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Slum Prevalence in Nigeria: What Role for Architects?
Abstract
Urban decay in Nigeria is essentially caused by rapid urbanization and the mismatch in the provision and maintenance of housing and infrastructure. Most of the housing quality related problems in Nigeria results largely from inadequately planned land use and non-secure land tenure, poverty, poor construction and weak development control. The outcomes are the proliferation of slums which are characterized by overcrowding, flooding, dilapidated structures, existence of stagnant waste water in generally dirty and unhygienic living environments. This paper examines the prevalence of slums in Nigerian cities and outlines useful management inputs. While drawing useful information from approaches to, and successes in city regeneration from some other countries, the paper proposes some professional group input approaches and solutions that can suit local conditions in Nigeria. Specifically, the paper outlines how architects can make significant contributions to slum prevention and control. It posits that regeneration policy; planning and implementation should be inclusive of the input of architects working closely with slum dwellers, administrators and other relevant stakeholders to ensure that occurrences of slums are reduced to the barest minimum.
... However, these interventions have often been top-down, supply-driven, and unsustainable, failing to address adequately the needs and aspirations of low-income households and communities (Ezennia & Hoskara, 2021;Onyegiri & Ugochukwu, 2016;Ezennia, 2022). There is a pressing need for a change in basic assumptions toward more participatory and empowering approaches, involving low-income communities in housing planning, design, construction, management, and maintenance (Komendantova et al., 2018;Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013;Ewurum, 2019). ...
... Community engagement and empowerment are widely discussed and applied in various fields like community development, public health, social work, education, and environmental management (Arnstein, 2019;Liman & Ngah, 2015, 1995Thwala & Ramovha, 2012;Nikkhah & Redzuan, 2009), refer to involving communities in decision-making and action on issues affecting them (Kasim et al., 2016;Adeogun & Taiwo, 2011;Hospers, 2014). Community engagement can take various forms and levels, from passive information provision to active collaboration (Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013;Waziri & Roosli, 2013), offering benefits such as project outcome improvement (Afolabi et al., 2018;Kifanyi et al., 2013). ...
... However, these interventions, top-down and supply-driven, often fail to meet the needs and aspirations of low-income households and communities (Komendantova et al., 2018;Obia, 2016;Ezennia, 2022). Therefore, a shift is necessary, moving away from conventional approaches to more participatory and empowering methods involving low-income communities in housing planning, design, construction, management, and maintenance (Ezennia & Hoskara, 2021;Mohit & Iyanda, 2016;Olagunju, 2014 Community engagement and empowerment enhance housing project sustainability by improving quality, affordability, accessibility, resource efficiency, resilience, and integration (Ademiluyi & Raji, 2008;Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013;Oluleye et al., 2021). Engagement fosters empowerment, enabling communities to participate in decision-making and action (Liman & Ngah, 2015;Adeogun & Taiwo, 2011). ...
This paper explores community engagement and empowerment for sustainable housing in Nigeria, addressing its severe housing crisis and urban poverty. Employing a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines, forty-four relevant articles from four online databases spanning 15 years (2008-2022) were analysed. Utilizing descriptive statistics, thematic analysis, and meta-analysis, the study identifies key concepts, principles, practices, challenges, and opportunities for community-based architectural solutions. Results emphasize the necessity of community participation, empowerment, and ownership for housing project sustainability. Bioclimatic design, vernacular architecture, renewable energy, low-cost materials, and waste management emerge as common architectural solutions. Nevertheless, barriers and gaps, including a lack of policy support, funding, technical skills, awareness, and stakeholder coordination, impede effective implementation and scaling. The paper concludes with recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, researchers, and educators to enhance community engagement and empowerment in Nigerian sustainable housing efforts.
... Olotuah and Bobadoye (2009) decried the alarming state and situation where over 75% of urban dwellers live in degrading human conditions in Nigeria. Urban fabrics in Nigerian cities' centres, and elsewhere, if not well managed, would decay because of inadequately planned land use and non-secure land tenure, poverty, poor construction and weak development control (Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013). ...
... However, the consensus reveals that slums are characterized by (i) dwellings lacking basic services; (ii) substandard housing or illegal and inadequate building structures; (iii) overcrowding and high density; (iv) unhealthy living conditions and hazardous locations; (v) insecure tenure; (vi) poverty; (vii) social exclusion; (viii) peculiar to developing countries; (ix) unplanned informal settlements with minimal to non-existent access to services and (x) overcrowding being the norm (Ebakpa & Brisibe, 2019;Payne & Majale, 2004;United Nations, 2015). It is also widely acclaimed that globalisation, urbanisation, poverty, and unacceptable governance methods are the drivers and agents of slum proliferations in LDCs (Astuti, Pangi, Yesiana, & Harjanti, 2021;Worldmeters, 2017;Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013). However, in the Nigerian context, Bobadoye and Fakere (2013) identified seven factors as being responsible for slums proliferation and they are: (i) scarcity of lands, services and security of tenure; (ii) neglect of buildings and their environment which makes them become derelict; (iii) poverty and illiteracy; (iv) use of sub-standard building materials; (v) poor maintenance culture; (vi) congestion and (vii) poor enforcement of sanitation laws. ...
... It is also widely acclaimed that globalisation, urbanisation, poverty, and unacceptable governance methods are the drivers and agents of slum proliferations in LDCs (Astuti, Pangi, Yesiana, & Harjanti, 2021;Worldmeters, 2017;Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013). However, in the Nigerian context, Bobadoye and Fakere (2013) identified seven factors as being responsible for slums proliferation and they are: (i) scarcity of lands, services and security of tenure; (ii) neglect of buildings and their environment which makes them become derelict; (iii) poverty and illiteracy; (iv) use of sub-standard building materials; (v) poor maintenance culture; (vi) congestion and (vii) poor enforcement of sanitation laws. ...
The increasing proliferation of slums and their attendant mismatch with urban landscapes call for users’ satisfaction evaluation for possible future upgrading of urban slums. This study evaluated the residents’ levels of satisfaction with the physical qualities of dwellings in the urban slum centres in Aba and Umuahia, Nigeria, to provide design criteria for urban slum upgrading. The physical qualities of the slum dwellings and the level of satisfaction of the residents were investigated through a mixture of qualitative and quantitative techniques. The quantitative approach involved the administration of 313 copies of structured questionnaires on the randomly selected adult residents of slum dwellings in Abia State. The qualitative method adopted the physical observation of the slum dwellings. The resident satisfaction index (RSI) and physical quality index (PQI) simulated from the relative importance index (RII) were used to analyse the 3-point Likert scale ordinal data obtained. The findings indicate that all the rankings from both PQI and RSI were below the predetermined value of 0.3 which is considered as minimum. This implies that the residents were both dissatisfied and in disagreement with the statements provided on the physical qualities of the slum dwellings. Thus the study recommends that inasmuch as the consideration of inputs from end users of every kind of building facility is necessary, however, those of the inhabitants of the slum dwellings in Abia state, Nigeria, cannot be integrated into the discursive field of urban slum upgrading programmes by the relevant urban design professionals and all other stakeholders. However, the urban slum dwellers are also qualified to have adequate, safe and affordable housing provisions.
... In the work of [25], they argued that causes of slum settlements in Nigeria cannot be argued outside the effect of urbanization in most of the Nigerian cities. Urban decay in Nigeria is essentially caused by rapid urbanization and the mismatch in the provision and maintenance of housing and infrastructure [25]. Most of the housing quality related problems in Nigeria result largely from inadequately planned land use, non-secure land tenure, poor socio-economic condition, poor construction and weak development control. ...
... In the work of [25], they argued that causes of slum settlements in Nigeria cannot be argued outside the effect of urbanization in most of the Nigerian cities. Urban decay in Nigeria is essentially caused by rapid urbanization and the mismatch in the provision and maintenance of housing and infrastructure [25]. Most of the housing quality related problems in Nigeria result largely from inadequately planned land use, non-secure land tenure, poor socio-economic condition, poor construction and weak development control. ...
... Most of the housing quality related problems in Nigeria result largely from inadequately planned land use, non-secure land tenure, poor socio-economic condition, poor construction and weak development control. The resultant-effect of some of these challenges are the proliferation of slums which are characterized by overcrowding, flooding, dilapidated structures, existence of stagnant waste water in generally dirty and unhygienic living environments [25]. Going by the argument of [26], the creation and habitation of slum settlements cannot be divorced from the challenge of urbanization and the housing needs of the urbanites. ...
The nexus between living conditions and health has been a debatable issue for many decades. The dismal living conditions in Nigeria cities have become topical in recent times. It is worrisome how many urban Nigerians dwell in shacks, dilapidated and substandard houses, with varying degrees of filth and degradation within the neighborhood. Reports have indicated that more than 1 billion people worldwide live in urban slum and these slum dwellers are exposed to health risk due to poverty or lack of access to necessary resources for healthy living. Due to the challenge of poverty and economic crises ravaging the third world nations among which is Nigeria, the number of slum settlements and slum dwellers is expected to grow further. The living conditions of slum dwellers are characterized by overcrowding, insecure tenure, and poor access to infrastructure, such as sanitary facilities. The latter has a considerable impact on the health of the inhabitants. In line with the ongoing concern of the urban slum conditions and slum dwellers wellbeing, this study took a personal observation approach and secondary reports view of the experiences and health situation of urban slum dwellers in Lagos State. The focus of the study was specifically Makoko which is one of the urban slums in Lagos Mainland Local Government in Lagos State. According to findings in this Paper, almost 27% of the people in Lagos Mainland Local Government live in this urban slum, and many of them faced high health risk. The study also discovered that among other factors, income and cultural factors took the leading roles in the decision to live in a slum settlement.
... Despite these apparent facts about the core areas in Nigerian urban centres, urban decay in the inner city has not been given adequate research attention in Nigeria. Discussions on urban decay in Nigeria have focused primarily on the proliferation of slum areas as well as the renewal of depressed urban residential neighbourhoods (Iwuagwu et al., 2016;Bobadoye and Fakere, 2013). Hence, there is a dearth of studies on the urban decay and regeneration potential of the core areas in Nigerian urban centres. ...
... Rapid urbanisation, inadequate provision and maintenance of housing, infrastructure and other services as well as the disparity in the location of these facilities are mainly the causes of urban decay in Nigeria (Bobadoye and Fakere, 2013). Besides, most of the housing quality-related problems in Nigeria result primarily from inadequately planned land use and non-secure land tenure, poverty, poor construction and weak development control (Ndlebe, 2017). ...
... Consequently, the nonenforcement of these laws and regulations has led to environmental degradation, which invariably is a threat to human health, undermining civic pride and resulting in traffic injury and death. Another issue with the core areas of Nigerian cities is that they fit into what some scholars have described as "grown" and "planned" cities (Bobadoye and Fakere, 2013). Therefore, most Nigerian cities experience growth before any action to plan and organise development is put in place. ...
The core areas of ancient cities across the globe are known for their historical and cultural significance. Urban decay is one of the key challenges. This study assessed urban decay in the core residential areas of Ota, a rapidly expanding, medium-sized city adjoining Lagos in southwest Nigeria. The study focused on four core residential quarters, namely, Ijana, Oruba, Otun and Osi, where 10% of 1683 identified buildings were systematically selected for sampling. Data were collected on household heads using the questionnaire. The level of respondents' agreement with indicators of urban decay was measured by relative perception index (RPI), on a 5-point Likert scale. The RPI showed that decreasing opportunity for other means of livelihood (4.79) was the strongest indicator of urban decay while the weakest was decreasing rental value. The RPI also showed that 21indicators were valid measures of urban decay at >3. With a mean perception index (MPI) of 3.99, the study concluded that urban decay in the study area was evident and multidimensional. These findings enhance our understanding of factors necessary for the regeneration of the study area, and therefore, recommended the adoption of an integrated urban regeneration approach to reverse the process of decay.
... reported that just over 42 million Nigerians, which is 50.2% of the Nigerian urban dwellers, resided in slums ( UN HABITAT, 2016a). Some Nigerian studies have estimated the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums to be as high as 75% ( Bobadoye and Fakere, 1926;Olotuah and Bobadoye, 2009). The growth of the urban population in Nigeria has been rapid, from 7% of the total population in the 1930s, 10% in 195010% in , 35% in 199010% in (Okupe, 2002Olotuah and Bobadoye, 2009) to the current 50% ( UN HABITAT, 2016a). ...
... Further, belief and reliance on the traditional system by urban slum dwellers may reduce their utilisation of available modern health facilities (Hossain and Hoque, 2005), and cultural and religious beliefs also play a role in seeking of formal health care (Hossain and Hoque, 2005;Zulu et al., 2011;Mathew, 2012). These slums are set to become the home of most Nigerians in the very near future if the current urbanisation rate continues (Bobadoye and Fakere, 1926). ...
... of the Nigerian urban dwellers, resided in slums (UN HABITAT, 2016a), although some Nigerian studies estimate the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums to be as high as 75% (Bobadoye and Fakere, 1926;Olotuah and Bobadoye, 2009). The growth of the urban population in Nigeria has been rapid, from 7% of the total population in the 1930s, 10% in 1950, 35% in 1990 (Okupe, 2002;Olotuah and Bobadoye, 2009) to the current 50% or more. ...
In 2016, about 2 million child deaths globally were prevented through routine vaccination; if all children had been immunised fully, a further 1.5 million child deaths could have been prevented. Globally, in 2016, Nigeria had the largest number of eligible infants who did not complete routine Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus vaccinations. Optimal child immunisation coverage has been associated with variables acting at the child, household, community, country, health system and policy levels. This study aims to inform improvement of childhood immunisation programmes in Nigeria through examination of nationally representative survey data on child vaccination in Nigeria by child, household, community and health system factors, with a particular focus on the place of residence. Multilevel logistic regression models were applied for quantitative analyses of Nigeria’s 2003, 2008 and 2013 Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), singly, pooled overall and stratified by rural/urban; these were augmented by qualitative thematic analysis of data collected from two slums in Abuja, Nigeria. Interview with parents, health workers and community leaders in the slums around Abuja solicited their views of the enablers and barriers to child immunisation.
Fully Immunised Child Coverage (FIC, the percentage of children aged 12-23 months who had received all doses of routine infant vaccines) rose from 12.9% in 2003 to 25.3% in 2013, and varied across sociodemographic characteristics including place of residence. In pooled DHS data analysis, overall and stratified, FIC adjusted odds (aOR) were: 1. Total population- antenatal care (attendance versus non-attendance, aOR=4.42, 95% CI=2.00-9.76), place of delivery (health facility vs home, aOR=3.86, 95% CI=1.94-7.67), maternal education level (higher vs no education, aOR=6.57, 95% CI=2.32-18.59), Religion (Christian vs Muslim, aOR=2.37, 95% CI=1.82-3.10) and place of residence (urban vs rural, aOR=1.60, 95% CI=0.60-4.24). 2. Rural and urban stratified: A.Rural – antenatal care (aOR=8.37, 95% CI=5.34-13.12), place of delivery (aOR=1.47, 95% CI=1.12-1.94), maternal education (aOR=4.99, 95% CI=2.48-10.06), Religion (aOR=2.63, 95% CI=1.79-3.86). B.Urban- antenatal care (aOR=5.65, 95% CI=2.73-11.71), place of delivery (aOR=2.79, 95% CI=1.83-4.25), maternal education (aOR=6.04, 95% CI=2.99-12.20), Religion (aOR=2.39, 95% CI=1.53-3.73). 3. Intra-urban stratified: A.Urban formal- antenatal care (aOR=6.82, 95% CI=2.29-20.34), place of delivery (aOR=2.62, 95% CI=1.43-4.79), maternal education level (aOR=9.18, 95% CI=3.05-27.64), Religion (aOR=1.59, 95% CI=0.89-2.86). B.Urban slums - antenatal care (aOR=8.07, 95% CI=2.15-30.25), place of delivery (aOR=5.39, 95% CI=2.18-13.33), maternal education (aOR=5.03, 95% CI=1.52-16.65), Religion (aOR=5.69, 95% CI=2.02-15.45).
The overall stubbornly low FIC rates in Nigeria are of serious global public health concern. Qualitative research suggests that improving vaccine availability and instituting parent-health workers communication channels, would improve FIC in the slums, where 30-40% of Nigerians now reside. Longer term measures to improve FIC for the total population are increasing antenatal attendance and health facility delivery, improved immunisation education and higher education levels among mothers, while in rural areas more health facilities are required, and in urban areas additional targeted development of immunisation education messages specifically aimed at Muslims living in urban slums could be advised. Suggestions to improve childhood immunisation include nationally representative qualitative study on stakeholders views on enablers and barriers of childhood immunisation, strengthening the implementation of relevant government policies and place of residence directed interventions like regular availability of vaccines, session reminder system, active community participation in health facility management, regular supportive supervision, inter personal communication skills development and introduction of date and time appointment for immunisation.
... ese disasters, and this is not unconnected to the fact that provision of adequate and decent housing, which is second only to food in the hierarchy of human needs, and access to safer and relatively affordable land for urban indigents remain elusive in Nigeria. Table 2 below depicts a list of some famous slums in some of the major Nigerian cities: Bobadoye et. al., (2013) with some additions by the Author Table 2 above, however, is not exhaustive of the slums list in Nigeria. It only gives us a glimpse on the prevalence and rising trend of slums formation in Nigeria. ...
... The estate slums identified in the typology of slums exemplify this factor -a situation whereby buildings decay and deteriorate due to lack of maintenance by their owners or occupants. This view supports an argument earlier made by Bobadoye and Fakere (2013) that maintenance culture is rampant in Nigeria. Housing facilities and other social amenities are poorly maintained hence the formation of slums in Nigeria. ...
... This failure of government in this regard is not peculiar to Nigeria but cut across most developing countries of the world where slums are traditionally formed.Durand-Lasserve (1996) cited inNjoku and Okoro (2014) reported a finding in his study on Lusaka, Zambia that slums are formed by the urban poor as a result of thoughtless and untenable urban housing policies of public authorities at all time. Thus, housing crisis, manifested in insufficient affordable housing is behind the formation and growth of slums in the urban centres.Omole (2010),Bello (2002) andBobadoye and Fakere (2013) equally supported the view that poverty contribute to the slums formation in Nigeria. ...
The proliferation of slums in developing countries of particularly Africa and Asia is not a novel phenomenon. However, it has continued to gain currency and substantially attracts global attention due to the rapidly burgeoning urban populations across the world. Thus, as sociological phenomena, urban slums have, over the years, provoked far-reaching intellectually hot debates among researchers and policy makers. This article, therefore, explores the spatial manifestations, formations and implications of slums on city life in Nigeria. Secondary sources of data which include, but not limited to, policy reports by the United Nations Habitats, World Bank, media reports, and relevant academic literature on the subject matter were employed. Several factors, such as explosion of urban populations due to massive rural-urban migrations and natural increase, urban housing deficit, inaccessibility to land and above all pervasive poverty have been found responsible for the proliferation and the prevalence of slums in Nigeria. Also, several types of slums have been identified, all of which exist in Nigerian cities. The proliferation of slums has, equally, had negative impacts on the living conditions and general well being of the slum dwellers. Thus, lack of basic necessities of life, such as adequate potable water, adequate health facilities, access to quality education and hygienic environment have amplified the vulnerability of slum dwellers to remain in perpetual penury and downward social mobility. The study, therefore, recommended a public-private partnership at all levels of government to provide massive and relatively low cost housing units for all.
... It is a process of definite alterations or modifications to form and distribution of urban population both in character and size of a settlement. (Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013). ...
... The Society for the Study of Reproduction (SSR) recognises Nigeria as a developing country and as earlier reviewed, developing countries have more occurrence of slums compared to their advanced counterparts. Nigeria has a copious amount of urban centres with slum infection and this is reflected in Table 2, as presented by (Bobadoye and Fakere 2013) in their findings. Source: Bobadoye and Fakere (2013). ...
... Nigeria has a copious amount of urban centres with slum infection and this is reflected in Table 2, as presented by (Bobadoye and Fakere 2013) in their findings. Source: Bobadoye and Fakere (2013). ...
... Still in Nigeria just as in other developing nations of the world, slum settlements exist in most cities and urban centres [9]. Apparently, the UN-Habitat report [10] showed that between 1990 and 2010, the Nigerian urban population has increased from 33,325,000 to 78,845,000 with the urban slum population also increased from 25,763,000 to 48,805,000; while the proportion of urban slum population declined from 77.3% to 61.9%. ...
... However, due to the informal nature of slum settlements, and cultural, social, and behavioural factors unique to slum populations, little is known about the challenges they face in terms of health, quality of life [18]; and condition of buildings in which they live, which in most cases contributes greatly to the overall wellbeing of the occupants. Although studies [9,[19][20][21][22] have been carried out on slum prevalence and conditions in different Nigerian cities, including Onitsha [6], none has ever specifically dealt with the condition in term of suitability and adequacy of the building structure and facilities, and improvement strategies in Okpoko slum settlement, despite its strategic importance. According to Ehigiator [20] slum conditions may differ in different developing nations since problems found in one slum area may not be present in another. ...
... In Nigeria, UN-Habitat report [35] showed that Nigeria is one of the countries with the worst urban housing situations in the world. Bobadoye and Fakere [9] also averred that the outcomes of poor quality housing in Nigeria have been the proliferation of slums which are characterised by OKPOKO overcrowding, flooding, dilapidated structures, existence of stagnant waste water in generally dirty and unhygienic living environments. To this end, Ehigiator [20] opined that lack of infrastructural facilities in slums are due to the fact that most of these slum areas and informal settlements are not recognised by relevant authorities, as they are not planned for and maybe occupied illegally by residents. ...
Despite several efforts towards addressing the problems of acute shortage of suitable and decent accommodation, slum settlements still persist in urban areas like Onitsha. It is noted that the condition of buildings in which one lives contributes greatly to the overall well being of the person. Therefore, this study surveyed the condition of buildings in Okpoko slum settlement, Anambra State to determine the effects on the general wellbeing of the residents. It also examined the strategies used by the residents to improving the buildings for better quality of life. Being a survey research, questionnaires, interviews, physical observations and photographs were used in collecting the data; which were analysed using Severity Index (SI) and the Relative Importance Index (RII). The study found that majority of the buildings in the area and the surrounding environments are in a very critical and deplorable condition which has significant negative effects on the general wellbeing of the residents. The study identified insecurity, flooding, and crime and immorality as the most apparent effects; and routine sanitation, simple renovation/repair and retrofitting as the most common strategies adopted by the residents in the improvement of condition of the buildings and environment. It then recommended update and full implementation of the UN-Habitat Structure Plan for Onitsha and Satellite Towns which must involve all stakeholders; in addition to enactment of urban renewal law with detailed operational frameworks in Anambra State.
... Housing decay occurs in different ways, common in most parts of old cities, but more evident in the slum and other high density areas of the city. Housing decay is synonymous to slum formation, they are descripted expression of physical representation of place due to long time use with evidence of abandonment (Bobadoye and Fakere 2013). It serves as a reminder of man travail and achievements and failures while ruins occur commonly by passage of time, and attitude of stakeholders. ...
... They went further to note that housing decay has the potency to turn beautiful home into dangerously inhabitable spaces leaving the occupants for eviction and attendant demolition when decay have become evident. While Bobadoye and Fakere (2013), attributed housing decay in Nigeria to rapid urbanization and poor maintenance of housing infrastructure orchestrated by over usage other studies cited unplanned land use and non-secure land tenure, poverty, poor construction and weak development control as other cause of decay thereby leading the proliferation of slums with its characteristic nature denoted by overcrowding, dilapidated structures, existence of stagnant waste water which culminated into an unhygienic environments as adduced by Osore (2019). ...
Housing as a key component of human fundamental needs has been an important issue in human society from the beginning of human existence. A house speaks volume about the identity, financial wellbeing, health and social status of its occupant in the society. Numerous problems with housing such as accessibility, affordability, adequacy, durability, comfortability and so on are widespread globally and dominate the domestic politics of the government of many developing and developed countries. Housing decay is an inevitable end result of aging, negligence or poor use of buildings especially in urban areas. Decay poses significant threats to the wellbeing of both the occupants and the residents of the surroundings neighborhoods. It also put a dent on the overall aesthetics of the areas. This paper explores the decay of housing in Ibadan Core Areas with the objective of determining the causes of housing decay from a social, economic, physical point of view and propose feasible and viable measures and policies to mitigate spreading of housing decay in these core areas. The method used is a mixed approach that involved observation and a survey using structured interview guide. This study revealed that the major causes for decay in the study area are over usage of the facilities, age of the building and the inherent ownership structures. Thus, Recommendations include convincing relevant stakeholders such as government authorities to review various housing policies governing land use in the study area, which will also include cultural reorientation in order to discourage misuse and neglects of buildings in the domain.
... Power of eminent domain is a critical concept that permits the government to take possession of land or property base on overriding public interest. The essential challenges that rose in rural-urban drift seem to have taken most governments in developing countries unprepared as they grabbled to handle urbanization exertions (Bobadoye & Fakere, 2013;Estevez, Lopez, & Janowski, 2015). Therefore, authorities often seem confused as to the suitable strategy required in stemming urbanization consequences. ...
... The option of eradicating slum by relocation have turnout a grave mistake in the past. Unfortunately, government is unable to come up with better workable options (Bobadoye and Fakere, 2013). In the same vein, the demolition of partly legal developments is costly to both government and the 'illegal' land developers. ...
If there would be any form of development that can be enduring, then the challenges of current urbanisation must be appropriately conceptualised and provided with the most accurate forecast solutions. This paper essentially reviewed the varied perception of slum issues in urban centres, established its trends and undertook study of specific sectors of Kaduna metropolis towards extricating a template for an accurate projection for sustainable urban development. The methodology adopted is based on literature review and selected sectorial sites case studies. Instruments used are observation, interviews and discussions for data collection. Purposive random sampling was used to decide on the sectors to be studied and specific streets within each sector were chosen. Results collated were presented in plates and figures as considered appropriate. The finding of the study established that slum clearance is considered an aberration in most settled urban areas and that often, urban clearance is done independent of dwellers interest. There has also been loss of traditional social values, which entrenched slum sprawls, while the professionals have fail to create alliance with citizens for sustainable urban development. The study recommended that slum rehabilitation, upgrade and renewal should be the basis for government intervention programs; while integrated stakeholders' needs should always determine direction for action. Finally, a template for integrated urban slum management strategy was formulated that can incorporate all stakeholders. This ensures diversified participation for a sustainable built environment that guarantees economic growth and national development.
... Most of the housing quality related problems in Nigeria results largely from inadequately planned land use and non-secure land tenure, poverty, poor construction and weak development control. Cities, irrespective of their size, provide possibilities of varied occupations and collective services, such as health, education, cultural, technological, commercial or industrial services and thus act as focal points of development opportunities (Bobadoye and Fakere, 2013). ...
This study examined the condition of housing in relation to the socioeconomicfeatures of slum dwellers in Makoko area of Lagos metropolis. In achieving the aim of this study, the following objectives; an assessment of socioeconomic characteristics of the residents,an assessment of housing qualities in the study area, and an assessment of the environmental and physical conditions in the study area were raised and addressed.A total of184 questionnaires were administered in the study area out of which one hundred and sixty-nine (169) which constitutes 91.8% were duly filled and returned. The questionnaires were well structuredto obtain data on the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents, their housing quality, the environmental condition of the study area, factors contributing to slum development and the implications of slum development in the study area. The findings revealed that income, occupation, household size and education are the primary socioeconomic factors that affect housing conditions. In addition, most buildings in the area are in need of renovation and maintenance upon the fact that many of them are 10-19 years with few between 40 years and above. Furthermore, most buildings in the study area are structurally deformed, overcrowded and with the presence of insanitary housing environment. Although the general conditions of buildings occupied by households are considered fair by most of the residents, most buildings in the study area are in need of minor repairs. Thus, the study recommends the need to improve existing housing stocks within poor residential neighborhoods such as the study area as well as the revitalization of the area by the government in collaboration with the members of the community.
... Markets attract physical development which enhances economic growth of the city but also creates management challenges. It encourages rapid urbanization which is leads to a mismatch of infrastructural provision and maintenance (Coker et al. 2007;Babadoye and Fakere 2013). As such, undue pressure is exerted on existing public utilities and services because the demand for utilities far exceeds the services available. ...
Maintaining the hygienic status and nutritional value of food sold in marketplaces is essential for improved health status of people patronizing the markets. However, food marketplaces are always generating organic and inorganic wastes that are detrimental to human health. Little is known about the associated health risks in marketplaces. This study assessed market users' awareness of environmental health risks associated with marketplaces. Primary data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires from randomly selected 150 market sellers through interviews in Bodija and Ojoo Market. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multinomial regression. There were no differences in the socioeconomic characteristics of market users; with similar level of awareness of sanitation and its practices in both markets. Location, educational attainment, the level of infrastructure and the market users' attitudes have a significant probability of affecting the health status of the sellers. Food contamination and sanitation coupled with the level of infrastructure are the potential dangers to consumers and sellers who use the market. An effective market health infrastructural development policy will enhance environmental health in marketplaces.
... It is a contemporary industrial area with proximity to Lagos [10]. Ado-Odo/Ota is a Local Government Area, in Ogun, Nigeria [11]. The next section examines green living in purlieus. ...
Green urbanism highlight on reducing unforeseen dangers to human wellbeing through exposure to various environmental hazards, poor living conditions and other challenges associated with purlieus. This paper examined the influence of green urbanism on psychological wellbeing (physical symptoms and positive functioning) of residents in urban sprawls. Participants were 240 residents of purlieus’ in Ota, Ogun, Nigeria randomly selected to participate in the study. They completed standardized questionnaires which measured demographic variables, Physical symptoms and Positive Functioning. Data analysis was done using inferential statistics. Findings indicated that Physical Symptoms (PS) means score was found to increase as number of children in the family increases. Positive functioning (PF), among the participants were found to decrease as the number of children in the families increases. Physical symptoms (PS) increases as the length of stay in the houses increases among the participants while Positive functioning (PF) was found to be decreasing. Most of the houses were constructed in the 2000s yet they do not meet the standard practice in sustainable buildings. The poorly built houses are situated in unhygienic environment where basic amenities are unavailable. The implication of this is that the occupants of these building are prone to high level of physical symptoms such as stomach upset, headache, backache, have trouble sleeping, diarrhea, dizziness, tiredness and fatigue. The result of the study has addressed health related issues in built environment as well as showed that built environment should have an organic sustainable content (green living initiatives) for healthy living and psychological wellbeing.
... Immunisation rates are generally worse in rural than urban areas [6][7][8][9], and studies in Asia and the near East [10], India [11], Kenya [12] and Nigeria [13] have reported lower rates of immunisation coverage in slums than in formal urban areas. The rapid urbanisation in Nigeria may become a further barrier to childhood immunisation uptake, with growth of urban slums [14,15], overstretched urban health facilities [16], leading to decreased health service quality and reduced access to health and immunisation services [13]. Hence the need to seek evidence to first, maintain and improve the relatively higher urban immunisation coverage compared to rural coverages, increase the rural coverages and lastly, reduce the prevalence of urban formal and slum immunisation disparity in Nigeria. ...
Background:
In 2017, about 20% of the world's children under 1 year of age with incomplete DPT vaccination lived in Nigeria. Fully-immunised child coverage (FIC), which is the percentage of children aged 12-23 months who received all doses of routine infant vaccines in their first year of life in Nigeria is low. We explored the associations between child, household, community and health system level factors and FIC, in particular focussing on urban formal and slum, and rural residence, using representative Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data from 2003, 2008 and 2013.
Method:
Multilevel logistic regression models were applied for quantitative analyses of NDHS 2003, 2008 and 2013 data, singly, pooled overall and stratified by rural/urban, and within urban by formal and slum. We also quantify Population Attributable Risk (PAR) of FIC.
Results:
FIC for rural, urban formal and slum rose from 7.4, 25.6 and 24.9% respectively in 2003 to 15.8, 45.5 and 38.5% in 2013, and varied across sociodemographics. In pooled NDHS analysis, overall and stratified, final FIC adjusted odds (aOR) were: 1. Total population - delivery place (health facility vs home, aOR = 1.13, 95% CI = 0.73-1.73), maternal education (higher vs no education, aOR = 3.92, 95% CI = 1.79-8.59) and place of residence (urban vs rural, aOR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.89-3.22). 2. Rural, urban formal and slum stratified: A.Rural - delivery place (aOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.12-1.94), maternal education (aOR = 4.99, 95% CI = 2.48-10.06). B.Urban formal - delivery place (aOR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.43-4.79), maternal education level (aOR = 9.18, 95% CI = 3.05-27.64). C.Slums - delivery place (aOR = 5.39, 95% CI = 2.18-13.33), maternal education (aOR = 5.03, 95% CI = 1.52-16.65). The PAR revealed the highest percentage point increase in FIC would be achieved in all places of residence by maternal higher education: rural-38.15, urban formal-22.88 and slum 23.76, while non-attendance of antenatal care was estimated to lead to the largest reduction in FIC.
Conclusion:
Although low FIC in rural areas may be largely due to lack of health facilities and immunisation education, the intra-urban disparity is mostly unexplained, and requires further qualitative and interventional research. We show the FIC point increase that can be achieved if specific sociodemographic variable (risk) are addressed in the various communities, thus informing prioritisation of interventions.
... The study was conducted in Nassarawa LGA, which is one of the metropolitan LGAs in Kano [27]. This LGA has an area of 35km 2 with a high prevalence of slum settlements [28]. According to the 2006 National Housing and Population Census, the population of Nassarawa was 596,669, with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.3% [29,30]. ...
Background
We aimed to determine the factors that are responsible for missed opportunities for vaccination (MOV) among children aged 0–23 months attending primary health care (PHC) facilities in Nassarawa, Kano State, Nigeria.
Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the pre-implementation phase of a quality improvement programme. One-stage cluster sampling technique was employed. Data were collected from caregivers of children aged 0–23 months in ten randomly selected PHC facilities in Nassarawa Local Government Area of Kano State. Semi-structured, interviewer administered questionnaires were used. Frequencies and percentages were used to summarize the data. Multilevel logistic regression model with fixed effect and random effect component was fitted to obtain measures of association and variation respectively.
Results
Caregivers of 675 children responded. Among these children, the prevalence of MOV (for at least one antigen) was 36.15%. MOV (for individual antigens) was highest for inactivated polio vaccine followed by measles vaccine. The random effect model yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient of 9.60% for the empty model. The fixed effect model revealed that MOV was more likely among children that were accompanying a caregiver to the health facility (OR = 2.86, 95%CrI: 1.28 to 5.80) compared to those that were visiting the health facility for medical consultation. Failure to receive vaccination on the day of health facility visit (OR = 2.32, 95%CrI: 1.12 to 4.12) and visiting a clinic with three or more vaccinators (OR = 12.91, 95%CrI: 4.82 to 27.14) increased the likelihood of MOV.
Conclusion
The study identified important local factors that are responsible for MOV which can be addressed in the QI programme.
... Rapid urbanization with limited development has led to slum proliferation in many Sub-Saharan African cities [1][2][3][4]. Slums are part of the city where the housing and resulting social arrangements diverge from the general growth of the city [5]. Slums emerge due to the interaction of forces which give rise to communities with a devalued physical and social image [6]. ...
Upgrading all slums in Lagos by 2030 will an ambitious task, given that more than 70% of its residents resides in slums. Furthermore, there is no recent study identifying neither the slums nor their temporal growth/development pattern in Lagos that can backstop any slum management initiative. This study aims to contribute by applying object-based image analysis and intensity analysis to map and link patterns and processes of slum growth in Lagos. RapidEye imagery from 2009 and 2015 were used to create maps for each time point for six land use categories (water, vegetated area, open space, road, slum, and other urban). Intensity analysis was applied to quantify the annual intensity of changes at the category and transition level. An overall accuracy (and kappa coefficient) of 94% (0.9) and 89% (0.86) were achieved for the 2009 and 2015 land use and land cover maps, respectively. This study showed that slums in Lagos have increased spatially during the time interval studied, with a total net gain of 9.18 square kilometers, influenced by the increase in population, mainly due to in-migration to Lagos. However, this study also revealed that slums were actively losing and gaining land area between 2009 and 2015, with an annual gain and loss intensity of 10.08 and 6.41, respectively, compared to the uniform intensity of 3.15. The gain was due to poor maintenance of buildings and encroachment onto available spaces (water and open space), while the loss was attributed to gentrification and demolition processes. A systematic process of transition was observed between slums and other urban (and open space) areas in the interval studied, and this process was mainly influenced by the Lagos state government. This analysis is crucial for designing policy interventions to manage slum growth in Lagos.
... In the view of Bobadoye and Fakere (2013), the formation of slums is aided by low income earners' poor accessibility to land with secure tenure. This leads to congested living usually in places without basic amenities, an inability to build their low-income homes with standard materials, leading to rapid physical deterioration. ...
In seeking to mitigate the adverse consequences of human displacement across the world, the
UN, in addition to promoting international covenants which protect human and shelter rights,
adopted the 2014 Convention on Forced Evictions which requires the abjuration of force and
violence; employment of consultation and dialogue and provision of options to eviction and for
resettlement where eviction becomes inevitable. Although Nigeria is yet to domicile the
convention, Lagos’ slum clearances and forced evictions have been synonymous with violence
and trauma, the absence of resettlement plans, the loss of possessions and livelihoods and, in
many instances, life and limb. Given the dissonance between local practice and international
expectations, this paper evaluates Lagos’ policy on slum clearances and forced evictions; policy
shortcomings and compliance with already domiciled human and shelter rights laws ; undertakes
a comparison with some African countries, and examines the pertinence and possible direction of
a policy rethink to address the challenge posed by the city's numerous slums. Data sources
comprise published literature, the archives, the print media and public commentary. The findings
are that there is no real engagement of slum dwellers; policy execution disregards human rights,
safety and dignity; having been static for over 25 years, policy is not as progressive as in some
African countries. Recommendations include discontinuation of now entrenched and improper
practices and exploration of enabling strategies which fully address the rights of people who are
illegally settled on public land.
Purpose of Review
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) identified 17 goals to achieve by the year 2030, with many of these goals directly or indirectly linked to environmental justice. Health outcomes remain poor in Nigeria; the country ranks low in environmental quality despite supporting environmental treaties and laws. The burden of diseases in the country is in part related to poor environmental quality and is linked to environmental justice issues, such as mining, energy exploration, transport emission, poor waste management, and proliferation of slum settlement.
Recent Findings
Previous studies found that living in proximity to mines and environmental degradation of land and water disrupts means of livelihood and causes poor health outcomes among children and adults. Specifically, health issues like respiratory illness, malaria, kidney disease, and high blood pressure are likely consequences of proximity to mine waste. Few published studies are available for a developing country like Nigeria, although the link between environmental justice and health in Nigeria is clear enough to require action on the part of the government and polluting industries.
Summary
This paper reviewed the concept and coverage of environmental justice in the Nigerian context and its impact on health. Addressing environmental injustices related to mining and other environmental issues can accelerate health gains through conscious and concerted efforts towards preserving the environment. Also, the right of everyone to a sustainable city regardless of socioeconomic class and geographical location can only be secured through environmental justice.
This study analyses the contributions of slum housing to satisfying the health and well-being needs of residents. Using data collected from the slum characterisation studies conducted in the six Nigeria cities of Lagos, Kano, Port Harcourt, Onitsha, Gombe, and Karu. The results of the analyses indicate that only 48.1% of the total households in the six slums have their health and well-being needs met for physiological needs and psychological needs, as well as for protection from diseases and protection from injury. The results also show that only 12 out of the 26 housing indicators investigated were significantly provided for in the six slums. It is noteworthy that key health indicators such as access to safe water, safe waste disposal methods and provision for adequate health facilities contributed less than 80%, coupled with high occurrences of malaria, cholera and typhoid, which all show the disease burden facing slum dwellers. Also discussed are the implications of the findings of this study for promoting sound health and well-being among urban residents, as well as for urban planning, slum upgrading and attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals and the New Urban Agenda.
The plight of residents in inner-city slums in the global South has continued to receive research attention. However, there is a paucity of empirical studies on the influence of the living conditions of this category of residents on attachment to their home environment in urban areas in Nigeria. This study investigated place attachment in the inner-city Ibadan, Nigeria, using data derived from household survey of 856 residents in Oke-Foko Community. The findings of the descriptive statistics, factor, and multiple regression analyses revealed that around 63% of the respondents were attached to their home environment and place dependence contributed more than place identity to this. In addition, satisfaction with housing units features and support services, security and tenure status of the respondents emerged as the top four predictors of place attachment in the area. The study implies that improved place attachment and by extension active citizenship behaviours by residents of urban slums in Nigeria and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa can be achieved if appropriate strategies are engaged to enhance the quality of their housing units, level of security of lives and property, and improve their access to basic social services and facilities within their home environment.
This paper examines the importance of housing to man as an essential need and a prerequisite for the survival of man after food. It equally recognizes profound influence it has on the health, behaviour and efficiency of man and the nation as a whole. The study was carried out with the aid of questionnaire administration, building and facility survey Using random sampling technique, every 5th houses in the five district areas was picked for interviewed. Also, data were collected from related government ministries and departments to particular find out government’s intervention in this area. Findings from the study reveal that the area chosen for the study exhibit slum condition that has undenied impact on the socio-economic lifestyles and the health of the residents, as well as the general outlook of the environment. Recommendations were proffered to guide the policy makers towards enhancing the lives of the residents of the area. Some of which include upgrading programme through the provision of urban basic services and improved sanitation strategies for sustainable management of the area, Public enlightment campaign is also recommended so that the residents will know the importance of good living condition to their health and as well to know the danger of abusing their environment.
Keywords: Housing, Life-Style, Slum, Income, Health
SUMMARY The focus has always been on squatter or informal settlements and not on the urban poor, or their inaccessibility of land. This is a wrong approach. This is why when a squatter settlement is redeveloped, what is successfully done is to push the squatters to another location while redistributing their lands among the Richs! Squatter settlements develops because there exits some urban poor who desire at least a roof over their heads but their income and high cost of land have pushed them to where they are, and called home; and where you and I called squatter settlements. In this paper, however, the focus is on the urban poor, the connection between their socio-economic characteristics and access to land; and any attempt to resolve the problem of squatter settlement without this realization will amount to an effort in futility. In this wise, the paper recommends land reform that will not put the urban poor at a disadvantageous position with regard to access to land. Also, to ensure availability of funds for upgrading of the existing squatter settlements, Public - Private - Partnership is recommended. To sustain this and make sure the urban poor will be able to afford the provision of; and payment for some of these facilities which will be provided under this arrangement; there is the need to empower them economically.
This paper discusses the housing quality in a city suburb, Oba-lle, which is a few kilometers from Akure, the capital city of Ondo State Nigeria. It reports finding from a research on housing studies in the study area. A linear model was developed through multiple regression analysis for the prediction of housing quality of the buildings therein. Three independent variables were found to be predictors of the dependent or criterion variable; these were Use of Toilet, Age of Buildings, and Frequency of Collection of Refuse. The regression coefficients of the predictor variables described the values by which the dependent variable (Housing quality) would change as a result of a unit change in any of the predictor variables. The model is thus pivotal in determining strategies for the improvement of housing quality in the study area.
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