meaning that the higher the social and environmental consideration, the lower the private and economic benefits. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of individual sustainability orientation on opportunity recognition and sustainable entrepreneurship intention, and examine whether it has a tradeoff relationship with entrepreneurship orientation. The result of this study shows that sustainability orientation has a positive relationship with opportunity recognition and entrepreneurship intention related to sustainability. Analysis of the moderating effects of entrepreneurship orientation reveals the positive effect with sustainability orientation but negative effect with opportunity recognition on sustainable entrepreneurship intention. This study would suggest implications to entrepreneurs on how to balance sustainability and entrepreneurship and promote sustainability entrepreneurship.
Purpose
Entrepreneurial intention plays a major role in entrepreneurship academia and practice. However, little is known about the intentions of entrepreneurs in the social area of venture creation. This paper aims to formulate a well-organized model of social entrepreneurial intention.
Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws on intention models in entrepreneurship literature in general and social entrepreneurship in particular to identify gaps. Based on these findings, a new conceptual model is formulated.
Findings
There is no research to be found which uses the social cognitive career theory (SCCT) to explain about an individual’s intention to become a social entrepreneur, although this theory is recently suggested as an inclusive framework for entrepreneurial intention (Doan Winkel et al., 2011). It is also supportive by the empirical research of Segal et al. (2002). Therefore, a conceptual model of entrepreneurial intention in the field of social entrepreneurship is formulated based on adapting and extending the SCCT.
Originality/value
The paper contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by providing new insights about social entrepreneurial intention. The result has important implications for theory and practice. In theory, it is the first model offering the SCCT as the background of formation for social entrepreneurial intention, with a distinct perspective of social entrepreneurship as a career. It raises a future direction for researchers to test this model. In practice, this framework provides a broad view of factors that could contribute to the success of the would-be a social entrepreneur.
The present study aims at identifying the social entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate students in Indian context by using the theory of planned behaviour as the research framework. A 72 item questionnaire was responded by 390 students of premier technical universities of India. A method of sampling used was systematized random sampling. 69% (N = 269) of the respondents were male and 31% (N = 121) were female and the average age of the respondents was approximately 20 years. The questionnaire measured emotional intelligence, creativity, and moral obligation, attitude toward becoming a social entrepreneur, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. The result shows that the proposed model in the present study explains 47% of the variance, explaining the social entrepreneurship intention. Creativity showed a strongest positive relationship followed by emotional intelligence. This research study contributes to the social entrepreneurship literature by introducing emotional intelligence and creativity as new antecedents that also explains social entrepreneurial intention formation.
Purpose
To fully understand the concept of social entrepreneurship (SE), contextual factors need to be accounted as the influence of the institutional environment on individual behaviour has received little attention in the literature. By heeding the research call for quantitative work in this emerging field, hypotheses are formulated which predict the influence of different institutional profiles on SE intentions. The paper aims to discuss these issues.
Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey design was administered in an under-researched emerging market context – South Africa. Hypotheses were then statistically tested using correlational analysis and structural equation modelling.
Findings
The results indicate that the regulatory environment has a positive and significant impact on feasibility and desirability, and furthermore both feasibility and desirability positively affect intentions.
Originality/value
The study contributes towards a new understanding of the influence of the institutional environment on social entrepreneurial intentions and its antecedents in an African emerging market context, and may serve as a catalyst for this emerging and important global activity.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions (SEIs) in postgraduate students in the South-East European region.
Design/methodology/approach
A quantitative approach (self-administered online questionnaire) is used to gather data. The total number of the questionnaires that were collected and analyzed through SPSS statistical suite was 115 from which 111 were valid.
Findings
From the proposed five hypotheses set in the literature, only the personality trait theory was totally rejected because it failed to predict social and commercial entrepreneurial intentions (EIs). The remaining hypotheses were found to be valid. The study’s key finding is that the chosen theory (Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior (TPB)), is able to predict both kinds of intentions. An alarming key finding is that tensions in mission focus seem to be present in the early shaped intentions of potential social entrepreneurs.
Research limitations/implications
Research findings impose that major educational and policy efforts are needed to promote the theme of social entrepreneurship (SE). The results indicate that most of the postgraduates have not yet fully understood the mindset of SE as they were confused about the synergy of the goals (inherent in their social vs profit intentions).
Originality/value
This research contributes in three major ways to the literature. First, it shows that SEIs seem to be shaped similarly to EIs; determined mostly by two of the motivational factors of the TPB (personal attitude and perceived behavioral control). Second, it shows which factors seem to affect both constructs and third, it adds to the literature by showing that tensions in mission focus are evident early on in the intentions’ formation process, underlying the necessity of immediate educational and legislative precautions.
Entrepreneurship has been the engine propelling much of the growth of the business sector as well as a driving force behind the rapid expansion of the social sector. This article offers a comparative analysis of commercial and social entrepreneurship using a prevailing analytical model from commercial entrepreneurship. The analysis highlights key similarities and differences between these two forms of entrepreneurship and presents a framework on how to approach the social entrepreneurial process more systematically and effectively. We explore the implications of this analysis of social entrepreneurship for both practitioners and researchers.
Entrepreneurship aiming at social benefits has become ubiquitous. Social entrepreneurship (SE) involves innovative approaches to address issues in the domains of education, environment, fair trade, health and human rights and is widely regarded as an important building block of the sustainable development of countries.
This article compares access to capital for men-and women-owned small businesses using data from the 1993 National Survey of Small Business Finances. Findings reveal that women-owned firms are less likely to use external financing as a source of capital. It does not appear, however, that lenders discriminate against women on the basis of gender in terms of access to capital. A second part of this study examines the terms under which women obtain credit to determine whether they are at a relative disadvantage from that perspective. Findings reveal that women-owned firms paid higher interest rates than men for their most recent loans. In addition, women-owned service firms were more likely to put up collateral than men-owned service firms.
This article tests the model proposed by Mair and Noboa (2006) who identify four antecedents which they suggest predict social entrepreneurial intentions. The study extends the model by including prior experience with social problems as an additional variable. Findings show that prior experience predicts social entrepreneurial intentions. This effect is mediated by the antecedents suggested by Mair and Noboa. Social entrepreneurial self-efficacy has both the largest impact on intentions as well as being itself most responsive to prior experience. Lastly, the study shows that the amount of optional social entrepreneurship electives students enroll in is predicted by social entrepreneurial intentions.
This study explores the motivations and opportunity recognition patterns of 30 Israeli social entrepreneurs (SEs) through life story analysis. The majority of participants were motivated by pull factors that included prosocial behaviors based on past or current life events. Others were motivated by push factors, including job dissatisfaction and a search for meaning. Based on grounded theory-building and sensemaking perspectives, we develop a theoretical process model that links motivations, opportunity recognition, and prosocial activities of SEs. Their experiences created an awareness of unmet societal needs, which led to opportunity recognition and formation of social ventures to help fill the gaps.
Research dealing with various aspects of* the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985,
1987) is reviewed, and some unresolved issues are discussed. In broad terms, the theory is
found to be well supported by empirical evidence. Intentions to perform behaviors of different
kinds can be predicted with high accuracy from attitudes toward the behavior, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control; and these intentions, together with perceptions of
behavioral control, account for considerable variance in actual behavior. Attitudes, subjective
norms, and perceived behavioral control are shown to be related to appropriate sets of salient
behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about the behavior, but the exact nature of these
relations is still uncertain. Expectancy value formulations are found to be only partly
successful in dealing with these relations. Optimal rescaling of expectancy and value
measures is offered as a means of dealing with measurement limitations. Finally, inclusion of
past behavior in the prediction equation is shown to provide a means of testing the theory*s
sufficiency, another issue that remains unresolved. The limited available evidence concerning
this question shows that the theory is predicting behavior quite well in comparison to the
ceiling imposed by behavioral reliability.
The purpose of this research is to investigate awareness, intentions/support, and the contextual elements among higher education students in the University of Tehran (UT) in order to find the gap(s) in social entrepreneurship education in Iran. The authors used Ajzen's theory of planned behaviour as the theoretical framework. The research questions are based on a revised version of Kirby and Ibrahim's (2011) questionnaire. A survey was conducted in three faculties of UT. These faculties were selected intentionally, to evaluate the social entrepreneurship gaps for post-graduates of entrepreneurship, management, and engineering, and to capture varied orientations. Findings show a significant rate of intention towards and awareness of the concept among respondents, but a lack of sufficient attention to contextual elements and adequate support. Investigating social entrepreneurship intention and education is lacking in Iran's higher education and this study is one of the first in the country.
We develop the institutional configuration perspective to understand which national contexts facilitate social entrepreneurship (SE). We confirm joint effects on SE of formal regulatory (government activism), informal cognitive (postmaterialist cultural values), and informal normative (socially supportive cultural norms, or weak-tie social capital) institutions in a multilevel study of 106,484 individuals in 26 nations. We test opposing propositions from the institutional void and institutional support perspectives. Our results underscore the importance of resource support from both formal and informal institutions, and highlight motivational supply side influences on SE. They advocate greater consideration of institutional configurations in institutional theory and comparative entrepreneurship research.
The research on entrepreneurship education–entrepreneurial intentions has yielded mixed results. We meta-analyzed 73 studies with a total sample size of 37,285 individuals and found a significant but a small correlation between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions (). This correlation is also greater than that of business education and entrepreneurial intentions. However, after controlling for pre-education entrepreneurial intentions, the relationship between entrepreneurship education and post-education entrepreneurial intentions was not significant. We also analyzed moderators, such as the attributes of entrepreneurship education, students' differences, and cultural values. Our results have implications for entrepreneurship education scholars, program evaluators, and policy makers.
This study aims to reveal the effect of an interaction between culture and sex
on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions, while building on notions of
a cultural construction of gender. The study adopts the theory of planned
behaviour as the setting for such exploration, as it has been proven to be robust
across national contexts. The analysis is based on survey data collected from
business students in Norway and Turkey. Both countries were selected as two
distinct and opposite cultural constellations in accordance with the dissatisfaction
approach to entrepreneurship. Turkey representing a relatively masculine,
high power distance, uncertainty avoiding and collectivistic society; while
Norway representing the opposite. Results show that Turkish students,
regardless of sex, exhibit significantly higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions
and self-efficacy. Male students, regardless of national background, exhibit
higher levels of entrepreneurial intentions, self-efficacy and social norms.
Finally, our study shows that the extent to which males differ from females in
terms of their entrepreneurial intentions is contingent on the national cultural
context from which they originate.
Acquiring the knowledge they need to organize new businesses is a life-long learning process for nascent entrepreneurs, both before and during the organizing process. We argue that creating viable and profitable ventures depends not only on the habits, heuristics, and routines that nascent entrepreneurs have acquired from family, schools, and work careers prior to the startup stage, but also on what they can learn by doing, borrowing, and experimenting during the startup process. Entrepreneurs without effective habits or heuristics, or who have acquired less knowledge or fewer routines, may not be able to learn fast enough from feedback during the startup process to avoid being selected out. We conclude the paper by offering critical questions and a research agenda for learning and organizing in new ventures.
Effective human capital formation through the medium of entrepreneurship education and training (EET) is of increasing concern for governments, as EET is growing rapidly across the world. Unfortunately, there is a lack of consistent evidence showing that EET helps to create more or better entrepreneurs. We undertake the first quantitative review of the literature and, in the context of human capital theory, find that there is indeed support for the value of EET. Based on 42 independent samples (N = 16,657), we find a significant relationship between EET and entrepreneurship-related human capital assets (rw = .217) and entrepreneurship outcomes (rw = .159). The relationship between EET and entrepreneurship outcomes is stronger for academic-focused EET interventions (rw = .238) than for training-focused EET interventions (rw = .151). We find evidence of heterogeneity in many of our correlations, and recommend that future studies examine potential moderators to more clearly delineate EET effect sizes. We also find a number of methodological weaknesses among the studies analyzed and that those studies with lower methodological rigor are overstating the effect of EET. Recommendations to improve the quality of future work in the field are provided.
The study of gender differences in entrepreneurial self-efficacy to date has produced inconclusive results. Cross-cultural
studies are virtually non-existent. The present study seeks to understand the complex interplay of biological sex, socialized
gender-roles, and culture on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and motivation to become an entrepreneur. Findings indicate that
among American business students the traditional view of “entrepreneur as male” is fading. For the next generation of business
leaders and entrepreneurs, a new entrepreneur stereotype is emerging that balances stereotypical feminine and masculine characteristics.
These findings were not replicated in Spain where traditional gender-role stereotypes associated with entrepreneurship persist,
even among business students. Implications for entrepreneurial education are discussed as they relate to the development of
skills associated with venture creation.
This study provides a comparative analysis of 7 cases of social entrepreneurship that have been widely recognized as successful. The article suggests factors associated with successful social entrepreneurship, particularly with social entrepreneurship that leads to significant changes in the social, political, and economic contexts for poor and marginalized groups. It generates propositions about core innovations, leadership and organization, and scaling up in social entrepreneurship that produces societal transformation. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications for social entrepreneurship practice, research, and continued development.
Entrepreneurial passion plays an important role in entrepreneurship, but theoretical
understanding of what it is and what it does is lacking. We build on fragmented and
disparate extant work to conceptualize the nature of entrepreneurial passion associated
with salient entrepreneurial role identities. We also theorize the mechanisms of
the experience of entrepreneurial passion that provide coherence to goal-directed
cognitions and behaviors during the pursuit of entrepreneurial effectiveness.
Social entrepreneurship has recently received greater recognition from the public sector, as well as from scholars. However, the lack of a unifying paradigm in the field has lead to a proliferation of definitions. Moreover, several approaches of the phenomenon, as well as different schools of thought, have emerged in different regions of the world. At first glance, because of different conceptions of capitalism and of the government's role, there seems to be a difference between the American and the European conceptions of social entrepreneurship. The objective of this paper is to clarify the concepts of ‘social entrepreneurship’, ‘social entrepreneur’ and ‘social entrepreneurship organization’ and to examine whether there is a transatlantic divide in the way these are conceived and defined. After having justified the need for a definition, we present the different geographical perspectives. North American and European literatures on social entrepreneurship are critically analysed by means of Gartner's four differentiating aspects: the individual, the process, the organization and the environment. We show that there is no clear-cut transatlantic divide, but that, even within the US, different conceptions coexist. We propose definitions for the main concepts associated with social entrepreneurship and, finally, discuss implications for future research.
Empathy is a key trait distinguishing social entrepreneurs from traditional entrepreneurs, and an important antecedent of social entrepreneurial (SE) intentions. Yet, little research explains the mechanisms through which empathy motivates SE intentions. We argue that studying the link between the prosocial trait of empathy and the prosocial outcome of SE intentions requires a prosocial lens that traditional entrepreneurial intent theories cannot offer. Building on prosocial motives research, we propose that empathy explains SE intentions through two complementary mechanisms: self-efficacy (an agentic mechanism), and social worth (a communal mechanism). We find support for our hypotheses in a study of 281 university students.
This empirical study adds to the literature by investigating the influences of the personality traits, creativity, and social capital of Taiwan and Hong Kong university students on social entrepreneurial intentions. A total of 301 valid survey responses from Taiwan and 147 from Hong Kong were collected. The results indicated that original creativity and bonding social capital positively affected social entrepreneurial conviction in both groups of students. Conscientiousness negatively affected and original creativity positively affected social entrepreneurial preparation in Taiwanese students, whereas openness negatively affected and original creativity positively affected social entrepreneurial preparation in students from Hong Kong.
Despite the increase in scholarship on social entrepreneurship over the years, there is a lack of large-scale empirical research from which generalizations about social entrepreneurs can be made. As such, our understanding of these individuals is limited. In particular, we know little about the drivers motivating social entrepreneurs in their quest to create for-profit ventures and whether they differ from those of commercial entrepreneurs. In response to a call to investigate the possibility of such differences, we analyse data from Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics II (PSED II) and find evidence to suggest that nascent entrepreneurs seeking to create for-profit social ventures have higher levels of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and more ambitious goals than their commercial counterparts. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for academics and practitioners.
This study examined whether personality traits, creativity, and social capital affect social entrepreneurial intentions. Using both online and offline surveys, a sample of 331 Hong Kong students was recruited for analyses. Factor analyses supported that personality traits could be divided into dimensions of extraversion, openness to experience, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness; creativity could be divided into dimensions of originality and usefulness; and social capital could be divided into dimensions of bridging and bonding. The results from multiple regression analysis revealed that openness negatively predicted social entrepreneurial intentions, whereas originality positively predicted social entrepreneurial intentions. However, no direct association was found between social capital and social entrepreneurial intentions. The reason for the negative relationship between openness and social entrepreneurial intentions, which contradicted our initial claim, is discussed.
Entrepreneurial intentions, entrepreneurs' states of mind that direct attention, experience, and action toward a business concept, set the form and direction of organizations at their inception. Subsequent organizational outcomes such as survival, development (including written plans), growth, and change are based on these intentions. The study of entrepreneurial intentions provides a way of advancing entrepreneurship research beyond descriptive studies and helps to distinguish entrepreneurial activity from strategic management.
Social entrepreneurs create value for and with target communities in need. This paper responds to calls for research addressing social entrepreneurs’ drive to benefit others. We draw from psychology to augment the understanding of motives in entrepreneurship before conducting a phenomenon-driven, instrumental case study of social entrepreneurs’ motives. We find some emotions, such as entrepreneurial passion and frustration, lead to self-oriented motives, while sympathy and empathy are precursors for other-oriented motivations, such as altruism and social justice. This work provides a theoretical platform for future studies in entrepreneurial motivation that addresses the importance of nonfinancial motives and associated rewards for fostering engagement in the sector.
The goal conflict between short-term indulgence and long-term health considerations is at the heart of unhealthy food choices, and thus, a key contributor to growing adiposity prevalence. Policy makers often attempt to promote healthy eating behaviors by raising consumers’ health consciousness. Given that previous health campaigns have fallen short of expectations, this article examines the potential of health consciousness to resolve the so-called unhealthy = tasty intuition (UTI). Study 1 explores whether health consciousness attenuates belief in the UTI and its detrimental consequences for food choice and body mass. Study 2 applies the Implicit Association Test to disentangle the intuition’s implicit and explicit processes. Results show that health consciousness operates only via cognitively controlled processes. Using real food products, Study 3 analyzes how health consciousness colors the influence of composition and labeling on tastiness and healthiness perceptions. The studies jointly demonstrate that the UTI partly works implicitly and independently of health consciousness. Hence, the obesity epidemic should be addressed through concerted actions that include policy makers’ health communication and the food industry’s product development.
This study addresses antecedents of social entrepreneurial intentions. First, this study argues that an individual's appraisal to become a social entrepreneur is an important predictor of social entrepreneurial intention. Second, this study hypothesizes that this general social appraisal moderates the influences of two opportunity characteristics on social entrepreneurial intention. In line with our main argument, the results of our empirical experiment show a positive influence of general social appraisal. In addition, this appraisal weakens the influence of perceived probability of success and strengthens the influence of perceived social impact on social entrepreneurial intention. This study concludes with a discussion of the important role of an individual's general social appraisal in research and practice.
Entrepreneurship for sustainable development has become an increasingly researched area, as it is one promising response to sustainable development challenges. This paper contributes with a large-scale empirical analysis at the person level, specifically addressing the match between pursuing sustainable entrepreneurial opportunities and social and environmental concerns of the individuals behaving entrepreneurially. Despite this being a crucial precondition to actually address sustainability challenges by means entrepreneurship for sustainable development, the validity of this tenet has rarely been analysed empirically. Using large-scale survey data to analyse how sustainability orientation relates to entrepreneurial intention aimed at contributing sustainable development, this contribution helps to fill this research gap. Specifically, it shows that sustainability orientation has a positive effect on the pursuance of more sustainability-related entrepreneurial opportunities, but not on entrepreneurial intentions. The implications of these findings for environmental, social, entrepreneurship and sustainability policies are discussed.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine how age and job identification affect entrepreneurial intention.
Design/methodology/approach
– The researchers draw on a representative sample of the Austrian adult workforce and apply binary logistic regression on entrepreneurial intention.
Findings
– The findings reveal that as employees age they are less inclined to act entrepreneurially, and that their entrepreneurial intention is lower the more they identify with their job. Whereas gender, education, and previous entrepreneurial experience matter, leadership and having entrepreneurial parents seem to have no impact on the entrepreneurial intention of employees.
Research limitations/implications
– Implications relate to a contingency perspective on entrepreneurial intention where the impact of age is exacerbated by stronger identification with the job.
Practical implications
– Practical implications include the need to account for different motivational backgrounds when addressing entrepreneurial employees of different ages. Societal implications include the need to adopt an age perspective to foster entrepreneurial intentions within established organizations.
Originality/value
– While the study corroborates and extends findings from entrepreneurial intention research, it contributes new empirical insights to the age and job-dependent contingency perspective on entrepreneurial intention.
The present research applied the theory of planned behavior to predict employment status choice, defined as the intention to enter an occupation as a wage or salaried individual or as a self-employed one. The role of family background, sex, and prior self-employment experience was also investigated. Using a sample of 128 Norwegian undergraduate business students, the findings strongly support the theory of planned behavior as applied to employment status choice intentions. Moreover, demographic characteristics were found to influence employment status choice intentions only indirectly through their effect on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control.
This research developed a classification scheme of reasons given for preferring self-employment versus organizational employment. Using an open-ended approach, data were collected from persons who had obtained a master's degree in business from a Norwegian business school during the 1987–1994 period. The classification scheme that emerged questions the relevance of earlier models, which have been used to explain and predict occupational status choice.
Previous research suggests that diverse factors predict gender differences in entrepreneurial intent. Our paper integrates and expands on previous findings using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), including the deeper-level measurement model, allowing for a better understanding of the origin of differences. The results of a survey with business students indicate that the effect of gender on entrepreneurial intentions is mediated via personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control but not social norms. More precisely, vis- -vis their male counterparts, women are more driven toward entrepreneurship by motives to 'get organized' (balance) that are less dominant in predicting personal attitude. Moreover, female students are somewhat less driven toward entrepreneurship by beliefs of internal control that are more dominant in predicting perceived control. Finally, while female students are also more motivated to comply with normative role models, this did not influence their entrepreneurial intentions over and above perceived behavioral control and personal attitude. We discuss both practical and theoretical implications of our findings.
Previous research suggests that diverse factors predict gender differences in entrepreneurial intent. Our paper integrates and expands on previous findings using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), including the deeper-level measurement model, allowing for a better understanding of the origin of differences. The results of a survey with business students indicate that the effect of gender on entrepreneurial intentions is mediated via personal attitudes and perceived behavioral control but not social norms. More precisely, vis-à-vis their male counterparts, women are more driven toward entrepreneurship by motives to ‘get organized’ (balance) that are less dominant in predicting personal attitude. Moreover, female students are somewhat less driven toward entrepreneurship by beliefs of internal control that are more dominant in predicting perceived control. Finally, while female students are also more motivated to comply with normative role models, this did not influence their entrepreneurial intentions over and above perceived behavioral control and personal attitude. We discuss both practical and theoretical implications of our findings.
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Increasing interest in the development of entrepreneurial intentions has elevated the importance of theories that predict and explain individuals' propensity to start a firm. The purpose of this study is to meta-analytically test and integrate the theory of planned behavior and the entrepreneurial event model. We summarize the findings of 98 studies (123 samples, n = 114,007) and utilize meta-analytic structural equation modeling to examine the empirical fit of the competing theories and the integrated model. Our results demonstrate support for the competing theories and indicate the moderating role of contextual boundary conditions in the development of entrepreneurial intent. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the integrated model provides additional explanatory power and a fuller understanding of the process through which entrepreneurial intent develops.
Entrepreneurial intention is a rapidly evolving field of research, with a growing number of studies using entrepreneurial intention as a powerful theoretical framework. Some authors, however, are now calling for scholars to rethink the future of research on entrepreneurial intentions. This paper addresses this issue and, on the basis of a number of knowledge gaps in the literature, proposes future directions for research.
During the last two decades, researchers have sought to develop categories of entrepreneurs and their businesses along a variety of dimensions to better comprehend and analyze the entrepreneurial growth process. Some of this research has focused on differences related to industrial sectors, firm size, the geographical region in which a business is located, the use of high-technology or low-technology, and the life-cycle stage of the firm (i.e., start-up vs. more mature, formalized companies). Researchers have also considered ways in which entrepreneurs can be differentiated from small business managers. One of these classifications is based on the entrepreneur's desire to grow the business rapidly. This is the focus of our study.
Whether female entrepreneurs are disadvantaged in financing their business has been an important policy theme within the gender and enterprise literature. The question has remained controversial, as different methodological approaches have yielded contradictory results. A particular challenge is how we can best move on from exploratory research to more rigorous methods needed to separate gender differences from other causative agents. This paper presents new data on the sources and uses of finance by male and female proprietors using data obtained from a customized academic survey of 600 (300 male–owned and 300 female–owned) British businesses, part of a 3–year study on the impact of gender and small business management. The results show quantifiable gender differences in certain areas of business financing, although intra–sectoral similarities demonstrate that gender is only one of a number of variables that affect the financing process.