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Repellent activities of the methanolic leaf extracts of moringa oleifera and stachytarpheta indica against aedes aegypti mosquito
... Many plant kingdom species produce a variety of secondary metabolites that perform a crucial role in plant defence against mosquitoes/insects. Plants are a great source of biologically active chemicals/compounds and can be a substitute source for mosquito repellent products [12]. Furthermore, unlike regular insecticides that consist of a sole active ingredient, insecticides derived from plants contain botanical mixtures of chemicals/compounds that work collectively on processes, both physiological and behavioural [13]. ...
... 9-Octadecenoic acid, which is the most prevalent compound in Moringa leaf oil extract, exhibited moderate repellent activity at 30 min after treatment, according to [70]. According to [12], leaf extracts of M. oleifera leaves possessed poor repellent activity, and this corroborates with the result of [70]. Table 7 Chemical composition of Mentha spicata L. essential oil. ...
@@@In recent times, repellents and synthetic drugs have been identified as having negative toxicity effects on humans and the environment. Apart from the unfavourable effects on man and livestock caused by these chemicals-based (synthetic) repellents, they are also expensive, non-biodegradable, and no more effective because mosquitoes are getting adapted. With these drawbacks, an eco-friendly plant-based insecticide as a substitute is needed urgently. This paper reviews the extraction and use of essential oil from the leaves of Mentha spicata , Ocimum gratissimum , and Moringa oleifera as mosquito repellent. Carvone, Eugenol, and 9-Octadecenoic acid were discovered to be the most active components in the M. spicata , O. gratissimum , and M. oleifera extracts, respectively, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Highlights
In recent times, repellents and synthetic drugs have been identified as having negative toxicity effects on humans and the environment. Apart from the unfavorable effects on man and livestock caused by these chemical-based (synthetic) repellents, they are also expensive, non-biodegradable, and no more effective because mosquitoes are getting adapted.
An eco-friendly plant-based insecticide as a substitute is needed urgently.
Diseases transmitted by mosquitoes are still a significant reason for the global mortality rate, with over 700 million individuals experiencing such diseases every year.
With the proper formulation of other repellent forms using their oils, they can replace non-degradable synthetic mosquito repellents since they are eco-friendly. In general, the mosquitocidal activity and percentage protection of plant extract increase with increasing concentration of the extracts in different formulations.
This paper is our original work. We certify that this manuscript has not been published in part or whole elsewhere in any language, and it has not been submitted to any other journal for reviews.
... Fresh Moringa leaves of Moring oleifera are burnt to expel mosquitoes. In a different study [23], the phytochemicals derived from M. oleifera seeds extracts are effective mosquito vector control agents while [24] found that Methanol extracts of M. Oleifera leaves are good repellent agent for the control of Aedes aegypti. The part of Cocos nucifera or coconut mostly used in the study area for repelling mosquito is coconut husks. ...
Apart from the conventional malaria control schemes over the decades, there is gradual growing interest in multipurpose plant species with repellence activity against mosquitoes and other nuisance organisms in the homesteads. Ethnobotanical study in selected districts in Tanzania employed statistical Use Value (UV) model to rank and recommend priority repellent plants used by local communities. The five top ranking repellent plant species according to UV analysis were Ocimum basilicum, Hyptis suaveolense, Azadirachta indica, Cocos nucifera and and Schinus mole. Qualitative assessment of repellence activity for selected plants was performed in different forms such as smoking, infusion and natural scent to validate repellence activity. Basic soil parameters viz. Ca, Mg, Na, P, N, organic matter, cation exchange capacity and pH from the plants habitats were determined to facilitate transplanting of recommended plants in new environments. Community perception on planting non-traditional crops on the home yards was assessed to aid in developing plans for integrating repellent plants among other land use priorities on the homesteads. The envisaged long term impact is creation of microclimate complex at rural homesteads simultaneously capable of providing diverse domestic needed plant products while controlling mosquitoes and other non-friendly organisms from the homesteads.
... It is important to highlight that, according to toxicological studies, there have been no toxic signs or death of individuals during oral ingestion of M. oleifera in animal studies [4, 5] nor in humans [19]. Repellents are substances that act locally or at a distance, deterring an arthropod from flying, landing, or biting human or animal skin [20] reported that, the extract of the leaves of M. oleifera is a good repellent agent for the control of Aedes aegypti; however, efficacy depends on dose rates and exposure interval. In their studies, Ferreira, et al. oleifera are effective agents for the control of vector mosquitoes and therefore, they can be used for integrated pest management programs, such as fly control. ...
Cattle flies are external, blood-sucking parasites. Their control can be done by using repellents from plant extracts. The objectives of the research were, to determine the number of flies that infest cattle and to evaluate how long the aqueous extract of leaves and seeds of M. oleifera took to make effect. Through the study, fly counts on the wither or hump region were taken between 8:00-9:00 am and 5:00-6:00 pm. To obtain the aqueous extract, 2.5 kg of leaf and seed powder were used, diluted in 20 L of distilled water. The solution was left to stand for 24 h in a dark room. With the liquid obtained, four clinically healthy bovines, two females of the Gray Brahman and Suizbu breeds and two bulls of the Guzerat and Red Brahman breeds, were sprayed until the aqueous extract runoff. Once the treatment was applied, the fly count was performed on the surface of the animals. During the three days of the study, a total of 1,256 flies were counted in the four animals, with an average of 608 flies on days 1 and 3 of the experiment, while on day 2 it decreased to 52 flies, with an average of 10 flies in the morning. and 42 in the afternoon. The spraying with the extract of leaves and seeds prevented the flies from landing on the animals; however, a long-lasting repellent effect was not observed. Contribution/Originality: This study shows the potential of aqueous M. oleifera leaves and seeds extract as an alternative to the chemical management for the control of cattle flies in southwestern Mexico.
... When the liquid level in the chamber had risen to the top of the siphon tube, the extract-containing solvent of the Soxhlet chamber were siphoned into the flatbottomed flask. The whole apparatus was heated for 5 h (Mgbemena, Ebe, Nnadozie, & Ekeanyanwu, 2015). ...
Coffee consists of a variety of chemical compounds that have not been documented to have resistance on insects. Hence, this research was conducted to study the impact of coffee extracts impregnated in gel bait towards survival and feeding behaviour of Tapinoma indicum (ghost ant), Pheidole megacephala (big-headed ant) and Monomorium pharaonis (Pharaoh ant) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The three coffee species used were Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Coffea liberica. The coffee extracts were obtained using Soxhlet extraction method, diluted to 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.10% concentration, and eventually impregnated into two sets of gel bait at with the first set (Set I) sugar solution and the second set (Set II) with distilled water. The overall results indicated that Coffea arabica gave highest mortality on all three ant species and higher concentration of extracts showed higher ant mortality in most bioassays. The higher mortality in lower concentration bioassays was probably due to their lower repellency percentages. Furthermore, Set I bioassays had higher mortality as the sugar used act as food attractant. T. indicum was the most susceptible species. Owing to the low mortality, the low concentration of coffee used was not effective in killing household ants but it did repel them.
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