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Epistemological Reduction of ‘Reality’
(another) proposal
to clear away the stumbling blocks
from the road to a fundamental reality:
abstract from your familiar perception,
expel space, time and physical objects
from ‘common sense’ and reduce all
terms to pure mathematical entities!
(not new, but worth to be repeated)
by Wolfgang W. Däumler
contact: artmetic@gmx.de
first print (in German) 1996
actual update: 2020-01-31
this publication serves as a preliminary intellectual game* to
introduce an analogue horn torus model, which intends to
reveal properties of a fundamental ‘real world’ by figurative,
allegoric and comprehensible images of dynamic coordinates
* the basic idea primarily is thought as suggestion to leave fixed habits of conventional mainstream
thinking, now and then, playfully, but - after familiarization - the game provides surprising insights
2
Dimensionality – Particles – Time – Physical Properties – Forces
Mathematics – Mathematical Universe
Horn Torus Model
Introduction
The topic, I want to address and develop here, concerns a fundamental ‘reality’,
in which no consciousness exists, that is able to reflect about itself and about its
connection to everything, having any correlation or interaction with and an
influence on it. The description of my intention already turns out to be difficile
– even these chosen words contain semantic meanings, which don’t occur in a
‘real world’. Yes, I know, full abstraction from human speech is impossible to
attain and even difficult to approach by strict mathematicians, no matter which
high level of fundamental formalism they claim to pursue. Nevertheless, any
weird conjunction of colloquial speech and mathematical methods seems to be
the only means for us humans to treat and express rules of reality, which
clearly
do not match our consciousness, thought structure and faculty of imagination.
Such an ‘unconscious’ reality is not knowable, and – sorry! – all philosophers
who claim to possess a valid definition for an absolute, ‘really real’ reality, are
wrong, because
every
definition contains terms that only are invented by a
consciousness and do not exist without. So, I'm not even going to add another
useless version, but will try to name such terms with a view to eliminate them
from my vision and to approximate a kind of mathematically backed diction of
reality without using formal logic (an invention of consciousness too indeed!),
without using any mathematical language or formalism and without artificial
(intuitional!) axioms, what eventually results in a notional construct, imaginable
as allegoric visualisation and describable by usual geometry within the normal
three-dimensional space, which we all handle virtuoso after long educational
familiarization and plenty of exercise in daily life, knowing full well however
and always keeping in mind that such a 3d-space certainly does
not
exist in the
targeted ‘real world’. ... A whole lifetime searching for methods of maximal
abstraction from common sense, this way ultimately remains the only promising
for me to reveal – and subsequently avoid – fixated engrams, when trying to
comprehend fundamental physical laws.
3
update 2020-31-01
Physicists create models to explain and compile small sections within parts of
physical reality which they believe to understand, and they do that respectively
have done in the past very successfully, they are able to compute all values they
need, and collectively combine all small sections to one huge intellectual edifice
of many ideas, called physics. All works excellently, and basically there is no
urgent need for most of them to comprehend the building as a whole. Well, some
pedants amongst the huge community of builders and architects, in a way the
structural engineers, like to have a closer look on the foundations, to ensure that
the building doesn’t collapse one day. Unfortunately, they are not as successful
as their colleagues, are still searching for a universal recipe to make one stable
footing beneath all these many parts and sections. They aim at a footing as a
profound base plate, preferably independent of all later erected constructions on
it, but connecting them mutually and being fully compatible to all styles of at
least those which are proven to stand stable and work reliably.
Meanwhile we wait a too long time for the desired recipe! When I was a young
physics student, half a century ago, theories of everything seemed to be within
one’s easy reach, enthusiasm was limitless, atmosphere thrilling, but unhappily
physical research gradually digressed instead into very specialized, technical,
consumption-oriented and military-related topics – pure foundational research,
in epistemological sense, decreased or even disappeared from academic scenery,
at least in my surroundings. Disenchanted, I made my second profession to the
first. Today, still waiting for an illumination, I am deeply convinced, that our
‘real world’, that reality is totally different from all what we have imagined ever.
I tend, as many others too, to the concept that foundations of reality cannot be
reached deductively from physical laws, and that it’s best to forget or ignore the
related knowledge and try to entirely supersede the accustomed associations.
Concerning this and as promised above, I will name some terms, which I think
they are the most impedimental stumbling blocks on the path to reality.
4
Dimensionality
Anything wrong with this statement: “… all physical objects populate space, and
all processes, in which they are involved, take place within space and time …” ?
It’s nonsense! Such sentences arise from ‘common sense’, which is totally inapt
for description of a fundamental physics. The most important part of common
sense is the imagination of space and time, probably rooted in properties and
function of the brain, because everybody has the same or similar associations to
words like point, distance, direction, three-dimensional space, volume, flow of
time, locomotion in space, velocity and many others. Such natural associations
are self-evident, don't need explanations – but are entirely wrong! At least from
the epistemologist’s view, when judging validity of predications or just simple
statements concerning reality and our ‘real world’ on a fundamental level.
There is
no
evidence for the existence of a three-dimensional space outside the
human imagination! Nor for any other number of dimensions. Euclidian space,
vector spaces and linear independence of their coordinates are inventions of
mathematicians and physicists to explain geometrical and physical laws in a
descriptive way, that matches the human consciousness and is congruent with
our inviolably given, ineradicable fixated engrams. Such spaces seem to be
logical and simple. Even physicists, despite having learned to abstract, always
refer to it, in all dimensional enhancements, all dynamic geometries, in all
topological sophistications – and in quantum field theories as well. Physical
variables there always can be projected someway into the three-dimensional
space, which is embedded in the comprehensive system as base or parameter for
alteration of values.
These spaces always imply a continuum for various values, what likewise is
not
taken for granted – on the contrary: continuum is an illusionary mathematical
construct and not a natural property in the description of the ‘real world’. Sure,
in quantum mechanics we have Planck units, but they don’t provide discrete
values for all other parameters universally.
Another point of discussion is the static of dimensional spaces. Static does
not
occur in quantum reality! No model of the ‘real world’ works sufficiently
without underlying dynamic. That's for sure! Unfortunately, mathematics
doesn’t offer any well-elaborated and consistent theory of topological systems
that are based on respectively 'spanned' by continuously and dynamically
changing coordinates, which in turn are inevitable for dynamic physical entities.
Conclusion: to surmount these first impedimental stumbling blocks we have to
forget dimensions and construct instead a space without use of static, linear and
continuous coordinates. It should be possible, and there exist ideas already …
5
Particles
During last century physicists have developed excellent and comprehensive
models of so called ‘elementary particles’ which work very well and reliably. Of
course, it does not befit me to criticize these images of physical processes and
their acting participants, and it is far from my thoughts to repudiate the findings.
The
interpretative
framework however sometimes evokes my explicit objection.
Sentences like “the particle flies from A to B” make my toes curl. Or even the
apparently plain term “particles per cubic kilometre” as measure of density in
the universe sounds totally amiss for me.
Many aspects of particle properties are not sufficiently explained in the theories,
e.g. information about punctiform or spatially extended shape of particles is
ambiguous and dependent on experimental and descriptive context, all very
factitious seeming interpretations of wave-particle dualism or quantum physics
in general still are completely unsatisfactory, even after thousands of physicists
have contributed substantial ideas, starting hundred years ago, not to mention
the attempts to explain the verified nonlocality of particle properties reasonably.
Incidentally, at this point, I cannot refrain from placing some remarks on the
megalomaniac plans to replace LHC (Large Hadron Collider, CERN, Geneva)
by the monumental Future Circular Collider (FCC). I used to be a physicist
myself and I am highly interested in progress of knowledge, but this project in
my honest opinion is madness, is hubris, is waste of public funds. Invest that
money in education and the
theoretical
research of thousands of physicists more
and you will gain a very much more comprehensive outcome of insights and
substantial contributions to a better understanding of our ‘real world’. Readers
are invited to inform themselves about the updated background story!
Pure mental contemplation, after having learned the most important absolute
facts and having reached an adequate level of abstraction faculty, is still an
important source of cognition, as various mathematical oriented physicists in
many ways have demonstrated. Mathematics surely is the only way to reveal a
good part of so far unsolved mysteries and secrets, hidden in reality.
Returning to particles: when we try to see them not as objects that are put into a
pre-existing space and manage to treat them as pure
mathematical
entities within
a space instead, which is not a priori existent but built by just these particles, then
we easily approach solutions without use of the mentioned enormous technic.
The mathematical model, I aim to, and which already exists as a ‘prototype’,
explains properties of particles figuratively and comprehensibly, including
quantisation, non-locality, entanglement, interactions, forces, space and time, ...
6
Time
Many physicists deny the existence of time as an independent dimension for
physical processes. So do I. Independent or not, time seems – according to all
experience we have – to be a one-dimensional quantity. Correspondingly we can
symbolise
time as a line extending from −∞ to +∞, infinity premised. If there is
a beginning (big bang e.g.) or an end (Armageddon, big rip, big crunch or any
other fairy tale), the line is ‘shorter’ accordingly, only reaching to (slangy) ‘nearly
infinity’. I want to demonstrate allegorically that time is redundant and can be
replaced easily by other quantities: when we symbolise space as set of circles
with timeline as tangent in point ‘now’, circumferences being ‘distance’ to any
point in space, we recognize that the symbols for very far located points slowly
approximate the timeline and we conclude, that time is closely connected to
infinitely remote parts of space. Perhaps identic to them? Answer will follow …
From this representation of time follows the next thought: big bang – if we posit
that it has happened – was not the beginning of time but the end of an until then
infinitely long-lasting time, respectively the abrupt transformation of an infinite,
perhaps one-dimensional, quantity into an infinite pattern which immediately
undertook all functions of 'eternal time', making time absolutely redundant.
That way we avoid the epistemological problem ‘creatio ex nihilo’. Any infinity
was pre-existent and appearance of space and matter wasn’t a creation but ‘only’
a transition from one state of infinity into another, from smooth, steady, linear
and continuous conditions into distinguishable discrete parts with the capability
of mutual interactions between all the newly emerged components.
To illustrate such a transition, we maintain the pictorial representation of time
above. The circles shall be tightly packed, with no spacing between neighboured
circles. Then the complete set of circles is equivalent to the infinite timeline
(mathematicians, familiar with set and number theory, hopefully will approve),
and an imaginable transformation could be a turn of the timeline around itself.
The turn of a one-dimensional line cannot be recognized, but when we replace
the line by the set of circles, we get, by the rotation, a new set of nested horn tori,
all interlaced into one another with identic centre, simultaneously the boundary
point, named ‘now’, on tangent timeline. Time – as an independent dimension –
has vanished silently, while ‘space’ and ‘matter’ had emerged explosively. And
today, we humans, late result of that transformation, reduce our creator to a
simplifying
auxiliary
physical term and to pure human psychological perception.
7
Physical Properties
To find more details about the character of time and subsequently of other
physical terms, explained allegorically by horn tori, we have to go far afield and
delve deeply into the matter. But first, another related thought: the simplified
image of a spontaneous transformation from a one-dimensional infinity to an
infinite discrete pattern as indicated above, implies that this process didn’t take
place at one single point as origin of further developments, but it happened all
over the linear infinity simultaneously. The decay into discrete constituents,
sudden loss of a pre-existing continuum and drastic depletion of spatial points
simulates an inflationary scenario in the new space. As effective mechanism for
the whole process we again adduce these horn tori, but their static geometry now
endued with a particular dynamic, always keeping in mind however, that horn
tori only are symbols and equivalent representatives of complex manifolds.
Basics of horn torus geometry, topology and dynamic are described in detail on
the website [1] www.horntorus.com with many explaining illustrations in links.
To follow interpretations of horn torus properties as physical phenomena, it is
inevitable
to familiarize first with the model, the provided analogous images and
the geometrically representable dynamic. One at first has to be able to relate to
revolution, rotation and mutual unrolling of interlaced horn tori, nested into one
another, and to the mechanism of generating trajectories or cycloid lines on their
surface. Then many obscure physical terms, concepts and phenomena appear
no longer mysterious and unexplained, but become logical, clear and evident.
Here I only want to list a couple of terms and the related representation by horn
torus properties, time at first again: timeline is the main symmetry axis on which
the nested set of horn tori moves (unrolls) in one direction. Motion in opposite
direction corresponds reversion of time, leading into the world of antimatter.
Unrolling is closely related to poloidal torsion of the horn torus bulge, what we
call ‘revolution’, while ‘rotation’ is used for the toroidal spin around timeline.
Combination of both turns leads to the mentioned trajectories, for certain ratios
of angular velocities as Lissajous figures (‘resonances’), identifiable as particles.
Geometric situation and dynamic are absolutely independent of size (scale) and
angular velocity of turns. The system of nested horn tori shows a perfect self-
similarity, what generates a universally valid unit (ratio 1:1) and thereby a self-
metrisation of the space that is defined by the dynamic set of horn tori. As first
properties we detect the constancy and the maximum value of revolution, easily
identifiable as speed of light
c
, mentioned ratio 1:1 will turn out to be related to
Planck units: one revolution of the
unit horn torus
corresponds to Planck length
ℓ
P
, one rotation to reduced Planck constant ħ, Planck time
tP
remains redundant.
8
Forces
With the horn torus model we intend to suggest alternate associations to space,
time and physical objects on a very fundamental level, where only ‘entities’ exist
and not complex compound things yet. The analogue model does not target
macro-physical properties at all – it is not suitable to describe or explain them.
Forces however, despite quantifiable just in macro-physics, have their origin in
particles and space, why they are crucial subject of attention here too.
To define forces, we have to find and describe the cause for
locomotion
of
particles or physical objects within the space, they ‘populate’, independent how
space is defined. All fundamental forces (gravity, electromagnetism, strong and
weak force) are manifestations of any mysterious 'interaction' between particles
resp. physical objects. Physicists are able to describe them mathematically,
calculate exact values, and make accurate predictions, but the deep principle or
mechanism behind that interactions still is completely unknown – and vector
spaces, I am deeply convinced, never will lead to the final answer.
In the horn torus model, space is spanned by non-linear, dynamically changing
coordinates [2], called ‘entities’, and each entity contains a complete cascade of
all different particles. The coordinates are not linearly independent, but act as
physical objects themselves by interaction with all other coordinates or entities.
They are represented in every spatial point each, as section of the coordinate in
the form of a particular horn torus with specific size and ratio of turns.
A horn torus, unrolling along the trajectories of other horn tori which are located
in the same spatial point, is forced to change its rotation speed due to avoidance
of – figuratively! – ‘slippage’, and therefore also changes its
size
, because within
the same entity a firm correlation exists between size and rotation speed of every
horn torus. At a certain distance from the 'origin' (size zero) or also from the unit
horn torus, there is always only one single definite ratio of the angular velocities,
revolution to rotation, and only one size, inversely proportional to the revolution
angular velocity [3]. The entire entity – together with its origin and with all
associated particles – then shifts to new positions related to other entities without
changing its internal structure, and that means the particles move closer or move
away from other particles, depending on the change in the rotational speed.
The cause for locomotion of particles – in other words: force between particles –
is now reduced to one single mechanism. Only the name for this
unified force
is
different in distinct portions of an entity: gravity acts at the sections of large horn
tori, up to infinite size, the other forces at sections between sizes, defined by their
ratio of angular velocities, electromagnetic interaction between 1:2 and 2:1,
strong interaction between 2:1 and 3:1 and weak between 3:1 and 4:1 ... Ref. [4]
9
Mathematics
With the analogue horn torus model, we leave 'classical mathematics'. Though
we pragmatically make use of well-established skills in three dimensions to
illustrate the dynamic, the model is not dimensional – neither Euclidean nor
non-Euclidean, neither related to any vector space nor even connected to Hilbert
spaces and the respective formalism – at least not in an obviously predominant
way. Horn tori induce an extremely
dynamic
and complex geometry and
simultaneously are capable to form a nearly static 'flat space' with Euclidean
rules when approaching 'infinite size'. Conventional methods are insufficient or
too labourious to describe such a hybrid of dynamic and static space properly,
and we maybe have to await further progress in quantum computing for an
appropriate approach and adequate treatment, and for a – maybe disruptive –
congruent mathematical model of physical 'reality' that comprises the pervasive
and unstoppable dynamic as
main
intrinsic property.
Anyway, the known and widely accepted classical mathematics fails yet to
reveal the secrets of physical reality, probably because our mathematics is
incomplete still, doesn't provide the dynamic code that rules our world, and on
the same time it contains a lot of ballast that is adverse to physical interpretation.
A physically relevant complete mathematics has to comprise this mentioned
unique code and has to be self-consistent, without contradictions.
To obtain such a mathematics, the classical formalism has to be extended
significantly, but for self-consistency simultaneously knocked into proper shape
in many respects. Physical laws have to be 'true' and 'real' and a priori valid, not
invented by men but discovered, while mathematical rules often don't comply
with these conditions in a good consistent way. Too many axioms have been
established
intuitionally
during the long history of mathematics. Physical reality
is
not
based on axioms and also does exist in absence of human consciousness,
then admittedly without all the properties we perceive, associate and attribute to
'nature'. Physical reality, even when not observed, at least exists as a kind of
mathematically representable pattern. These patterns and/or 'structures' don't
contain the familiar 'self-evident' constructs of our perception and imagination,
but are inevitable synergetic effect of fundamental entities, which exist from the
'earliest beginning' of our universe and which interact with one another in a
simple,
deterministic
, fantastically intertwining manner ...
To describe this interaction of fundamental entities mathematically, will be a
later aim. At first, we have to get hold of one single entity, above also called
coordinate, and we have to identify its constituents, the ‘particles’. When we are
able to describe one of them entirely, we know all the others, and if we manage
to describe the entity as a whole, its interactions inclusive, we know the universe.
10
Mathematical Universe
In my interpretation, the term ‘mathematical universe’ should not be applied to
the physical phenomena, which we realize, perceive and interpret in ‘nature’,
and for most of them we already have excellent mathematically formulated laws.
A mathematical universe concept has to be a
basic
physical theory, concerning
'creation' of space (beginning, e.g. big bang) and cosmological topics (inflation,
expansion, further evolution of primordial constituents to ‘elementary particles’,
‘energy’, matter, atoms, molecules, galaxies, ...) by
pure abstract
mathematics.
As main premise for full abstraction we imperatively need strict epistemological
reductions and fundamental definitions of space, time and physical objects as
entities. Neither terms from outside mathematics nor traditional imaginations of
objects and processes are allowed in the applied formalism.
One of such concepts, admittedly in the state of a preliminary intellectual game,
is the above often mentioned horn torus model. Horn tori are pure associative
symbols for complex numbers. All what we explain by horn tori, is an utterance
concerning properties of complex numbers. We even reduce to integral numbers,
(1,1) being a natural unit for metrisation. It is the pair with smallest possible
absolute value within the model, because (1/n,1) in the interpretation 1/n
rotation per 1 full revolution is the same as 1 full rotation per n revolutions. (1,1)
remains the smallest reference for all other ratios, and there are no fractions of
revolution and rotation – only integers. With this so called ‘standard dynamic
horn torus’ we possess a natural source and simple explanation of quantization!
Metrisation of the horn torus space and an easy explanation for constancy of
light speed arise from the perfect self-similarity of nested horn tori, all being part
of fundamental entities, but to reproduce that imagination, faculty of abstraction
is challenged maximally and readiness for broad familiarization is indispensable.
Trials of assistance are provided on many pages within the linked reference [1].
The relatively simple basic image already produces lots of properties within the
model and accordingly in the hereby emulated universe. Higher complexity of
any level can be reached by iterated substitutions of real parts of the complex
numbers by new complex ones, then ultimately leading to – already known –
extensions of the number system. – Anyway, the most promising, presumably
the only, method to understand our universe roughly, is a mathematical one.
Until now, empiricism alone hasn’t brought adequate fundamental insights,
despite alleged successes by colliders and suchlike. Nature still hides its secrets:
All our many models of the ‘real world’ are crutches only, to hobble around the
never reachable and imaginable truth, solely to enjoy the short, rare moments of
supposed close encounter with it.
–
But it’s worth to undertake and experience that!
11
Horn Torus Model References
External scientifical references concerning horn tori don’t exist resp. aren’t used,
all texts and illustrations originate from author’s private websites (2000 ... 2019)
[1] https://www.horntorus.com/enter
[2] https://www.horntorus.com/illustration/URLdetail.html
[3] https://www.horntorus.com/illustration/increase.html
[4] https://www.horntorus.com/text/16_unification.html#txt
original texts in German (1988 … 2000): http://www.dorntorus.de/d
The horn torus model is an attempt and a proposal to describe foundations of
our 'real world' in an assumed manifestation as
unconscious universe
with no
properties others than mathematical. Constituents aren't space, time and matter,
but only numbers in their simplest form: natural numbers, as complex integers
first, later – as required – easily extendable to quaternions, octonions, sedenions,
again with integer parts each. Nested horn tori, dynamically interlaced into one
another, illustrate as eidetic geometric analogue, that numbers quasi are able to
interact with one another and – e.g. by mutual 'annihilation' – to transform their
initial
continuum into discrete structures by a simple pattern generating process,
leading to intricate results, which are interpretable as entities or 'coordinates' of
a dynamic but timeless space with striking analogies to our 'real world’.
* * *
cite this paper as:
Daeumler, Wolfgang, private publication (2019),
https://www.horntorus.com/text/reduction.pdf
(poss. amended)
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https://www.horntorus.com/text/reduction.pdf © 2019-09-08 Wolfgang W. Däumler