Remote Sensing Study of Selected Areas in Dogtown using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data

Abstract

A remote sensing study of an expanse of woodlands in the middle of Cape Ann, Massachusetts known as Dogtown is described. Using 35 years of Landsat TM data provided through Google's Earth Engine we compare and contrast vegetation changes at selected study areas in Dogtown. Successional forests, swamps, fens, and other areas are examined. Preliminary results reveal anomalous changes in two fens, one of which may have been caused by the operation of a nearby municipal compost facility.

Full text

Remote&Sensing!Study&of!Selected'
Areas!in#Dogtown'using'Multi-Tem poral)
Landsat!Data"
Mark%Carlotto%(mark@carlotto.us)%
%
Abstract(
A% remote% sensing% study% of% an% expanse% of% woodlands% in% the% middle% of% Cape% Ann,%
Massachusetts%known%as%Dogtown%is%described.%Using%35%years%of%Landsat%TM%data%provided%
through% Google’s%Earth% Engine% we% compare% and% contrast% vegetation% changes% at%selected%
study%areas%in%Dogtown.%Successional%forests,%swamps,%fens,%and%other% areas%are%examined.%
Preliminary% results% reveal%anomalous% changes% in% two% fens,% one% of% which% may% have%been%
caused%by%the%operation%of%a%nearby%municipal%compost%facility.%
1.(Introduction(
An%area%of%woodlands%in%the%middle%of%Cape%Ann%known%as%Dogtown%has%a%long%and%diverse%
history%(Carlotto% 2012).% The% area%originally%known% as% the% Commons% Settlement%was%
established%around%1670%after%large%expanses%of%the%native%forest%were%cleared.%About%forty%
families%lived%there%at%its%peak.%The%settlement%began%to%decline%after%the%Revolutionary%War%
as%the%local%economy%shifted%from%agriculture%to%ship%building%and%fishing.%As%people%moved%
closer% to% the% harbor%their% homes% in% the% interior% of% Cape% Ann% were% rented% and% fell% into%
disrepair.%During%this%time%the%area%became%known%as%Dogtown.%In% the%early%1800s% granite%
quarries% were% established% in% the% northern% part% of% Cape% Ann.% Less% than% a% century% later%as%
engineered% stone% products% replaced% granite% most% of% the% quarries% were% shut% down.% The%
quarry%pits%that%remained%filled%with%water%and%eventually%became%part%of%the%public%water%
supply.% Two% reservoirs% were% constructed% –% the% Babson% Reservoir% in% 1930% and% the% Goose%
Cove%Reservoir%in%the%1960s.%Although%much%of%Dogtown%is%protected%by%virtue%of%these%two%
reservoirs%and%their%watersheds,%development%continues%to%erode%the%edges%of%Dogtown%and%
remains%an%existential%threat%to%the%integrity%of%historical%Dogtown.%%%
%
Dogtown’s%historical%and%cultural%resources%are%well%documented%(Heitert%et%al%2018).%Much%
of% what% we% know% about% Dogtown’s% people% was% passed% down% in% oral% histories% captured% in%
The$Story$of$Dogtown%by%Mann%(1896).%Although%its%natural%features% have% been% mapped% to%
some% extent%(DSC% 1985)%Dogtown% has% never% been% studied% from% a% remote% sensing%
perspective.% Pasquarella% et% al% (2016)% describe%how% an% extensive%archive%of% Landsat%
observations%over%the%past% three% plus% decades% can%be%used%in% the% study% of% ecology% for% the%
purpose%quantifying%and%analyzing%relationships%between%time%series%data,%ecosystems%and%
ecological%processes.%
%
Inspired% by% this% research,% in% this% study% we% use%multi-temporal%Landsat% TM% data% for% the%
purpose%of%characterizing%and%comparing%vegetation%changes%in%Dogtown%–%in%effect%to%begin%
to%tell%today’s% ecological%“story”% of% Dogtown%from% a% remote% sensing% perspective.%Section% 2%

defines%the% areas%identified% for% study.% Section% 3% describes% a%methodology% developed% to%
measure%changes%in%vegetative%state%over%time%that%from%Landsat%time-series%data.%Section%4%
tells%the%stories%of%several%areas%in%Dogtown%in%terms%of%the%Landsat-derived%measurements.%
%
%
Figure'1' Point' locations' in' greater' Dogtown' examined' in' this' study.' Shaded' areas' are' watershed.'The'
outlined'area'is'generally'regarded'as'the'Dogtown'historical'district.'(Google'Earth)'
2.(Study(Areas(
The%locations%analyzed% in% this% study% (Figure%1)%lie% within% an% expanse%of% woodlands% in% the%
middle%of%Cape%Ann.%This%landscape%was%at%various%times%more%diverse%than%it%is%today.%Much%
of%what%is%considered%historical%Dogtown%(roughly%defined%as%the%area%bounded%by%Dogtown%
Road% to% the% south,% Wharf% Road% to% the% east,% Common% Road% to% the% north,% and% Back% Road%
(Cherry% Street)% to% the% west)% consisted% of% farms% and% pastures% that% have% reverted% to%
woodlands.% Areas% around% the% northern% quarries%have% similarly% returned%to% their% natural%
wooded% state.% Table% 1% lists% the% locations% examined%that% include% successional% forests% that%
were%once%farms%and%pastures,%swamps,%fens,%a%beaver%pond,%and% several%areas%that%are,% or%
might%be%affected%by%manmade%activities.%
%
%
%
%
%
%

Table'1'Dogtown'locations'include'fens,'swamps,'successional'forests,'and'a'municipal'compost'area.'
Location(
Latitude(
Longitude(
Description(
Lower"Vivian"Fen"(LVF)"
42.63482"
-70.66457"
Fen"below"compost"area"
Upper"Vivian"Fen"(UVF)"
42.63694"
-70.66196"
Fen"above"compost"area"
Granny"Day"Swamp"(GDS)"
42.64055"
-70.65420"
Small"freshwater"swamp"
Briar"Swamp"(BS)"
42.65282"
-70.64207"
Large"freshwater"swamp"
Pearce"Pasture"(PP)"
42.63876"
-70.65177"
Former"Dogtown"farm"(successional"forest)"
Stevens"Farm"(SF)"
42.63766"
-70.66030"
Former"Dogtown"farm"(successional"forest)"
Woodland"Acres"(WA)"
42.67450"
-70.63733"
Aborted"housing"development"
(successional"forest)"
Johnson"Fen"(JF)"
42.66260"
-70.64246"
Fen"near"granite"quarry"
Compost"Area"(C)"
42.63557"
-70.66133"
Municipal"compost"area"
Location"northeast"of"Compost"
Area"(NE)"
42.63614"
-70.66099"
Former"gravel"pit"(successional"forest)"
Reference"location"east"of"
Compost"Area"(E)"
42.63543"
-70.66069"
Successional"forest"
Reference"location"west"of"
Compost"Area"(W)"
42.63550"
-70.66273"
Brush""
Reference"location"south"of"
Compost"Area"(S)"
42.63499"
-70.66182"
Successional"forest"
Beaver"pond"(BP)"
42.63337"
-70.64885"
Beaver"pond"at"old"mill"site"east"of"Babson"
Reservoir"
%
(
Figure' 2' Google' Earth' Engine' application' displays' time' series' information' (right)' computed' from' 35'
years' of' Landsat' TM' data' at' user–defined' locations' (left).' The' white' box' represents' the' spatial'
resolution'of'the'underlying'Landsat'TM'pixel'data.'(Google/Boston'University)'

3.(Methodology(
Google’s%Earth%Engine1%contains%over%twenty%petabytes%of%imagery%and%other%geospatial%data%
sets.%Using%a%script%developed%by%Eric%Bullock%and%Valerie%Pasquarella%at%Boston%University’s%
Center%for%Remote%Sensing% we%downloaded%Landsat%TM%time-series%data% at%the%locations%of%
interest.% The% application% displays% numerous% time-series% plots% including% the% tasseled% cap%
brightness,%greenness,%and%wetness%(Crist%and%Cicone%1984).%Figure%3a%plots%the%tasseled%cap%
greenness%of%a% vegetated% area% as%a% function% of% the% time 𝑔(𝑡)%between%1985%and%2019.% The%
data%were%downloaded%as%a%CSV%file%from%the%app,%processed%and%displayed%using%Microsoft%
Excel.% The% data% are% provided%along% with% a% date% that% is% converted% to% an% Excel% integer% time%
code.% Plotting% the% data% versus% the% day% of% year%(i.e.,% time% code% modulo% 365)% reveals% its%
phenological%cycle%(Figure%3b).%%
%
Although% it% is% possible% in% some%applications%to% visually% detect% changes%of% interest% directly%
from% these% plots,% other%applications% require% an% additional% stage% of% processing% in% order% to%
enhance% subtle% changes.% Spatial%integration%can% be% used% to% detect% small% changes% between%
regions%(Carlotto%et%al%1994).%Similarly%temporal%integration%can%enhance%small%changes%that%
occur%over%time.%For%example,%by%accumulating%the%tasseled%cap%greenness%over%time%%
%
𝐺𝑇=𝑔(𝑡)/
!
!!!
𝑛𝑡
%
subtle% differences% in% vegetation% growth% patterns% can% be% detected.% The% normalizing% factor%
𝑛𝑡,%which%is%equal%to% the%total%number%of%observations%within%the%year%of%an% observation,%
compensates%for%the%variation%in%the%number%of%Landsat%observations%from%year%to%year.%The%
slope% of% the% accumulated%greenness%distribution% is% related% to% the% amount% of% green%
vegetation%present.%As%vegetation%reaches%an%equilibrium%growth%state%the%slope%approaches%
a%constant%value.%
%
%
%
%
Figure'3' Greenness'vs.'time' (top'left),'greenness'vs.'day' of'year'(right),'and'accumulated' greenness'vs.'
time'(bottom'left).'The'time'axis'(top'level)'is'in'Excel'time'units.'
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1%https://earthengine.google.com%%
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29886% 31886% 33886% 35886% 37886% 39886% 41886%
-1,000.00&
-500.00&
0.00&
500.00&
1,000.00&
1,500.00&
2,000.00&
2,500.00&
3,000.00&
3,500.00&
-35& 15& 65& 115& 165& 215& 265& 315& 365&
0.00#
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30,000.00#
40,000.00#
50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#

Figure'4'Two'old'pastures:'the'Steven’s'farm'(left)'in'early'fall'and'the'Pearce'pasture'(right)'in'late'fall.'
(Photos'by'author)'
4.(Stories(of(Dogtown(
4.1(Old(pastures(
The%Steven’s%farm%and%Pearce%pasture%are%two%areas%in%Dogtown%that%were%once%farms%with%
pastures.%An%1826% probate% inventory%of%the%Steven’s%farm%included%two% houses% with%barns%
and% adjoining% fields% (Heitert%et% al% 2018).% Although% this%area% along% Dogtown% Road% was%
probably% abandoned% around%that%time% it% remained% pastureland% into% the% mid-1900s.% The%
Pearce% pasture% was% a% sheep% farm% in% the% middle% of% Dogtown%that% was% owned% by% Colonel%
William% Pearce,% one% of% the% wealthiest% merchants% in% Gloucester.% The% house% and% farm%
provided%Pearce%an%inland%retreat%during%the%War%of%1812.%
%
Figure% 5% compares% the% accumulated% greenness% of% these% two% pastures% relative% to% a% third%
reference%area%(E)%of% successional% forest,%formerly%pastureland,%east%of%Dogtown%Road.%The%
accumulated%greenness%of%the%Pearce%pasture%follows%that%of%the%reference%area%while%that%of%
the%Steven’s%farm%falls%below%it.%A%possible%explanation%for%the%difference%is%that%Stevens’%and%
adjacent%farms% and%fields%west%of% Dogtown%Road%experience%small%brush% fires% from%time%to%
time.%Plots% of% vegetation% index%over% time% reveal% that%areas%affected% by% fire% tend%to%recover%
within%a%few%years%(Ryu%2018).%It%is%conjectured%this%area%that%has%been%repeatedly%affected%
by% fires% will% tend% to% have% less% vegetation% on% average% than% other% areas% that% have% not%
experienced%fires.%
%

%
%
Figure'5'Accumulated'greenness'at'Steven’s'farm'(SF)'and'Pearce'pasture'(PP)'locations'compared'with'
a'reference'area'(E)'of'successional'forest.'
%
%
%
Figure' 6' Northern' end' of' Granny' Day' swamp' (left)' in' late' fall' and' boardwalk' through' Briar' swamp'
(right)'in'mid-winter.'(Photos'by'author)'
0.00#
10,000.00#
20,000.00#
30,000.00#
40,000.00#
50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
SF#
E#
0.00#
10,000.00#
20,000.00#
30,000.00#
40,000.00#
50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
PP#
E#

4.2(Two(Swamps(
Cape% Ann% was% located% at% the% edge% of% North% American% ice% sheet% during% the% last% Ice% Age.%%
Today% its% rocky% landscape% is% strewn% with% giant% boulders% known% as% erratics% that% were%
transported%hundreds%of%miles%by%the%glacier.%The%weight%of%the%ice%in%some%places%created%
depressions%called%kettle%holes%that%were%left%behind%after%the%ice%melted.%Those%in%low-lying%
areas%became%swamps%and%bogs.%%
%
Granny%Day%swamp%and%Briar%swamp%are%two%such%areas%in%Dogtown.%During%colonial%times%
several%homes% and%a% schoolhouse% were%built%near% Granny% Day% swamp.%An% old% well%can% be%
found%between%the%swamp%and%Dogtown%Road.%In% the%1930s%a%dike% was%built%south%of%Briar%
swamp% to% prevent%the% swamp’s% dark-colored% peat-stained% water% from%flowing%into% the%
Babson%Reservoir.%Today%most% of% the%water% that% flows% out% of% Briar% swamp% filters% through%
wetlands%north%of%Common%Road%into%Goose%Cove%Reservoir.%
%
Figure%7%plots%the%accumulated% greenness%of%these%two%swamps%against%the% reference%area%
(E).% Observing% that% wetland% biomass% decreases% from% land% to% water,% Han% et% al% (2019)%
developed% regression% methods% for% estimating% wetland% biomass% from% vegetation% indices.%
That% the%accumulated%greenness% of% Briar% swamp% is% greater% than% Granny% Day% swamp%
suggests%there%is% a% greater% amount% biomass% in% Briar%swamp%and% is% likely%on% average%to% be%
drier.%%
%
Figure' 7' Accumulated' greenness' distributions' for' Granny' Day' swamp' (GDS)' and' Briar' swamp' (BS)'
compared'to'a'reference'area'(E)'east'of'Dogtown'Road.'
Figure'8'Phenological'plots'for'location'in'Granny'Day'swamp'(left)'and'Briar'swamp'(right).'
0.00#
10,000.00#
20,000.00#
30,000.00#
40,000.00#
50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
GDS#
BS#
E#
-1000$
-500$
0$
500$
1000$
1500$
2000$
2500$
3000$
3500$
-35$ 15$ 65$ 115$ 165$ 215$ 265$ 315$ 365$
-1000$
-500$
0$
500$
1000$
1500$
2000$
2500$
3000$
3500$
-35$ 15$ 65$ 115$ 165$ 215$ 265$ 315$ 365$

4.3(Beaver(pond(
When% the% Babson% Reservoir% was% constructed% in% 1930,% Gloucester’s% First% Mill% on% Alewife%
Brook% was% dismantled%and% the% large% millpond% drained%(Babson% 1936).% Since% then% Cape%
Ann’s%beaver% population%has%taken%up% residence%in%this%part% of% Dogtown%building%one% dam%
after%another%at%this%location.%The%latest%beaver%dam%was%removed%in%2019.%The%two%Google%
Earth%images% in% Figure%9% illustrate% the% build% up% of% water% leading%up% to% the% removal%of% the%
beaver% dam% (Figure% 10).% Figure% 11%shows% the% change% in% the% tasseled% cap% wetness% at% this%
location%over%this%period%of%time.%
%
%
%
Figure'9'Aerial'images'over'Beaver'Pond'in'the'spring'2017'(left)'and'2018'(right).'(Google'Earth)'
%
%
Figure'10'Photo'of'the'dismantled'beaver'dam'on'Alewife'Brook.'(Photo'by'author)'
%

%
Figure'11'Tasseled'cap'wetness'for'point'location'in'beaver'pond.'
%
4.4(Fens(
Fens% occur% in% areas% along% streams% that% remain% saturated% most% of% the% year% and% generally%
contain%more%biomass%than%swamps%as%illustrated%in%Figure%12.%
%
%
Figure'12'Comparison'of'the' accumulated'greenness'of'a'fen'along'an'upper'section'of'the'Vivian'brook'
(UVF)'west'of'the'Steven’s'farm'to'Briar'swamp'(BS).'
Two% fens% in% Dogtown% may% be% indicators% of% environmental% change% caused% by% manmade%
activities.%Figure% 13%compares% upper% Vivian% with% a%fen%west%of%Johnson%quarry,%which%is%in%
the%northern% part% of% Dogtown.%The% accumulated% greenness% distribution% of% the% Johnson% fen%
follows% that% of% upper% Vivian % until% sometime% in% 2014% when% it% decreases% sig nificantly.% This%
decrease%is%puzzling.%Figure%14%shows% that% the% accumulated%tasseled% cap% wetness%remains%
constant%suggesting%the%decrease%in%greenness%was%not%caused%by%the%region%become%wetter.%
Between%2008% and%2017%the%fen%appears%to%grow%in%size%(Figure%15).%Although%this%change%
occurs%around% the% time%the%quarry%once%again%became% active% on%a%limited%basis%it% does%not%
appear% to% be% directly% related% to% the% quarry.% The% cause% of% this% change% is% currently%
unexplained.%
%
-3000$
-2500$
-2000$
-1500$
-1000$
-500$
0$
500$
1000$
40000$ 42000$
2019%
2018%
2017%
0.00#
10,000.00#
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30,000.00#
40,000.00#
50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
UVF#
BS#

%
Figure'13'Decrease'in'accumulated'greenness'of'fen'west'of'Johnson'quarry'(JF)'relative'to'upper'Vivian'
fen'(UVF).'
%
Figure'14'Accumulated'greenness'and'wetness'distributions'for'fen'west'of'Johnson'quarry.'
%
%
%
Figure'15'Two' images' taken' in' the' spring' of' 2008' (left)' and' 2017' (right)' show' increase' in' size' of' fen'
west'of'Johnson'quarry.'White'placemark'is'location'of'point'sample'analyzed.'(Google'Earth)'
%
0.00#
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30,000.00#
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50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
UVF#
jF#
2014%
0.00#
10,000.00#
20,000.00#
30,000.00#
40,000.00#
50,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
WET#
GRN#
2014%

%
%
Figure' 16'Aerial' image' (left)' and' ground' photo' (right)' at' compost' area' taken' in' 2018.'(Google'
Earth/Photo'by'author)'
4.5(Compost(area(
In%1991%a%parcel%of%land%on%Dogtown%Road%began%to%be%used%by%the%City%of%Gloucester%for%leaf%
and% brush% composting.% Although% a% visual% examination% of%aerial% imagery% suggests% that% the%
area%of%the%facility%does%not%appear%to%have%changed% over%the%past%twenty%years%the% volume%
of%material%that%has%accumulated%there%has%increased%significantly.%What%was%to%have%been%a%
temporary%solution%for%processing%yard%waste%has%become%a%permanent%eyesore%with%runoff%
(including%trash)%flowing%into%the%lower%part%of%the%Vivian%stream.%
%
%
Figure'17'Accumulated'greenness'of'upper'and'lower'Vivian'fen'(UVF'and'LVF)'and'compost'area'(C).''
Figure% 17%shows% that% the% accumulated% greenness% distribution% at% a% location% within% the%
compost% area% (C)% begins% to% decrease% sometime% in% 1995.% Up% to% this% time%the% accumulated%
greenness%measured%in%the%upper%and%lower%Vivian%fens%are%similar.%After%this%point%in%time%
they% appear% to%diverge.% Although% correlation% does% not% necessarily% imply% causation,% it% is%
possible%that%the%decrease%in% greenness% is%caused%by%runoff% from%the%compost%area% into%the%
lower%Vivian%fen.%
0.00#
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40,000.00#
50,000.00#
60,000.00#
29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
UVF#
LVF#
C#
1995$

Figure'18'Aerial'images'over'Woodland'Acres'taken'in'1995,'2001,'and'2019.'(Google'Earth)
4.6(Interrupted(succession(
In%the%mid-1990s,%permits%were%granted%that%would%have%allowed%75%homes%to%be%built%in%a%
tract% of% land%north% of% Dogtown%in% Rockport%Massachusetts% known% as% Woodland% Acres.%
Figure% 18%shows% the% area% before% the% start% of% construction% in% 1995,% in% 2001% several% years%
after%it%was%terminated%(which%was%due%to%financial%issues),%and%in%2018%after%succession%had%
resumed.% Figure% 19%tells% the% same% story.% Soon% after% construction% began% the% slope% of%
accumulated% greenness% distribution% decreased% as% biomass% was% removed.% After% the%
development%stopped%the% slope%increased%as%early%succession%began%in%areas%that%had%been%
cleared.%
Figure' 19'Pattern' of' interrupted' succession' in' the' accumulated' greenness' distribution' for' a' point' in'
Woodland'Acres'(WA).'The'dotted'line'represents'normal'succession.
5.(Summary(
Multi-temporal% Landsat% TM% data% provides% new% ecological% insights% into% Dogtown’s% once%
diverse% landscape.% We% h ave% discovered% two% fens% that% may% be% in dicators% of% environmental%
change%caused%by%manmade%activities.%Further%analysis%of%changes%in%the%lower%Vivian%fen%is%
needed%to%determine%if%there%is%a%causal%relationship%between%the%operation%of%the%compost%
area% and% surrounding% vegetation.%Future% work% will% extend% our% analysis% to% other% areas% in%
Dogtown.%%
%
0.00#
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29886# 31886# 33886# 35886# 37886# 39886# 41886#
WA#
1995$

Acknowledgement(
The%author%wishes%to%thank%Valerie%Pasquarella%and%Boston%University’s%Center%for%Remote%
Sensing%for% providing% a% special% Cape% Ann% edition% of% their% Google% Earth% Engine% script% to%
support% this% research% and% Jim% MacDougall% for% contributing% his% extensive% environmental%
knowledge%of%Dogtown.%
%
References(
%
Charles%E.%Mann,%In$the$Heart$of$Cape$Ann$or$the$Story$of$Dogtown,%Proctor%Bros.%Publishers,%
Gloucester%MA,%1896.%
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