Production and characterization of recycled polyester (r-PET) blend vortex and ring spun yarns

Abstract

Nowadays, many major fashion brands are now producing recycled polyester (r-PET) textile products from PET bottles to contribute to sustainability. Of course, this means that textiles containing r-PET will now be produced at an increasing volume. R-PET fiber nowadays can be produced by optimizing machine settings only in the ring and rotor spinning systems. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the spinnability of r-PET fiber in the vortex spinning system. In this context, recycled r-PET fiber from PET bottle was blended with cotton (Co) and viscose (Cv) fibers in different blending ratios and yarns production were performed in ring and vortex spinning systems. Strength, elongation, unevenness (CVm%), imperfection index (IPI) and hairiness properties were determined and the results were statistically analyzed. In addition, it was determined that yarn production method, yarn composition and blend ratio had a significant effect on investigtated properties of the yarns.

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Production and characterization of recycled
polyester (r-PET) blend vortex and ring spun yarns
Esin Sarioğlu, Serkan Nohut, Deniz Vuruşkan & Osman Yayla
To cite this article: Esin Sarioğlu, Serkan Nohut, Deniz Vuruşkan & Osman Yayla (2020):
Production and characterization of recycled polyester (r-PET) blend vortex and ring spun yarns,
The Journal of The Textile Institute, DOI: 10.1080/00405000.2020.1720360
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1720360
Published online: 30 Jan 2020.
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ARTICLE
Production and characterization of recycled polyester (r-PET) blend vortex
and ring spun yarns
Esin Sario!
glu
a
, Serkan Nohut
b
, Deniz Vurus¸kan
a
and Osman Yayla
c
a
Faculty of Fine Arts, Department of Fashion and Textile Design, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey;
b
Faculty of Engineering,
Mechanical Engineering Department, Piri Reis University, Istanbul, Turkey;
c
Research and Development Center, Selc¸uk
_
Iplik Industry and
Trade Co. Inc, Gaziantep, Turkey
ABSTRACT
Nowadays, many major fashion brands are now producing recycled polyester (r-PET) textile products
from PET bottles to contribute to sustainability. Of course, this means that textiles containing r-PET
will now be produced at an increasing volume. R-PET fiber nowadays can be produced by optimizing
machine settings only in the ring and rotor spinning systems. In this study, it is aimed to investigate
the spinnability of r-PET fiber in the vortex spinning system. In this context, recycled r-PET fiber from
PET bottle was blended with cotton (Co) and viscose (Cv) fibers in different blending ratios and yarns
production were performed in ring and vortex spinning systems. Strength, elongation, unevenness
(CVm%), imperfection index (IPI) and hairiness properties were determined and the results were statis-
tically analyzed. In addition, it was determined that yarn production method, yarn composition and
blend ratio had a significant effect on investigtated properties of the yarns.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 15 December 2019
Accepted 20 January 2020
KEYWORDS
Vortex spinning system;
recycled polyester; yarn
properties; textile;
sustainability
1. Introduction
Recycling, defined as reintegration of wastes (bottles, packag-
ing and plastic refuse) that can be re-evaluated into the
production process through various processes, helps the
environment, decreases storage and transportation of wastes
and initiates new economic opportunities (Worrell & Reuter,
2014). Recycling is composed of three main steps each repre-
sent one arrow in the recycling arrow. These steps are: collec-
tion, processing/marketing and manufacturing (conversion
into new products). Some materials which are nowadays
recycled are: chemical waste, glass, paper, aluminum, plastic,
batteries, concrete, iron, textiles, wooden, metal.
In recent years, recycling in textile industry began to gain
more importance due to steady increase of fiber usage every
year (Necef, Seventekin, & Pamuk, 2013). From 1998 to
2013, the textile fiber consumption per person increased
from 8.4 to 12 kg (Telli &
€
Ozdil, 2013). Furthermore, it has
been reported that the worldwide fiber consumption will
almost double the current consumption by 2050 (Telli &
Babaarslan, 2017). In municipal waste (WSM), high energy
and water wastes appear to be the major sources of environ-
mental pollution due to textile manufacturing (Altun, 2012).
One of the ways to supply this fiber demand in textile
industry with less damage to environment is to increase the
life-cycle of the textile fibers by recycling them. Generally,
45% of the textile fibers used worldwide are PET or PET
based fibers. Moreover, it was reported that polyester con-
sumption in 2015 is more than double that of cotton. In the
world, the main cause of released CO
2
is fossil fuels and
polyester fibers petroleum derivate and obtained from fossil
fuels. Therefore, recycling of polyester (mostly from PET
bottles) with appropriate processes and using in textile
industry is of high importance.
PET is the mostly used material for packaging products
since they provide good mechanical strength, transparency,
lightweight and thermal stability. Since PET fibers are
used in blends in most of the textile products, recycling of
PET is done from PET bottle wastes. In average, it takes
35–45 years and even more for PET bottles to degrade in
soil. Instead of storing or burning, these PET bottles can be
recycled to raw materials which can also be used in textile
industry. There are three main recycling method that can be
applied to PET bottles, namely; mechanical, chemical and
thermal recycling. Thermal recycling is mainly production
of electricity from heat which is gained by burning the
PET bottles (Komly, Azzaro-Pantel, Hubert, Pibouleau, &
Archambault, 2012). Chemical recycling is suitable to the
production of raw materials and can be done according to
hydrolysis, methanolysis, glycolysis, ammonolysis and
aminolysis processes (Khoonkari, Haghighi, Sefidbakht,
Shekoohi, & Ghaderian, 2015) however it is nowadays not
preferred due to its high processing cost (less energy effi-
cient) (Aizenshtein, 2016; Dutt & Soni, 2013). Mechanical
recycling is a method which is common when the produc-
tion of secondary material is of principal interest of recy-
cling and is composed of contamination, sorting, washing,
drying and melt-processing steps (Do!
gan, 2008).
Luijsterburg reported that the mechanically recycled PET
may have good mechanical properties which are close to
virgin PET and therefore can be applied in more diverse
applications (Luijsterburg, 2015).
CONTACT Serkan Nohut serkannohut@gmail.com Faculty of Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Piri Reis University, Postane Mahallesi, Eflatun Sk.,
No. 8, 34940 Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
!2020 The Textile Institute
THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE
https://doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2020.1720360

In literature, there are many studies that investigated the
use of r-PET fibers for yarn and knitted fabric production by
using different techniques. It is well known that the spinning
system in yarn production determines the main structure and
properties of the yarns. Main spinning systems that are now-
adays commonly used are open-end rotor, ring and air vortex
spinning systems. Since these systems have different working
principles and conditions (e.g. spindle speed), usability of all
raw materials in each system with high performance may be
limited due to technical and economic feasibility (Iqbal,
Eldeeb, Ahmad, & Mazari, 2017).
Wulfhorst (1984) has reported that open-end spun yarns
produced from blend of recovered fibers did not show a sig-
nificant quality loss. Merati and Okamura (2004) increased
the used ratio of recycled fibers by modifying the feeding
part of the friction spinning.
Murata vortex spinning technology gained high interest
in the last years due to its advantages (e.g. capability of
spinning 100% cotton at high speeds, low hairiness, low pil-
ling, high abrasion resistance and color fastness) over ring
and open-end spinning systems (Kayabas¸i & Yilmaz, 2015).
In literature, it has been reported that an increase in air
pressure improves the hairiness and tensile properties how-
ever decreases the tenacity, elongation and abrasion resist-
ance (Ortlek &
€
Ulk€
u, 2005; Tyagi & Sharma, 2004a; Tyagi,
Sharma, & Salhotra, 2004b).
In literature, there is no study to our knowledge which
deals with the production of yarn by using recycled polyester
(r-PET) with a composition of 100% or blend with other raw
materials with vortex spinning. The main purpose of this
study is to produce Co/r-PET and Cv/r-PET blend yarns
through vortex spinning system. For this aim, three factors:
yarn composition, yarn production method and blend ratio
were selected, vortex and ring spun yarns were produced and
yarn quality properties (tenacity, elongation, IPI and hairi-
ness) were investigated. The statistical analysis was carried
out at .05 significant level using SPSS package program.
2. Materials and methods
Within the scope of this study, it is aimed to investigate the
manufacturability of the r-PET yarn with vortex spinning
and to determine the yarn properties. For this purpose, cot-
ton and viscose were selected to blend with r-PET fiber to
manufacture vortex spun yarn. Main properties of used
fibers are given in Table 1.
Furthermore, combed cotton fiber was also used as raw
materials and properties are illustrated separately in Table 2.
Both using ring spinning system and vortex spinning sys-
tem, yarn samples at 19.7 tex linear density with different
blend ratio of Co/r-PET and Cv/r-PET raw materials were
manufactured. In order to avoid yarn quality loss, yarn lin-
ear density was chosen as 19.7 tex for both ring and vortex
spun yarns. Moreover, combed cotton fiber was used in
order to prevent the cotton fiber loss when vortex yarn with
higher cotton blend ratio was produced. Design of experi-
ment for the yarn production was conducted in accordance
with ring and vortex spinning machine capability (see
Figure 1). As known the ring spinning system is commonly
used for either r-PET yarn or blend of r-PET yarn.
However, the production of vortex spun yarn is difficult
that as it should be necessary to make machine settings and
conditions according to r-PET fiber.
Fibers were blended at the blowroom after raw materials
bales were kept at a temperature of 20–24 !C in bales and at
a humidity of 50–65% for 24–48 h. According to the
blended ratio in the yarn production, the bales were manu-
ally fed to the bale opener. Raw materials (cotton, viscose
and r-PET) were homogeneously weighed at the desired
ratio by computer controlled.
After various trials the main parameters of ring and
vortex spinning machine according to the raw materials
were specified as seen in Table 3. According to the
previously detected blend ratio, in ring spinning system
Table 1. Properties of raw materials.
Properties
Raw material
Recycled polyester Viscose
(r-PET) (Cv)
Fineness (dtex) 1.20 1.30
Length (mm) 38 32
Strength (cN/dtex) 60 28
Elongation (%) 22 19
Table 2. Combed cotton fiber properties.
Properties Combed cotton (Co)
Mean fiber length by weight, Lw(mm) 25.9
Mean fiber length by number, Ln(mm) 20.1
Upper quartile length by weight, UQLw(mm) 32
Short fiber content by weight, SFCw(%) 8.3
Short fiber content by number, SFCn(%) 27.4
Fineness, (dtex) 1.74
Maturity ratio, (%) 0.95
Figure 1. Experimental design of work.
2 E. SARIOĞLU ET AL.

90/10 Co/r-PET and Cv-r-PET ring spun yarns could not be
produced because of unsuitable machine settings.
After conditioning yarn samples (65% ± 4% relative
humidity at 20 !C±2!C) according to standard ISO 139,
yarn mass irregularity was measured simultaneously with the
yarn hairiness and yarn faults using the apparatus Uster
V
R
Tester 5 at a speed of 400 m/min for 2.5 min according to the
ISO 16549 standard. Five tests were performed on each yarn
sample; reported values represent the average of those test
results. Yarn tenacity and elongation were performed using
Uster
V
R
Tensorapid 4 at a speed of rate of extension 5 m/min
with 500 mm gauge length according to EN ISO 2062.
Twenty tests were carried out for each yarn sample and aver-
age values were taken into consideration. IBM SPSS Statistics,
2015 (New York) package program was used for analysis of
variance (ANOVA) at .05 significant level to determine the
significance effects of yarn composition, yarn production
method and blend ratio on yarn properties.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Tenacity and elongation
Tenacity test results are demonstrated as histogram with
error bars at 95% confidence interval in Figure 2.
According to Figure 2, all vortex spun yarn samples have
lower tenacity at all level of blend ratio for both Co/r-PET
and Cv/r-PET composition than ring spun yarns. In the
microstructure of vortex spun yarns, fibers are positioned
from the core part (twistless, parallel fibers) of the yarn
towards the wrapping layer (Begum et al., 2018; Dunja &
Dominika, 2018; Erdumlu, Ozipek, & Oxenham et al., 2012a,
2012b;G
€
unaydin & Soydan, 2017; Mou#
ckov$
a, Mertov$
a,
Jir$
askov$
a, Krupincov$
a, & K#
remen$
akov$
a, 2015; Suzuki &
Sukigara, 2013). This situation leads to uneven twist distribu-
tion, the most important factor determining yarn tenacity
and elongation, while the number of twists in ring spun yarn
remains constant (Dunja & Dominika, 2018; Kostajn#
sek &
Dimitrovski, 2016; Suzuki & Sukigara, 2013). On the other
hand, in the ring spun yarns, no wrapper fibers appear or
belly band fibers appear rarely (Begum et al., 2018; Erdumlu
et al., 2012a, 2012b; Kayabas¸i & Yilmaz, 2015). Furthermore,
helical fibers in the ring yarn provide large friction force
between the fibers that makes the yarn stronger (Kim, 2017).
Previous researchers confirm that twisted core in ring spin-
ning ensures a strong bond between fibers that leads higher
tenacity (Dunja & Dominika, 2018;T
€
urksoy, Vurus¸kan,
Akkaya, &
€
Ust€
unta!
g, 2018, Soe, Takahashi, Nakajima,
Matsuo, & Matsumoto, 2004).
When analyzing the average tenacity, vortex spun yarn
sample show tenacity about 83% of the tenacity of the ring
spun yarn samples. In general terms, ring spun yarns have
15–30% higher tenacity than vortex spun yarns for the same
yarn composition (Kostajn#
sek & Dimitrovski, 2016). Some
related studies confirmed similar behavior at different fiber
compositions in terms of tenacity evaluation of vortex spun
yarns versus to ring spun yarn (Dunja & Dominika, 2018;
Erdumlu, Oxenham, &
€
Ozipek, 2013; Kilic & Okur, 2011;
Kim, 2017; Kirec¸ci, Erdal, &
_
Ic¸o!
glu, 2009; Kostajn#
sek &
Dimitrovski, 2016; Rameshkumar et al., 2008; Sharma,
Kumar, Bhatia, & Sinha, 2016).
Table 3. Manufacturing parameters in accordance with spinning conditions
of yarns.
Yarn type/case Vortex spun yarn Ring spun yarn
Delivery speed (m/min) 350–400 20
Total draft 130–180 45
Sliver weight (ktex) 3.47 3.68
Spinde speed (rpm) –16.000
Ring diameter (mm) –38–40
Twist (tpm) –780
Spinde speed (rpm) –16.000
Nozzle type M1 Eco –
Air pressure (bar) 0.55 –
Figure 2. Tenacity of yarn samples.
THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 3

When the effect of yarn composition is taken into con-
sideration, vortex spun yarns with Cv/r-PET composition
have higher tenacity than Co/r-PET composition in all
blend ratios. Although combed Co fiber is used in this
study, cotton fibers are usually affected by the air flow in
vortex spinning that makes joining of the cotton fiber more
difficult in the yarn formation part (Begum et al., 2018;
Erdumlu et al., 2012a, 2012b). This result is consistent with
the findings from previous study, which reported that Cv
vortex spun yarn had higher tenacity than Co vortex spun
yarn because of the shorter Co fiber length (Uyanık&
Baykal, 2018). Therefore, this situation affects the tenacity of
Co/r-PET vortex spun yarns adversely. In addition, fiber
fineness is an important parameter that affects yarn tenacity,
the higher number of the fibers in the yarn cross-section
lead to the higher tenacity of yarn. In this study, r-PET and
CV fibers are finer than Co fiber so we can say that yarns
from viscose and r-PET fibers or blend of these fibers will
have higher tenacity. Furthermore, increasing the blend ratio
of r-PET fiber contributes tenacity of yarns in all yarn pro-
duction methods because of its fiber properties itself.
Elongation test results are given as histogram with error
bars at 95% confidence interval in Figure 3.
Similar to tenacity values, vortex spun yarns offer lower
elongation at break values than that of ring spun yarns
except 70/30 Co/r-PET ring spun yarn. In contrast to ring
spun yarn structure, vortex spun yarns have a higher pro-
portion of wrap fibers restricting fibers movement and the
slippage of fiber becomes more difficult (Begum et al., 2018;
Erdumlu et al., 2012a, 2012b; Kilic and Okur, 2011; Kirec¸ci
et al., 2009; Ortlek and Onal, 2008).
With regard to yarn composition, the highest and lowest
elongation values were obtained from 70/30 Cv/r-PET ring
spun yarn and 90/10 Co/r-PET, respectively. Results showed
that increasing the Co fiber blended r-PET fiber ratio from
10% to 50% enhances elongation at break due to the higher
elongation value of the r-PET fiber. However, Cv/r-PET
blended vortex and ring spun yarns demonstrated a decreas-
ing elongation trend with respect to increasing r-PET blend
ratio. Yarn samples tenacity and elongation ANOVA test
results are given in Table 4.
In Table 4, it is clearly seen that yarn production method,
yarn composition and blend ratio statistically affect both ten-
acity and elongation strongly. The interactions of A "B and
B"C was found to have statistically significant effect on
both tenacity and elongation. On the other hand, the interac-
tions of all these three parameters has not significant effect at
.05 significant level (p
tenacity
¼.583 and p
elongation
¼.265).
3.2. Unevenness
Yarn unevenness test results as bar graphs with error bars at
95% confidence interval are represented in Figure 4.
Regarding with yarn production method, ring spun yarns
show lower Cvm% at all blend ratios and yarn composition
than that of vortex spun yarns which is confirming the earlier
findings (Erdumlu et al., 2012a,2012b,2013; Kilic & Okur,
2011; Kirec¸ci et al., 2009; Ortlek & Onal, 2008; Rameshkumar
Figure 3. Elongation of yarn samples.
Table 4. ANOVA results for yarn tenacity and elongation.
Response variables/
parameters
Yarn production
method (A)
Yarn
composition (B)
Blend
ratio (C) A "BA
"CB
"CA
"B"C
Tenacity (kgf N m) 0.000"0.000"0.000"0.000"0.042"0.000"0.583
Elongation (%) 0.000"0.000"0.001"0.000"0.794 0.000"0.265
"
Statistically significant (p<.05).
4 E. SARIOĞLU ET AL.

et al, 2008). It can be probably said that with almost constant
twist distribution in ring spun yarn structure may obtain
lower unevenness (T€
urksoy et al., 2018). Furthermore, in vor-
tex spinning, the air flow around the nozzle surface causes
higher unevenness (Kim, 2017). In case of Co/r-PET and Cv/
r-PET blended vortex and ring spun yarns, because of the
even structure and lower fineness properties (higher number
of the fibers in yarn cross-section) of Cv fiber than Co fiber
causes lower Cvm% values were obtained in for both yarn
production system. The highest and lowest CVm% was
obtained from 90/10 Co/r-PET vortex spun yarn and 50/50
Cv/r-PET ring spun yarn, respectively. It is seen in Figure 4,
arising the blend ratio of r-PET fiber in all yarn components
there is a tendency of decreasing CVm% of yarn samples. It
is well-known information that synthetic fibers are more even
than that of natural/regenerated ones. ANOVA results for
CVm% of yarn samples are demonstrated in Table 5.
In terms of ANOVA results, it can be said that all inves-
tigated parameters have statistically significant effect on
CVm% of yarn samples (p¼.00). The interactions of A "B
and B "C parameters have also statistically significant on
CVm% (p¼.00). On the other hand, the interactions of
A"C(p¼.292) and A "B"C(p¼.210) have no influence
on CVm%.
3.3. Yarn faults
For the investigation of yarn faults, the average values of
thin places ($50%/km), thick places (þ50%/km) and neps
(þ200%/km) are indicated in Table 6. According to Table 6,
number of the thin places of Co/r-PET vortex spun yarns is
lower than that of ring spun yarns when 70/30 and 50/50
blend ratio is taken into consideration. The similar result is
seen for Cv/r-PET vortex and ring spun yarns. If thick pla-
ces are examined, on the contrary for thin places, it is found
that ring spun yarns have lower number of thick places
than vortex spun yarns that confirms the literature
(Erdumlu et al., 2013; Kilic & Okur, 2011; Ortlek & Onal,
2008; Rameshkumar et al, 2008). When comparing neps
imperfection of yarns, it was determined that 70/30 Co/r-
PET vortex spun yarn has the highest neps value and 70/30
Cv/r-PET ring spun yarn sample has the lowest ones.
To make a general evaluation in terms of yarn faults,
imperfection index (IPI) value was determined by cumulative
sum the number of thin places ($50%/km), thick places
(þ50%/km) and neps (þ200%/km). The IPI values of yarn
samples are shown in Figure 5 as bar graphs with error bars
at 95% confidence interval. Range error bars encompass the
lowest and highest values of the IPI value. It is clearly seen
that the distance between the upper and lower bound of the
error bars are higher because of the higher coefficient of vari-
ation for imperfection values.
According to Figure 5, vortex spun yarns have higher IPI
values than ring spun yarns for all yarn compositions and
blend ratios. If Co/r-PET blended vortex spun yarn samples
IPI values are examined, IPI values were observed to
increase when Co fiber content changes from 50% to 90%.
Here, higher proportion of r-PET fiber decreased the
Figure 4. Unevenness (CVm%) values of yarn samples.
Table 5. ANOVA results for yarn CVm%.
Response variable/
parameters
Yarn production
method (A)
Yarn
composition (B)
Blend
ratio (C) A "BA
"CB
"CA
"B"C
Unevenness (Cvm%) 0.000"0.000"0.000"0.000"0.292 0.000"0.210
"
Statistically significant (p<.05).
THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 5

number of yarn imperfections. A similar situation was
observed for IPI values of Co/r-PET blended ring spun
yarns. When IPI values of Cv/r-PET vortex spun yarns are
evaluated, it is ensured a decreasing effect except 70/30 Cv/
r-PET ring spun yarn with rising r-PET ratio. Nevertheless,
Cv/r-PET ring spun yarns show a different trend with
respect to vortex spun yarns (higher IPI value at higher r-
PET ratio). As it is shown in Figure 5, Co blended yarns
show higher IPI values with respect to the Cv blended yarns
for both yarn production methods at each blend ratio with
r-PET fiber.
In Table 7, the ANOVA results revealed that yarn IPI
value is strongly related to the yarn production method,
yarn composition, blend ratio, the interactions of A "B,
B"C and A "B"C(p<.05).
3.4. Hairiness
The hairiness values of yarn samples are illustrated in Figure 6
as bar graphs with error bars at 95% confidence interval.
If the effect of the yarn production method on yarn
hairiness is examined, as expected vortex spun yarns have
lower hairiness than ring spun yarns. As mentioned in lit-
erature, the uniformly distributed layer of the wrapper
fibers and increased wrapping angles prevent sticking out
of fibers from the yarn core. Therefore, degree and stand-
ard deviation of hairiness along the yarn path reduces
(Akhtar et al., 2018; Beceren & Nergis, 2008; Begum et al.,
2018; Erdumlu et al., 2012a, 2012b; Kayabas¸i & Yilmaz,
2015; Kilic & Okur, 2011; Kirec¸ci et al., 2009; Ortlek et al.,
2010; Soe et al., 2004;T
€
urksoy et al., 2018). Considering
with yarn composition, Co/r-PET and Cv/r-PET blended
vortex spun yarns hairiness values seem to be similar.
Actually, it is expected that longer length of viscose wrap-
ping ensures fewer fibers protruding from yarn surface
thus hairiness could decrease. Increasing the r-PET blend
ratio for Cv/r-PET blended vortex spun yarns, it was
observed that hairiness increases slightly. It was observed
that when r-PET fiber blend ratio varies from 30% to 50%
for Co and Cv blend, the ring spun yarns hairiness
Table 6. Yarn faults (thin places, thick places and neps).
Yarn production
method
Yarn
composition
Blend
ratio (%)
Thin places Thick places Neps
($50%/km) (þ50%/km) (þ200%/km)
Vortex Co/r-PET 90/10 44.17 60.00 47.50
70/30 29.17 41.67 57.50
Spinning 50/50 18.33 26.67 17.50
Cv/r-PET 90/10 5.00 5.83 5.83
System 70/30 4.17 8.33 7.50
50/50 4.17 3.33 4.17
Ring Co/r-PET 70/30 80.50 1.50 55.50
Spinning 50/50 39.00 1.00 22.50
System Cv/r-PET 70/30 7.50 0.00 2.00
50/50 9.00 0.00 4.00
Figure 5. Imperfection index (IPI) values of yarn samples.
Table 7. ANOVA results for yarn imperfection index (IPI).
Response variable/
parameters
Yarn production
method (A)
Yarn
composition (B)
Blend
ratio (C) A "BA
"CB
"CA
"B"C
Imperfection index (IPI) 0.000"0.000"0.000"0.014"0.122 0.000"0.504"
"
Statistically significant (p<.05).
6 E. SARIOĞLU ET AL.

decreases slightly. Analysis of variance test results for hairi-
ness of yarn samples are given in Table 8.
As mentioned above, yarn composition is not statistically
significant on yarn hairiness (p¼.645). On the other hand,
hairiness is strongly dependent with yarn production
method (A), blend ratio (C), the interactions of A "C and
A"B"C parameters (p<.05).
4. Conclusion
This paper contains the research on spinnability of r-PET
fibers in vortex spinning system. The required machine
modification and changing machine parameters according
to the fiber to be spun are essential. Vortex yarn has many
advantages than ring-spun yarn, which is a higher produc-
tion rate, lower process steps, lower yarn hairiness, lower
labor needs, etc. In this study, after so many trials, we man-
aged to produce the Co/r-PET and Cv/r-PET vortex spun
yarns at different blend ratio. In addition, ring spun Co/r-
PET and Cv/r-PET yarns were also produced at different
blend ratio. Yarn composition, yarn manufacturing method
and blend ratio parameters effect on yarn strength, elong-
ation, CVm%, IPI and hairiness were examined. Results
were summarized as follows:
&Vortex spun yarns were found to have lower strength
value than ring spun yarns in all yarn composition and
blend ratio. Cv/r-PET ring spun yarns with different
blend ratio have higher elongation which is due to the
alignment of the fibers in helical form. Statistical results
showed that yarn composition, yarn manufacturing
method and blend ratio have a statistically significant
effect on strength and elongation properties.
&It is obvious that vortex spun yarns have higher CVm%
than ring spun ones. The highest and lowest CVm% val-
ues were found as 90/10 Co/r-PET vortex spun yarn and
50/50 Cv/r-PET ring-spun yarn, respectively. When IPI
properties of yarn samples are taken into consideration,
vortex spun yarns were found to have higher values. Co/
r-PET vortex spun yarn with %90/10 blend ratio has the
highest IPI value. Besides, all parameters inspected had
statistically significant effect on yarn IPI value.
&It was determined that vortex spun yarns have lower
hairiness than ring spun yarns. With increasing the r-PET
content of ring-spun yarns from 30% to 50% for Co and
Cv blends, the ring-spun yarns hairiness decreases slightly.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies
in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
ORCID
Serkan Nohut http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6577-5489
Figure 6. Hairiness (Uster
V
R
H) values of yarn samples.
Table 8. ANOVA results for yarn hairiness (Uster
V
R
H).
Response variable/
parameters
Yarn production
method (A)
Yarn
composition (B)
Blend
ratio (C) A "BA
"CB
"CA
"B"C
Hairiness (Uster
V
R
H) 0.000"0.645 0.011"0.090 0.000"0.110 0.001"
"
Statistically significant (p<.05).
THE JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE 7

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