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BLUE LIGHT REDUCING SOFTWARE APPLICATIONS FOR MOBILE PHONE SCREENS: MEASUREMENT OF SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
... Demi keselamatan, berbagai metode digunakan untuk mengurangi paparan radiasi sinar biru. Penelitian tentang penggunaan fitur filter sinar biru bawaan ponsel atau aplikasi pihak ketiga terhadap kesehatan telah dilakukan (Calvosanz & Tapia-ayuga, 2020;Heo et al., 2016;Mitropoulos, Tsiantos, Americanos, Sianoudis, & Skouroliakou, 2020;Wiryawan et al., 2021). Dua saran umum yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi paparan radiasi sinar biru yaitu pengurangan cahaya tingkat tinggi yang tidak perlu di malam hari dan redaman komponen panjang gelombang pendek dari spektrum (Mitropoulos et al., 2020). ...
... Penelitian tentang penggunaan fitur filter sinar biru bawaan ponsel atau aplikasi pihak ketiga terhadap kesehatan telah dilakukan (Calvosanz & Tapia-ayuga, 2020;Heo et al., 2016;Mitropoulos, Tsiantos, Americanos, Sianoudis, & Skouroliakou, 2020;Wiryawan et al., 2021). Dua saran umum yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi paparan radiasi sinar biru yaitu pengurangan cahaya tingkat tinggi yang tidak perlu di malam hari dan redaman komponen panjang gelombang pendek dari spektrum (Mitropoulos et al., 2020). Namun, masih banyak pengguna yang tidak menyadari bahwa ponsel pintar mereka memiliki fitur filter sinar biru (Krishnan, Sanjeev, & Latti, 2020). ...
... Semua rentang tersebut masih tergolong dalam panjang gelombang sinar biru. Sesuai hasil analisis spektrum sinar biru yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 6, ponsel pintar dengan layar Super AMOLED menghasilkan rata-rata reduksi intensitas paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan ponsel berlayar OLED yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 4 dan AMOLED yang ditunjukkan pada Gambar 5. Variasi kemampuan reduksi intensitas cahaya dari smartphone tersebut sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Mitropoulos et al., 2020), yaitu: performansi penyaringan dipengaruhi oleh jenis perangkatnya, yang di dalamnya terdapat perbedaaan perangkat lunak dan teknologi layar. Secara umum, fitur yang dimiliki masing-masing ponsel pintar dapat mereduksi intensitas sinar biru yang dihasilkan layarnya. ...
Seperti yang sudah kita alami bersama, ponsel pintar saat ini sudah menjadi bagian hidup sehari-hari. Pengguna ponsel pintar di Indonesia pada tahun 2021 diperkirakan mencapai 191,6 juta orang (70,1% populasi). Durasi penggunaan yang cenderung lama akan memberikan efek yang pada tubuh. Hal ini berhubungan dengan paparan radiasi sinar biru yang dihasilkan layar ponsel pintar. Penggunaan teknologi Light Emitting Diode (LED) menjadi semakin terkenal luas pada layar ponsel pintar. Walaupun terlihat berwarna putih, namun cahaya yang dipancarkan dari layar ponsel pintar memiliki panjang gelombang 400 – 490 nm, yang tergolong dalam kategori sinar biru. Dua saran umum yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi paparan radiasi sinar biru yaitu pengurangan cahaya tingkat tinggi yang tidak perlu di malam hari dan redaman komponen panjang gelombang pendek dari spektrum. Namun, masih banyak pengguna yang tidak menyadari bahwa ponsel pintar mereka memiliki fitur filter sinar biru. Spektrum sinar biru dari layar ponsel dapat diamati menggunakan spektrometer. Saat ini, spektrometer sangat murah telah dikembangkan untuk dapat dirakit sendiri, misalnya papercraft spectrometer dari Public Lab. Artikel ini akan berfokus pada analisis reduksi sinar biru dari layar ponsel pintar berjenis LED. Terdapat tiga ponsel pintar yang diamati, yaitu masing-masing satu unit ponsel berjenis layar AMOLED, OLED dan Super AMOLED. Pengamatan dilakukan ketika fitur filter sinar biru bawaan ponsel diaktifkan atau tidak. Hasil analisis spektrum menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nilai intensitas ketika filter sinar biru tidak diaktifkan dan diaktifkan. Ketika filter sinar biru bawaan dari ponsel diaktifkan, maka intensitas yang dihasilkan dari layar lebih rendah dibandingkan tanpa mengaktifkan filter. Berdasarkan perhitungan reduksi intensitas sinar biru, didapatkan bahwa rata-rata filter dari ketiga ponsel yang diamati mampu mereduksi sinar biru antara 52,79% - 68,78%. Ponsel pintar dengan layar Super AMOLED memiliki performansi reduksi spektrum sinar biru lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ponsel dengan layar OLED dan AMOLED.
... There are also blue light software and filter applications believed to be eliminating some of these harmful wavelengths by changing the color, and some of these filter applications have shown significant benefits, especially on task performance (Chiu and Liu 2020). Most of these applications were used in the mobile phone setting and not many of them researched with computer usage however their validity of reducing the blue light exposure has been measured in additional research showing that the approach of these filters in fact caused these devices and screens to emit less harmful blue lights (Mitropoulos et al. 2019). ...
The effects of lights from computer screens, specifically the blue light has been a debated research topic in this digital area we are living in. Past research initially has shown the negative effects of blue light on eyestrain, sleep and even focus. However, some recent studies have also shown that blue light might improve the focus and wakefulness of individuals. In addition to blue light usage, dark user interface (UI) themes have become extremely common in our daily usage of technology. Even though, it seems to be a very popular option within users, its effect on cognitive performance is still yet to be researched thoroughly. Some of the past research showed negative effects of dark UI on reading performances. On the other hand, dark UI seemed to cause less eye strain and less fatigue. Based on the past research and some other implications, this research created a custom blue light inspired UI and studied its effects on cognitive workload and eye strain in comparison to dark UI and default UI using EEG and eye trackers. Under each user interface condition, participants performed a hybrid-search task and EEG frequency bands and pupil size measures are collected. As a result of the analysis, statistical trend and individual feedback were gathered however none of the results were significant. It’s our belief that, this preliminary study can be the precursor of an improved, well versed usability research with increased sample size and more dependent variables.KeywordsUsabilityUser researchUser interfacesEEGeye trackingCognitive workload
... While MAD-Coloring is based on the psychological effect of colors and the emotions triggered by colors, the idea of blue light filtering, as described in [24] is based on physical and bio-chemical effects [25]. They determine that blue light emitted by screens contains more energy than any other color. ...
Humans can recognize a wide range of colors and interpret them in many different ways. Besides obvious effects like highlight and beautification, these colors can influence the emotional state of humans in a significant way. While this is no new information and color psychology is a heavily discussed topic in the psychological area, little research has been conducted in the human-computer interaction area of this topic. We presented a mood adaptive display coloring prototype in a previous paper, in this work the second iteration of the prototype is introduced. The second version extends the previous implementation, which utilizes psychological studies and state of the art machine learning technologies, with a new gamma shift-based coloring approach we present a greatly overhead reduced coloring service. The focus of using gamma shifting instead of overlays is to optimize the software for use on low-performance computers. To obtain equivalent results an approach is introduced, how to calculate a gamma-based shift, that is similar to alpha blend overlays. In order, that the overhead reduced version is still able to have the same influence effects on the emotion of human users as the previously presented prototype.
... While MAD-Coloring is based on the psychological effect of colors and the emotions triggered by colors, the idea of blue light filtering, as described in [11] is based on physical and bio-chemical effects [12]. They determine that blue light emitted by screens contains more energy than any other color. ...
Humans are able to recognize a wide range of colors and interpret them in many different ways. Besides obvious effects like highlight and beautification, these colors can influence the emotional state of humans in a significant way. While this is no new information and color psychology is a heavily discussed topic in the psychological area, few research has been conducted in the human computer interaction area of this topic. Heavily relying on color in user interfaces of any kind the emotional aspect is often ignored and unwritten rules are applied. The gaming field provides many examples for such rules with red explosives and blue mana. Breaking with this trend, we present a novel mood adaptive display coloring approach. Utilizing psychological studies and state of the art machine learning technologies an intelligent coloring system is implemented. It is able to directly influence the emotion of human users, combating negative emotions and supporting positive feelings. Further a completely functional prototype is implemented. While fully working, there is much work left to refine and improve the project in this heavily neglected area.
Consideration is being given to the adoption of a new metric characterizing light as it affects the human circadian system. Much has been learned over the past couple of decades about light as a stimulus for circadian system regulation, so it is appropriate that these discussions take place. The present paper develops an argument for adopting circadian stimulus as a metric for quantifying light in architectural spaces. The circadian stimulus metric (a) was developed from several lines of biophysical research, including those from basic retinal neurophysiology; (b) has been validated in several controlled experiments; and (c) has been used successfully in a number of real-world applications. Any discussions of new metrics should take each of these foundational points into consideration.
The widespread use of self-luminous devices at nighttime (cell-phones, computers, and tablets) raises some reasonable concerns regarding their effects on human physiology. Light at night is a known circadian disruptor, particularly at short visible wavelengths, and it seems advisable to have practical tools for tailoring the spectral radiance of these displays. We analyse two possible strategies to achieve this goal, using hardware filters or software applications. Overall, software applications seem to offer, at the present time, the best trade-offs for controlling the light spectra emitted by existing devices. We submit that such tools should be included as a standard feature on any self-luminous device and that their default settings should be established according to the best available knowledge on the circadian effects of light.
This paper documents the spectral and spatial performance characteristics of two new versions of the Daysimeter, devices developed and calibrated by the Lighting Research Center to measure and record personal circadian light exposure and activity levels, and compares them to those of the Actiwatch Spectrum (Philips Healthcare). Photometric errors from the Daysimeters and the Actiwatch Spectrum were also determined for various types of light sources. The Daysimeters had better photometric performance than the Actiwatch Spectrum. To assess differences associated with measuring light and activity levels at different locations on the body, older adults wore four Daysimeters and an Actiwatch Spectrum for five consecutive days. Wearing the Daysimeter or Actiwatch Spectrum on the wrist compromises accurate light measurements relative to locating a calibrated photosensor at the plane of the cornea.
Artificial light at night can be harmful to the environment, and interferes with fauna and flora, star visibility, and human health. To estimate the relative impact of a lighting device, its radiant power, angular photometry and detailed spectral power distribution have to be considered. In this paper we focus on the spectral power distribution. While specific spectral characteristics can be considered harmful during the night, they can be considered advantageous during the day. As an example, while blue-rich Metal Halide lamps can be problematic for human health, star visibility and vegetation photosynthesis during the night, they can be highly appropriate during the day for plant growth and light therapy. In this paper we propose three new indices to characterize lamp spectra. These indices have been designed to allow a quick estimation of the potential impact of a lamp spectrum on melatonin suppression, photosynthesis, and star visibility. We used these new indices to compare various lighting technologies objectively. We also considered the transformation of such indices according to the propagation of light into the atmosphere as a function of distance to the observer. Among other results, we found that low pressure sodium, phosphor-converted amber light emitting diodes (LED) and LED 2700 K lamps filtered with the new Ledtech's Equilib filter showed a lower or equivalent potential impact on melatonin suppression and star visibility in comparison to high pressure sodium lamps. Low pressure sodium, LED 5000 K-filtered and LED 2700 K-filtered lamps had a lower impact on photosynthesis than did high pressure sodium lamps. Finally, we propose these indices as new standards for the lighting industry to be used in characterizing their lighting technologies. We hope that their use will favor the design of new environmentally and health-friendly lighting technologies.
The photopigment in the human eye that transduces light for circadian and neuroendocrine regulation, is unknown. The aim of this study was to establish an action spectrum for light-induced melatonin suppression that could help elucidate the ocular photoreceptor system for regulating the human pineal gland. Subjects (37 females, 35 males, mean age of 24.5 +/- 0.3 years) were healthy and had normal color vision. Full-field, monochromatic light exposures took place between 2:00 and 3:30 A.M. while subjects' pupils were dilated. Blood samples collected before and after light exposures were quantified for melatonin. Each subject was tested with at least seven different irradiances of one wavelength with a minimum of 1 week between each nighttime exposure. Nighttime melatonin suppression tests (n = 627) were completed with wavelengths from 420 to 600 nm. The data were fit to eight univariant, sigmoidal fluence-response curves (R(2) = 0.81-0.95). The action spectrum constructed from these data fit an opsin template (R(2) = 0.91), which identifies 446-477 nm as the most potent wavelength region providing circadian input for regulating melatonin secretion. The results suggest that, in humans, a single photopigment may be primarily responsible for melatonin suppression, and its peak absorbance appears to be distinct from that of rod and cone cell photopigments for vision. The data also suggest that this new photopigment is retinaldehyde based. These findings suggest that there is a novel opsin photopigment in the human eye that mediates circadian photoreception.
The impact of breast cancer on women across the world has been extensive and severe. As prevalence of breast cancer is greatest in industrialized regions, exposure to light at night has been proposed as a potential risk factor. This theory is supported by the epidemiological observations of decreased breast cancer in blind women and increased breast cancer in women who do shift-work. In addition, human, animal and in vitro studies which have investigated the melatonin-cancer dynamic indicate an apparent relationship between light, melatonin and cancer, albeit complex. Recent developments in understanding melatonin regulation by light in humans are examined, with particular attention to factors that contribute to the sensitivity of the light-induced melatonin suppression response. Specifically, the role of spectral characteristics of light is addressed, and recent relevant action spectrum studies in humans and other mammalian species are discussed. Across five action spectra for circadian and other non-visual responses, a peak sensitivity between 446-484 nm was identified. Under highly controlled exposure circumstances, less than 1 lux of monochromatic light elicited a significant suppression of nocturnal melatonin. In view of the possible link between light exposure, melatonin suppression and cancer risk, it is important to continue to identify the basic related ocular physiology. Visual performance, rather than circadian function, has been the primary focus of architectural lighting systems. It is now necessary to reevaluate lighting strategies, with consideration of circadian influences, in an effort to maximize physiological homeostasis and health.
We propose a new luminosity function, V*(lambda), that improves upon the original CIE 1924 V(lambda) function and its modification by D. B. Judd (1951) and J. J. Vos (1978), while being consistent with a linear combination of the A. Stockman & L. T. Sharpe (2000) long-wavelength-sensitive (L) and middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) cone fundamentals. It is based on experimentally determined 25 Hz, 2 degrees diameter, heterochromatic (minimum) flicker photometric data obtained from 40 observers (35 males, 5 females) of known genotype, 22 with the serine variant L(ser180), 16 with the alanine L(ala180) variant, and 2 with both variants of the L-cone photopigment. The matches, from 425 to 675 nm in 5-nm steps, were made on a 3 log troland xenon white (correlated color temperature of 5586 K but tritanopically metameric with CIE D65 standard daylight for the Stockman and Sharpe L- and M-cone fundamentals in quantal units) adapting field of 16 degrees angular subtense, relative to a 560-nm standard. Both the reference standard and test lights were kept near flicker threshold so that, in the region of the targets, the total retinal illuminance averaged 3.19 log trolands. The advantages of the new function are as follows: it forms a consistent set with the new proposed CIE cone fundamentals (which are the Stockman & Sharpe 2000 cone fundamentals); it is based solely on flicker photometry, which is the standard method for defining luminance; it corresponds to a central 2 degrees viewing field, for which the basic laws of brightness matching are valid for flicker photometry; its composition of the serine/alanine L-cone pigment polymorphism (58:42) closely matches the reported incidence in the normal population (56:44; Stockman & Sharpe, 1999); and it specifies luminance for a reproducible, standard daylight condition. V*(lambda) is defined as 1.55L(lambda) + M(lambda), where L(lambda) and M(lambda) are the Stockman & Sharpe L- & M-cone (quantal) fundamentals. It is extrapolated to wavelengths shorter than 425 nm and longer than 675 nm using the Stockman & Sharpe cone fundamentals.
1. Non-image forming, irradiance-dependent responses mediated by the human eye include synchronisation of the circadian axis and suppression of pineal melatonin production. The retinal photopigment(s) transducing these light responses in humans have not been characterised. 2. Using the ability of light to suppress nocturnal melatonin production, we aimed to investigate its spectral sensitivity and produce an action spectrum. Melatonin suppression was quantified in 22 volunteers in 215 light exposure trials using monochromatic light (30 min pulse administered at circadian time (CT) 16-18) of different wavelengths (lambda(max) 424, 456, 472, 496, 520 and 548 nm) and irradiances (0.7-65.0 microW cm(-2)). 3. At each wavelength, suppression of plasma melatonin increased with increasing irradiance. Irradiance-response curves (IRCs) were fitted and the generated half-maximal responses (IR(50)) were corrected for lens filtering and used to construct an action spectrum. 4. The resulting action spectrum showed unique short-wavelength sensitivity very different from the classical scotopic and photopic visual systems. The lack of fit (r(2) < 0.1) of our action spectrum with the published rod and cone absorption spectra precluded these photoreceptors from having a major role. Cryptochromes 1 and 2 also had a poor fit to the data. Fitting a series of Dartnall nomograms generated for rhodopsin-based photopigments over the lambda(max) range 420-480 nm showed that rhodopsin templates between lambda(max) 457 and 462 nm fitted the data well (r(2) > or =0.73). Of these, the best fit was to the rhodopsin template with lambda(max) 459 nm (r(2) = 0.74). 5. Our data strongly support a primary role for a novel short-wavelength photopigment in light-induced melatonin suppression and provide the first direct evidence of a non-rod, non-cone photoreceptive system in humans.
The circadian system in animals and humans, being near but not exactly 24-hours in cycle length, must be reset on a daily basis in order to remain in synchrony with external environmental time. This process of entrainment is achieved in most mammals through regular exposure to light and darkness. In this chapter, we review the results of studies conducted in our laboratory and others over the past 25 years in which the effects of light on the human circadian timing system were investigated. These studies have revealed, how the timing, intensity, duration, and wavelength of light affect the human biological clock. Our most recent studies also demonstrate that there is much yet to learn about the effects of light on the human circadian timing system.