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Environmental Impact Assessment in Climbing Activities: A New Method to Develop a Sustainable Tourism in Geological and Nature Reserves
Abstract
Enhancing the natural and geological heritage means contributing to creating the conditions for sustainable development in the context of environmental tourism and encouraging the spread of geotourism. The large availability of rock outcrops present in Sardinia (Italy) and the recent increasing interest for outdoor tourism have led to the promotion of mountaineering activities and the creation of sports facilities aimed at the use of the rocky areas of the territory. Many of these are normally designed and built on a voluntary basis, usually without authorization, on rocky structures (such as geosites), or areas which are relevant from a naturalistic point of view or because they are part of the landscape. As highlighted by studies on birds by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and by the same Italian Alpine Club, such sports facilities can damage the environment if they are not properly regulated. The present study develops a new method to tackle the planning of mountaineering sports facilities such as these and to evaluate their impact, with a particular attention on protected areas and officially recognized geosites. This study examines which conducts are compatible with the protection of geosites and their habitat when using these sport facilities, without neglecting the development and economic growth of the territory.
... •At present, the TEIA literatures are mostly based on case studies to assess the impact of tourism on the environment, such as the Mediterranean Sea [39], three protected areas in Uruguay [6], the Wulingyuan Scenic Area in China [40], the Erhai Basin [41] and Thailand's Ayutthaya Historical Park [7]. The types of case site are mostly ocean or lake [39,42], mountain or basins [29,36,40], rural area [41,43] or urban [7], national park or reserve [44][45][46]etc. After excluding reviews, methodological studies (21articles), studies focusing on strategies and tactics to reduce the negative impact of tourism on the environment (15 articles), and studies on measuring carbon emissions by countries or modes of transportation (3 articles), 75 studies were remained on the main impacts of tourism activities on the environment of the tourist destination which are summarized in Table 2. 1) In ocean tourism, people tend to choose boating, yachting, sunbathing and other activities. ...
... The negative environmental effect of urban tourism is primarily caused by greenhouse gas emissions [4,48]. 3) Tourist activities in reserves include hiking, animal watching, water cycling, camping, horse riding and outdoor sports [6,46]. These activities have varying degrees of impact on biodiversity, vegetation coverage, soil and water, but almost every activity affects flora and fauna in protected areas [6]. ...
... Compared with industries such as the manufacturing industry, tourism is a cleaner industry, but it still has certain negative impacts on the environment. For example, tourism activities may cause soil compaction [64], vegetation coverage decline [65], deteriorated habitat environments of plants and animals [46], contaminated water [66], increased carbon emissions [67], invasive alien species, noise pollution and light pollution [39]. Balancing the relationship between tourism development and environmental protection requires better education of people about the environmental impact of tourism and better monitoring of TEIA [39]. ...
This study aims to identify hot spots, research limitations and future research directions in tourism environmental impact assessment (TEIA). We analyzed studies from the core database of Web of Science (WoS) based on their coauthorship, keyword co-occurrence and timeline with VOSviewer and CiteSpace. It was found that China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and Spain are the major contributors to TEIA, and relatively stable cooperative groups have been formed among the authors. Research hotspots in the past 20 years mainly include: the impact of tourism activities in different tourist destinations on the environment, the approaches to assess the impact of tourism on the environment, and strategies on reducing the negative impact of tourism on the environment. We also found TEIA deficiency in the following five aspects: 1) insufficient studies on macro decision-making; 2) insufficient dynamic interaction analysis; 3) insufficient tourism heat footprint research; 4) insufficient studies on the positive effects of tourism on the environment; and 5) insufficient interdisciplinary innovation. Based on the findings, we suggest that 1) further studies be conducted on tourism activity type, time scale, macro pattern, environmental process and policy effect of tourism impact assessment with more variables and factors considered; 2) the impact of different types of tourism on each subsystem of the environment and the paths of the interaction among subsystems be explored from the perspective of system governance; 3) the study of thermal footprint generated by tourism activities be given more attention, especially large-scale tourism activities; 4) the positive impact of tourism activities on the ecological environment be studied, especially ecotourism; 5) the applicability of TEIA evaluation results be increased by means of interdisciplinary methods such as big data analysis.
... In the last 40 years, many rock slopes have been equipped with bolts and protections for sport climbing practice. These climbing facilities have been primarily designed and implemented-often based on private funding and labor-on rock slopes, geo-sites, and geologically and historically landscape-relevant areas (Gunn et al. 2020;Marrosu and Balvis 2020). In 2016, the national board of CAI published the first Italian guidelines for the equipment of natural sites for rock climbing (CoNaGAI 2016a, b). ...
... Outdoor sport climbing is therefore increasingly contributing to the Italian geo-tourism -a term indicating a form of tourism that takes advantages of the geographical features of the visited site, from the environment to local traditions (Leonard and Mao 2003). The remarkable geological heterogeneity, geomorphological setting, and climatic conditions of many bedrock cliffs in Italy and Europe have played an important role in triggering the growth of sport climbing, which can be regarded as a specialized form of geo-tourism (Leonard and Mao 2003;Bollati et al. 2014;Borgatti and Tosatti 2010;Marrosu and Balvis 2020). ...
... Most of the Italian regions have optimal geological and geomorphological characteristics for the practice of outdoor sports such as sport climbing, trekking, and canyoning (Leonard and Mao 2003;Marrosu and Balvis 2020). All these activities take place outdoors, in natural environment. ...
A multidisciplinary geomechanical method to evaluate and quantify rockfall hazards in rock slopes equipped for sport climbing is presented. This method exploits close-range survey data obtained from terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) and unmanned aerial vehicle-based digital photogrammetry (UAV-DP) and integrates them with traditional scanline survey data collected in the field. Based on the acquired information, a kinematic analysis is performed to predict the location of structurally controlled rock failure mechanisms. An index denoted as route stability index (RSI) is then proposed to quantify the associated hazard along sport climbing routes in the study area. In addition, hazard is also assessed at the overall slope scale. The method was successfully applied at an abandoned climbing site historically affected by rockfalls, 5 km north of Florence (Italy). RSI can be adopted as part of the planning and monitoring strategies for the management of risk related to outdoor climbing activities, which are becoming an important part of Italian and European geo-tourism.
... General Context Sources T1. Geoheritage damage by climbers Geoconservation [97,112,113] T2. Geoheritage protection from climbers Geoconservation [97,113,116] T3. ...
... Geoheritage damage by climbers Geoconservation [97,112,113] T2. Geoheritage protection from climbers Geoconservation [97,113,116] T3. Climbing as a source of geotourist awareness (education through climbing) Geoeducation [101][102][103][104]119] T4. ...
... Kedrowski [112] established that the anthropogenic pressure on the environment of the regionally highest mountains is facilitated by the nearby location of a big metropolitan area, i.e., high demand for outdoor recreation activities. Marrosu and Balvis [113] found that the main danger for geoheritage results from the unbalanced planning in the areas popular among climbers when geosites become affected occasionally, i.e., without consideration of the geoheritage value in conditions of uncontrolled rise in climbing. In addition to the conclusions of these specialists, it is necessary to stress that even in the cases of zero or minimal physical damage, over-climbing affects the general view of geological landscapes, making them less natural, which can be termed visual damage. ...
Geological and geomorphological heritage (geoheritage) is often found in mountain domains that also provide resources for climbing, mountaineering, bouldering, and canyoning. The relevant research has grown in the 2010s, and its main findings need systematization. The present paper reviews the available scientific articles dealing with geoheritage and climbing activities. The number of sources remains limited, and the majority of them focus on Europe. However, these sources are rather diverse thematically. A total of 11 principal topics are delineated, and these are attributed to geoconservation, geoeducation, the tourism industry, and tourism opportunities. Several methodologies for assessment of geoheritage and climbing sites are proposed. These provide important insights, but focus on particular issues and can be applied in particular situations. Critical consideration of the available literature permits the identification of several research gaps that should be addressed by future research. The analysis of the sources implies several dimensions for sustainability judgments. Finally, the importance of the world’s highest peaks for the understanding of geoheritage and climbing activities is underappreciated by the reviewed works, and this deficiency should be addressed by future investigation.
... Among the environmental impacts of this reality, the profound transformation of the land and outdoor activities stand out, such as geological and natural reserves that can be sustainably used in environmental tourism and geotourism [65,70]. In addition, exploring and identifying environmental problems in geosites promote the care and mitigation of risks that can affect society and the environment [71,72]. ...
... The matrix makes it possible to identify the strengths and weaknesses of each place, as in the work of Datta and Sarkar [147] in West Bengal (India), where they generated strategies to take advantage of or improve the benefits in situ and managing to encourage care and industry progress. Another example is the study by Marrosu and Balvis [65] in the rocky outcrops of Sardinia (Italy), where they determined the environmental value of the place and the magnitude of the impact of anthropic activities in the sector, which served to protect the geosites and manage the use of sports facilities without affecting the sustainability of the place. ...
The evaluation of geosites is an essential part of conserving the geodiversity and biodiversity of an ecosystem, as well as safeguarding the cultural, geological, environmental, and landscape wealth that a highly recognized geographical area possesses. In this context, Guayaquil, the pearl of the Pacific, is a city that registers, in its history and evolution, a binding relationship with the geo-biodiversity of the geosites that characterize it. This work aims to assess places of tourist interest in Guayaquil and its surrounding areas through a geo-environmental evaluation matrix to establish a sustainability proposal that promotes the geotourism development of the city. The methodology consisted of: (i) geographic registration of the chosen sites and present characteristics, (ii) environmental analysis of the sites based on the cause–effect method, and (iii) strategies for the inclusion of these sites into the geo-environmental and geotourism system of Guayaquil as potential geosites. The results demonstrate that Guayaquil has impressive geodiversity in several potential natural sites, obtaining highly representative values that reinforce the city’s natural diversity elements. Sites such as Cerro San Pedro and the Cerro San Eduardo, Pascuales, and Zeolites quarries have the most significant adverse environmental impacts. While places such as Cerro Azul, Estero Salado, Isla Santay, and Hornos de Cal (Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco), obtained positive values that highlight their environmental value, being of great benefit to the city and to nature. Furthermore, some of these places could be integrated into tourism development plans, and as potential geosites, they could complement various services and opportunities for discovering nature. Finally, all this can lead to a sustainable proposal for a Global Geopark project in Guayaquil based on the results obtained in this work.
... Despite some of the contributions found in the literature [9,10], the identification and assessment of the conditions for the practice of outdoor tourism activities have attracted relatively little attention, perhaps because of their complexity. Indeed, the evaluation research has tended to focus on issues such as human resources and budget, rather than concerns with outdoor facilities and conditions for the practice of the various activities. ...
... This study aimed to develop a methodology for the identification and evaluation of outdoor spots' conditions for the practice of outdoor and sports tourism-related activities. The previous research emphasized the importance of assessing outdoor, nature and sports resources [9,10]. The proposed methodology addresses this research gap by suggesting a broad evaluation matrix, the OTAM, for various outdoor activities, and a set of attributes for each activity that are critical to the development and planning of outdoor and sports tourism-related resources. ...
Tourists’ demand for outdoor sport-related activities has been growing in the last decade, leading to the recognition of the outdoor tourism potential of the development of rural and urban areas where the activities could take place. While the literature has recognized this potential, its features and the existing conditions for its practice are often not fully comprehended, mainly due to the lack of measurement systems and performance indicators. This study addresses this gap by proposing a wide-ranging assessment matrix of nine outdoor-related activities, employing northern Portugal as a study area. Based on an exploratory qualitative analysis employing semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders (public, private and third sector), the main contribution of this study lies in the development of the outdoor tourism assessment matrix (OTAM) to collect data. The OTAM matrix aims to identify and assess the conditions, namely the infrastructure and resources, for the practice of outdoor and sport tourism-related activities within the sustainable development pillars. The nine matrices comprising the OTAM allow the identification of the places where the outdoor activities can be practiced, and the conditions under which they can contribute to the definition of the development strategies of outdoor tourism.
... Sustainable tourism can be an alternative to economic activities that have great impacts on nature, mitigating negative effects and contributing to environment preservation [20]. In addition, when tourism incorporates nature conservation, there is a positive impact on tourists' perceptions, and on local communities' social, economic and cultural sustainability [21,22]. ...
... The development of tourism in local communities, far from mass tourism, needs to provide an experience that raises awareness of the need to preserve communities' traditions [15], their surroundings, and the practice of sustainable tourism [22,23]. Being truly committed to sustainability is imperative for destinations [42], and being perceived as sustainable by visitors is paramount [12]. ...
Several studies have empirically explored the association between practices in sustainable tourism and their impact on tourism marketing. However, bibliometric studies that organize the production in this field are still scarce. The objective of this study is thus to provide a bibliometric analysis of research on sustainable practices in tourism related to marketing, identifying the state of the art, trends and other indicators, by monitoring the articles published on theWeb of Science (WoS) platform. A sample of 694 materials was obtained. The data were processed and the results graphically illustrated using the VOSviewer software. The study analyzed the simultaneous occurrence of publications by year, keyword trends, cocitations, bibliographic coupling and analysis of coauthorship, countries and institutions, and indicates that the literature on tourism sustainability
issues in the field of tourism marketing is growing at a quick pace; merely five papers accounted for more than 2193 citations, but there are several prolific authors. Of the 694 sources included in the review, the most important ones published 40.34% of the papers; Spain is the leading country in this topic. This research provides insight about the state of the art and identifies gaps and research opportunities in sustainability and tourism marketing.
... In parallel, geotourism is one of the most recent concepts of tourism and one of the largest growing areas in terms of popularity [135]. Some recent articles on geotourism in PAs include themes such as tourism development and local sustainable development (e.g., [136][137][138]), environmental impact assessment (e.g., [139]), geotourist profile (e.g., [140]), visitors' perspective on geotourism and geotours (e.g., [141]), and geotrail prospection (e.g., [142]). Unlike geotourism, rural tourism is not a new concept in the literature. ...
Nature-based tourism constitutes a major segment of world tourism. Protected areas are considered a popular theme in the literature, which is characterised by a great heterogeneity in concepts, contents, and purposes. This study analyses many of the indicators of interest related to the research on the themes of protected areas and nature-based tourism. Consequently, we aim to offer a global and updated vision of the research produced regarding these themes over the last 30 years. With bibliometric tools (Bibliometrix and VOSviewer), 1033 scientific articles were analysed. The results indicate that the research in this area exponentially increased in the last decade. Using a co-occurrence network of keywords, five major themes in this study were identified: (1) ecotourism; (2) nature conservation, biodiversity, and sustainability; (3) national parks, recreation, and climate change; (4) sustainable management and development; and (5) with a lesser degree of representation, themes related to China and ecosystem services. A timespan analysis on this network enabled the identification of six trends in the research over the last years: (i) sustainable tourism; (ii) climate change; (iii) geotourism and rural tourism; (iv) ecosystem services and cultural ecosystem services; (v); visitor studies; and (vi) wildlife tourism. Nature-based tourism plays a significant and crucial role in sustainable development. Analysing research in protected areas and nature-based tourism provides insights into key themes and emerging trends, serving as a valuable resource for knowledge advancement.
... Based on the data sources, the main research methods used in researches on natural world heritage conservation and tourism can be divided into three categories: investigation research methods, indirect research methods, and experimental research methods. Among them, investigation research methods refer to methods that get data from questionnaires [37], interviews [38], field observations [39] and other similar ways; indirect research methods refer to methods that get data from websites [40], articles [41,42], yearbooks [43], institutions [44] and other similar ways; experimental research methods refer to methods that get data through computer experiments such as remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) [45], or ground sample monitoring like sample plot [46] and online tracer test [18], or other similar methods. As the most commonly used method for related studies, the first two types of methods are mostly used in humanities research, such as stakeholder attitudes towards heritage conservation and tourism and their influencing factors. ...
The trade-off and synergy between heritage conservation and tourism has become the focus of natural world heritage research. To gain a better understanding of the global researches on natural World Heritage conservation and tourism, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature based on Web of Science (WOS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). We find that (1) the theoretical research of natural heritage conservation and tourism has gone through a process from emphasizing the protection of heritage value to pursuing the synergy of heritage protection and tourism development; (2) the main research methods include investigation research methods, indirect research methods and experimental research methods; (3) "3S" technology (remote sensing, geographic information system, global positioning system), three-dimensional laser scanning technology, virtual reality (VR) technology, augmented reality (AR) technology, holographic projection technology and other modern technological means are applied to the protection and tourism development of natural properties; (4) the common coordinated development models include ecological science tourism, community participation in tourism, ecological compensation model, world heritage—buffer zone—surrounding areas coordinated protection model and so on. We analyzed the research progresses through (1) the theories proposed in the literature, (2) the main methods applied to address the issues on natural heritage conservation and tourism, (3) the technologies applied in the researches and (4) the coordinated models of heritage conservation and tourism. Furthermore, we put forward the following research prospects: (1) systematically explore the conservation methods and theories based on world heritage criteria; (2) formulate corresponding conservation systems and ecological restoration standards for different types of world heritage; (3) give full play to the complementary advantages of various research methods and reveal the mutual feedback mechanism between tourism and heritage conservation; (4) develop ecological restoration technology based on biodiversity restoration, establish radial ecological corridor, and expand the benign ecological environment of the properties to wider periphery; (5) build ecological compensation development models based on the perspective of heritage tourism and value realization of world heritage.
... However, these risks do not affect the climbers of Mount Semeru. They choose to continue climbing despite an element of risk just to gain climbing experience (Marrosu et al., 2020). Experiences such as the sensation of enjoying the wealth and beauty of natural scenery and an atmosphere that cannot be found in other places can grow and strengthen the motivation of climbers (Segara and Basyari, 2021). ...
Volcano tourism is a part of ecotourism or geotourism in developed and developing countries. The visitors or tourists in this kind of tourism immerse themselves in the bodily enjoyment of feeling and sensing the volcano's high elevation instead of viewing its beauty. The present article aims to explore tourists' subjective experiences of being at a high altitude by taking the case of Mount Semeru tourists. The tourist attraction of Mount Semeru as a volcanic mountain has a selling point and appeal for climbing but with threats and risks. This research explores and reveals the meaning of hiking trips and the manifestation of fear during trips in risky areas. The existential-phenomenological approach examines multifaceted phenomena from an individual’s point of view.
Informants were determined by using a purposive sampling technique. In this phenomenological study, researchers look for information (individuals) who have the capability so they can articulate their life experiences related to the phenomenon under study. This study’s results describe the experience of climbers enjoying the journey through struggles and successes by interpreting the phenomena during the ascent and the anticipatory attitude of climbers toward facing the threats and risks of climbing Mount Semeru.
... Thirdly, the proposed climber profile could also be extended by considering additional climbing disciplines (e.g., ice-climbing), styles (s.a., pinches, dynamic), and by leveraging implicit feedback (i.e., climbing performance metrics obtained through sensor data). It will also be important to consider the environmental and economic impact of the recommended climbing activities, i.e., by trying to contribute to the preservation of territories while not neglecting the economic growth [26]. Moreover, by considering the potential crag congestion produced by too many climbers at the same crag, the system could also try to better distribute climbers in the recommended crags [27]. ...
Climbing is a popular sport for active tourists and recreational sportsmen. Alpine climbing areas, such as the Alps, can attract tourists from all over the world. Various websites, mobile applications, and books are used by climbers to obtain information on important aspects of the available climbing routes, including their properties, location, and especially their difficulty. Considering this large amount of information and options, it is in reality difficult for climbers to properly select which routes to climb. Hence, we propose recommendation technologies aimed at supporting climbers in this decision task. The developed system prototype constructs a climber’s profile with preferences derived from climber’s logbook data collected by a mobile app. Then, the system can recommend suitable crags and climbing routes within the selected crags. The designed interface and the basic computational models for such a system prototype are presented. The proposed technology aims at complementing existing electronic climbing guidebooks and providing decision support to climbers.
... The fourth topic includes articles about techniques for the enhancement of Geoheritage. The study by Marrosu and Balvis, 2019 assesses the environmental impact in areas of geological and naturalistic interest in which climbing activities are carried out, in order to develop a more sustainable tourism. The work by Pescatore et al., 2019 presents a proposal for multicultural and multilevel management of composite geomorphosites. ...
Geoheritage refers to objects and sites of geological interest and their relationship to cultural, aesthetic, educational, and scientific values. Various factors such as urbanisation and uncontrolled tourism affect geosites. This research aimed to develop a matrix of anthropogenic and natural factors that affect geosites, using information from the Scopus database to conduct an analysis of sustainable factors. The methodology consisted of four phases: (i) preparation of the idea, (ii) systematic literature review, (iii) elaboration of the matrix, and (iv) analysis and interpretation of findings. The results indicate that the main factors causing the vulnerability of geosites are anthropogenic stress, climate change, unsustainable exploitation, geohazards, and inadequate management. Therefore, the geoconservation approach should be part of an educational and participatory strategy with scientific components to promote the sustainability of geosites.
The development model of traditional sports tourism basically starts from the perspective of operation, development and management, but ignores the overall consideration of economic and social benefits and ecological environmental protection. In order to avoid or reduce the negative impact of sports tourism on the environment, the development of ecological sports tourism based on the perspective of geological ecology is the top priority for the healthy and sustainable development of sports tourism. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing previous research results, this paper introduced the methods and principles of carrying capacity of geological ecology and environmental system of sports tourism, conducted the model construction of environmental science for sports tourism, analyzed the optimization strategy of environmental science for sports tourism, constructed the environmental science of sports tourism based on geological ecology, performed the resource integration of sustainable development for sports tourism, proposed the functional integration of sustainable development for sports tourism, explored the sustainable development of sports tourism based on geological ecology, and finally discussed the relationship between sports tourism and geological ecological capacity and the achieving approaches for sustainable development of sports tourism. The study results show that for environmental science, its overall benefits range from 43% to 72% with an average of 58%; for sustainable development, that range from 55% to 79% with an average of 68%. For environmental science, the resource integration of sports facilities decrease from 95% to 66% when geological ecological capacity range from 40% to 90%; for sustainable development, that of sports facilities decrease from 91% to 59% when geological ecological capacity range from 40% to 90%. The environmental science and sustainable development of sports tourism based on the perspective of geological ecology can ecologically and organically combine sports activities and tourism activities in accordance with scientific and reasonable concepts, develop various sports that can satisfy tourist demands, and can achieve ecological, economic and social benefits of ecological sports tourism. The study results of this paper provide a reference for further researches on the environmental science and sustainable development of sports tourism based on the perspective of geological ecology.
Global demand for SCUBA diving activities in coastal areas continues to grow. Academic research has acknowledged that SCUBA diving can have ecological impacts. To understand the current state of knowledge this study applied the systematic quantitative literature review method (SQLR) to determine what evidence is available on ecological impacts from recreational SCUBA diving. In total 69 research articles about ecological impacts of SCUBA diving were analysed. This paper explored research trends, geographical distribution of research articles, nature of impact and management recommendations for future practice. The research found that SCUBA diving impacted through diver contact with coral reefs caused breakage, fragmentation and led to disease. 10 coral varieties were identified as impacted including some listed as (critically) endangered or vulnerable by the IUCN. Impacts can be minimized using non-regulatory and regulatory management strategies. We present a novel framework that connects diver characteristics with coral reef impacts and discuss how to apply this framework and guide future studies in this area of SCUBA diving research.
Sustainability is one of the current much-discussed issues in the world, including in tourism sectors. However, there are few studies on tourism management and marketing toward sustainable tourism. This study aims to analyze the literature on tourism management and marketing toward sustainable tourism by using a bibliometric analysis approach based on the Web of Science (WOS) database. A sample of 528 articles was analyzed in this study. The data were processed and the results were graphically presented by using the R program. The results found the occurrence of publications by year, publication source information and authors, journals, countries, institutions, thematic maps, and current trends of topics in tourism management and marketing toward sustainable tourism. Furthermore, the role of tourism management and marketing toward sustainable tourism were discussed in this study. The bibliometric analysis helps to identify a future research agenda in sustainable tourism.
This study aims to explore the composition of virtual guided tour experience on Airbnb and to develop a formation process of virtual guided tour experience. A case study based on the qualitative analysis was conducted with a dataset of online reviews towards an Online Experience in Beijing, China. A three-stage process of virtual guided tour experience was concluded, including experience encounter, experience evaluation, and behavioral intention. Experience encounter describes the experience composition from four dimensions: interpretation quality, host credibility, tourist-host social contact, and peer interaction; Experience evaluation is involved with benefits mainly gained from the enhanced understanding of local culture and the satisfaction attributed by the sense of telepresence; Further, behavioral intention covers both online and offline willingness to recommend or repurchase the virtual tour, or visit the destination in person after the pandemic. Theoretical and practical implications in navigating tourism recovery were discussed.
We applied four machine learning models, linear regression, the k-nearest neighbors (KNN), random forest, and support vector machine, to predict consumer demand for bike sharing in Seoul. We aimed to advance previous research on bike sharing demand by incorporating features other than weather - such as air pollution, traffic information, Covid-19 cases, and social economic factors- to increase prediction accuracy. The data were retrieved from Seoul Public Data Park website, which records the counts of public bike rentals in Seoul of Korea from January 1 to December 31, 2020. We found that the two best models are the random forest and the support vector machine models. Among the 29 features in six categories the features in the weather, pollution, and Covid-19 outbreak categories are the most important in model prediction. While almost all social economic features are the least important, we found that they help enhance the performance of the models.
This open access book presents the proceedings of the International Federation for IT and Travel & Tourism (IFITT)’s 29th Annual International eTourism Conference, which assembles the latest research presented at the ENTER2022 conference, which will be held on January 11–14, 2022.
The book provides an extensive overview of how information and communication technologies can be used to develop tourism and hospitality. It covers the latest research on various topics within the field, including augmented and virtual reality, website development, social media use, e-learning, big data, analytics, and recommendation systems. The readers will gain insights and ideas on how information and communication technologies can be used in tourism and hospitality. Academics working in the eTourism field, as well as students and practitioners, will find up-to-date information on the status of research.
Nowadays, hotels are adopting high technologies to improve the quality of their facilities and services to build competitive advantages. Although smart hotels are an emerging trend, no known studies have investigated hotel employees’ and guests’ perceptions of this kind of hotel. This research will investigate how hotel employees and guests perceive the benefits and drawbacks of smart hotels using Q methodology.
As global travel emerges from the pandemic, pent up interest in travel will lead to consumers making their choice between global destinations. Instagram is a key source of destination inspiration. DMO marketing success on this channel relies on projecting a destination image that resonates with this target group. However, usual text-based marketing intelligence on this channel does not work as content is consumed first and foremost as a visual projection. The author has built a deep learning based visual classifier for destination image measurement from photos. In this paper, we compare projected and perceived destination images in Instagram photography for four of the most Instagrammed destinations worldwide. We find that whereas the projected destination image aligns well to the perceived image, there are specific aspects of the destinations that are of more interest to Instagrammers than reflected in the current destination marketing.
This paper shows a first analysis of the experiences and challenges of studying tourism during the times of the COVID-19 pandemic. 14 tourism students from two higher education institutions in Europe participated in three focus group discussions. One generation of these students started their education in presence and had to shift online with the start of the pandemic, while the other generation started their education knowing that lessons would be mainly online. Authors used qualitative content analysis to analyze the participants’ statements. As a result of the analysis, several themes emerged, and students contextualized eLearning as an education method for a future without COVID-19.
Customer relationship management (CRM) is proving to be one of the most promising business strategies. However, in the field of destination marketing literature, a problem exists as to how data-supported CRM can be established. While customer data management has already been well exploited in other industries, DMOs lack customer proximity and data sovereignty. The aim of this paper is to fill this research gap and show how a data-based CRM can be deployed by DMOs based on the principles of social exchange theory. In 13 expert interviews, these aspects were examined from the DMO’s point of view. The results show that the exchange relationship must be established taking into account the DMO’s extraordinary conditions and critical success factors. In order to stimulate guests’ desire for dialogue or the willingness to disclose personal data, DMOs should offer high-quality customer benefits. A combination of hedonic and utilitarian benefits are found to be the most effective stimuli. In return, only the most necessary customer information should be requested and subsequently built passively. Only if the cost and benefit ratio of the exchange relationship is positive for both parties, a database for the CRM can be built in order to foster long-lasting relationships with potential and returning guests.
Assessing geomorphosites used for rock climbing. The example of Monteleone Rocca Doria (Sardinia, Italy) Within the framework of geomorphosite assessment with reference to tourism potential, a new field of research has opened up focusing on sites used for outdoor activities, like free climbing. This line of research in particular focuses on the suitability of geological and geomorphological characteristics of a specific site for a particular sport. Concentrating on geomorphological hazard, rock quality, tourism capacity and site vulnerability, a method of assessment was designed and tested on a number of important Italian climbing sites. Using the results of the Monteleone Rocca Doria (Sardinia, Italy), the article presents the proposed approach of assessment. Although the site in question is recognised for its «scientific», «aesthetic» and cultural value», it has drawn attention for its attractiveness for rock climbers in particular. Thus, the aim of the assessment was to support management of the site by proposing options for utilisation that are sensitive to both the needs of the climbers and the environment in which the site is embedded. In particular, attention was given to potential geomorphologically-related risks for climbers, the: impacts linked to human presence and the specific characteristics of the geomorphosite.
The Montesinho Natural Park (MNP), with an area of about 750 km2, is one of the largest protected areas
in Portugal. Since its inauguration as a natural park in
1979, geological and geomorphological aspects have
not been taken into consideration in its nature conservation policies. Over the last few years, this deficit has
been compensated with an assessment of its geomorphological heritage. The assessment was made possible
due to a research project on the geological heritage of
the natural parks of north-eastern Portugal.The assessment method propagated herein proposes a clear definition of three types of geomorphosites: Single places,
geomorphological areas or panoramic viewpoints. Further, it proposes as two-staged approach to assessment
with inventory compilation followed by quantification
of value. Inventory compilation, for example, involves
the identification and qualitative assessment of potential geomorphosites and, therefore, the selection and
characterization of geomorphosites. The quantification stage includes the numerical assessment of sites
and their final ranking. The values are numerically
assessed using selected criteria. The implementation of
this approach in the MNP led to the identification of
154 potential geomorphosites, of which only 26 were
selected after the qualitative assessment or characterisation
process. The numerical assessment of the sites
and their ranking allowed a final selection of 13 sites
for public use.
This paper presents a methodology for assessment
of geomorphosites located in protected areas. The
methodological process involves definition of «geomorphological value» of all sites using six criteria: 1)
«scientific» and «educational value»; 2) geodiversity,
3) «ecological» and «aesthetic value»; 4) «cultural
value»; 5) potential threats and protection needs;
and 6) potential for use. The assessment method was
implemented in Greece on various geomorphosites
at different scales: landscape scale (national parks
and monuments) and landform scale (Lesvos Island
Geopark). For this purpose, eight representative
national parks and natural monuments were classified
and assessed using the proposed methodology
at a large scale. The same methodology was also used
to evaluate 15 distinet geomorphosites found in the
coastal zone of the Lesvos Petrified Forest Geopark.
Here, geomorphosites of different sizes and categories were selected, classified and assessed. In order to
protect the identified geomorphosites and ensure their
proper management, the Natural History Museum of
the Lesvos Petrified Forest, which is the management
structure of the Lesvos Geopark, proposed the development of the Western Lesvos Marine Park. This park
is to include the existing coastal visiting parks and a
series of geomorphosites and marine fossil Sites.
Geotourism is essentially ‘geological tourism’. The geological element focuses on geology and landscape and includes both
‘form’, such as landforms, rock outcrops, rock types, sediments, soils and crystals, and ‘process’, such as volcanism, erosion,
glaciation etc. The tourism element of geotourism includes tourists visiting, learning from, appreciating and engaging in
geosites. Geotourism is an integral part of UNESCO’s geoparks and is essential to their development. Geotourism adds to ecotourism’s
principal focus on plants (flora) and animals (fauna) by adding a third dimension of the abiotic environment. Thus it is growing
around the world through the growth of geoparks as well as independently in many natural and urban areas where tourism’s focus
in on the geological environment.
KeywordsGeotourism–Geoparks–Geosites–Geoheritage
In this work we talk about coastal and littoral terrestrial habitats and plant communities in Northern Sardinia. We check the right attribution of different plant communities to their habitat type, among those indicated in the Annexe I of the 43/92/EEC Habitat Directive, and the coherence between the Natura 2000 Network and the tested habitat presence in the study area. Finally, some critical examples, regarding either the interpretation or the application of the Habitat Directive, are discussed.
In the study area 16 community habitats have been detected, and among them three are priority habitats (1510*, 2250* and 2270*).
15 habitats are confirmed, been mentioned in at least one Natura 2000 formulary, instead, habitat 2220 is here reported for the first time in Northern Sardinia.
The presence in the study area of 5 habitats mentioned in Natura 2000 formularies (1310, 2110, 2120, 2240 and 5410) is not confirmed.
The percentage of high threatened habitats in the study area (37.5%) is higher than the national one (24%). On the other hand the percentage of low risk habitats in coastal areas of Northern Sardinia (37.5%) is lower than the Italian one (48%). These considerations give priority to the conservation of the coastal and littoral areas in Northern Sardinia. Finally, the discussion of some critical applicative examples bring us to ask for a really needed Habitat Directive Annexe I revision.
This paper presents a method for assessing tourist and exploitation values of geomorphological sites in a tourist and recreational context. Its aim is to propose criteria to quantify and qualify their potential in terms of scenic/aesthetic, scientific, cultural/historical, and social/economic values, and the use of this potential in terms of degree (spatial and temporal use) and modality (use of the four mentioned values) of exploitation. Concerning the scientific value, the following criteria are taken into account: palaeogeographical interest, representativeness, natural rarity, integrity and ecological interest. This method was based on the study of geomorphological sites (glacial, karstic, and hydrographic) of the areas of Chamonix Mont-Blanc (Haute-Savoie, France) and Crans-Montana-Sierre (Valais, Switzerland). In this paper, the assessment of the tourist value and of its components is first presented and developed. Then, the assessment of the exploitation value allows the notion of use intensity to be determined. Finally, a comparison of the two first stages is carried out in order to analyse and discuss the potential and use of the studied geomorphological sites.
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