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A Review paper based on Design and Development of An Onion Harvesting Machine
Abstract
India is the region that depends on the Agricultural sector. As per the report of financial express in 2018, The contribution of the Agriculture sector in GDP is 17 to18%. Also, it provides employment to nearly 50% population. Still, agriculture is the main source of livelihood for many families. Despite all these facts farmers are facing many problems on the fronts of infrastructure and technology. There are many prospects in the Agrofield for the implementation of technologies to reduce the efforts of farmers. Various researchers are working in this area for the development of designs, machines which are adoptable by the farmers. Onion harvesting is one of the thrust areas in the Agro sector in which people are contributing. This article reviews the proposed technologies and modifications into it, by various technocrats and researchers in the Onion Harvesting machines.
... Establishing dependencies between the biometric parameters of potato plants in studies of different varieties will help preserve their genetic potential. This, in turn, will lead to increased productivity in new varieties or hybrids of potato plants (Indraja et al., 2019). Studies conducted at the Federal Scientific Agroengineering Center VIM, as part of the ESTP program "Development of Potato Breeding and Seed Production in the Russian Federation, " have shown significant results. ...
Introduction
The efficiency of potato production depends to a large extent on the production of quality seeds that meet the requirements of the growing region. The main component of this production includes breeding, which creates the genetic basis of seeds. The process of establishing patterns between the amount of fertilizer application (“Aquarin 12,” “Bona Forte,” “Osmocote Exact High K”), their type, and biometric characteristics of potato plants of the studied varieties “Guliver,” “Beauty of Meshchera,” and “Grand” was explored.
Methods
During the experimental studies, the methods of variation statistics, the technique of field experiment with the corresponding transformations to achieve normal distribution, and subsequent dispersion analysis were used.
Results
The results of the research on the evaluation of potato structural elements depending on the plant nutrition system of the studied varieties testify to the expediency of using nutrient solutions in potato cultivation irrespective of their type. In addition, it has been established that increasing the concentration of the nutrient base solution from 75 to 125% of the nutrient formula improves the quality indicators of minitubers, namely the content of starch, sugars, dry matter, crude protein, phosphorus, specific gravity, and ash content, which can contribute to obtaining high-quality potatoes.
Discussion
Thus, the use of morphological and physiological tools in closed ecosystems is informative for predicting key agricultural characteristics of potato plants. Additionally, integrating organic amendments and biofertilizers, as supported by other studies, could further enhance nutrient uptake and plant health, especially under conditions of low irrigation.
... Ларюшина и др. [3,4]. Разработана конструкция картофелеуборочной машины с пружинными пальцами, которая решает проблему ручного сбора картофеля [5]. ...
To reduce the content of soil impurities and minimize damage to potato tubers during harvesting, it is necessary to study the composition of the separated pile of market tubers and determine the energy of soil clod crushing. In order to identify the regularities of physical and mechanical properties of soil clods interacting with the separating working tool, the authors experimentally studied the crushing of soil clods. The crushing energy of leached chernozem soil clods with a density between 1300 and 1700 kg/m³ was determined for samples of 5 cm in size at a soil moisture of 10 to 30%. The authors used a laboratory installation with a separating rod elevator to determine the influence of the apron (the shaking frequency of the separation intensifiers) on the amount of 5-cm soil fractions formed. It was experimentally found that the material balance for separating units of potato harvesters of primary and secondary cleaning is determined by the mass of tubers fed to the separating tool and the amount of mass removed from the separating tool. The amount of mass removed from the separating tool is a stationary function of the vibration frequency of the bar elevator and the amount of product on it. The authors have developed a research methodology to determine the energy of soil clod crushing using soil sample preparation. The authors have conducted experimental studies to determine soil clod crushing energy when interacting with an absolutely solid body. It has been found that an increase in soil moisture from 10 to 30% results in an increase in the energy of soil clod crushing of 6249.18 to 10118.5 J/m3 . When the soil moisture exceeds 25%, the maximum height of soil clod crushing increases proportionally up to 60.2 cm. The empirical dependence of soil clod crushing energy on the varying moisture content has been established. The research results are useful for selecting the optimal vibration frequency of the bar elevator, based on the soil moisture index, and for achieving high quality of separation.
... The method for determining the fractional composition of the soil is carried out as follows. When disassembling a soil sample, it is necessary to install each soil clod in a wedge-shaped slot; the soil clod is distributed over a section corresponding to the measured value (width, length, or thickness) after passing into the lower collection tank of soil fractions [16][17][18][19]. Therefore, excluding additional measurements, the soil sample is divided into classes. ...
The obtained results of experimental studies on the influence of the physical and mechanical properties of an elastoplastic material (clods of soil and potato tubers) on the factors of its destruction when interacting with an absolutely solid body (separating working body) established that an increase in the density of a soil clod leads to an increase in the effort expended on dynamic destruction, regardless of the size fraction. Within one fractional group, the increase in force from the minimum value necessary for the destruction of the soil clod in the density range from 1300 to 1700 kg/m3 is on average 56–67 N. However, there is a tendency to increase the effort to destroy the soil clod with an increase in the size fraction, including identical density, by 7–8 N, which is 4–5% of the initial value of the destruction force of a given density. The greatest destruction of soil clods is provided at a moisture content of 22–24%, which should be explained by the formation of the physical ripeness of the leached chernozem. In addition, a decrease in soil moisture leads to a more intense adhesion of soil particles to each other and, consequently, to an increase in the force on the soil clod to destroy it.
... The quality of work is determined by the optimal solution to the problem of providing the required parameters of the machines, both for sowing, harvesting, and the post-harvest processing of crops [7][8][9], while maintaining the full potential of seeds and grown products [10][11][12]. The determining indicator of the quality of crop harvesting is their preservation and the minimum amount of losses and damage to marketable products, with an effective value of cleaning from various impurities, which cannot be achieved without the introduction of modern harvesting machines. ...
The long-term storage of vegetable crops and potatoes in storage, even with a small content of soil and plant impurities in the heap, does not ensure the preservation of the required quality indicators of marketable products. The lack of modern technological foundations for improving the design parameters of machines for harvesting vegetables and potatoes leads to the impossibility of eliminating the loss of root crops, their damage, as well as the high-quality process of cleaning from impurities. This circumstance is due to the fact that modern technologies and technical means of harvesting root crops and onions are not able to provide high-quality marketable products with minimal labor costs. In this regard, a modern separating system of the harvesting machine has been developed, which ensures the variation of technological parameters under changing conditions for the harvesting of root crops and onions. The experimental studies of the developed harvester with an experimental separating system made it possible to ensure the high-quality harvesting of potato and onion tubers with the following parameter values: a completeness of separation of more than 98% and a damage to products up to 1.7%, at a speed of movement of 1.7 m/s for the separating system; a completeness of separation of more than 98% and a product damage of up to 1.1% at a speed of up to 1.0 m/s for the harvester; and a separation completeness of more than 98% and a product damage of up to 1.4% at a commercial product extraction depth of 0.02 m. The results of comparative studies on the quality indicators of the machine for harvesting root crops in the harvesting of potato and onion tubers are presented, indicating the prevailing values of the quality indicators of work in the harvesting of potatoes, depending on the change in the regime indicators of the quality of work.
... The programmable tool "Electronic Potato Tuber Log" (Figure 3) includes: a data logger 1, made in shape, size, and density by a standard potato tuber, a personal 2 or tablet computer 3, with installed software for processing, registered root crop damage data and its subsequent analysis, as well as an auxiliary 4. Electronic potato equipment allows you to record the magnitude of the acquired acceleration, as well as the impulse of the impact force from its interaction with the working body. Studies to determine the places of damage on the web of the rod elevator of the potato harvesting machine were carried out at different values of the translational VEL of the speed of movement of the rod elevator [8,9]. To fix the location and time of damage to the data logger 1, an Inspec- tor Tornado DVR with a screen resolution of 960 × 240 and a diagonal viewing angle of 150° mounted on a laboratory tripod was fixed on the rod elevator [10,7]. ...
Existing potato harvesters cause damage to marketable products as a result of the interaction of potato tubers with each other, with working bodies and soil clods, given the wide variety of soil and climatic conditions in which the harvesting process takes place. In addition, under homogeneous soil and climatic conditions within the same accounting area, there is a large deviation from the average values of the main physical soil constants—moisture and hardness. Field studies were carried out to determine the fractional composition of soil clods, size-mass parameters, as well as their physical and mechanical properties with the identification of the greatest force for their destruction. The article presents a methodology for conducting research to assess the influence of working bodies on the magnitude of the force impact on potato tubers and soil clods during harvesting, a methodology for assessing the dynamic destruction of soil clods. The results of comparative studies of the force impact of the working bodies of modern potato harvesters, which affect the destruction of soil clods, causing damage to potato tubers as a result of their interaction with soil clods are presented.
... The known methods for assessing the possibility of determining the resistance of potato tubers to damage are mostly aimed at subjective information, taking into account the influence of anthropogenic factors on the possibility of cultivating the variety understudy during its mechanized cultivation [15][16][17][18][19]. The diagnosis of potato tubers carried out in due time for the presence of manifestations of viral and pathogenic diseases can be provided using a combination of accelerated methods for assessing the various characteristics of the functional state of plants in field and laboratory conditions based on laser, optical, and spectral technologies [20][21][22][23]. ...
The purpose of this study is to substantiate the concept of express assessment of potato tubers for mechanized harvesting using fluorimetric and RAMAN lidar, as well as to conduct a quantitative and structural assessment of damage to potato varieties and hybrids, using a device that simulates the process of operation of the combine separator, depending on the type of machine and harvesting conditions. In addition, calibration of the lidar was undertaken to assess the magnitude of the physical impact of the drum to assess the damage. A structural–functional diagram of a device for assessing the suitability of varieties and hybrids for mechanized harvesting has been developed. The methodology and results of this study are presented to determine the assessment of damage to potato tubers by a RAMAN lidar when fixing their force impact of the separating surface of the developed device on a potato tuber. The device developed in accordance with the proposed conceptual scheme, additionally calibrated taking into account modern potato harvesters and tested on a RAMAN lidar, will allow targeted selection of varieties suitable for mechanized harvesting, as well as assessing the degree of resistance of potato varieties to mechanized harvesting at early stages of selection and seed works.
Agriculture and Food Science Book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to publish their experiences and research results on all aspects of Agriculture and Food Science. It also provides a premier interdisciplinary platform for researchers, practitioners and educators to present and discuss the most recent innovations, trends, and concerns as well as practical challenges encountered and solutions adopted in the fields of Agriculture and Food Science. High quality research contributions describing original and unpublished results of conceptual, constructive, empirical, experimental, or theoretical work in all areas of Agriculture and Food Science are cordially invited for publication.
Introduction. The article substantiates the design schemes of coulters and, in general, coulter groups of potato planters based on the morphological features of the potato plant, its requirements for growing conditions and ensuring the high-quality performance of the planting process. The purpose of the coulter groups is to form a bed for placing seed tubers with a loose soil layer of 5–8 cm and to cover seed tubers with loose soil to a certain depth. Aim of the Article. The study is aimed at developing technological scheme and substantiating constructive parameters of coulter groups of potato planters, which meet most requirements for the conditions of potato plant growing. Materials and Methods. A comparative analysis of force estimation of furrow-opening working bodies is carried out and qualitative indicators of technological process of planting are determined. There is developed an experimental design of coulter groups of potato planters with the system for automatic maintenance of the depth of potato planting by correcting the angle of coulter attack if there are the field relief irregularities. Results. Experimental studies optimized the parameters of a coulter suspension providing automatic maintenance of the depth of potato planting while detecting field micro-relief irregularities up to 20 cm deep within the initial requirements for potato planters. Discussion and Conclusion. The coulters with an individual floating suspension and an acute angle of entry into the soil most fully meet the requirements for the growing conditions of a potato plant. Automatic maintenance of the specified coulter travel depth within the initial requirements (±2 cm) with field micro- relief irregularities up to 200 mm is provided by a coulter group with a suspension aspect ratio of 150:200:400:400 cm.
The paper shows that upgrading the design of onion harvesting machines through the integration of diverse separation intensifiers demonstrates limited efficacy in improving the quality of cleaning commercial produce. They noted the need to comply with strict technological parameters for setting up separating systems (feeding bulbs to a straight section of the pin web surface in the absence of losses, reducing the maximum speed of collision of the bulbs with the working elements of the cleaning unit to reduce damage, as well as improving the completeness of cleaning). The study reveals that one of the options for intensifying the process of onion set cleaning from soil and soil clods can be ultrasonic-assisted heap moistening during separation. (Research purpose) The research aims to determine theoretical principles driving the intensification of onion set cleaning from mechanical impurities. (Materials and methods) The research employed system analysis and synthesis methods, physical modeling based on probability theory and mathematical statistics, numerical techniques for solving analytical dependencies, classical mechanics methods - fundamental principles of fracture theory, soil mechanics. (Results and discussion) The paper justifies the necessary optimum regime for intensifying onion set harvesting and cleansing them from mechanical impurities. It substantiates the functional diagram of a digging-type onion harvester featuring an ultrasonic cleaning module, taking into account the functions of the state, external and control actions, as well as performance indicators. (Conclusions) The research resulted in developing a design concept for an ultrasonic-equipped separating module of a harvester to improve the onion set cleaning process. This design conforms to the agrotechnical requirements, ensuring maximum soil and impurity sieving (at least 98 percent), minimizing losses (not exceeding 2 percent) and bulb damage (not exceeding 2 percent).
The article presents aggregated indicators with a quantitative ranking of values according to the main criteria of the technological process of harvesting. A method for determining these criteria is proposed. The main principle of a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of the use of machines for harvesting root crops is applied, which is based on obtaining the values of a set of private indicators. The factors influencing the quality of the technological process of harvesting have been established. Mathematical modeling of the calculation of the generalized coefficient of efficiency of harvesting vegetable crops was carried out and its numerical values were determined.
A blade is usually mounted on the head of the onion harvester at certain angle to take the bulbs out of the soil. The blade angle and harvesting depth have significant effects on the efficiency of the harvester and also on the percentage of the damaged onion bulbs. In this study, a head for onion harvester was designed and developed and then the performance of the machine was investigated in a farm with clay-loam soil which the plants were planted in rows. A four bar mechanism was used for changing of the blade angle. The experiments were performed at vehicle speeds of 1.8, 2.4 and 3 km/h and the blade angles of 12, 15 and 20 degree. A factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete design. The best performance of the harvester was found at vehicle speed of 1.8 km/h and the blade angle of 20 degree. The percentage of the damaged bulbs caused by the harvester was less than the manual method.
Purpose: To ascertain the increase of the farm income that predominantly relies on human resources by mechanizing Welsh onion harvesting, a tractor-mounted Welsh onion harvester was developed in this study. Method: An experiment for evaluating harvesting performance was performed for the developed Welsh onion harvester in an actual Welsh onion farm. The harvest performance was evaluated at the tractor running speeds of 5.0 cm/s, 11.4 cm/s and 15.8 cm/s, by comparing the operating efficiency, harvest rate, and damage rate of the Welsh onion harvester. Results: The performance of the harvester was rated as very good, with a 100% harvest rate, regardless of tractor running speed. Furthermore, it is shown that work efficiency of the harvester is expected to increase as the running speed increases. Nonetheless, the damage rate of the harvested Welsh onions at running speeds 5.0 cm/s, 11.4 cm/s, and 15.8 cm/s, increased correspondingly and proportionally to speeds from 4.55% to 6.53% and to 11.29%. The residual amount of soil on the harvested Welsh onions was about 0.24% of their weight showing excellent soil-removal performance of the harvester. Conclusion: The developed Welsh onion harvester is believed to improve the labor productivity and cultivation environment of Welsh onion farmhouses by the mechanization of the harvesting process that is currently associated with the largest amount of labor hours.
The commonly used manual harvesting of onion (Allium cepa L.) is time consuming, less efficient and full of drudgery so the mechanization of onion harvesting is essentially needed. Various crop-machine and operational variables related to design of mechanical onion harvester were evaluated in laboratory and field. The main components of the harvester were digging, conveying and separating units. Six different shape digging blades were evaluated for the digging efficiency. The minimum mean draft of 625.6N was observed for inverted V-shaped blade. The optimal design values of variables like length, speed ratio and slope of the elevator were determined as 1.2 m, 1.25:1 and 15°, respectively. During the field evaluation, the prototype onion digger, with the above design values, performed as per the recommended standards with digging efficiency 97.7%, separation index 79.1%, bulb damage 3.5%, fuel consumption 4.1 litre/ha (12.81 litre/ha) and draft 10.78kN. The saving in cost of onion digging/ha with the use of the developed digger in comparison to manual was found to bè1170/ha.
Onion harvesting machinery like all other farm equipments has passed through various stages of development. In this study an effort has been made to develop and evaluate the performance of an onion digger. Blade made up of high carbon steel material (EN 45) was the main component having dimensions 143cm × 7cm × 1.5 cm. Depth control wheels were provided to control the depth of cut by blade. Tests were conducted to check the comparative performance of developed onion digger and manual labor in the field. The digger was operated at a speed ranging 3.76 to 4.83 km/h with minimum losses at 4 km/h in first high gear at a field capacity of 0.46 ha/h. The average operational depth of 7.62 cm of the developed digger was suitable with practically no damage to the onion bulbs. The operational time of digger including and excluding the time in turning were 3.10 h/ha and 2.38 h/ha, respectively. Lift percentage, mean digger efficiency and damage percentage were 94.9, 89.8 and 5.1, respectively. It was found that there was 58 per cent and 49 per cent saving of labor and cost, respectively.
Onion (Allium Cepa L) is one of the most important crops of India covering 10.44 % of total area under vegetables in the country. The developed onion harvester was able to dig the onion plants with blub and laid these on the surface of bed unevenly The theoretical field capacity of harvester was found as 0.57 ha/h while effective field capacity was 0.45 ha/h with the field efficiency of 78.95 %. The savings in time required, energy consumed and harvesting cost of onion were 87.64 %, 46.23 % and 78.86 % respectively over manual harvesting method.
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Development of Locally Made Power Tiller Driven Onion Harvestor
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