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Abstract—The paper attempts a synthesis of problems relating to
municipal waste management in Nigeria and proposes a conceptual
knowledge management approach for tackling municipal waste
problems in cities across Nigeria. The application of knowledge
management approach and strategy is crucial for inculcating a change
of attitude towards improving the management of waste. The paper is
a review of existing literatures, information, policies and data on
municipal waste management in Nigeria. The inefficient management
of waste by individuals, households, consumers and waste
management companies can be attributed to inadequate information
on waste management benefits, lack of producers’ involvement in
waste management as well as poor implementation of government
policies. The paper presents an alternative approach providing
solutions promoting efficient municipal waste management.
Keywords—Environment, Knowledge management, Municipal
waste management, Nigeria.
I. INTRODUCTION
HE sustainable management of waste approach aims at
global environmental quality, and environmental quality is
a pre-requisite for a rise in per capita welfare over a period of
time [8]. “Efficient management of waste is a global concern
requiring extensive research and development works towards
exploring newer application for a sustainable and
environmentally sound management” [11]. The problem of
waste management is a primordial and present issue in
developing countries in Africa, particularly Nigeria.
Municipal waste management problems in Nigeria cut across
concerns for human health, air, water, and land pollution
among others. The analysis of the key problem affecting the
efficient management of municipal waste is critical for
evolving a workable solution in an emerging economy like
Nigeria. The transformation of the existing trends in municipal
waste management is necessary for ensuring sustainable
environments and other objectives.
The continuous indiscriminate disposal of municipal solid
waste is accelerating and is linked to poverty, poor
governance, urbanization, population growth, poor standards
of living, and low level of environmental awareness [4], [22]
and inadequate management of environmental knowledge.
Most of these wastes are generated from domestic sources and
B. Abila is with the University of Vaasa, P.O.Box 700, 65101 Vaasa,
Finland (phone: +358-44-2598644; e-mail: u96398@student.uva.fi).
J. Kantola is with the University of Vaasa, P.O.Box 700, 65101 Vaasa,
Finland (e-mail: jussi.kantola@uva.fi).
are mostly characteristics of household waste [9]. The
persisting problems of municipal waste management in
Nigeria prompt the need for communicating innovations and
knowledge to achieve desire transformation in overcoming
socio-economic and environmental challenges. The need to
mitigate environmental pollution is crucial due to its direct
impacts on human, plants and animals and the increasing
contribution to climate change. Furthermore, energy
conservation, energy generation, resource and material
recovery from waste through improved municipal waste
management is possible by deploying best solutions.
Different approaches and interventions have been
developed in the past for tackling municipal waste concerns
with little or no progress. Managing municipal waste
efficiently requires intensification and application of
knowledge management tools that guarantee sustainable
environment and socio economic growth. “Municipal solid
waste management is an important part of urban infrastructure
that ensures the protection of environment and human health”
[6].
Knowledge management definition varies from author to
author, but for the purpose of this paper two different
definitions which are applicable are adopted. Knowledge
management is a broad term that requires systematic efforts of
an organization to manage its personnel knowledge through a
broad range of direct and indirect methods such as specific
types of ICT, management of social processes, structuring of
organizations in a particular pattern or via the use of particular
culture and people management practices [17]. In addition,
knowledge management is a vast topic which focuses on both
technology and people centre strategy. According to [16],
Knowledge management is the access and utilization of
different resources to create an environment where individuals
acquire, share and use information to build on existing
knowledge.
The paper attempts a synthesis of problems associated to
municipal solid waste management and propose a conceptual
knowledge management approach for tackling municipal solid
waste problems in Nigeria. For an in depth understanding of
these issues and solutions, the article covers the existing
management of municipal solid waste, municipal waste
policies and regulations, problems affecting municipal waste
management, knowledge management challenges relating to
municipal solid waste, proposed knowledge management
solutions and conclusion.
Municipal Solid Waste Management Problems
in Nigeria: Evolving Knowledge Management
Solution
Beatrice Abila and Jussi Kantola
T
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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II. EXISTING WASTE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES AND
PRACTICES IN NIGERIA
Municipal waste management is the collective process of
sorting, storage, collection, transportation, processing,
resource recovering, recycling and disposal of waste. In
Nigeria, wastes are usually dumped on roadsides, available
open pits, flowing gully water and drainage channels [10],
[26]. The indiscriminate disposal of municipal waste is
increasingly a prominent habit in most urban cities of Nigeria.
Unlike urban cities, in rural communities municipal solid
waste quantity are less and managed in household backyards
by burning, composting, as feeds to animals and occasionally
disposed at dump sites. In Nigeria the processes involved in
the management of waste are, storage, collection,
transportation and disposal at dumpsites.
Fig. 1 Existing municipal solid waste management flowchart for Nigeria
There are different techniques of municipal solid waste
disposal but the common techniques are landfill, incineration,
composting and anaerobic digestion and recycling [18].
Although presently in Nigeria the prominently practiced
municipal waste management technique is open dumping, land
fill, followed by open burning while incineration method is
seldom put to practice. Incineration is a cost effective
municipal waste disposal option which is seldom applied in
Nigeria hospitals where medical waste are incinerated at a
minimal scale [24]. The cheapest and simplest method of
waste disposal is landfill. The resulting environmental impact
of landfills is enormous but could be mitigated provided
sanitary precautions are undertaken and waste reduction is
advocated. Landfills were responsible for 49% of England’s
methane emissions in 2007 [12]. Moreover, recycling which is
an environmentally friendly option is not fully adopted. There
are no formal recycling sectors in Nigeria. Waste are recycled
informally by scavengers who buy un-use valuables from
people and also go to legal and illegal dumpsites in search of
materials that than can be re-use and recycled.
III. MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION
25 million tonnes of municipal solid waste are generated
annually in Nigeria and the waste generation rates ranged from
0.66kg/cap/d in urban areas to 0.44kg/cap/d in rural areas as
opposed to 0.7-1.8kg/cap/day in developed countries [24].
There is a continuous increase of municipal solid waste
production by households, educational institutions,
commercial institutions, and among others. In Nigeria,
municipal waste generators include household, commercial,
industrial, agricultural and institutional establishments and
among others. The quantity and composition of waste
generated vary from urban areas to rural areas and likewise
from state to state. Waste generated is directly proportional to
population, socio-economic status and level of urbanization
[2], [3], [25], hence the quantity of waste generated varies
from state to state and also increases per year. Also the
composition of waste generated per state is a function of the
socio economic status, industrialization and
commercialization. This is linked to urbanization and socio-
economic growth.
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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304International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(6) 2013 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/4713
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TABLE I
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION FOR SOME CITIES IN GEOPOLITICAL
ZONES IN NIGERIA
Geopolitical
Zones Population Waste
Generation
Kg/pers/day
Waste
Generation
(ton per
month)
Waste
Generation
density
(kg/m3)
South West
Lagos 8,029,200 0.63 255,556 294
Ibadan 307,840 0.51 135,391 330
Ado-Ekiti 241,200 0.71 9,518 -
Akure 369,700 0.54 - -
Abeokuta 529,700 0.66 - -
South East
Nsukka 100,700 0.44 12,000 370
Onitsha 509,500 0.53 84,137 310
Aba 784,500 0.46 236,703 -
South South
Port
Harcourt 1,053,900 0.60 117,825 300
Warri 500,900 - 66,721 -
Uyo 102,400 - 20,923 -
North Central
Abuja 159,900 0.66 14,785 280
Markurdi 249,000 0.48 24,242 340
Ilorin 756,400 - - 0.43
North West
Kano 3,248,700 0,56 156,676 290
Kaduna 1,458,900 0.58 114,433 320
North East
Maiduguri 971,700 - 850,000 -
Source: [7], [24]
IV. WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
The waste management policies and regulations were
propagated to guide and mitigate the continuous disposal and
dumping of waste to rivers, pathways, water channels and
illegal dumpsites. The Federal Government of Nigeria enacted
Decree number 58 for the establishment of a Federal
Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) on 30th December
1988 to achieve a set of goals. In Nigeria waste management
is among the very core management of the local government,
state government and federal government. For instance, in
Lagos the main government institutions responsible for
environmental protection are the Lagos State Waste
Management Agencies (LAWMA), Lagos State
Environmental Protection Agencies (LASEPA), Local
Government Councils (LCGs) and the ministry of
environment and Physical Planning (MEPP) [20]. Moreover,
at the state levels – the state environmental protection agencies
and state waste management agencies are in charge of
municipal waste management. Presently wastes are managed
by each state environmental protection agency and state waste
management agencies in urban cities and big towns in Nigeria.
Municipal solid waste collected from the generation point are
loaded into waste trucks and transported to designated
dumpsites. Consequently, the collection of municipal waste by
the state environmental agency requires the payment of certain
amount of charges by each household. The size of an
apartment determines the allocation of waste collection
charges. As a result of income status of people some
households cannot afford the monthly payment. This financial
limitation promotes indiscriminate dumping of refuse by such
individuals. However, most rural dwellers are not provided
with such opportunity.
Federal Government of Nigeria Policy Objectives includes:
• Secure quality environment for all Nigerians for their
health and well-being;
• Raise public awareness and promote understanding of the
importance of relation between environment and
development; and
• To encourage individual and community participation in
environmental protection and improvement efforts [28].
The local, state and federal environmental protection
agencies enacted laws are similar and include the following:
• The National Protection Management of Solid and
Hazardous Wastes Regulation of 1991.
• The Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities
Generating Waste Regulation of 1991.
• The General Guidelines for Pollution Abatement in
Industries 1991. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agencies
[1], [19], [28].
V. FACTORS AFFECTING MUNICIPAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT LINKAGES
The problem militating municipal waste management in
Nigeria are diverse and numerous; and according to [5] these
problems are related to economical, technological,
psychological and political aspects in Nigeria. These problems
vary from poor funding, poor legislation and implementation
of policy, Limited infrastructures and professionals, level of
awareness, poor recovery and recycling programme, and
disposal technique [13], [15].
A. Poor Funding
This is one of the major problems constraining the waste
management sector [22]. Incapability of purchasing new waste
collection trucks, limited staffs, poor vehicle maintenance,
unsubsidized waste storage containers, inability to purchase
equipments among others are all attributed to shortage of
capital. Actualizing waste management projects require
consistent funding to achieve answers to strategies yet to be
implemented.
B. Poor Legislation and Implementation of Policy
The constitutional strength of municipal waste management
policy is weak and ineffective. Also implementation of this
policy is not monitored. The policy is not well structured and
definitely tends to be weak. There are instances in which due
process is obstructed and sanctioned penalty are not expended
on certain municipalities and individuals. Policies are yet to be
aimed at the 3R’s of waste management – reduce, reuse and
recycle. Government policy on waste are not revisited,
reaffirmed, restructured and upgraded in a comprehensive tune
and form.
C. Limited Infrastructures and Professionals
Limited solid waste infrastructures are one of the major
contributing indexes of poor waste management system in
Nigeria. Nonetheless, experts to man these machineries are
World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
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305International Scholarly and Scientific Research & Innovation 7(6) 2013 scholar.waset.org/1999.6/4713
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also not on ground. The environmental protection agencies
and waste management personals are not experts and exposed
to workshops and trainings that meet international standards
on technology use, information management and knowledge
management. Most of the state environmental protection
agencies lack adequately trained personals [5].
D. Level of Awareness
In Nigeria, populace awareness on sustainable waste
management is still very poor and effort by the agencies to
increase awareness is still very low. Municipal members are
not well informed on the adverse effects of indiscriminate and
improper disposal of waste and also the benefits of such act.
E. Recovering and Recycling
Access to possible recyclable material possesses great
difficulty due to poorly limited recycling programs. The
informal recycling programs involve scavengers’ effort search
of recyclable items. Presently, the informal sector renders the
service of retrieving and recycling of materials in Nigeria [23].
The introduction of an advance formal recycling program
presents positive and accelerating outcomes for municipal
waste management sector.
F. Disposal
The landfill disposal technique of waste materials with
dearth of treatment processes and open dumping possesses
increasing public health hazards to human lives, animals and
plants. However, the evolutions of poisonous gases such as
methane and carbon-dioxide causes alteration of weather,
leading to climate change.
VI. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN MUNICIPAL
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN NIGERIA
A. Cultural Belief
Wastes are viewed as an invaluable and useless materials
rather than wealth. Wastes are not seen as valuable materials
that can be recycled for actual use, material recovery and
energy recovery. The value of waste to people enhances the
actualization of the process involved in the management of
waste. The conception of waste as worthless is inherently
linked with societal organized cultural systems of where
things belong [29]. However, consumer’s activities are largely
a function of common societal cultural values and norms [21].
B. Communication Channels
The dearth of an effective communication channels affects
the knowledge acquisition of municipalities in the
management of waste. Communication channels such as mass
media and posters are often adopted in the transfer of new
information rather than the face to face which involves one on
one practical interaction process.
C. Collaboration with International Solid Waste
Management Organization/Agencies
The existence of limited collaboration with International
Solid Waste Management organizations impedes rapid
sustainable development within the Waste sector. Interaction
with International waste agencies is rarely a focus area for
waste management.
D. Centralized Waste Collection Containers
In Nigeria centralized municipal storage containers are not
in place. This presents the municipalities with placement
challenges of sorted and recycled materials of different
categories. The need for centralized municipal collection
points are not viewed as a means to a solution for recycling
and material recovery. Thus such agenda are not included in
platform for waste management. The available funds are not
directed to meet purchase of the waste storage containers for
managing waste management. Purchase of municipal storage
containers for different collection point is indeed necessary.
E. Packaging and Product Producer Involvement
The involvement of packaging producer in the management
of waste is limited. Producers’ interests are mainly in the
production of content packages rather than the management of
these packages. Due to the low level of material and energy
recovery, thus material cost are not maximized and this
directly affects cost of packaging production. With the
increasing effect of improper waste management, the
manufacturing sector interest lie mainly on profitability rather
than waste reduction [5].
F. Personnel Morale
Field workers in charge of waste collection and
transportation often have low morale. There performance is
determined with the extent of stigmatization encountered on
the job, poor remuneration and stagnant promotion. Field
staffs are not also encouraged with the consumer’s manner of
habitual waste storage.
VII. PROPOSED KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS
The presentation of knowledge management solutions in the
management of municipal waste in this context is not only in
terms of technology centered approach but rather a people
centered approach.
With respect to Municipal waste management the people
centered approach focuses on individuals that falls within the
municipal waste management chains. This includes municipal
waste generators, packaging firms or producers and waste
management companies while the technology centre approach
focuses on the use of ICT’s as knowledge and information
repository in the management of municipal waste.
People should be orientated knowledgably to conceive
waste as being a valuable resource for material and energy
recovery, and also on the environmental consequences of
waste dumps on drainage channels, streams, pathways and
roadsides.
The more interaction with international waste agencies is
required to close up existing gaps between developed and
developing countries, and to ensure efficient municipal waste
management. This interaction would open doors to new
coping strategies of managing waste effectively in Nigeria,
among which is knowledge management.
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The need for information flow between waste generators,
producers and waste management companies is vital in
bridging the knowledge gaps. The communication and
exchange of knowledge is facilitated between waste generators
and producers of recyclable packages such as plastic, tins, and
cartons provided comprehensive descriptive logos or label are
inscribed with expressions in English and three major
languages on such containers as been recyclables. Recovery
process of these recyclables from consumers will be possibly
not challenging if certain incentives are attached to the return
of such items. These incentives are consumer generated
incentives that are derived at the point of purchase as the cost
of the actual containers is already added to the purchasing cost
of the items.
The transfer of information and knowledge to municipalities
should be undertaken by waste management (social workers)
companies through an effective communication channels
involving face-to-face communication. Aside other means of
communication, the face- to face channel of communication
should be employed by the municipal waste management
companies to interact with and orientate members of the
municipalities on disposal habits, sorting and storing of waste
in an environmental friendly manner. The importance and
benefits attached to waste separation, proper storage,
collection and effective waste management needs to also be
communicated. The eye contact and interaction between the
sender and receiver helps achieve the desired goal to a large
extent. Efficient management of waste is promoted if
municipal storage containers are available at subsidize price.
The storage containers should be of different colours
indicating the various category of municipal waste for a
particular storage container.
In bridging the knowledge gap existing between packaging
and product manufacturers; and waste management
companies, the need to deliberate and share knowledge on
what ought to and can be re-use and recycled to produce the
actual container or alternative containers and energy is
paramount. A cohesive collaboration between the packaging
manufacturer and waste companies will enhance the
prerequisite knowledge and information transferred to
communities. Hence, some level of participation is required of
them in order speed up actualization process.
TABLE II
PROPOSED KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SOLUTIONS IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Stakeholders Stakeholder’s Roles Municipal Waste Management Problems Source Proposed Knowledge
Management Solutions
Municipal Waste Sources
• Households
• Industries
• Commercial
Institutions
• Non commercial
Institutions
Partake in the primary management
of waste.
Respond and abide to waste
management rules and regulation.
Prompt Payment of waste collection
dues.
Indiscriminate dumping.
Low level of public education in waste
management.
Poor sorting at source.
Absence of storage facilities.
Public attitude towards waste management.
[15], [18],
[20]
Estsblish face- to-face
information sharing for waste
generators.
Persistent use of Information
Communication Technology
(ICT’s) to disseminate
information.
Establish local and
international networks.
Utilize both tacit and explicit
knowledge.
Set up information
repositories for data storage.
Application of diverse
knowledge sharing methods
for staffs.
Begin international
collaboration mechanism.
Initiate and implement
motivational factors that
promote peoples adoption of
material reuse, recovery and
recycling.
Set up data base and
information management
system for information
capturing.
Waste agencies collaboration
with research and
development institutions.
Municipal Waste
Management Agencies
Collection, transportation and
application of different disposal
techniques.
Facilitate awareness programmes.
Record waste generated per
capita/day and annually
Unfriendly environmental disposal
technique.
Poor funding, un skilled and limited
manpower.
Poor maintenance of vehicles.
Inadequate waste collection vehicles and
equipments.
Limited collaboration with international
waste management agencies.
[13], [14]
[22]
Municipal Authorities
Legislators
Establish monitoring programs
Specify waste disposal sites.
Specify waste disposal and
treatment.
Policies lack clear strategies.
Obsolete policies.
Inadequate and poorly implemented waste
management policies.
[27],[28]
Informal waste sector
Waste brokers between the waste
generators and
manufacturers/middlemen
Resource recovery.
Limited formal education.
Highly unskilled workers. [24]
Producers
Collaborate with waste management
to promote recovery, reuse and
recycling.
Establish motivational scheme.
Dearth of involvement in municipal waste
management issues. [5]
VIII. CONCLUSION
In Nigeria Cultural belief is a major barrier to efficient
waste management. Other barriers includes packaging and
product manufacturers’ involvement and interventions in
curbing waste management, ineffective communication, poor
personnel morale, absence of centralized waste collection
containers, limited collaboration with international
organization. Conclusively, the focus of municipal solid waste
management should not only be technology centered strategies
but also people centered.
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