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Walnut: A Highly Nutritious Food with Several Health Benefits

Authors:
  • Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology Anand India
Volume: 3.1Open Access Journal
Food Nutr OA Volume: 3.1 1
ISSN 2517-5726
Food and Nutrition Open Access
Article Information
DOI: 10.31021/fnoa.20203118
Article Type: Short Communication
Journal Type: Open Access
Volume: 3 Issue: 1
Manuscript ID: FNOA-3-118
Publisher: Bofn Access Limited
Received Date: 2 December 2019
Accepted Date: 26 December 2019
Published Date: 05 January 2020
Walnut: A Highly Nutritious Food with Several Health Benets
Mahendra Pal*Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public Health and Microbiology, Gujarat, India
Summary
Food is indispensible for the survival of all living creatures in the universe. Two types
of food are available, one comes from plants, and other originates from animals [1]. Food
contains carbohydrate, fat, protein, minerals, vitamins, and water that are required to keep
the body healthy [1]. Among the foods of plant origin, nuts have good nutritional qualities
             
cashews, pistachios, walnuts, pine nuts, Brazil nuts, chestnuts, and Hazelnuts are available
in the world [3,1]. Nuts are low in carbohydrates but high in other nutrients like vitamins,

have become very health conscious, and therefore, nuts are used in many food recipes
around the world [1]. The potential of nuts in the prevention of cancer is described by [4].
Epidemiologic studies have suggested that consumption of nuts in moderate quantity has
 
as part of a healthy cardiovascular diet. There are evidences to believe that nuts also have
          
noticed in children after ingestion of nuts [3].
Walnut [Juglans regin] is a single seed food of plant origin, which is a rich source of
           
varieties of walnuts, of which only three traditional varieties, namely Black walnut [Juglans
nigra], and English or Persian walnut [Juglans regia], and White or butternut walnut [Juglans
cinerea] are grown for commercial purposes in many countries of the world [1]. After

               
edible kernel inside. Walnuts can be purchased in shelled and unshelled from the markets.
When purchasing from the shops, it is imperative to see that walnuts are bright brown in
 
put in airtight container, and kept in the refrigerator to avoid rancidity. However, unshelled
walnuts can be placed in a cool, dry place for many months [6,1]. It is estimated that 3.8

            
  

phosphorus, zinc, magnesium, sodium, potassium, selenium, iron, iodine, molybdenum, and
 


recognized to be helpful in defending the body against diseases [8]. and co-investigators
 both raw or
roasted, and salted or unsalted in many countries of the world. They can either be eaten as
a snack or can be added to breakfast cereals, salads, soups, pastas, and baked goods. Walnut
       
be employed in cooking, and as a base or carrier oil in medicine, and in aromatherapy [1].


It can prevent risk of cardiovascular diseases. Walnuts may decrease risk of certain cancers,
such as breast, prostate and colorectal cancers. However, additional studies are required to
     
bone health, brain health, gut health, reduce bad cholesterol and triglyceride levels,
manage diabetes, support sperm health and male fertility, prevent constipation, decrease
depression, maintain healthy weight and prevent obesity. The regular use of walnuts can

       
in a healthy diet pattern. However, persons having hypersensitivity reaction to nuts must
              
breathing after consuming walnuts, immediate medical help should be sought to get relief

*Corresponding author:
Mahendra Pal
Narayan Consultancy on Veterinary Public
Health and Microbiology

Anand-388001, Gujarat, India

Citation: Pal M. Walnut: A Highly Nutritious Food
      

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to consume them in moderation. Further research seems imperative

Acknowledgement
           
through the manuscript and Anubha for computer help. This paper is

Minister, who was a very kind, generous, and good person. He was a
veteran Indian politician who will always be remembered as one of
the main strategists for the party and for his great contributions as
Finance Minister, Government of India.
References
1. Pal M. The role of nuts in human nutrition. Guest Lecture at
       

2.     

3.         

4.          

5.    

6.         
   nd     

7. 

8.         
Juglans regia L 
801.
9. 
diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic
      

10. Patel G. Essential fats in walnuts are good for the heart and

11.         Juglans regia
        

... Walnut, "Obesity'' is known to be associated with various diseases, and some studies have also stated that it has the potential to prevent obesity and has an effect. (Estruch et al., 2018;Pal, 2020). Brennan et al., (2010) reported that walnuts good fat (ALA/omega 3), fiber and protein, especially pulp, can help in weight management, especially providing satiety and reducing calorie consumption. ...
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The history of using plants to treat human health and many diseases is as old as human history; such that it has a history of several thousand years in many countrie. In the past centuries, natural remedies, especially medicinal plants, were accepted as the basis of treatment. In the last decade, it has been shown that there is a great tendency and willingness to accept natural treatments in developed and developing countries (Delaviz et al., 2017). The use of plants in traditional medicine for many diseases has become widespread in the world. In many studies conducted over the last 30 years; They found that there is a relationship between people's eating habits and diseases. While investigating the relationships between some well-known diseases and nutrition, the most questioned food component/food item was fats. The walnut which has a history of thousands of years, is the oldest tree known to man and is used in the treatment of different diseases. Almost all parts of this plant such as bark, kernel (seed), flower, leaf, green bark, septum, oil have unique food, cosmetic pharmaceutical industries and medicinal properties
... Walnut, "Obesity'' is known to be associated with various diseases, and some studies have also stated that it has the potential to prevent obesity and has an effect. (Estruch et al., 2018;Pal, 2020). Brennan et al., (2010) reported that walnuts good fat (ALA/omega 3), fiber and protein, especially pulp, can help in weight management, especially providing satiety and reducing calorie consumption. ...
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COVID-19, a disease caused by SARS-COV-2 virus was the reason for the pandemic and loss of many lives. The virus transmission from human-to-human touch led to outbreaks of this disease. World health organization has recommended a list of precautionary measures to avoid the major infection of this virus. This list includes various medicinal plants, fruits and vegetables which can boost the immunity and help in reducing the risk of infection. Due to this COVID-19, the food habits of most of the people changed which led to shift towards healthier lifestyle. As most of the Indian population is vegetarian, so the health based plant food including wild plant sources have been explored extensively. The wild fruits like bael, aonla, jamun, rubus, aakhe, simul and many more have the antiviral properties and immune boosting properties which could be incorporated in our diet. The bioactive compounds like polyphenolics, flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, vitamins, minerals, etc., present in above mentioned wild fruits can be utilized to have healthful benefits. As these functional components can help in reducing various diseases like asthma, bronchitis, cold, fever, flu, inflammatory diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and ultimately boost up the immunity to cope up with COVID-19 illness.
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Nuts (tree nuts and peanuts) are nutrient dense foods with complex matrices rich in unsaturated fatty and other bioactive compounds: high-quality vegetable protein, fiber, minerals, tocopherols, phytosterols, and phenolic compounds. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to beneficially impact health outcomes. Epidemiologic studies have associated nut consumption with a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease and gallstones in both genders and diabetes in women. Limited evidence also suggests beneficial effects on hypertension, cancer, and inflammation. Interventional studies consistently show that nut intake has a cholesterol-lowering effect, even in the context of healthy diets, and there is emerging evidence of beneficial effects on oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular reactivity. Blood pressure, visceral adiposity and the metabolic syndrome also appear to be positively influenced by nut consumption. Thus it is clear that nuts have a beneficial impact on many cardiovascular risk factors. Contrary to expectations, epidemiologic studies and clinical trials suggest that regular nut consumption is unlikely to contribute to obesity and may even help in weight loss. Safety concerns are limited to the infrequent occurrence of nut allergy in children. In conclusion, nuts are nutrient rich foods with wide-ranging cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, which can be readily incorporated into healthy diets.
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This article reviews recent epidemiologic evidence on nut intake and health outcomes. It focuses on studies in which nut consumption is directly assessed or when nuts are included in a dietary score or pattern. Epidemiologic studies have been remarkably consistent in showing an association between nut consumption and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Some evidence has emerged recently to suggest health-protective benefits of nuts other than CHD. Frequent nut intake probably reduces risk of diabetes mellitus among women, but its effects on men are unknown. Evidence on the anticarcinogenic effects of nuts is somewhat limited because studies in the past 2 decades have examined only 3 tumor sites, and the benefits appear to be manifested only in women. However, the protective benefits of frequent nut consumption on gallstone diseases are observed in both sexes. Long-term nut consumption is linked with lower body weight and lower risk of obesity and weight gain. A dietary pattern or score that includes nuts is consistently related with beneficial health outcomes, and this provides an indirect evidence of the salutary benefits of nut consumption. More longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the possible effects of nuts on diseases other than CHD.
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Cancer is a disease that is characterized by the loss of genetic control over cell growth and proliferation, mainly as a result of the exposure to environmental factors. Cessation of smoking and a high consumption of fruits and vegetables are the most important means of reducing the risk of cancer in our society. Like fruits and vegetables, nuts are a source of vegetable protein, monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, phenolic compounds, selenium, vegetable fibre, folic acid and phytoestrogens. There are numerous mechanisms of action by which these components can intervene in the prevention of cancer, although they have not been fully elucidated. There are very few epidemiological studies analyzing the relationship between nuts consumption and risk of cancer. One of the greatest difficulties in interpreting the results is that the consumption of nuts, seeds and legumes are often presented together. The most commonly studied location is the colon/rectum, an organ in which the effect of nuts is biologically plausible. Although the results are not conclusive, a protective effect on colon and rectum cancer is possible. Likewise, some studies show a possible protective effect on prostate cancer, but there is insufficient data on other tumour locations. New epidemiological studies are required to clarify the possible effects of nuts on cancer, particularly prospective studies that make reliable and complete estimations of their consumption and which make it possible to analyse their effects independently of the consumption of legumes and seeds.
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The increasing trend of obesity has been associated with a greater prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and may lead to more vascular disease. Nuts, a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids and fiber, have been shown to decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Numerous studies have demonstrated that nuts favorably affect serum lipids. They also exhibit a number of nonlipid benefits, including improved weight management, greater insulin sensitivity, and favorable endothelial effects, as well as having anti-inflammatory properties. Incorporating nuts into the diets of more people may lead to a variety of cardiovascular benefits.
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Three hydrolyzable tannins, glansrins A-C, together with adenosine, adenine, and 13 known tannins were isolated from the n-BuOH extract of walnuts (the seeds of Juglans regia L.). Glansrins A-C were characterized as ellagitannins with a tergalloyl group, or related polyphenolic acyl group, based on spectral and chemical evidence. The 14 walnut polyphenols had superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity with EC(50) 21.4-190 microM and a remarkable radical scavenging effect against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (EC(50) 0.34-4.72 microM).
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Epidemiological studies suggest that nut intake decreases coronary artery disease (CAD) risk. Nuts have a cholesterol-lowering effect that partly explains this benefit. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with CAD and its risk factors and is reversed by antioxidants and marine n-3 fatty acids. Walnuts are a rich source of both antioxidants and alpha-linolenic acid, a plant n-3 fatty acid. To test the hypothesis that walnut intake will reverse endothelial dysfunction, we randomized in a crossover design 21 hypercholesterolemic men and women to a cholesterol-lowering Mediterranean diet and a diet of similar energy and fat content in which walnuts replaced approximately 32% of the energy from monounsaturated fat. Participants followed each diet for 4 weeks. After each intervention, we obtained fasting blood and performed ultrasound measurements of brachial artery vasomotor function. Eighteen subjects completing the protocol had suitable ultrasound studies. Compared with the Mediterranean diet, the walnut diet improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation and reduced levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (P<0.05 for both). Endothelium-independent vasodilation and levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, C-reactive protein, homocysteine, and oxidation biomarkers were similar after each diet. The walnut diet significantly reduced total cholesterol (-4.4+/-7.4%) and LDL cholesterol (-6.4+/-10.0%) (P<0.05 for both). Cholesterol reductions correlated with increases of both dietary alpha-linolenic acid and LDL gamma-tocopherol content, and changes of endothelium-dependent vasodilation correlated with those of cholesterol-to-HDL ratios (P<0.05 for all). Substituting walnuts for monounsaturated fat in a Mediterranean diet improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypercholesterolemic subjects. This finding might explain the cardioprotective effect of nut intake beyond cholesterol lowering.
The role of nuts in human nutrition. Guest Lecture at Auditorium of Mohan Nagar Welfare Association
  • M Pal
Pal M. The role of nuts in human nutrition. Guest Lecture at Auditorium of Mohan Nagar Welfare Association, New Delhi, India. 2018: 1-25.
Nutritional and health benefits of walnuts
  • T Fatima
  • U Showket
  • S Z Hussein
Fatima T, Showket U, Hussein SZ. Nutritional and health benefits of walnuts. JPP 2018;7(2):1269-1271.