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Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production

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Abstract

The main task of modern production is to form the program of development and determination of the ways for technological improvement. The relevance of the work is in the fact that the technological concept for energy-saving development is almost always connected with the focus on it on the part of the company’s management. In particular, with the availability of energy costs for the enterprise, the issue of energy saving is not formed as relevant. In conditions when all the enterprises are increasingly entering the global market and obtaining resources at prices of the world's manufacturers, there is a necessity of updating of the energy conservation system and the revitalization of the study’s problematics. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that it has investigated the means of accounting for the use of energy-saving measures in order to form a sustainable operation of the enterprise. The paper shows the aspects of the greening of an industrial enterprise in the implementation of the energy-saving program. The organizational, structural and technological features of accounting activities have been revealed in the economic reporting of the enterprise. The practical application of the study is possible provided that the company fully contributes to the goals of entering the international market and assesses their performance according to the international reporting standards.Keywords: Energy Enterprise, Reporting, Accounting, International Market, GreeningJEL Classifications: K32, L3, L32DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8669
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020
374
International Journal of Energy Economics and
Policy
ISSN: 2146-4553
available at http: www.econjournals.com
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2020, 10(2), 374-381.
Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the
Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the
Concept of Energy-Saving Production
Gulnara D. Amanova1*, Bibigul Zh. Akimova1, Asem A. Kazhmukhametova2, Luiza P. Moldashbayeva1,
Zinegul O. Urazbayeva1, Ryskul S. Danayeva1
1Department of Accounting and Analysis, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Republic of Kazakhstan,
2Department of Accounting and Audit, Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade, Nur-Sultan, Republic of
Kazakhstan. *Email: amanova@uoel.uk
Received: 05 September 2019 Accepted: 26 December 2019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8669
ABSTRACT
The main task of modern production is to form the program of development and determination of the ways for technological improvement. The
relevance of the work is in the fact that the technological concept for energy-saving development is almost always connected with the focus on it
on the part of the company’s management. In particular, with the availability of energy costs for the enterprise, the issue of energy saving is not
formed as relevant. In conditions when all the enterprises are increasingly entering the global market and obtaining resources at prices of the world’s
manufacturers, there is a necessity of updating of the energy conservation system and the revitalization of the study’s problematics. The novelty of the
study is determined by the fact that it has investigated the means of accounting for the use of energy-saving measures in order to form a sustainable
operation of the enterprise. The paper shows the aspects of the greening of an industrial enterprise in the implementation of the energy-saving program.
The organizational, structural and technological features of accounting activities have been revealed in the economic reporting of the enterprise. The
practical application of the study is possible provided that the company fully contributes to the goals of entering the international market and assesses
their performance according to the international reporting standards.
Keywords: Energy Enterprise, Reporting, Accounting, International Market, Greening
JEL Classications: K32, L3, L32
1. INTRODUCTION
The constant increase in the cost of the main energy resources of
the industry, primarily electric energy, which became characteristic
after entering the path to a market economy, encourages industrial
enterprises, which are among the largest consumers of energy
resources to introduce energy saving (Li et al., 2019). At the same
time, the existing energy-saving potential of industrial enterprises
cannot be realized only through organizational changes and low-
cost measures on the basis of individual structural units of the
enterprise, due to the peculiarities of economic activity since the
Soviet and post-Soviet times, as well as insufcient nancing of
projects for the modernization of energy equipment and inefcient
management system, (Biel and Glock, 2017).
The economic and political crisis phenomena are typical for the
state, and the externalities caused by them to a large extent limit
the ability of enterprises to implement energy-saving expenditure
projects (Li et al., 2019). Despite this, the management must select
and prioritize such projects based on an evaluation of the expected
effect of the current nancial and economic state of an enterprise
(Cannata and Taisch, 2010). Therefore, it is necessary to conduct
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Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020 375
a feasibility study for the implementation of the energy-saving
projects, considering both quantitative and qualitative indicators
(Zelenyak and Kostyukov, 2018). At the same time, there is
uncertainty in any enterprise (Nyilas, 1982). Traditionally,
such uncertainty is perceived as a risk and a factor preventing
informed decision-making. Additional uncertainty is caused by the
instability of the external environment, which also increases the
risks when deciding on the implementation of a specic energy-
saving project (Schmidt et al., 2019). Since uncertainty cannot
be fundamentally overcome, the natural desire of the enterprise
management is to reduce it by using special decision-making
methods (Bretzke and Barkawi, 2013).
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
To assess the investment attractiveness of energy-saving projects,
a complex method based on the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy
measures is particularly promising (Sahabi et al., 2013). It
allows aggregating various information into a single indicator in
conditions of low reliability of initial data (Cai et al., 2019). Given
the fact that traditional methods of assessing economic efciency
under these conditions can only give an approximate idea of the
effectiveness of the project, the application of the method based
on the theory of fuzzy sets, which is less time-consuming and does
not require forecasting cash ows, is even more popular (Giarini
and Stahel, 1993).
Applying the method for estimation of economic efciency of
energy-saving projects based on the fuzzy principle allows using the
perspective from the standpoint of mathematical formalization, and
the theory of approximate sets (Semenyutina et al., 2018). It allows
building the prediction algorithms based on the logical inference
procedure on the basis of the nal group estimates of the system state
and objective or subjective estimates of its parameters (Alekseenko,
2008). Using the same developments in the further processing of
the data obtained from experts, the terms can be provided with a
specic mathematical meaning, which makes it possible to bring
together qualitative and quantitative indicators (Upton et al., 2013).
Thus, using the elements of the fuzzy sets theory, an effective
mechanism for selecting and prioritizing the implementation of the
most promising energy-saving projects, from an economic point of
view, for a particular enterprise can be formed, even in conditions of
uncertainty caused by a lack of information, which is implemented
in several stages (Figure 1) (Solding et al., 2009).
The involvement of the specialists of an enterprise in the feasibility
evaluation of the energy-saving projects makes it possible to
move away from heuristic methods of planning expertise and to
apply an adaptive expert system that is more effective (Dolgikh,
2018). Besides, the use of such terms as elements of the fuzzy set
theory in the expert surveys gives the latter greater exibility in
evaluating numerical indicators depending on the characteristics
of an industrial enterprise (Steinhilper et al., 2013).
3. METHODOLOGY
In the process of managing an industrial enterprise, there is a
natural desire to nd solutions that are objectively the best of all
possible (Schlund et al., 2013). Mathematical programming is
now widely used as such an optimization tool. The advances in
the application of mathematical programming to the solution of
economic, economic and technical problems have determined the
emergence of new methodological views, according to which, the
solution of management problems is only possible in the conditions
when all their aspects are displayed in a system of interconnected
mathematical models (Pechmann et al., 2012).
A characteristic feature of modern economic objects of different
levels is their rapid development (Costanza et al., 2017). The
management of such objects always occurs in conditions of
insufcient information about the future (Misra, 1996). In addition
to the envisaged possible impacts, economic objects are largely
inuenced by random factors. Despite this, the development of
economic objects is mainly random and scholastic.
To substantiate decisions under uncertainty, when probabilistic
variants of events are not known for certain, it is advisable to apply
special mathematical methods. These include game theory, which
is a theory of mathematical models, the interests of the participants
are different, and they reach their goal in different ways.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The approbation of the above methodological approach to assessing
the investment attractiveness of energy-saving projects was
carried out based on the plant KeramoKirpich LLP, “Astana-as”
(“Astana-As,” LLP). For this purpose, from the plan of organizational
and technical measures for economy of fuel and energy resources
(FEC) 2019, from the business plan of the enterprise 2019 and the
plan of investment development, the planned but not yet realized
projects on energy saving were selected, namely:
Purchase and installation of power factor control units in the
shops;
Replacement of high-voltage capacitor banks;
Reconstruction of the lighting system of workshops with the
use of energy-saving lamps;
Improvement of the energy management system of the
enterprise due to the coordination of equipment load
schedules;
Restoration coatings, electrical heat treatment furnaces;
Replacement of the cable line with a length of 140 m with an
increase in the cross-section of cable cores;
The replacement of two reciprocating compressors rotary vane;
Replacement of thermal insulation of the heat supply network
pipeline;
Insulation of piping heating network at thermal points;
Hydro-pneumatic ushing of the heating network;
Reconstruction of the hot water supply system;
Replacing the lining on a soft insulating material and
reconstruction of gas heating furnace;
Transfer of the hot water preparation system of the transport
section of the enterprise from natural gas to electric energy;
The use of UFO electric radiation heaters on sites of CNC
machines for replacement of gas heaters;
Transfer of the hot water preparation system of the main
production site to the coolant;
Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020
376
Work on informing and increasing the motivation of
employees to energy saving.
Among the staff of the enterprise, 15 specialists were selected as
experts to assess the feasibility of energy-saving projects. The
criteria for the selection of specialists was their involvement in
the planning and implementation of relevant projects in previous
periods, as well as experience of at least 10 years at the enterprises
of mechanical engineering.
The experts were asked to ll in the forms of evaluation of
investment attractiveness criteria for each of the energy-saving
projects, which is being considered. In order to simplify the work
of the experts, the following rank estimates of fuzzy variables were
introduced: “extra high” – 5, “high” – 4, “average” – 3, “below
the average” – 2, and “low” – 1.
The consistency of experts’ opinions was checked by the method
of determining the concordance coefficient. Checking the
signicance of the concordance coefcients of the lower level
criteria groups by comparing the calculated and reference values
of the χ-criteria showed a sufcient level of consistency of the
expert opinions for all the energy-saving projects.
Subsets by which experts are asked to characterize the criteria
can be considered as names of fuzzy sets that are given in the
universal set U and have a certain membership function. Thus,
the universal set for some variable q, the set of values of which
is the term set Q
QQQQQQ=
{}
12345
,,,, , will be segment [0; 1].
Each term from the set Q is the name of a fuzzy subset on the
segment [0; 1], which is one of the elements of the scale proposed
to the experts to assess the criteria for the feasibility of the energy-
saving projects.
A subset of a variable can be represented as a triangular fuzzy
number with a dened membership fun
µ
() _^
);
.(lo
wq
dq
=−
04
0251 (1)
µ
()_^,()
_, ^,()
belowthe average qdq
qdq
+
−+
0025 4
025054 2 (2)
µ
()_, ^,
()
_,^, ()
average
qd
q
qdq
=−+
−+
025025 41
05 0754 3 (3)
µ
()_, ^, () _, ^( )high qd
qqdq
=−
+−
+
∫∫
05 0754 2075 14 4 (4)
µ
extra high
qdq
()
=−
()
075
1
43
,
(5)
According to the results of expert evaluations for the lowest levels
criteria of the energy-saving project Z1 (Table 1), the numerical
values of fuzzy variables can be determined on the assumption
that the belonging level of each subset of the linguistic variable
is equal to 1.
Based on the data given in Table1, the numerical values of the
variable q membership function for each expert advisor and its
average values for the lowest level criterion for the energy-saving
project Z1 were calculated (Table 2).
The determination of numerical values of a linguistic variable
q, and the computation of their average values according to the
results of expert group analyses allow establishing the belonging of
each criterion of the lowest level to one of the subsets of the term-
sets Q. Table 3 shows the results of the calculation for the average
numeric values of variable Q, the criteria of the lower levels of all
the projects on energy saving, as well as their belonging to certain
subsets of the term-sets.
Similarly, the criteria for the lowest level of nancial and economic
condition of the enterprise can be assessed, which is the same for
all the energy-saving projects. The average numeric values of the
variable membership function for these criteria are as follows:
qq qq
qqq
bb
bb
bbb
12
34
567
073068 095
08
3092 055
= = = =
= = =
,; ,; ,;
,; ,; ,; 0088
,.
Relative weight (rank)
Figure 1: Stages of evaluation of energy-saving projects and determination of the priority in their implementation
Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020 377
criteria for the lower levels of the nancial and economic condition
of the enterprise in the calculation of the group criterion of the
highest level as a lot will be determined by the criteria for the
lower level will have a membership function of the variable:
0,098 0,067 0,181 0,247
0,224 0, 212 0,071
0, 73 ; 0, 68 ; 0, 95 ; 0, 83 ;
0,92 ; 0, 55 ; 0,88
B
q


=



. The calculations
get the numeric value of the membership function of a variable
group of criterion ‘nancial state of the enterprise’, equal to 0,88.
This numerical value of the criterion variable b determines its
afliation, according to Figure 2, a subset of the ‘extra high’ term-
set Q.
Since Astana-as LLP is not a full-edged manager of nancial
resources but receives them according to the decisions of the
management company, it is advisable to consider ‘a loan on
preferential terms’ as a source of nancing for the implementation
of costly energy-saving projects. These include such energy-saving
projects as:
Purchase and installation of power factor control units;
Replacement of high voltage capacitor banks;
Reconstruction of the lighting system of workshops with the
use of energy-saving lamps;
Replacement of the cable line with a length of 140 m with an
increase in the cross-section of cable cores;
The replacement of two reciprocating compressors rotary
vane;
Replacement of thermal insulation pipeline of the heat network
of the heat supply; the heat insulation of a pipeline network
for heat;
Reconstruction of the hot water supply system of the shop;
Replacing the lining on a soft insulating material and
reconstruction of the gas heating furnace in the shop;
The use of electric beam heaters in the areas of placement of
CNC machines shop to replace gas heaters;
Transfer of the hot water preparation system of the main
production site to the coolant;
Work on informing and increasing the motivation of
employees to energy saving.
Only low-cost measures can be implemented at the company’s
own expense.
Using the found average numerical values of the membership
function of the linguistic variable for the lower level criteria
(Table 3) and considering their relative importance, the
corresponding values of the higher-level group criteria for all the
energy-saving projects can be determined. Calculating the values
of linguistic variable of group criteria for the highest levels A1,
A2, A3, A4, A5 allow dening preliminary acceptability of the
projects on energy saving and considering nancial and economic
condition of the enterprise and the sources to receive the means for
estimating their investment attractiveness in a complex (Table 4).
Table 1: Expert evaluation of the criteria for the lowest level of energy-saving project Z1
Criterion Numerical number of expert
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. Compliance of material-technical and personnel base of the enterprise with the conditions of implementation of the energy-saving project
а11 545 5 5 454 4 5 5 5 5 5 4
а12 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 45 5 5
а13 324 3 3 3 23 3 4 4 3 3 3 3
а14 5 5 5 5 5 4545 5 5 5 5 5 5
а15 12 2 2 1 1 2 2 12 2 2 2 2 2
а16 454 4 4 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5 4
а17 4 4 5 5 4 4 4 545 5 5 5 45
а18 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
а19 4 4 5 5 5 4545 5 5 5 5 5 4
2. Financial costs of the enterprise for the implementation of the energy-saving project
а21 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 3 3 23 3 3 4 3
а22 4 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 3
а23 4 4 54 4 4 54 3 4 4 4 3 54
а24 45 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4
а25 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5
3. Administrative and legal obstacles
а31 545 5 5 45 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
а32 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
а33 454 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
4. Time expenditure
а41 4 4 3 3 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
а42 4 4 4 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
а43 5 5 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 45 5 5 4
а44 4 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 3
5. Expected effect of energy-saving project implementation
а51 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
а52 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 4 4 4 54
а53 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 21
а54 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 21 1 1 1 21
Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020
378
Thus, according to the nancial and economic condition of the
enterprise, 12 energy-saving projects should be implemented
in the first place. Nine of them require the involvement of
nancial resources of the company group, which means that their
implementation requires the coordination with the management
company. Since the allocation of funds necessary for the
simultaneous implementation of energy-saving projects looks
unlikely, in addition, in such a situation, there will be a shortage
of available labor and material resources of the enterprise, it is
advisable to determine their priority. To do this, it is convenient
to use the method of constructing membership functions based
on paired comparisons.
The experts were offered to conduct paired comparisons of
9 energy-saving projects according to group criteria of the
highest levels A1, A2, A3, A4, A5. A fuzzy solution to the task
of prioritizing these projects will be at the intersection of the
following group criteria:
(6)
D
iAiA
i
i
i
i
i
=
()
()
()
()
==
=
min
,
min
,,
min
,,
,
15 15
1
11
31
31
32
32
µµ
αα
55 1316
316
µα
Ai
i
()
()
(7)
where
α
i
– relative weight of the i group criterion of the highest
level.
According to the presented fuzzy set
D
, the most prioritized
energy-saving project should be considered the one with the
greatest degree of ownership.
After calculating the matrices of paired comparisons compiled by
experts, we obtain the following fuzzy sets:
Table 2: Numeric values of the variable q membership function for energy-saving project Z1
Criterion Numerical number of expert
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1. Compliance of material-technical and personnel base of the enterprise with the conditions of implementation of the energy-saving project
а11 10.75 1 1 1 0.75 10.75 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 0.75
а12 1 1 1 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 1110.75 1 1 1
а13 0.5 0.25 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
а14 1 1 1 1 1 0.75 10.75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
а15 00.25 0.25 0.25 0 0 0.25 0.25 00.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
а16 0.75 10.75 0.75 0.75 1 1 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.75
а17 0.75 0.75 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 10.75 1 1 1 1 0.75 1
а18 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
а19 0.75 0.75 1 1 1 0.75 10.75 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.75
2. Financial costs of the enterprise for the implementation of the energy-saving project
а21 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.5
а22 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5
а23 0.75 0.75 10.75 0.75 0.75 10.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 10.75
а24 0.75 1 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 1110.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
а25 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 1
3. Administrative and legal obstacles
а31 10.75 1 1 1 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
а32 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
а33 0.75 10.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
4. Time expenditure
а41 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
а42 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75
а43 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 1 1 1 1 1 0.75 1 1 1 0.75
а44 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5
5. Expected effect of energy-saving project implementation
а51 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.5
а52 1 1 1 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 1110.75 0.75 0.75 10.75
а53 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0
а54 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0 0.25 0
Figure 2: Membership function of the term-set
Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020 379
Table 3: Belonging of the criteria for the lowest levels of the ‘Astana-AS’ LLP energy-saving projects to the subsets of
term-sets Q
Criterion Energy-saving project
Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4 Z5 Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Z11 Z12 Z13 Z14 Z15
1. Compliance of material-technical and personnel base of the enterprise with the conditions of implementation of the energy-saving project
а11 0.92 0.77 1 0.55 10.65 0.93 0.48 0.67 0.23 0.87 0.28 0.95 0.98 0.9
а12 0.93 0.92 0.97 0.87 10.75 0.97 0.53 0.73 0.43 0.92 0.17 0.97 0.93 0.95
а13 0.75 0.68 0.55 0.47 0.67 0.53 0.75 0.67 0.75 0.72 0.67 0.39 0.65 0.78 0.7
а14 0.97 0.55 0.93 0.67 10.58 0.47 0.78 0.83 0.67 0.75 0.52 0.9 0.92 0.95
а15 0.18 0.47 0.68 0.97 0.35 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.47 0.07 0.68 0.22 0.52 0.17 0.85
а16 0.9 0.88 0.97 0.73 1 0.43 0.92 0.73 0.92 0.57 0.95 0.76 0.98 0.97 0.97
а17 0.88 0.73 0.85 0.97 0.75 0.55 0.63 0.5 0.77 0.97 0.23 0.92 0.38 0.88 0.48
а18 1 1 1 1 1 0.27 1 1 1 0.88 1 1 0.92 10.75
а19 0.92 0.88 10.88 0.88 0.97 0.97 0.25 0.97 0.93 0.87 0.95 0.95 1 1
2. Financial costs of the enterprise for the implementation of the energy-saving project
а21 0.55 0.34 0.63 0.97 0.93 0.47 0.35 0.68 0.88 0.92 0.65 0.75 0.7 0.68 0.77
а22 0.68 0.73 0.34 0.25 0.55 0.43 0.78 0.73 0.78 0.75 0.35 0.48 0.77 0.57 0.54
а23 0.73 0.84 0.53 0.97 0.73 0.75 0.83 10.93 0.5 0.67 0.45 0.93 0.95 0.9
а24 0.85 0.97 0.92 0.75 10.58 0.67 0.53 0.83 0.48 0.92 0.33 0.98 0.93 0.85
а25 0.98 0.82 0.55 1 1 0.92 0.92 0.33 0.73 0.45 0.97 0.52 10.98 0.93
3. Administrative and legal obstacles
а31 0.97 0.88 10.93 1 0.03 0.97 1 1 1 0.87 1 0.37 1 0.58
а32 1 0.73 0.75 0.88 1 0.14 0.83 0.92 0.75 10.38 0.14 0.53 0.78 0.27
а33 0.77 0.68 0.47 1 0.93 0.233 0.92 1 1 1 0.93 0.9 0.73 1 0.38
4. Time expenditure
а41 0.67 0.63 0.43 0.97 0.73 0.25 0.57 0.38 0.43 0.57 0.42 0.65 0.85 0.75 0.57
а42 0.7 0.78 0.55 0.47 0.77 0.53 0.92 0.49 0.45 0.62 0.23 0.38 0.7 0.83 0.64
а43 0.92 0.97 0.83 0.53 0.97 0.85 0.78 0.47 0.5 0.55 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.77 0.68
а44 0.65 0.48 0.57 0.95 0.93 0.34 0.58 0.67 0.68 0.73 0.48 0.78 0.57 0.74 0.75
5. Expected effect of energy-saving project implementation
а51 0.67 0.75 0.92 1 1 0.35 0.55 0.88 0.92 0.37 0.62 0.55 0.88 0.9 0.73
а52 0.87 0.73 0.75 0.97 0.67 0.53 0.73 0.82 0.78 0.43 0.75 0.72 0.67 0.92 0.68
а53 0.03 0.23 0.67 0.05 0.25 0.58 0.33 0.17 0.07 0.23 0.77 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.43
а54 0.05 0.07 0.55 0.03 0.08 0.03 0.11 0.28 0.03 0.05 0.53 0.03 0.35 0.25 0.05
Table 4: Investment attractiveness assessment of the ‘Astana-AS’ LLP energy-saving projects by the group criteria of
higher levels
Criterion Energy-saving project
Z1 Z2 Z3 Z7 Z9 Z11 Z14 Z15 Z16 Z4 Z5 Z13 Z6 Z8 Z12 Z10
А10.79 0.76 0.87 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.81 0.87 0.68 0.78 0.83 0.81 0.53 0.51 0.51 0.55
А20.7 0.69 0.6 0.65 0.86 0.66 0.79 0.78 0.93 0.78 0.82 0.84 0.57 0.73 0.53 0.67
А30.72 0.69 0.58 0.71 0.53 0.5 0.77 0.67 0.54 0.75 0.85 0.73 0.47 0.52 0.68 0.63
А40.93 0.75 0.8 0.88 0.87 0.63 0.88 0.36 0.76 0.92 0.98 0.55 0.14 0.96 0.52 1
А50.54 0.55 0.75 0.54 0.56 0.71 0.62 0.58 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.52 0.48 0.61 0.46 0.34
Е 0.72 0.68 0.73 0.68 0.75 0.69 0.76 0.69 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.7 0.46 0.62 0.52 0.62
В 0.88
К К2 К3 К2 К3
F Implemented in the rst place Implemented as funds become available
Table 5: Assessment of investment attractiveness of the ‘Astana-AS’ LLP branches’ energy-saving projects according to the
group criteria of the highest levels
Criterion Energy-saving project
Z17 Z18 Z19 Z21 Z22 Z23 Z23 Z25 Z20
А10.85 0.88 0.93 0.81 0.68 0.84 0.71 0.74 0.63
А20.79 0.67 0.87 0.75 0.79 0.73 0.62 0.57 0.58
А30.97 0.8 0.62 0.67 0.81 0.87 0.68 0.88 0.51
А40.86 0.75 0.67 0.52 0.82 0.75 0.51 0.73 0.76
А50.53 0.37 0.82 0.64 0.78 0.67 0.86 0.84 0.68
Е 0.76 0.66 0.82 0.69 0.77 0.75 0.69 0.72 0.64
В 0.81
К К3
С Implemented in the rst place Implemented as funds become available
Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020
380
A
N
1
012
31
007
32
013
33
01
37
009
39
008
311
014
314
02
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11
315
006
316
,,
;
AN
2
008
31
006
32
005
33
008
37
015
39
006
311
012
314
0
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,114
315
026
316
,,
;
AN
3
021
31
01
32
009
33
015
37
007
39
006
311
014
314
01
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 11
315
007
316
,,
;
AN
4
018
31
008
32
012
33
014
37
013
39
008
311
014
314
0
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,003
315
01
316
,,;
A
N
5
008
31
009
32
016
33
007
37
011
39
015
311
013
314
0
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,111
315
01
316
,,
;
Applying the relative weights of higher-level group criteria, we
obtain the following fuzzy sets:
AN
1
065
31
058
32
066
33
063
37
061
39
06
311
067
314
07
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 33
315
057
316
,,
AN
1
046
31
042
32
039
33
046
37
055
39
042
311
052
314
0
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,554
315
066
316
,,
AN
1
093
31
09
32
09
33
092
37
089
39
088
311
093
314
091
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
3315
089
316
,,
A
N
1
074
31
065
32
069
33
071
37
07
39
065
311
071
314
05
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 55
315
067
316
,,
1
0,52 0, 54 0, 62 0, 5 0,56 0, 61 0,59 0, 56 0, 55
,,,,,,,,
31 32 33 37 39 311 314 315 316
N
A
=


According to (3), as a result of the intersection of fuzzy sets
15
UU
AA÷

we will obtain as follows:
DN=046
31
042
32
039
33
046
37
055
39
042
311
052
314
05,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,44
315
055
316
,,
The resulting fuzzy set
D
determines the order of implementation
of the ‘Astana-AS’ LLP energy-saving projects, which require the
allocation of funds by the management company.
Similarly, we will assess the investment attractiveness and
determine the order of implementation of the energy-saving
projects planned in the branches of the ‘Astana-AS’ LLP, namely:
Automation of the lighting system using motion and light
sensors;
Upgrading of electrical panels group workshops;
Optimization of load on power step-down transformers;
Modernization of heating furnaces using recovery schemes
and automation of the combustion process;
Reconstruction of the electrical distribution network of the
administrative building;
Installation of automated control units of heat consumption;
Recovery domestic hot water circulation;
Implementation of water recycling system;
Insulation of the outer walls of the administrative building.
Based on the results of the processing of the expert group
questionnaires, numerical values of the membership function
for the criteria of the lowest levels of each of the energy-saving
projects were determined. Considering the relative weights of the
criteria of the lower levels, the numerical values of the membership
function for the group criteria of the higher levels were calculated.
The results of calculating the numerical values of the membership
function for the criteria of the highest levels and assessing the
investment attractiveness of energy-saving projects in the branches
of ‘Astana-AS’ LLP are given in Table 5.
According to the nancial and economic condition of the enterprise
and the use of own funds of the enterprise as a source of nancing,
the implementation of energy-saving projects looks reasonable.
We determine the order of their implementation by calculating
the matrices of paired comparisons according to the criteria of
higher levels:
A
U
1
015
317
017
318
02
319
012
321
007
322
010
323
013
32
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
44
006
325
,,
A
U
2
016
317
011
318
018
319
013
321
015
322
012
323
009
3
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
224
006
325
,,
AU
3
018
317
014
318
007
319
008
321
015
322
016
323
009
3
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
224
013
325
,,
AU
4
019
317
015
318
012
319
009
321
016
322
011
323
007
3
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
224
011
325
,,
A
U
5
011
317
007
318
015
319
012
321
013
322
01
323
016
32
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
44
016
325
,,
Applying the relative weights of the higher level group criteria
we obtain the following fuzzy sets:
AU
1
068
317
07
318
072
319
065
321
058
322
063
323
066
32
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
44
057
325
,,
A
U
2
057
317
05
318
059
319
053
321
055
322
052
323
047
32
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
44
042
325
,,
AU
3
091
317
09
318
086
319
087
321
09
322
09
323
087
324
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,,0089
325
,
AU
4
068
317
065
318
062
319
058
321
066
322
06
323
054
32
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
44
06
325
,,
AU
5
057
317
05
318
061
319
058
321
059
322
055
323
062
32
=,,,,,,,,,,,,,
44
062
325
,,
As a result of the intersection of fuzzy sets
15
UU
AA÷

we will obtain
as follows:
0, 57 0, 5 0, 59 0, 53 0, 55 0, 52 0, 47 0, 42
,,,,,,,
317 318 319 321 322 323 324 325
U
D
=


The resulting fuzzy set determines the order of implementation of
the energy-saving projects in the branches of ‘Astana-AS’ LLP in
the following sequence: Z19, Z17, Z22, Z21, Z23, Z18, Z24, Z25.
Thus, the application of the proposed methodological approach
to complex assessment of investment attractiveness of energy-
saving projects based on the tools of fuzzy set theWory, allows
making informed managerial decisions regarding pre-selection
of such projects and prioritizing their implementation. This is
facilitated with a wide range of both quantitative and qualitative
criteria for the evaluation of energy-saving projects carried
out by a group of highly qualied specialists of the enterprise
as experts.
Amanova, et al.: Accounting of the Enterprise’s Financial Reserves at the Integration of Energy-Saving Principles and Transition to the Concept of Energy-Saving Production
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy | Vol 10 • Issue 2 • 2020 381
5. CONCLUSIONS
In the present paper, we have proposed to improve the methodical
approach to formation of scenarios of energy-saving industrial
enterprises and to choose the best one as optimum based on
modeling of conict situations in the form of positional games
of several players. With the help of the proposed mathematical
model, three possible scenarios of energy saving of the enterprise
are formed. The use of economic and mathematical modeling
based on the theory of games allows us to imagine the possible
impact of other economic entities on the efciency of energy-
saving enterprises in the form of conicts. Simulations in two
noncooperative and one positional play allowed us to dene
scenarios for power saving, minimizing the risks of enterprises
and the behavior of an “intelligent” player.
The mechanism of planning and implementation of effective
energy-saving activities at an industrial enterprise has been
improved by applying the elements of a systematic approach
and analysis, as well as a program-target method. The algorithm
for realization of the program on energy saving by the Shuhart-
Deming cycle providing operational management of processes
of energy saving, and also providing modication of it in case of
need is offered.
It is proposed to improve the methodological approach to
calculate the complex economic effect of the implementation
of energy-saving measures to make an informed decision on
the implementation of one of the alternative projects, which is
mutually exclusive. Calculations on three implementation projects
deep input in electrical networks of industrial enterprises has
shown the feasibility of introducing alternative energy-saving
project that saves 29% energy and has a payback period of
5.7 years.
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На примере Кулундинского дендрария приведены материалы мониторинга интродукционных ресурсов деревьев и кустарников. Успех введения их в культуру защитного лесоразведения базируется на детальном изучении эколого-биологических особенностей, опыта интродукции в новых условиях. Из-за возросшей в последние годы антропогенной нагрузки используемый ассортимент древесных растений в защитных лесных насаждениях аридных территорий требует обновления. Постановка проблемы включает – выделение ценного генофонда для создания семенных баз и выращивания адаптированного посадочного материала. Показано, что в условиях Кулундинской степи интродуценты в защитном лесоразведении используются еще недостаточно широко, ассортимент древесных видов беден (Betula pendula Roth., Populus balsamifera L., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Salix fragilis L.). Сопутствующие древесные растения представлены Acer negundo L., Malus pallasiana Juz., Ulmus pumila L. Другие древесные виды применяются в защитном лесоразведении в ограниченных масштабах. Цель исследований – оценка интродукционной устойчивости генофонда Кулундинского дендрария на основе мониторинга и комплексного изучения их биологических особенностей в условиях Кулундинской степи для защитного лесоразведения. Кулундинский дендрарий создан в 1977 году, он расположен на территории Западно-Сибирской агролесомелиоративной опытной станции (участок 49098 м2, кадастровый номер 22:23:010003:0014). Тип почв – каштановые, легкосуглинистые. Основные запасы гумуса сосредоточены в верхнем горизонте и с глубиной уменьшаются от 2,7 до 0,6%, Глубина залегания грунтовых вод 5-6 м. Выявлено, что видовой состав деревьев и кустарников Кулундинского дендрария включает 143 таксона из 52 родов и 25 семейств. К числу хозяйственно ценных родовых комплексов относятся представители семейства Rosaceae. Установлено, что представители семейства Rosaceae, как интродукционный ресурс для обогащения лесомелиоративных комплексов и формирования комфортных условий проживания населения, занимает одно из самых крупных по таксономическому составу древесных видов и важным по многофункциональному использованию. Рассмотрены методические подходы по проведению мониторинга интродукционных ресурсов, предложена методика расчета интродукционной устойчивости растений к новым условиям произрастания включающая группы признаков (зимостойкость, засухоустойчивость, побегообразовательная способность, прирост в высоту, генеративное развитие, возможный способ размножения в культуре) и приведено соотношение коллекционного фонда по показателям и размерностям шкал. Материалы по мониторингу интродукционных ресурсов Кулундинского дендрария ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН по оценке адаптированного генофонда для защитного лесоразведения будут использованы для разработки мероприятий по сохранению биоразнообразия и рациональному использованию хозяйственно ценных растений; с учетом полученных данных отобраны перспективные виды для обогащения защитных лесных насаждений Кулундинской степи. On the example of the Kulunda arboretum the materials of monitoring of introduction resources of trees and bushes are given. The success of their introduction into the culture of protective afforestation is based on a detailed study of ecological and biological features, the experience of introduction in new conditions. Due to the increased anthropogenic load in recent years, the range of woody plants used in the protective forest plantations of arid areas requires updating. The problem statement includes the allocation of a valuable gene pool for the creation of seed bases and the cultivation of adapted planting material. It is shown that in the conditions of the Kulunda steppe the introduced species in the protective afforestation are not widely used yet, the range of tree species is poor (Betula pendula Roth., Populus balsamifera L., Pinus sylvestris L., Larix sibirica Ledeb., Salix fragilis L.). Accompanying woody plants are presented by Acer negundo L., Malus pallasiana Juz., Ulmus pumila L. Other tree species are used in protective afforestation on a limited scale. The purpose of the evaluation introduction the sustainability of the gene pool of Salted arboretum on the basis of a comprehensive monitoring and study their biological features under conditions of Kulundinskaya steppe for protective afforestation. Kulundinsky arboretum was established in 1977, it is located on the territory of the West Siberian agroforestry experimental station (plot 49098 m2, cadastral number 22:23:010003:0014). Type of soil – chestnut, light-loamy. The main reserves of humus are concentrated in the upper horizon and with a depth decrease from 2.7 to 0.6%, the depth of groundwater 5-6 m. It was revealed that the species composition of trees and shrubs of the Kulundinsky arboretum includes 143 taxa from 52 genera and 25 families. Among the economically valuable generic complexes are representatives of the family Rosaceae. It is established that the representatives of the family Rosaceae, as an introduction resource for the enrichment of forest reclamation complexes and the formation of comfortable living conditions of the population, is one of the largest in taxonomic composition of wood species and important for multifunctional use. Methodical approaches to carrying out monitoring of introduction of resources, the proposed method of calculation introduction the resistance of plants to new conditions including the characteristics group (winter hardiness, drought tolerance, pobegoobrazovatelnost ability, growth in height, generative development, possible method of propagation in culture) and the ratio of collection Fund on indicators and the dimensions of the scales. Materials on monitoring of introduction resources of the Kulundinsky arboretum of the Federal CENTER of Agroecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences on assessment of the adapted gene pool for protective afforestation will be used to develop measures for biodiversity conservation and rational use of economically valuable plants; based on the data obtained, promising species for the enrichment of protective forest plantations of the kulundin steppe were selected.
Article
Использование площадей санитарно-защитные зоны (СЗЗ) осуществляется с учетом ограничений, установленных действующим законодательством и настоящими нормами и правилами. До сих пор в засушливом регионе (Волгоградская обл.) на многих промпредприятиях практически отсутствует СЗЗ в плане озелененной территории. Ошибки в подборе ассортимента для таких насаждений приводят к неудовлетворительному состоянию существующих СЗЗ. На основе анализа санитарно-гигиенических и почвенно-климатических условий с учетом нормативных документов дано научное обоснование подбора ассортимента растений для СЗЗ на примере территории Гремячинского месторождения калийных солей (Котельниковский район, Волгоградская обл.). Облесенность лицензионного участка территории до проектирования СЗЗ составила около 2 %, землепользование приурочено к области Приволжской возвышенности и Ергеней. Юго-западная экспозиция участка отличается расчленением местности, балками и оврагами, что является основным фактором, создающим неоднородность почвенного покрова и состояния защитных лесонасаждений. Разработаны критерии подбора древесных, кустарниковых и травянистых растений с учетом почвенно-климатических условий, назначения и устойчивости их к вредным загрязнителям среды. Исследования и подбор проводили на основе коллекций ВНИАЛМИ (ныне ФНЦ агроэкологии РАН) и натурного обследования существующих насаждений на территориях планируемых объектов. Насаждения 35-летних культур Ulmus pumila на юго-восточной экспозиции (почвы каштановые карбонатные среднемощные) находятся в удовлетворительном состоянии. Низкий показатель среднего прироста с 20 лет. Анализ пробных площадей с участием Fraxinus lanceolata в возрасте 45 лет установил высокую сохранность. На основе существующих насаждений и региональных рекомендаций определены типы насаждений и разработан видовой состав деревьев, кустарников и газона (травянистого покрова) для СЗЗ на землях промышленного объекта в условиях засушливого климата. Подбор трав для газонного покрытия СЗЗ осуществлялся с доминированием плотнокустовых, хорошо прикрывающих и скрепляющих верхний слой почвы травостоев высотой 30-35 см. Рекомендуемые смеси и варианты для газонов СЗЗ дополнены стрежневыми видами травянистых растений. Установлено, что для повышения долговечности насаждений и усиления микроклиматической, ветро- и пылезащитной эффективности необходимо создавать смешанные многоярусные древесные насаждения с участием кустарников и травянистого покрытия и чередовать открытые (газонные) и закрытые (занятые посадками деревьев и кустарников) пространства (70% от всей территории). The use of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) is subject to the restrictions established by the current legislation and these rules and regulations. Until now, in the dry region (Volgograd region), many industrial enterprises have practically no SPZ in terms of green area. Errors in the selection of the range for such plantings lead to an unsatisfactory state of the existing SPZ. On the basis of the analysis of sanitary-hygienic and soil-climatic conditions taking into account normative documents the scientific substantiation of selection of the range of plants for SPZ on the example of the territory of gremyachinsky Deposit of potassium salts (Kotelnikovsky district, Volgograd region) is given. Forest square license area of the site to the design of the SPZ was about 2 %, land use is confined to the region of the Volga and the Yergeni hills. The South-Western exposition of the site is characterized by the dismemberment of the area, beams and ravines, which is the main factor that creates heterogeneity of the soil cover and the state of protective forest plantations. The criteria for selection of wood, shrub and herbaceous plants taking into account soil and climatic conditions, purpose and their resistance to harmful pollutants. Research and selection was carried out on the basis of collections VNIALMI (now Federal scientific center for Agroecology Russian Academy of Sciences) and a study of existing plantations in the areas of the planned facilities. The plantings of 35-year-old Ulmus pumila crops on the South-Eastern exposure (chestnut carbonate medium soils) are in satisfactory condition. Low average growth from 20 years. Analysis of the sample areas with Fraxinus lanceolata at the age of 45 years has established high safety. On the basis of the existing plantings and regional recommendations the types of plantings are defined and the specific structure of trees, bushes and a lawn (grassy cover) for SZZ on the lands of industrial facility in the conditions of arid climate is developed. Selection of grasses for lawns SPZ was carried out with the dominance plotnokustovye, well covering and fastening the top layer of soil, herbage height 30-35 cm Recommended mixtures and options for lawns SPZ supplemented with core species of herbaceous plants. It is established that for increase of durability of plantings and enhance micro-climate, windproof and dustproof efficiency it is necessary to create a mixed stacked wood plantings with participation of shrubs and herbaceous cover, and alternate the open (lawn) and closed (engaged in the planting of trees and shrubs) space (70% throughout).
Chapter
The building of a beautiful Zhejiang and the creation of a good life need to be guaranteed by a beautiful economy including beautiful ecological industries and beautiful green consumption. As a province which met with the growing pains at the earliest, Zhejiang has the deepest understanding of the important significance of the transformation of the developmental mode and economic transformation and upgrading, so under the guidance of the developmental outlook through which clean, clear waters and lush mountains are the “gold and silver mountains”, Zhejiang has vigorously promoted the transformation from a black economy to a green economy, from a linear economy to a circular economy, from a high-carbon economy to a low-carbon economy, and it has made gratifying achievements in this regard, preliminarily demonstrating the charm of a conservation-oriented and environmentally friendly economy and providing the model for national economic transformation and upgrading.
Chapter
Measures to promote economic sustainability pose specific problems as to how success can be assessed and monitored. The first subchapter provides an analysis of the specific difficulties associated with identifying and monitoring operational targets in relation to the three reference systems defined earlier. The first specific field of analysis sheds light on how technological advances in logistics are expected to contribute to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Since innovations are by nature hard to predict, and given that the focus of this book is to investigate potential options for political and economic action, this chapter is more of an excursion and presents exemplary solutions without claiming to be exhaustive.
Chapter
Increasing scarcity of resources and high energy costs have led to an increasing relevance of energy-efficiency over the last few years. While a lot of efforts are already being made to optimize energy-efficient production in large companies, there is still a lack of practicable support for small and medium enterprises (SME). While new equipment is mostly designed according to energy-efficiency requirements, feasible action is needed to decrease energy consumption of existing equipment on the shop-floor level. As actions on this small scale rely on dependable information and its use at the right time and place, involvement of ICT devices becomes evident. This chapter describes scenarios as well as a derived system design to integrate mobile and stationary devices for energy-efficient dimensioning and energy optimized operation within the framework of order-related manufacturing. Emphasis is placed on the consolidated consideration of various individual measures. The scenarios provide a basis for further requirements analysis and evaluation of the assistant system.
Chapter
The spread of the new achievements of science and technology in the industrially developed countries has also exercised hitherto a great impact on the processes of the world economy and the world market, on the forms and content of international economic relations. By stating this we do not mean to say that the cause of the new phenomena as experienced in the world economy in the past few decades should be sought in the scientific and technical achievements themselves. We are, of course, fully aware of the fact that the most important changes that have taken place in the world economy following the Second World War are connected primarily with a coincidence in time of the recent historic transformation of science and technology with the revolutionary transformation of the world’s economy and society.
Chapter
An emerging challenge for manufacturing companies is to increase the energy efficiency of their manufacturing systems in order to reduce both energy costs and overall environmental impact. Modern manufacturing execution systems must cope with the new requirements of sustainable manufacturing in addition to the conventional focus on production management. This approach shows how the digital network of manufacturing execution systems can be used to eliminate non-value adding energy consumption in the manufacturing system. Therefore, an integrated use of workstation-related information from production schedules as well as the availability of product, operator and manufacturing equipment was developed. In particular, the advantages of the radio frequency identification technology is considered, as a decentralized information source for the manufacturing execution system for product and operator induced idle and stand-by times of production machinery.