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Sharing as Cultural Preexistence
Abstract
Participating in social life and sharing spaces, activities, or resources within a community are ancient constituents of the living traditions all around the world. This chapter describes, with an in-depth analysis, 12 historical typologies of shared living, distributed on the five continents. The cases highlight (1) the influence of the ethnographic characteristics in the physical and social structure of the communities and (2) the importance of the communitarian dimensions for the survival of the groups.
The paper presents further steps of study started by authors in recent years, as part of the widest international research collaboration, which focuses on shared life and regeneration of abandonment of rural settlements as strategies for the development of sustainable territories. This research aims to understand how the regeneration of ancient community buildings impacts on the sustainable development of the local context. To understand these effects, the research considered four traditional typologies of community buildings, from different cultures: Tulou (China), Cascina (Italy), Hacienda (Mexico), and Marae (New Zealand). Among the tens/hundreds of contemporary regeneration interventions, three contemporary projects per each of these typologies have been selected. To assess the territorial impact of the projects a new approach has been defined using Expert Interviews as the methodology, so as to be able to have an assessment directly by experts in the fields of regenerative projects and sustainable development. The Expert Interviews were held based on a questionnaire that assessed the effects of the projects. For the evaluation of the projects, two categories of indicators have been selected: (1) United Nations SDGs, (2) architectural regeneration indicators generated by the study "The Role of Cultural Heritage in Sustainable Development: Multidimensional Indicators as Decision-Making Tool", by Francesca Nocca, published in Sustainability (2017, 9, 1882). The research outputs show how the urban-architectural regeneration of these historical typologies can be clearly associated with indications of sustainable development. The results also show that in all four cultures the regeneration of historic buildings provides many benefits to local communities by successfully mixing different income groups and the inclusion of marginalized or vulnerable groups.
This article examines the ceremonial courtyard called a marae, the quintessential focus of tribal Maori society, which not only represents customary authority over surrounding land but also provides the forum on which taonga (ancestral treasures) are ritually performed. Historically rooted in the Pacific, the tribal marae has stayed intact for countless generations serving generations of kin communities in their ever-changing social, political, and economic contexts. After World War II the marae underwent new transformations as descendants began migrating in their thousands from relative rural isolation to newly developing metropolitan areas. Competition and accessing new opportunities based upon ethnicity gave rise to new community morales at the expense of customary practice and brought about the genesis of the nontribal and immigrant-tribal marae. To comprehend the dynamics involved in maintaining a Maori tribal identity within Aotearoa/New Zealand, it is important to understand the most central of all Maori institutions: the marae. The marae, a ceremonial courtyard usually extending from the porch of a whare tupuna (ancestrally named meeting house; see glossary, following endnotes), continues to provide the paramount focus to every tribal community throughout the country. When evoked, it is a physically bounded three-dimensional space, capable of spiritually joining Papatuanuku (land) with Ranginui (sky) into which ira tangata (the human principle) may enter and commune with ira atua (the divine ancestors). The role of the marae and how it might function as the central focus of any kin group's identity become most apparent during life crises, such as tangihanga (death rituals), when non-kin-group visitors are ritually wel-tapsell.fm
This article examines the influences of environment and culture on the morphology, community dynamics and sustainability of two subterranean settlements in southern Tunisia. The settlements and their individual dwellings are strongly influenced by geology and topography. Subterranean dwellings moderate extremes of temperature and humidity, and shade occupants from the glare of the summer sun. The settlements are shaped by religious and social values; there are prominent mosques, and private courtyards necessary for the seclusion of women. Modern settlement planning in the region must take account of these aspects if it is to prove successful. These traditional societies provide a model of good practice in terms of sustainable resource use, but they have been exposed to external influences from local to international scales, Out-migration and an increasing influx of tourists provide both challenges and opportunities for the future of the settlements.
As South Africa underwent a period of fundamental change in the early 1990s, staff at the University of the Witwatersrand sought to make the planning curriculum relevant to the changing needs of the profession. One component that had been neglected was the study of precolonial towns in Southern Africa. Urban morphology, with its emphasis on how and why settlements took the shapes they did, provided a useful tool in the analysis of precolonial towns. Initial attempts by the staff to integrate selected parts of the syllabi of urban morphology and planning history are documented, illustrating how the links were reinforced through student project work.
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