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SCISPO
3416
1—11
Please
cite
this
article
in
press
as:
Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
+Model
SCISPO
3416
1—11
Science
&
Sports
(2020)
xxx,
xxx—xxx
Disponible
en
ligne
sur
ScienceDirect
www.sciencedirect.com
REVIEW
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review
Blessures
en
badminton:
une
revue
M.
Phomsouphaa,b,c,∗,
G.
Laffayeb,c,d
Q1
aAPCoSS
-
Institute
of
Physical
Education
and
Sports
Sciences
(IFEPSA),
Université
Catholique
de
l’Ouest,
Angers,
France
bCIAMS,
Université
Paris-Sud,
Université
Paris-Saclay,
91405
Orsay,
France
cCIAMS,
Université
d’Orléans,
45067
Orléans,
France
dResearch
Center
for
Sports
Science,
South
Ural
State
University
Chelyabinsk,
Russia
Received
31
May
2017;
accepted
9
January
2020
KEYWORDS
Badminton;
Injury;
Trauma;
Epidemiology
Summary
Objectives.
—
The
aim
of
this
review
is
to
provide
an
overview
of
the
injury
risks
in
badminton,
by
exploring
and
takes
a
global
approach
related
to
the
eyes,
and
upper
and
lower
limbs.
This
explain
how
the
injury
occurred
and
as
well
as
medical
and
training
recommendations
for
athletic
population.
News.
—
Badminton
injuries
are
around
1—5%
of
all
sports
injuries.
It
ranked
six
after
soccer,
basketball,
volleyball,
long-distance
running
and
cycling.
Prospects
and
projects.
—
Such
knowledge
could
help
coaches
and
fitness
trainers
focus
on
the
specific
muscular
activities
required
to
prevent
injuries.
The
relationship
between
scientists
and
coaches,
particularly
in
terms
of
biomechanics
and
physiotherapy,
will
help
improve
per-
formance
and
prevent
injury.
Conclusion.
—
Badminton
will
be
influenced
by
the
evolution
of
intensity
of
the
game.
It
is
apparent
that
the
movement
patterns
and
movement
demands
are
related
to
an
increase
in
injuries
and
the
generation
of
new
injuries.
Eye
injury
occurs
when
shuttlecock
impact
from
an
opponent’s
stroke.
Wearing
glasses
can
considerably
reduce
the
risk
of
eye
injury.
Injuries
to
the
arm
and
shoulder
are
due
to
faulty
technique,
while
leg
and
back
injuries
are
caused
mainly
by
a
lack
of
strength
or
mobility.
The
contribution
of
the
trunk
to
the
prevention
of
lower
limb
injuries
suggests
that
specific
attention
should
be
paid
to
this
area.
Fatigue
influences
the
way
that
lunges
are
performed,
and
the
jump
is
received
by
making
these
tendons
less
powerful
and
more
unstable.
Training
program
increases
body
strength
to
prevent
injuries.
©
2020
Elsevier
Masson
SAS.
All
rights
reserved.
∗Corresponding
author
at:
Université
Catholique
de
l’Ouest
Bretagne-Sud,
Campus
du
Vincin,
56610
Arradon.
E-mail
address:
mphomsou@uco.fr
(M.
Phomsoupha).
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
0765-1597/©
2020
Elsevier
Masson
SAS.
All
rights
reserved.
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SCISPO
3416
1—11
Please
cite
this
article
in
press
as:
Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
+Model
SCISPO
3416
1—11
2
M.
Phomsoupha,
G.
Laffaye
MOTS
CLÉS
Badminton
;
Blessure
;
Traumatisme
;
Épidémiologie
Résumé
Objectifs.
—L’objectif
de
cette
revue
est
de
fournir
un
aperc¸u
sur
les
risques
de
blessures
en
badminton
en
explorant
et
en
adoptant
une
approche
globale
des
blessures
des
yeux,
des
membres
supérieurs
et
inférieurs.
Cela
explique
comment
la
blessure
a
eu
lieu
et
de
ce
fait,
propose
des
recommandations
médicales
et
d’entraînement
pour
les
sportifs.
Actualités.
—
Les
blessures
en
badminton
sont
autour
de
1—5
%
des
blessures
sportives.
Elles
sont
classées
sixième
après
celles
du
football,
du
basketball,
du
volleyball,
de
la
course
à
pied
et
du
vélo.
Perspectives
et
projets.
—
Les
connaissances
pourraient
aider
les
entraîneurs
et
les
prépara-
teurs
physiques
à
se
focaliser
sur
les
activités
musculaires
spécifiques
dans
la
prévention
des
blessures.
La
relation
entre
les
scientifiques
et
les
entraîneurs,
notamment
en
biomécanique
et
en
physiothérapie
contribuera
à
améliorer
les
performances
et
prévenir
les
blessures.
Conclusion.
—Le
badminton
sera
influencé
par
l’évolution
de
l’intensité
des
échanges.
Il
est
visible
que
les
modèles
et
les
exigences
des
mouvements
vont
augmenter
le
nombre
de
blessures
et
d’en
générer
de
nouvelles.
Une
blessure
oculaire
survient
suite
à
un
coup
de
volant
frappé
par
l’adversaire.
Le
port
de
lunette
peut
réduire
considérablement
le
risque
de
blessure
aux
yeux.
Les
blessures
au
bras
et
à
l’épaule
sont
dues
à
une
mauvaise
technique,
tandis
que
les
blessures
aux
jambes
et
au
dos
sont
principalement
causées
par
un
manque
de
force
ou
de
mobilité.
La
contribution
du
tronc
dans
la
prévention
des
blessures
des
membres
inférieurs
suggère
une
attention
toute
particulière
à
cette
zone.
La
fatigue
influence
la
production
des
fentes
et
la
réception
des
sauts
rend
les
tendons
moins
puissants
et
plus
instables.
Les
programmes
ciblés
d’entraînements
augmentent
la
force
du
corps
afin
de
prévenir
les
blessures.
©
2020
Elsevier
Masson
SAS.
Tous
droits
r´
eserv´
es.
1.
Introduction
Badminton
is
originated
in
China
and
created
in
England
and
Q2
is
one
of
the
most
popular
sports
in
the
world
with
200
mil-
lion
adherents
[1].
It
is
considered
as
the
fastest
racket
game
[2].
This
sport
has
five
events:
men’s
and
women’s
singles
and
doubles
and
mixed
doubles.
The
decision
to
include
bad-
minton
in
the
1992
Olympics
Game
increased
participation
in
the
game.
This
sport
can
be
practiced
by
anyone,
regardless
of
age
or
experience
[3].
During
a
tournament,
badminton
match
are
generally
played
with
one
to
three
matches
over
the
course
of
4
or
5
days.
Badminton
is
an
individual
non-contact
sport
that
is
con-
sidered
very
safe
because
it
involves
no
physical
impact
with
other
players
[4].
Quick
changes
of
direction,
jumps,
lunges
at
the
net
and
rapid
arm
movements
in
order
to
strike
the
shuttlecock
from
a
variety
of
postural
positions
increase
the
risk
of
injury
[5].
Existing
studies
have
demonstrated
the
risk
of
injury
in
badminton
to
be
0.85
injuries
per
year
[6],
1.6
to
2.9
injuries
per
1000
hours
of
play
[3],
2
to
5
injuries
per
1000
players
[7]
and
1%
to
5%
of
all
sports
injuries
[8].
The
way
those
injuries
occur
will
be
discussed
in
this
review.
Participation
in
badminton
training
and
tournaments
was
found
to
increase
the
risk
of
injury
by
15
to
39%
[9].
The
injury
rate
was
higher
in
training
than
in
competition
[10].
Non-contact
trauma
occurs
frequently
in
badminton
play-
ing
(35%)
and
a
higher
injury
rate
was
found
among
athletes
competing
in
badminton
tournaments
at
the
London
Olympic
Games
in
2012
(11%)
[9].
Study
has
reported
a
higher
injury
risk
among
recreational
rather
than
elite
players
[11].
How-
ever,
other
studies
have
reported
similar
risks
among
these
players
[12].
Male
badminton
players
were
found
to
be
more
fre-
quently
injured
than
females
[10,12,13].
However,
when
the
higher
participant
rate
of
male
players
was
consid-
ered,
the
incidence
rate
did
not
differ
much
between
the
genders
[14];
0.09
for
males
and
0.14
for
females
per
person
and
per
year
[15].
Most
badminton
injuries
can
be
classi-
fied
as
chronic
overuse
injuries
(∼74%)
[16].
The
lower
limbs
account
for
58
to
76%
of
all
badminton
injuries,
the
upper
limbs
for
19
to
32%,
and
11
to
16%
of
back
injuries
[16].
Eye
injuries
in
sports
have
been
linked
to
racket
sports
(42%)
[17,18].
Based
on
this
finding,
the
objective
of
this
review
is
to
summarize
the
existing
literature
of
badminton
injuries,
their
location,
nature
and
causes.
In
addition,
this
explain
how
the
injury
occurred
and
as
well
as
medical
and
training
recommendations
for
athletic
population.
2.
Methods
We
conducted
a
literature
search
for
English
language
and
non-English
language
papers
on
the
following
databases:
PubMed,
EBSCOhost,
PsycINFO,
ScienceDirect,
Cairn
and
Web
of
Science.
An
additional
search
was
performed
on
the
Internet
using
Google
Scholar
and
ResearchGate.
Key-
words
and
combinations
of
these
words
were
used
to
carry
out
a
comprehensive
search
of
the
databases:
badminton
injury,
badminton
knee,
badminton
eye,
badminton
legs,
badminton
trunk,
racket
sports
injury,
performance
injury
badminton,
shoulder
badminton,
elbow
badminton,
muscle
badminton
and
arm
badminton.
Database
searches
covered
the
period
from
1974
to
2015.
3.
Frequency,
epidemiology
and
traumatology
of
injuries
Although
it
is
widely
accepted
that
warming
up
is
vital
for
the
attainment
of
optimum
and
safe
performance
[19],
most
players
still
only
spend
less
than
15
minutes
on
warm-up
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
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120
SCISPO
3416
1—11
Please
cite
this
article
in
press
as:
Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
+Model
SCISPO
3416
1—11
Badminton
injuries
3
activities.
Only
20.0%
of
players
spend
30
minutes
or
more
before
playing
and
players
older
than
30
years
old
spend
less
time
warming
up
than
younger
players
[19].
Studies
have
shown
that
badminton
injuries
constitute
4.1%
of
the
total
number
of
registered
injuries
in
the
literature
of
sport
injury
[8,20].
3.1.
Temporal
distribution
of
badminton
injuries
Study
was
found
that
most
injuries
occur
at
the
begin-
ning
of
the
season,
in
September,
and
in
January,
after
the
Christmas
holidays
[8]
(Fig.
1).
Most
of
July
is
spent
to
rest
and
holidays
for
the
athletes.
In
addition,
many
tour-
naments
begin
in
September
in
different
countries,
which
may
explain
the
increased
risk
of
injury
in
this
month.
In
the
study
of
Kroner
et
al.
(1990),
around
75%
of
the
bad-
minton
players
included
were
recreational
players
[8].
To
prepare
the
beginning
of
the
season,
greater
care
should
be
taken
at
these
times.
In
addition,
Achilles
tendon
rupture
occurred
during
the
winter
months
(October
to
March)
for
recreational
players
[21].
Athletes
should
engage
in
a
high
level
of
physical
preparation,
individual
training
programs
(physical
activities)
and
prophylactic
intervention.
3.2.
Injured
players’
characteristics
Age
has
been
seen
as
a
risk
factor
for
sport
injuries
[22].
The
mean
age
of
players
reported
is
29.5
±
8.9
years,
for
males
28.9
±
8.5
(Table
1)
and
for
females
30.5
±
8.4
years
(Table
2).
The
age
bands
most
frequently
injured
are
20
to
29
years
(52%),
30
to
39
years
(13%),
and
40
to
49
years
(35%);
specifically
for
males
20
to
29
years
(52%),
30
to
39
years
(20%),
and
40
to
49
years
(28%)
and
for
females
20
to
29
years
(52%),
and
40
to
49
years
(48%),
according
to
the
entire
studies
in
this
literature.
3.3.
Distribution
of
badminton
injuries
Even
if
training
sessions
are
highly
necessary
to
avoid
further
injuries,
existing
literature
has
shown
that
injuries
could
occur
during
the
training,
with
a
high
frequency
of
occur-
rences
at
the
end
of
training
(48%),
followed
by
the
middle
of
training
(41%)
and
the
beginning
of
training
(11%).
This
can
be
explained
by
a
decline
in
force
output
and
propriocep-
tion
brought
about
by
muscle
fatigue
at
the
end
of
training
[23].
Furthermore,
rapid
changes
in
direction,
jumps,
lunges
and
the
high
repetition
of
‘stop-and-go’
maneuvers
[1]
are
required
in
badminton
and
these
constitute
a
major
source
of
muscle
fatigue.
Thus,
according
to
the
literature,
the
lower
body
extremities
are
involved
in
49.7%
of
injuries,
whereas
the
upper
body
extremities
are
involved
in
42.3%
of
injuries
(Fig.
2).
The
head
and
eyes
are
injured
in
2.0%
of
cases
in
different
studies
[8],
[15].
Most
injuries
have
been
shown
to
occur
to
the
joints
and
ligaments,
such
as
sprains
(35.8%)
and
strains
(35.2%),
followed
by
overuse
injuries
(i.e.,
tendons,
tissue)
(22.4%)
and
bone
fractures
(3.8%)
(Fig.
2).
3.4.
Identification
of
injury
type
A
sprain
can
be
defined
as
a
minor
ligamentous
injury
that
requires
no
surgery
and
causes
no
major
time
off
from
training
or
competition
[11].
Ligamentous
injury
can
be
defined
as
major
ligamentous
damage
that
requires
surgery
and
leads
to
major
time
off
(more
than
one
month)
from
training
or
competition
[11].
A
strain
can
be
defined
as
muscular
fiber,
or
tendon
tears,
including
acute
or
chronic
tendinopathy
[11].
A
fracture
can
be
defined
as
bony
damage
that
results
in
discontinuity
of
trabeculae,
with
radiographic
confirmation
[11].
4.
Eye
injury
It
has
been
shown
that
the
extent
of
eye
injuries
depends
on
the
type
of
sports
played
in
a
particular
country
or
area,
with
racket
sports
appearing
to
generate
the
most
eye
injuries
in
Europe
and
Asia
[13,24].
All
injuries
were
found
to
be
unilat-
eral
[24].
In
the
United
Kingdom
and
Australia,
in
particular,
studies
have
shown
that
squash
and
badminton
account
for
half
of
all
sports-related
eye
injuries
[25].
Whilst
in
Malaysia,
badminton
generates
two-thirds
of
all
ocular
sports
injuries
[26].
The
evolution
of
badminton
playing
with
an
increas-
ing
shuttlecock
velocity
during
the
last
30
years
[27]
can
be
associated
with
physical
and
ocular
injuries
[24].
Several
research
studies
have
examined
the
causes
and
types
of
eye
injuries
(Table
3).
4.1.
Cause
of
eye
injuries
Hensley
and
Paup
(1979)
have
shown
that
when
eye
injuries
occur
by
an
opponent
(65%),
by
a
partner
(26%),
and
self-
inflicted
(9%)
[28].
Generally,
6%
are
related
by
shuttlecock,
whilst
7%
related
by
racket
[15].
Patient
records
have
indicated
that
eye
injuries
are
generated
during
doubles
matches
(78%)
[24]
(Table
3).
Indeed,
existing
studies
have
reported
that
doubles
matches
are
associated
with
more
injuries
than
singles
matches
[29].
Injuries
in
these
matches
occur
when
a
player
turns
round
to
look
at
his
or
her
partner
[25]
or
when
the
shaft
of
the
racket
head
becomes
sepa-
rated
from
the
handle
of
one
of
the
players
[30].
In
singles
matches,
injuries
can
be
seen
to
occur
when
a
player
is
close
to
the
net
and
hit
by
a
shuttlecock
from
the
oppo-
nent’s
smash
[28]
(Table
3).
In
these
cases,
the
high
speeds
involved
are
enough
to
cause
injury
when
the
shuttlecock
hits
the
eye
[24].
The
shuttlecock
head
has
a
small
diameter
that
fits
the
human
orbits
[24].
4.2.
Types
of
related
eye
injuries
Modifications
of
racket
properties
and
technology
innova-
tion
have
a
great
influence
on
shuttlecock
velocity
[2].
The
speed
at
which
shuttlecocks
travel
increases
with
the
play-
ers’
level
of
skill
[31].
Studies
have
shown
that
when
eye
injuries
occur,
the
right
eye
is
involved
in
52%
of
cases,
the
left
in
48%
of
cases
(Table
3).
No
instances
have
been
recorded
in
which
both
eyes
are
involved
[13].
Generally,
the
injuries
are
all
unilateral
with
none
of
the
players
wear-
ing
eye
protection
[28].
Hyphemia
is
seen
to
be
the
most
common
eye
injury
[24,25],
[28],
with
macular
changes,
traumatic
cataracts,
and
glaucoma
being
the
main
causes
of
visual
impairment
in
badminton
injuries
[26]
(Table
3).
Thus,
badminton
players
and
coaches
need
to
be
aware
of
the
risk
associated
with
delivering
powerful
strokes
in
doubles
matches
by
the
opponent
or
partner.
To
prevent
the
occurrence
of
eye
injuries
(such
as
hyphemia),
athletes
should
hold
their
racket
to
protect
their
head
or
use
protec-
tive
eyewear.
The
forward
players
should
hold
the
racket
in
the
front
of
the
face
while
awaiting
the
smash
[28].
The
illusion
that
contact
lenses
[13]
or
glass
lenses
[28]
offer
partial
protection
should
be
dispelled,
they
merely
compli-
cate
an
injury.
In
some
sports,
there
is
already
an
awareness
121
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124
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127
128
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130
131
132
133
134
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136
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139
140
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155
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237
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3416
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Please
cite
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Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
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4
M.
Phomsoupha,
G.
Laffaye
Figure
1
Percentage
in
each
month
according
to
the
total
number
of
injuries
during
one
year.
Table
1
Male
players
characteristics
on
the
different
studies.
NS:
no
specify.
Study
Age
(years)
Weight
(kg)
Height
(cm)
BMI
(kg/m2)
Experience
(years)
Boesen
et
al.
[6]
25.9
±
3.2
76.4
±
6.4
183.5
±
6.6
22.7
±
1.0
18.8
±
4.1
Fahlström
et
al.
[7]
32.9
±
NS
NS
NS
NS
24.5
±
NS
Fahlström
et
al.
[16]
43.1
±
7.0
NS
NS
NS
22.1
±
10.9
Fahlström
et
al.
[53]
24.4
±
4.3
76.9
±
8.8
183.0
±
6.6
22.9
±
1.4
15.6
±
4.4
Fahlström
et
al.
[72]
44.7
±
6.1
NS
NS
25.0
±
3.2
29.8
±
4.3
Fahlström
et
al.
[38]
23.5
±
4.3
NS
NS
NS
14.2
±
4.9
Fu
[73]
20.1
±
1.9
71.1
±
7.6
179.1
±
3.4
NS
10.7
±
2.5
Fu
et
al.
[74]
20.1
±
1.9
71.1
±
7.6
179.1
±
3.4
10.7
±
2.5
NS
Hensley
and
Paup
[15]
33
±
13.1
73.8
±
9.2
177.8
±
7.3
NS
13.4
±
10.1
Huang
et
al.
[48]
24.9
±
5.2
75.0
±
11.9
178.0
±
8.7
13.6
±
2.6
11.6
±
5.3
Koenig
et
al.
[71]
25.0
±
3.5
73.5
±
9.2
179.1
±
14.0
22.5
1.7
17.9
±
4.3
Table
2
Female
players
characteristics
on
the
different
studies.
NS:
no
specify.
Study
Age
(years)
Weight
(kg)
Height
(cm)
BMI
(kg/m2)
Experience
(years)
Fahlström
et
al.
[7]
25.8
±
NS
NS
NS
NS
22.2
±
NS
Fahlström
et
al.
[16]
44.3
±
12.1
NS
NS
NS
26.8
±
13.9
Fahlström
et
al.
[53]
21.9
±
4.1
64.0
±
4.9
170.1
±
3.7
22.1
±
1.3
13.3
±
4.3
Fahlström
et
al.
[72]
42.7
±
5.4
NS
NS
25.9
±
4.8
29.1
±
3.1
Hensley
and
Paup
[15]
27
±
8.2
57.2
±
6.2
165.1
±
7.2
NS
9.5
±
8.4
Huang
et
al.
[48]
21.4
±
2.9
54.6
±
5.1
166.8
±
4.5
19.6
±
2.1
7.3
±
2.3
of
the
risk
of
eye
injuries
[13].
However,
the
lack
of
knowl-
edge
is
responsible
for
athletes
failing
to
use
eye
protection
[13].
The
value
of
ocular
protection
in
sport
has
already
been
demonstrated
[32].
Eye
injuries
in
sports
can
easily
be
prevented
with
the
proper
use
of
protective
eyewear
[33].
Protective
polycarbonate
spectacles
are
available
for
wearing
on
the
court;
these
are
designed
to
deflect
blows
[13].
They
merely
complicate
an
injury
[13].
While
vision
loss
is
uncommon,
these
injuries
can
lead
to
permanently
diminished
visual
function.
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
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Please
cite
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article
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press
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Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
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Badminton
injuries
5
Figure
2
Body
sites
distribution
of
badminton
injuries.
5.
Upper
limb
injury
Badminton
is
a
sport
that
requires
a
large
number
of
over-
head
strokes
(30%)
with
clear
drop
shots
and
smash
shots
[27].
Studies
have
shown
that
female
players
play
a
higher
percentage
of
shots
from
the
back
of
the
court
[34]
and
that
the
upper
extremity
injuries
that
occur
are
unique
to
racket
sports
[35].
A
retrospective
study
found
that
the
inci-
dence
rate
of
injuries
is
5.04
per
1000
hours
of
play,
and
that
the
shoulder
[11]
is
the
most
frequently
affected
location,
followed
by
the
hand
(Table
4).
5.1.
Shoulder
pain
Badminton
requires
a
considerable
amount
of
over-shoulder
motion,
with
the
shoulder
in
abduction
or
external
rotation
[16].
It
has
been
reported
that
shoulder
pain
occurs
fre-
quently,
as
does
impingement
of
the
rotator
cuff
caused
by
anterior
instability
of
the
shoulder
joint
[36].
A
large
propor-
tion
of
badminton
players
continue
to
play
with
an
ongoing
injury
to
the
shoulder
(17—28%)
[37].
Studies
have
observed
no
differences
between
male
and
female
players
[38].
Dur-
ing
the
World
Mixed
Team
Championship
in
2003,
shoulder
pain
on
the
dominant
side
was
reported
by
52%
of
players,
with
37%
of
players
reporting
previous
shoulder
pain
and
20%
ongoing
pain
[38].
With
regard
to
badminton
players
in
Hong
Kong,
shoulder
injuries
accounted
for
19%
of
all
injuries
[11].
Similarly,
a
Swedish
study
found
that
52%
of
players
had
existing
or
present
pain
in
the
dominant
shoulder,
with
16%
of
them
experiencing
ongoing
pain
[16].
Injury
does
not
prevent
a
player
from
playing;
however,
it
does
affect
the
quality
of
his
or
her
performance
[37].
Stroke
repetition
that
is
suggestive
of
an
overuse
epi-
physeal
injury
to
the
shoulder
may
occur
as
the
result
of
a
repetitive
explosive
action
[39].
It
has
been
noted
that
the
repetitive
movement
from
the
cocking
to
the
follow-through
phases
generates
a
stress
to
the
epiphyseal
plate.
In
fact,
a
study
has
shown
that
the
rotator
cuff
in
bad-
minton
players
on
the
dominant
arm
is
stronger
than
that
of
the
non-dominant
arm
[37].
The
ratio
between
eccen-
tric
antagonist
and
concentric
agonist
strength
is
important
when
analyzing
shoulder
symptoms
experienced
by
bad-
minton
players
[40].
During
the
cocking
phase,
the
ratios
of
strength
were
found
to
be
2.15:1
for
the
dominant
side
and
1.71:1
for
the
non-dominant
side;
whereas
the
ratios
were
0.97:1
for
the
dominant
side
and
1.08:1
for
the
non-
dominant
side
during
the
deceleration
phase
[40].
Rehabilitation
for
these
players
should
include
muscle-
strengthening
exercises
(i.e.,
shoulder
stabilizers
and
rotator
cuff
muscles),
and
exercises
to
avoid
loss
of
motion
[16].
The
ratio
between
eccentric
antagonist
and
concen-
tric
agonist
strength
is
important
when
analyzing
shoulder
symptoms
experienced
by
badminton
players
[40].
5.2.
Elbow
injuries
Tennis
elbow
and
golfer’s
elbow
are
the
most
commonly
reported
diagnoses
related
to
the
elbow
in
badminton
play-
ers
[3]
(Table
4).
Tennis
elbow
is
mainly
caused
by
lateral
epicondylitis
[41]
whereas
golfer’s
elbow
is
caused
by
medial
epicondylitis
[42].
Training
errors
are
one
of
most
common
causes
of
overuse
injuries
[42].
Players
who
have
hitting
technique
problems
are
at
an
increased
risk
of
injury
[43].
Poor
technique
can
often
be
related
to
an
incorrect
grip
or
the
holding
of
the
racket
too
tightly
by
the
beginner.
5.3.
Hand
injuries
Players
were
found
to
rarely
use
a
‘wrist
snap’
[44];
however,
they
can
use
it
to
increase
the
power
of
the
smash.
The
grip,
the
intensive
practice
of
the
badminton
game
and
the
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250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
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260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
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270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
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310
311
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Please
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Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
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6
M.
Phomsoupha,
G.
Laffaye
Table
3
Different
eye
injuries
on
badminton.
NS:
no
specify.
Study
Players
Main
injury
(%)
Causes
(%)
Chandran
[26]
63
novices
Hyphaemia
(78),
traumatic
mydriasis
(54),
commotion
retinae
(19),
haematoma
of
lid
(14),
corneal
abrasion
(13),
vitreous
haemorrhage
(13),
subconjunctival
haemorrhage
(6),
laceration
of
lids
(3)
Struck
by
racket
(9),
struck
by
shuttlecock
(54),
double
play
(44),
single
play
(19)
Jones
[18]
45
males
and
7
females
(range
11-68)
Skin
lacerations
(19.2),
blowout
fracture
of
orbit
(9.6),
macroscopic
hyphaemia
(59.6),
raised
intraocular
pressure
(23),
iris
tears
or
dialysis
(9.6),
significant
angle
recession
(15.4),
cataract
(1.9),
vitreous
haemorrhage
(13.5),
commotion
retinae
(23),
retinal
break
(7.7),
choroidal
rupture
(1.9),
penetrating
injury
(5.8)
Struck
by
shuttlecock
(73.1),
instrument
(19.2),
opponents
(7.7)
Kelly
[28]
4
males
and
2
females
Corneoscleral
perforation
(16),
uveal
prolapse
(16),
glass
intraocular
(16),
hyphaemia
(50),
sphincter
pupillae
tear
(16),
retinal
dialysis
and
detachment
(16),
choroidal
rupture
involving
macula
(16),
angle
recession
glaucoma
(33),
vitreous
haemorrhage
(16),
optic
atrophy
(16)
Struck
by
racket
(16),
struck
by
shuttlecock
(84)
Zamora
and
Harvey
[24]
14
males
and
9
females
Iridocyclitis/iritis
(48),
secondary
glaucoma
(26),
hyphaemia
(22),
posterior
vitreous
detachment
(13),
eyelid
contusion
(9),
corneal
abrasion
(9),
corneal
oedema
(9),
cystoid
macular
oedema
(4),
peripheral
intraretinal
haemorrhage
(4),
lid
laceration
(4),
commotio
retina
(4),
vitreous
haemorrhage
(4),
berlin’s
oedema
(4),
subconjunctival
haemorrhage
(4),
bulbar
congestion,
conjunctivitis
(4),
iridoplegia
(4),
macular
hole
(4),
retinal
detachment
(4)
Struck
by
racket
(26),
struck
by
shuttlecock
(74)
repetitive
hyperextension
movements
of
the
wrist
are
risk
factors
for
scaphoid
fractures
[45],
even
without
axial
load
(Table
4).
The
scaphoid
bone
is
a
connecting
rod
between
the
two
carpal
rows
and
may
be
exposed
to
shearing
and
torsional
forces
by
excessive
and
repetitive
movement
of
wrist
flexion
and
extension
[46].
5.4.
Trunk
function
to
prevent
injury
Studies
have
shown
that
badminton
players
hold
a
racket
in
their
dominant
hand,
which
limits
their
arm
position
and
leads
to
an
asymmetric
posture
through
lateral
trunk
flexion,
especially
during
overhead
strokes
[47].
In
general,
core
sta-
bility
is
essential
to
the
control
of
movements
of
the
trunk
and
distal
segments
[48].
Trunk
sway
greatly
contributes
to
a
change
of
direction
in
the
knee
adduction
movement.
The
badminton-specific
movement
in
the
upper
extremity
and
trunk
motion
dur-
ing
an
overhead
stroke
may
affect
the
hip
and
knee
joint
kinematics
and
kinetics
[49].
During
an
overhead
stroke
in
the
left
rear
court,
players
have
to
laterally
bend
their
trunk
to
their
left
side
as
their
arm
comes
through
[50].
Deficits
in
neuromuscular
control
of
the
trunk
may
con-
tribute
to
lower
extremity
joint
instability
and
injury
[50].
Neuromuscular
training
should
be
carried
out
to
increase
trunk
and
hip
control,
thus
preventing
injury
to
the
lower
limb
[51].
Stroke
repetition
and
hitting
technique
problems
can
increase
the
risk
of
arm
injuries.
Most
players
continue
to
play
through
the
pain,
but
the
discomfort
affects
their
qual-
ity
of
play.
The
badminton-specific
movement
engages
the
trunk,
which
makes
a
specific
contribution
during
a
stroke,
forming
a
link
between
lower
limb
movement
and
upper
limb
stroke.
6.
Lower
limb
injury
Injuries
are
common
in
badminton,
and
overuse
injuries
are
frequent,
particularly
those
localized
to
the
lower
extrem-
ities
[7];
in
studies,
these
accounted
for
58%
of
the
injuries
[6]
(Table
5).
6.1.
Achilles
tendon
rupture
The
most
severe
overuse
injuries
were
found
to
be
ten-
don
related,
including
Achilles
tendinopathy
[6],
and
patella
tendinopathies
[12].
Indeed,
Hess
[52]
has
shown
a
rel-
atively
high
incidence
of
acute
Achilles
tendon
ruptures.
Such
injuries
are
a
major
problem
among
athletes
[53].
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SCISPO
3416
1—11
Please
cite
this
article
in
press
as:
Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
+Model
SCISPO
3416
1—11
Badminton
injuries
7
Table
4
Different
upper
limb
injury
on
badminton.
NS:
No
specify.
Study
Players
Main
injury
(%)
Causes
(%)
Shoulder
Boyd
and
Batt
[39]
1
elite
junior
(15
years)
Stress
fracture
of
the
proximal
humeral
epiphysis
Overuse
Fahlström
et
al.
[38]
96
males
and
92
females
On-going
shoulder
pain
(20)
Overuse
Fahlström
et
al.
[16]
73
inexperienced
and
49
professional
players
Pain
(65)
Overuse
Goh
et
al.
[76]
34
males
and
24
females
(range
13-16)
Sprain
(2),
fracture
(2)
Acute
Jafari
et
al.
[75]
23
males
and
7
females
professional
Muscle
tendon
(18.8),
joint
ligaments
(3.1),
bone
(3.1)
NS
Elbow
Jafari
et
al.
[75]
23
males
and
7
females
professional
Muscle
tendon
(12.5),
joint
ligaments
(9.4),
bone
(3.1)
NS
Wrist
Jafari
et
al.
[75]
23
males
and
7
females
professional
Muscle
tendon
(65.6),
joint
ligaments
(43.8),
bone
(12.5)
NS
Finger
Brutus
and
Chahidi
[45]
1
inexperienced
(23
years)
Scaphoid
fracture
Stress
fracture
Fukuda
et
al.
[77]
1
females
(14
years)
Stress
fracture
of
the
second
metacarpal
bone
Overuse
Badminton
is
a
sport
where
tendons
are
placed
under
a
heavy
strain
[6].
Existing
studies
of
badminton
players
and
fencers
have
used
magnetic
resonance
imaging
to
show
that
the
cross
sectional
area
of
the
patella
tendon
on
the
domi-
nant
leg
is
up
to
28%
greater
than
that
of
the
non-dominant
patella
tendon
[54].
Chronic
Achilles
tendon
pain
associated
with
structural
tendon
changes
is
often
located
in
the
middle
portion
of
the
tendon
[55].
Badminton
development
has
increased
the
number
of
hours
per
person
and
per
day
[56],
increasing
the
risk
of
injuries
as
well.
The
cause
of
Achilles
tendon
ruptures
is
based
on
mechanical
and
degenerative
factors
[57]
and
the
weight
of
the
player
[58].
The
Achilles
tendon
is
most
loaded
during
badminton
[6],
because
of
the
abrupt
repeti-
tive
jumping
and
sprinting
movements
involved
[59].
Studies
have
shown
that
Achilles
tendon
rupture
occurs
in
the
mid-
dle
or
at
the
end
of
a
match
or
training
session
in
87%
of
cases
[58].
One
reason
for
this
is
that
players
tend
to
tire
at
this
stage
of
play.
Tiredness
can
lead
to
poor
muscle
coordination
and
increased
tension
in
the
Achilles
tendon
with
accel-
eration
and
deceleration
[58].
The
occurrence
of
Achilles
tendon
injuries
in
athletes
has
been
shown
to
increase
with
age
[60].
Athletes
with
acute
Achilles
tendon
rup-
tures
reported
previous
Achilles
tendon
pain
in
15
to
21%
of
cases
[21].
Ultrasound
is
used
in
rehabilitation
and
to
diagnose
Achilles
tendon
ruptures
and
other
tendon
pathology
[61].
This
technique
has
been
supplemented
by
the
color
Doppler
technique
for
finding
and
treating
hyperemia
in
tendinopa-
thy
in
the
Achilles
tendon
[62].
Surgical
techniques
and
rehabilitation
programs
should
lead
to
a
decrease
in
complications
[63],
whilst
treatment
by
Kinesio
taping
is
aimed
at
decreasing
tenderness
and
pain
[64].
The
majority
of
players
play
with
orthoses
(inserts
in
the
shoes)
[56].
How-
ever,
it
has
not
yet
been
established
that
orthoses
prevent
Achilles
tendinopathy
or
achillodynia
[56].
6.2.
Anterior
cruciate
ligament
injuries
and
prevention
Most
anterior
cruciate
ligament
(ACL)
injuries
occur
during
sports
activity
(Table
5).
According
to
existing
research,
up
to
70%
of
all
incidents
are
non-contact
injuries
[49],
whilst
ACL
injuries
account
for
37%
of
all
injuries
requiring
sur-
gically
treatment
[65].
The
greater
activation
of
the
knee
extensor
is
a
predictor
of
knee
injury,
because
of
increased
tension
on
the
ACL
[49].
Players
need
to
move
from
back
to
front
and
side
to
side
rapidly;
they
also
need
to
return
to
the
center
of
the
court
to
prepare
for
the
next
shot
by
performing
footwork
that
is
unique
to
badminton
[49].
The
injury
patterns
recorded
appear
to
be
the
result
of
frequently
performed
movements.
In
badminton,
ACL
injuries
were
found
to
be
the
result
of
two
injury
mechanisms
(Table
5).
First,
the
knee
opposite
the
racket-hand
side
is
at
risk
of
injury
during
a
single-
leg
landing
after
an
overhead
stroke.
This
usually
occurs
in
the
backhand
side
of
the
court
(48%)
[47].
The
knee
of
the
racket
hand
side
is
susceptible
to
injury
because
of
plant-and-cut
movements
during
side
or
backward
stepping
in
the
forehand
side
of
the
court
(38%).
ACL
injury
can
also
be
explained
by
a
greater
increase
in
the
knee
val-
gus
angle
and
movement
during
single-leg
landing
following
back-steps
to
the
backhand-side
rear
than
with
back-steps
to
the
forehand-side
rear
[49].
Landing
requires
high
levels
of
neuromuscular
control
to
maintain
stability
and
perfor-
mance
[66].
In
order
to
prevent
ACL
injuries,
it
is
important
to
study
the
biomechanics
of
players’
movements
and
to
put
physiological
knowledge
into
action
with
respect
to
knee
joints
[49].
Adequate
muscular
training
of
the
lower
extremities
is
necessary
to
prevent
badminton
injuries
[7].
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SCISPO
3416
1—11
Please
cite
this
article
in
press
as:
Phomsoupha
M,
Laffaye
G.
Injuries
in
badminton:
A
review.
Sci
sports
(2020),
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2020.01.002
ARTICLE IN PRESS
+Model
SCISPO
3416
1—11
8
M.
Phomsoupha,
G.
Laffaye
Table
5
Different
lower
limb
injury
on
badminton.
NS:
No
specify.
Study
Players
Main
injury
(%)
Causes
(%)
Leg
Goh
et
al.
[76]
34
males
and
24
females
(range
13-16)
Sprain
(40),
fracture
(3),
contusion
(5)
apophysistis
(10),
bursitis
(3),
tendinopathy
(7),
stress
fracture
(5),
patellofemoral
joint
syndrome
(2)
Acute
and
overuse
Shariff
et
al.
[3]
190
players
Patellar
tendinopathy
(42.7),
muscle
strain
(11.8)
meniscus
or
ligamentous
injuries
(10.9)
NS
Yung
et
al.
[11]
14
males
and
16
females
elite
players
(range
13-28)
Strains
(64),
sprains
(14),
facet
injury
(14)
NS
Knee
Boesen
et
al.
[78]
96
semi-professional
Dominant
tendon
pain
(23),
non-dominant
tendon
pain
(13)
NS
Chard
and
Lachmann
[41]